Anatomical Structures, Cell Types and Biomarkers Table for Skin

Fiona Ginty; Jonhan Ho; Joel Sunshine

0000-0001-6638-683X; 0000-0002-1134-8585; 0000-0001-9987-6712

Lou Falo; Muzlifah A. Haniffa; Hemali Phatnani; David M. Owens; Ellen M. Quardokus

0000-0001-9813-0433; 0000-0002-3927-2084;0000-0002-6571-3891; 0000-0003-0297-4370; 0000-0001-7655-4833

DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19383-8

Revise for October 1, 2024

BProtein/1/LABEL

BProtein/2/LABEL

BProtein/3/LABEL

Robinson NA, LaCelle PT, Eckert RL. Involucrin is a covalently crosslinked constituent of highly purified epidermal corneocytes: evidence for a common pattern of involucrin crosslinking in vivo and in vitro. J Invest Dermatol. 1996 Jul;107(1):101-7.

damage specific DNA binding protein 2

Schweizer J, Bowden PE, Coulombe PA, Langbein L, Lane EB, Magin TM, Maltais L, Omary MB, Parry DA, Rogers MA, Wright MW. New consensus nomenclature for mammalian keratins. J Cell Biol. 2006 Jul 17;174(2):169-74.

Longley J, Kraus J, Alonso M, Edelson R. Molecular cloning of CD1a (T6), a human epidermal dendritic cell marker related to class I MHC molecules. J Invest Dermatol. 1989 Apr;92(4):628-31.

Schweizer J, Bowden PE, Coulombe PA, Langbein L, Lane EB, Magin TM, Maltais L, Omary MB, Parry DA, Rogers MA, Wright MW. New consensus nomenclature for mammalian keratins. J Cell Biol. 2006 Jul 17;174(2):169-74.

Longley J, Kraus J, Alonso M, Edelson R. Molecular cloning of CD1a (T6), a human epidermal dendritic cell marker related to class I MHC molecules. J Invest Dermatol. 1989 Apr;92(4):628-31.

Ortonne JP, Petchot-Bacque JP, Verrando P, Pisani A, Pautrat G, Bernerd F. Normal Merkel cells express a synaptophysin-like immunoreactivity. Dermatologica. 1988;177(1):1-10.

Simpson CL, Patel DM, Green KJ. Deconstructing the skin: cytoarchitectural determinants of epidermal morphogenesis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2011 Aug 23;12(9):565-80.

Schweizer J, Bowden PE, Coulombe PA, Langbein L, Lane EB, Magin TM, Maltais L, Omary MB, Parry DA, Rogers MA, Wright MW. New consensus nomenclature for mammalian keratins. J Cell Biol. 2006 Jul 17;174(2):169-74.

Longley J, Kraus J, Alonso M, Edelson R. Molecular cloning of CD1a (T6), a human epidermal dendritic cell marker related to class I MHC molecules. J Invest Dermatol. 1989 Apr;92(4):628-31.

Moll I, Kuhn C, Moll R. Cytokeratin 20 is a general marker of cutaneous Merkel cells while certain neuronal proteins are absent. J Invest Dermatol. 1995 Jun;104(6):910-5.

Schweizer J, Bowden PE, Coulombe PA, Langbein L, Lane EB, Magin TM, Maltais L, Omary MB, Parry DA, Rogers MA, Wright MW. New consensus nomenclature for mammalian keratins. J Cell Biol. 2006 Jul 17;174(2):169-74.

Schweizer J, Bowden PE, Coulombe PA, Langbein L, Lane EB, Magin TM, Maltais L, Omary MB, Parry DA, Rogers MA, Wright MW. New consensus nomenclature for mammalian keratins. J Cell Biol. 2006 Jul 17;174(2):169-74.

Tang J, Fewings E, Chang D, Zeng H, Liu S, Jorapur A, Belote RL, McNeal AS, Tan TM, Yeh I, Arron ST, Judson-Torres RL, Bastian BC, Shain AH. The genomic landscapes of individual melanocytes from human skin. Nature. 2020 Oct;586(7830):600-605.

Huber WE, Price ER, Widlund HR, Du J, Davis IJ, Wegner M, Fisher DE. A tissue-restricted cAMP transcriptional response: SOX10 modulates alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-triggered expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor in melanocytes. J Biol Chem. 2003 Nov 14;278(46):45224-30.

