ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
1
Figure 4.1 Average investment growth, by EMDE region
2
Figure 4.1.A. EAP investment growth
3
Figure 4.1.B. ECA investment growth
4
Figure 4.1.C. LAC investment growth
5
Figure 4.1.D. MNA investment growth
6
Figure 4.1.E. SAR investment growth
7
Figure 4.1.F. SSA investment growth
8
9
Figure 4.2 Regional contributions to EMDE investment and investment growth
10
Figure 4.2.A. Share of EMDE investment
11
Figure 4.2.B Contribution to EMDE investment growth
12
13
Figure 4.3 Regional investment growth prospects
14
Figure 4.3.A. Five-year ahead investment growth forecasts
15
Figure 4.3.B. Actual and forecast investment growth
16
17
Figure 4.4 EAP: Investment growth
18
Figure 4.4.A. Investment growth
19
Figure 4.4.B. Investment growth from four quarters earlier
20
Figure 4.4.C. Foreign direct investment inflows
21
Figure 4.4.D. Monetary policy interest rates
22
23
Figure 4.5 EAP: Investment growth slowdown and investment needs
24
Figure 4.5.A. Share of countries with weak or negative investment growth
25
Figure 4.5.B. Contributions to investment growth
26
Figure 4.4.C. Foreign direct investment inflows
27
Figure 4.5.D. Infrastructure investment needs
28
29
Figure 4.6 EAP: Infrastructure, environment, health, and education indicators
30
Figure 4.6.A. Ranking of overall infrastructure
31
Figure 4.6.B. Quality of trade and transport-related infrastructure
32
Figure 4.6.C. Share of urban population living in slums
33
Figure 4.6.D. Environmental performance
34
Figure 4.6.E. Under-5 mortality rate
35
Figure 4.6.F. Ranking of capacity to retain or attract talent
36
37
Figure 4.7 ECA: Investment growth and needs
38
Figure 4.7.A. Investment growth in ECA
39
Figure 4.7.B. Investment growth in the Russian Federation and Türkiye
40
Figure 4.7.C. Investment growth in Central Europe and the Western Balkans
41
Figure 4.7.D. Investment growth in Central Europe and the Western Balkans
42
Figure 4.7.E. Estimated annual infrastructure investment to halve gap with euro area by 2030
43
Figure 4.7.F. Estimated reconstruction costs in Ukraine versus post-WWII Marshall Plan for Europe
44
45
Figure 4.8 ECA: Investment prospects
46
Figure 4.8.A. Foreign direct investment liabilities, by source, 2019-20
47
Figure 4.8.B. Political risk in 15 ECA countries and policy uncertainty in Russia and Poland
48
Figure 4.8.C. Investment growth, 2010—21, and 2022 forecasts for 2022-27
49
Figure 4.8.D. ‘Well-governed transition’ indicator (EBRD assessment)
50
Figure 4.8.E. ECA countries’ dependence on imports from Russia
51
Figure 4.8.F. Deviation of investment from pre-pandemic projections
52
53
Figure 4.9 ECA: Financing needs and constraints
54
Figure 4.9.A. Bond issuance and yield spreads
55
Figure 4.9.B. Efficiency gaps in public infrastructure investment
56
Figure 4.9.C. GDP per capita relative to EU-27
57
Figure 4.9.D. Cumulative absorption rates, 2014-20 EU spending program
58
Figure 4.9.E. Planned EU investments in transport and green projects in the Western Balkans
59
Figure 4.9.F. State-owned enterprise activity and assets, 2014-16
60
61
Figure 4.10 LAC: Investment growth
62
Figure 4.10.A. Investment growth
63
Figure 4.10.B. Countries with investment growth below its long-term average
64
Figure 4.10.C. Five-year-ahead investment growth forecasts
65
Figure 4.10.D. Public and private capital stocks per head
66
Figure 4.10.E. Investment growth by sector
67
Figure 4.10.F. Public and private investment growth
68
69
Figure 4.11 LAC: Correlates of investment growth
70
Figure 4.11.A. Investment growth and commodity price
71
Figure 4.11.B. Growth of investment and credit
72
Figure 4.11.C. GDP growth
73
Figure 4.11.D. Corporation tax and investment growth in LAC
74
75
Figure 4.12 LAC: Investment needs
76
Figure 4.12.A. Annual infrastructure investment needs
77
Figure 4.12.B. Projected urban population share in 2050
78
Figure 4.12.C. Fixed investment, and health and education spending
79
Figure 4.12.D. Broadband and mobile connectivity
80
Figure 4.12.E. Selected health and education indicators
81
Figure 4.12.F. Proportion of global commodity reserves in LAC
82
83
Figure 4.13 MNA: Investment growth and correlates
84
Figure 4.13.A. Investment growth
85
Figure 4.13.B. Economies with below average or negative investment growth
86
Figure 4.13.C. Investment
87
Figure 4.13.D. Composition of investment growth
88
Figure 4.13.E. Terms of trade
89
Figure 4.13.F. Political stability
90
91
Figure 4.14 MNA: Infrastructure, health, and education indicators
92
Figure 4.14.A. Infrastructure investment needs
93
Figure 4.14.B. Quality of infrastructure
94
Figure 4.14.C. Universal health coverage
95
Figure 4.14.D. Health spending below EMDE median
96
Figure 4.14.E. Selected human capital indicators
97
Figure 4.14.F. Infrastructure investment needs
98
99
Figure 4.15 SAR: Investment growth and correlates
100
Figure 4.15.A. Investment growth