Böni R, Burg G, Doguoglu A, Ilg EC, Schäfer BW, Müller B, Heizmann CW. Immunohistochemical localization of the Ca2+ binding S100 proteins in normal human skin and melanocytic lesions. Br J Dermatol. 1997 Jul;137(1):39-43.

De Mazière AM, Muehlethaler K, van Donselaar E, Salvi S, Davoust J, Cerottini JC, Lévy F, Slot JW, Rimoldi D. The melanocytic protein Melan-A/MART-1 has a subcellular localization distinct from typical melanosomal proteins. Traffic. 2002 Sep;3(9):678-93.

Perrin C, Langbein L, Schweizer J. Expression of hair keratins in the adult nail unit: an immunohistochemical analysis of the onychogenesis in the proximal nail fold, matrix and nail bed. Br J Dermatol. 2004 Aug;151(2):362-71.

Perrin C, Langbein L, Schweizer J. Expression of hair keratins in the adult nail unit: an immunohistochemical analysis of the onychogenesis in the proximal nail fold, matrix and nail bed. Br J Dermatol. 2004 Aug;151(2):362-71.

Perrin C, Langbein L, Schweizer J. Expression of hair keratins in the adult nail unit: an immunohistochemical analysis of the onychogenesis in the proximal nail fold, matrix and nail bed. Br J Dermatol. 2004 Aug;151(2):362-71.

Perrin C, Langbein L, Schweizer J. Expression of hair keratins in the adult nail unit: an immunohistochemical analysis of the onychogenesis in the proximal nail fold, matrix and nail bed. Br J Dermatol. 2004 Aug;151(2):362-71.

Schneider MR, Paus R. Sebocytes, multifaceted epithelial cells: lipid production and holocrine secretion. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2010 Feb;42(2):181-5.

Xia L, Zouboulis CC, Ju Q. Culture of human sebocytes in vitro. Dermatoendocrinol. 2009 Mar;1(2):92-5.

Hori K, Hashimoto K, Eto H, Dekio S. Keratin type intermediate filaments in sweat gland myoepithelial cells. J Invest Dermatol. 1985 Nov;85(5):453-9.

Montagna, William, and Paul F. Parakkal. 1974. The Structure and Function of Skin. 3rd ed. New York, NY, USA: Academic Press. ISBN 13:978-0-12-505263-4

Woodcock-Mitchell J, Eichner R, Nelson WG, Sun TT. Immunolocalization of keratin polypeptides in human epidermis using monoclonal antibodies. J Cell Biol. 1982 Nov;95(2 Pt 1):580-8.

Saga K. Histochemical and immunohistochemical markers for human eccrine and apocrine sweat glands: an aid for histopathologic differentiation of sweat gland tumors. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc. 2001 Nov;6(1):49-53.

Mertens RB, de Peralta-Venturina MN, Balzer BL, Frishberg DP. GATA3 Expression in Normal Skin and in Benign and Malignant Epidermal and Cutaneous Adnexal Neoplasms. Am J Dermatopathol. 2015 Dec;37(12):885-91.

Inoue K, Aoi N, Sato T, Yamauchi Y, Suga H, Eto H, Kato H, Araki J, Yoshimura K. Differential expression of stem-cell-associated markers in human hair follicle epithelial cells. Lab Invest. 2009 Aug;89(8):844-56.

Inoue K, Aoi N, Sato T, Yamauchi Y, Suga H, Eto H, Kato H, Araki J, Yoshimura K. Differential expression of stem-cell-associated markers in human hair follicle epithelial cells. Lab Invest. 2009 Aug;89(8):844-56.

Inoue K, Aoi N, Sato T, Yamauchi Y, Suga H, Eto H, Kato H, Araki J, Yoshimura K. Differential expression of stem-cell-associated markers in human hair follicle epithelial cells. Lab Invest. 2009 Aug;89(8):844-56.

Kurata, Ryuichiro, Sugiko Futaki, Itsuko Nakano, Atsushi Tanemura, Hiroyuki Murota, Ichiro Katayama, and Kiyotoshi Sekiguchi. "Isolation and characterization of sweat gland myoepithelial cells from human skin." Cell structure and function (2014): 14009.

Kurata, Ryuichiro, Sugiko Futaki, Itsuko Nakano, Atsushi Tanemura, Hiroyuki Murota, Ichiro Katayama, and Kiyotoshi Sekiguchi. "Isolation and characterization of sweat gland myoepithelial cells from human skin." Cell structure and function (2014): 14009.

Wood A, Houghton SL, Biswas A. A Comparative Study of Immunohistochemical Myoepithelial Cell Markers in Cutaneous Benign Cystic Apocrine Lesions. Am J Dermatopathol. 2016 Jul;38(7):475-83.

DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.1997.17651853.x

Böni R, Burg G, Doguoglu A, Ilg EC, Schäfer BW, Müller B, Heizmann CW. Immunohistochemical localization of the Ca2+ binding S100 proteins in normal human skin and melanocytic lesions. Br J Dermatol. 1997 Jul;137(1):39-43

DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1989.tb15509.x

Cerio R, Griffiths CE, Cooper KD, Nickoloff BJ, Headington JT. Characterization of factor XIIIa positive dermal dendritic cells in normal and inflamed skin. Br J Dermatol. 1989 Oct;121(4):421-31.

Kueper T, Grune T, Prahl S, Lenz H, Welge V, Biernoth T, Vogt Y, Muhr GM, Gaemlich A, Jung T, Boemke G, Elsässer HP, Wittern KP, Wenck H, Stäb F, Blatt T. Vimentin is the specific target in skin glycation. Structural prerequisites, functional consequences, and role in skin aging. J Biol Chem. 2007 Aug 10;282(32):23427-36. d

DOI: 10.1097/00000372-199606000-00008

Narvaez D, Kanitakis J, Faure M, Claudy A. Immunohistochemical study of CD34-positive dendritic cells of human dermis. Am J Dermatopathol. 1996 Jun;18(3):283-8. DOI: 10.1097/00000372-199606000-00008. PMID: 8806963.

KIT proto-oncogene, receptor tyrosine kinase

Kabashima K, Nakashima C, Nonomura Y, Otsuka A, Cardamone C, Parente R, De Feo G, Triggiani M. Biomarkers for evaluation of mast cell and basophil activation. Immunol Rev. 2018 Mar;282(1):114-120.

Galli SJ, Tsai M, Wershil BK. The c-kit receptor, stem cell factor, and mast cells. What each is teaching us about the others. Am J Pathol. 1993 Apr;142(4):965-74.

de Paulis A, Annunziato F, Di Gioia L, Romagnani S, Carfora M, Beltrame C, Marone G, Romagnani P. Expression of the chemokine receptor CCR3 on human mast cells. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2001 Jan-Mar;124(1-3):146-50.

DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2009.00874.x

del Rio ML, Bernhardt G, Rodriguez-Barbosa JI, Förster R. Development and functional specialization of CD103+ dendritic cells. Immunol Rev. 2010 Mar;234(1):268-81.

DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2009.00874.x

del Rio ML, Bernhardt G, Rodriguez-Barbosa JI, Förster R. Development and functional specialization of CD103+ dendritic cells. Immunol Rev. 2010 Mar;234(1):268-81.

DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2009.00874.x

del Rio ML, Bernhardt G, Rodriguez-Barbosa JI, Förster R. Development and functional specialization of CD103+ dendritic cells. Immunol Rev. 2010 Mar;234(1):268-81.

DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2009.00874.x

del Rio ML, Bernhardt G, Rodriguez-Barbosa JI, Förster R. Development and functional specialization of CD103+ dendritic cells. Immunol Rev. 2010 Mar;234(1):268-81.

Kunisch E, Fuhrmann R, Roth A, Winter R, Lungershausen W, Kinne RW. Macrophage specificity of three anti-CD68 monoclonal antibodies (KP1, EBM11, and PGM1) widely used for immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. Ann Rheum Dis. 2004 Jul;63(7):774-84.

Bos JD, Zonneveld I, Das PK, Krieg SR, van der Loos CM, Kapsenberg ML. The skin immune system (SIS): distribution and immunophenotype of lymphocyte subpopulations in normal human skin. J Invest Dermatol. 1987 May;88(5):569-73.

Bos JD, Zonneveld I, Das PK, Krieg SR, van der Loos CM, Kapsenberg ML. The skin immune system (SIS): distribution and immunophenotype of lymphocyte subpopulations in normal human skin. J Invest Dermatol. 1987 May;88(5):569-73.

Bos JD, Zonneveld I, Das PK, Krieg SR, van der Loos CM, Kapsenberg ML. The skin immune system (SIS): distribution and immunophenotype of lymphocyte subpopulations in normal human skin. J Invest Dermatol. 1987 May;88(5):569-73.

Bos JD, Zonneveld I, Das PK, Krieg SR, van der Loos CM, Kapsenberg ML. The skin immune system (SIS): distribution and immunophenotype of lymphocyte subpopulations in normal human skin. J Invest Dermatol. 1987 May;88(5):569-73.

Bos JD, Zonneveld I, Das PK, Krieg SR, van der Loos CM, Kapsenberg ML. The skin immune system (SIS): distribution and immunophenotype of lymphocyte subpopulations in normal human skin. J Invest Dermatol. 1987 May;88(5):569-73.

Ali N, Rosenblum MD. Regulatory T cells in skin. Immunology. 2017 Nov;152(3):372-381. DOI: 10.1111/imm.12791. Epub 2017 Aug 4.

Ali N, Rosenblum MD. Regulatory T cells in skin. Immunology. 2017 Nov;152(3):372-381. DOI: 10.1111/imm.12791. Epub 2017 Aug 4.

Ali N, Rosenblum MD. Regulatory T cells in skin. Immunology. 2017 Nov;152(3):372-381. DOI: 10.1111/imm.12791. Epub 2017 Aug 4.

von Bubnoff D, Andrès E, Hentges F, Bieber T, Michel T, Zimmer J. Natural killer cells in atopic and autoimmune diseases of the skin. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010 Jan;125(1):60-8.

Cooper MA, Fehniger TA, Caligiuri MA. The biology of human natural killer-cell subsets. Trends Immunol. 2001 Nov;22(11):633-40.

Cooper MA, Fehniger TA, Caligiuri MA. The biology of human natural killer-cell subsets. Trends Immunol. 2001 Nov;22(11):633-40.

Cooper MA, Fehniger TA, Caligiuri MA. The biology of human natural killer-cell subsets. Trends Immunol. 2001 Nov;22(11):633-40.

Eberl G, Colonna M, Di Santo JP, McKenzie AN. Innate lymphoid cells. Innate lymphoid cells: a new paradigm in immunology. Science. 2015 May 22;348(6237):aaa6566.

Eberl G, Colonna M, Di Santo JP, McKenzie AN. Innate lymphoid cells. Innate lymphoid cells: a new paradigm in immunology. Science. 2015 May 22;348(6237):aaa6566.

oediger B, Kyle R, Yip KH, Sumaria N, Guy TV, Kim BS, Mitchell AJ, Tay SS, Jain R, Forbes-Blom E, Chen X, Tong PL, Bolton HA, Artis D, Paul WE, Fazekas de St Groth B, Grimbaldeston MA, Le Gros G, Weninger W. Cutaneous immunosurveillance and regulation of inflammation by group 2 innate lymphoid cells. Nat Immunol. 2013 Jun;14(6):564-73.

Eberl G, Colonna M, Di Santo JP, McKenzie AN. Innate lymphoid cells. Innate lymphoid cells: a new paradigm in immunology. Science. 2015 May 22;348(6237):aaa6566.

Li Z, Hodgkinson T, Gothard EJ, Boroumand S, Lamb R, Cummins I, Narang P, Sawtell A, Coles J, Leonov G, Reboldi A, Buckley CD, Cupedo T, Siebel C, Bayat A, Coles MC, Ambler CA. Epidermal Notch1 recruits ROR?(+) group 3 innate lymphoid cells to orchestrate normal skin repair. Nat Commun. 2016 Apr 21;7:11394.

Eberl G, Colonna M, Di Santo JP, McKenzie AN. Innate lymphoid cells. Innate lymphoid cells: a new paradigm in immunology. Science. 2015 May 22;348(6237):aaa6566.

Eberl G, Colonna M, Di Santo JP, McKenzie AN. Innate lymphoid cells. Innate lymphoid cells: a new paradigm in immunology. Science. 2015 May 22;348(6237):aaa6566.

Li Z, Hodgkinson T, Gothard EJ, Boroumand S, Lamb R, Cummins I, Narang P, Sawtell A, Coles J, Leonov G, Reboldi A, Buckley CD, Cupedo T, Siebel C, Bayat A, Coles MC, Ambler CA. Epidermal Notch1 recruits ROR?(+) group 3 innate lymphoid cells to orchestrate normal skin repair. Nat Commun. 2016 Apr 21;7:11394.

Wilson RP, McGettigan SE, Dang VD, Kumar A, Cancro MP, Nikbakht N, Stohl W, Debes GF. IgM Plasma Cells Reside in Healthy Skin and Accumulate with Chronic Inflammation. J Invest Dermatol. 2019 Dec;139(12):2477-2487.

Bradley PP, Priebat DA, Christensen RD, Rothstein G. Measurement of cutaneous inflammation: estimation of neutrophil content with an enzyme marker. J Invest Dermatol. 1982 Mar;78(3):206-9.

Laverdet B, Danigo A, Girard D, Magy L, Demiot C, Desmoulière A. Skin innervation: important roles during normal and pathological cutaneous repair. Histol Histopathol. 2015 Aug;30(8):875-92.

CGRP receptor component

DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000001773

Pisciotta C, Bai Y, Brennan KM, Wu X, Grider T, Feely S, Wang S, Moore S, Siskind C, Gonzalez M, Zuchner S, Shy ME. Reduced neurofilament expression in cutaneous nerve fibers of patients with CMT2E. Neurology. 2015 Jul 21;85(3):228-34.

Day IN, Thompson RJ. UCHL1 (PGP 9.5): neuronal biomarker and ubiquitin system protein. Prog Neurobiol. 2010 Mar;90(3):327-62.

Schulze E, Witt M, Fink T, Hofer A, Funk RH. Immunohistochemical detection of human skin nerve fibers. Acta Histochem. 1997 Aug;99(3):301-9.

Silva WN, Leonel C, Prazeres PHDM, Sena IFG, Guerra DAP, Heller D, Diniz IMA, Fortuna V, Mintz A, Birbrair A. Role of Schwann cells in cutaneous wound healing. Wound Repair Regen. 2018 Sep;26(5):392-397.

DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4362.1984.tb05661.x

Kahn HJ, Baumal R, Marks A. The value of immunohistochemical studies using antibody to S100 protein in dermatopathology. Int J Dermatol. 1984 Jan-Feb;23(1):38-44.

Ebenezer GJ, McArthur JC, Thomas D, Murinson B, Hauer P, Polydefkis M, Griffin JW. Denervation of skin in neuropathies: the sequence of axonal and Schwann cell changes in skin biopsies. Brain. 2007 Oct;130(Pt 10):2703-14.

Schulze E, Witt M, Fink T, Hofer A, Funk RH. Immunohistochemical detection of human skin nerve fibers. Acta Histochem. 1997 Aug;99(3):301-9.

erentes E, Nakagawa Y, Ross GW, Stanton C, Rubinstein LJ. Expression of epithelial membrane antigen in perineurial cells and their derivatives. An immunohistochemical study with multiple markers. Acta Neuropathol. 1987;75(2):160-5.

erentes E, Nakagawa Y, Ross GW, Stanton C, Rubinstein LJ. Expression of epithelial membrane antigen in perineurial cells and their derivatives. An immunohistochemical study with multiple markers. Acta Neuropathol. 1987;75(2):160-5.

DOI: 10.1097/01.MP.0000062654.83617.B7

platelet and endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1

Cao G, O'Brien CD, Zhou Z, Sanders SM, Greenbaum JN, Makrigiannakis A, DeLisser HM. Involvement of human PECAM-1 in angiogenesis and in vitro endothelial cell migration. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2002 May;282(5):C1181-90.

Nehls V, Drenckhahn D. Heterogeneity of microvascular pericytes for smooth muscle type alpha-actin. J Cell Biol. 1991 Apr;113(1):147-54.

Fernández-Agüera MC, Gao L, González-Rodríguez P, Pintado CO, Arias-Mayenco I, García-Flores P, García-Pergañeda A, Pascual A, Ortega-Sáenz P, López-Barneo J. Oxygen Sensing by Arterial Chemoreceptors Depends on Mitochondrial Complex I Signaling. Cell Metab. 2015 Nov 3;22(5):825-37.

Schürch W, Skalli O, Lagacé R, Seemayer TA, Gabbiani G. Intermediate filament proteins and actin isoforms as markers for soft-tissue tumor differentiation and origin. III. Hemangiopericytomas and glomus tumors. Am J Pathol. 1990 Apr;136(4):771-86.

Harrell CR, Simovic Markovic B, Fellabaum C, Arsenijevic A, Djonov V, Volarevic V. Molecular mechanisms underlying therapeutic potential of pericytes. J Biomed Sci. 2018 Mar 9;25(1):21.

Nehls V, Drenckhahn D. Heterogeneity of microvascular pericytes for smooth muscle type alpha-actin. J Cell Biol. 1991 Apr;113(1):147-54.

Harrell CR, Simovic Markovic B, Fellabaum C, Arsenijevic A, Djonov V, Volarevic V. Molecular mechanisms underlying therapeutic potential of pericytes. J Biomed Sci. 2018 Mar 9;25(1):21.

Nehls V, Drenckhahn D. Heterogeneity of microvascular pericytes for smooth muscle type alpha-actin. J Cell Biol. 1991 Apr;113(1):147-54.

Skobe M, Detmar M. Structure, function, and molecular control of the skin lymphatic system. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc. 2000 Dec;5(1):14-9.

lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1

Astarita JL, Acton SE, Turley SJ. Podoplanin: emerging functions in development, the immune system, and cancer. Front Immunol. 2012 Sep 12;3:283.

Skobe M, Detmar M. Structure, function, and molecular control of the skin lymphatic system. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc. 2000 Dec;5(1):14-9.

lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1

Astarita JL, Acton SE, Turley SJ. Podoplanin: emerging functions in development, the immune system, and cancer. Front Immunol. 2012 Sep 12;3:283.

Gonçalves CA, Leite MC, Guerra MC. Adipocytes as an Important Source of Serum S100B and Possible Roles of This Protein in Adipose Tissue. Cardiovasc Psychiatry Neurol. 2010;2010:790431.

DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1989.tb15509.x

Cerio R, Griffiths CE, Cooper KD, Nickoloff BJ, Headington JT. Characterization of factor XIIIa positive dermal dendritic cells in normal and inflamed skin. Br J Dermatol. 1989 Oct;121(4):421-31.

Kueper T, Grune T, Prahl S, Lenz H, Welge V, Biernoth T, Vogt Y, Muhr GM, Gaemlich A, Jung T, Boemke G, Elsässer HP, Wittern KP, Wenck H, Stäb F, Blatt T. Vimentin is the specific target in skin glycation. Structural prerequisites, functional consequences, and role in skin aging. J Biol Chem. 2007 Aug 10;282(32):23427-36. d

DOI: 10.1097/00000372-199606000-00008

Narvaez D, Kanitakis J, Faure M, Claudy A. Immunohistochemical study of CD34-positive dendritic cells of human dermis. Am J Dermatopathol. 1996 Jun;18(3):283-8. DOI: 10.1097/00000372-199606000-00008. PMID: 8806963.

Chistiakov, D., Killingsworth, M., Myasoedova, V. et al. CD68/macrosialin: not just a histochemical marker. Lab Invest 97, 4–13 (2017).

KIT proto-oncogene, receptor tyrosine kinase

Kabashima K, Nakashima C, Nonomura Y, Otsuka A, Cardamone C, Parente R, De Feo G, Triggiani M. Biomarkers for evaluation of mast cell and basophil activation. Immunol Rev. 2018 Mar;282(1):114-120.

Galli SJ, Tsai M, Wershil BK. The c-kit receptor, stem cell factor, and mast cells. What each is teaching us about the others. Am J Pathol. 1993 Apr;142(4):965-74.

de Paulis A, Annunziato F, Di Gioia L, Romagnani S, Carfora M, Beltrame C, Marone G, Romagnani P. Expression of the chemokine receptor CCR3 on human mast cells. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2001 Jan-Mar;124(1-3):146-50.

Bos JD, Zonneveld I, Das PK, Krieg SR, van der Loos CM, Kapsenberg ML. The skin immune system (SIS): distribution and immunophenotype of lymphocyte subpopulations in normal human skin. J Invest Dermatol. 1987 May;88(5):569-73.

Bos JD, Zonneveld I, Das PK, Krieg SR, van der Loos CM, Kapsenberg ML. The skin immune system (SIS): distribution and immunophenotype of lymphocyte subpopulations in normal human skin. J Invest Dermatol. 1987 May;88(5):569-73.

Bos JD, Zonneveld I, Das PK, Krieg SR, van der Loos CM, Kapsenberg ML. The skin immune system (SIS): distribution and immunophenotype of lymphocyte subpopulations in normal human skin. J Invest Dermatol. 1987 May;88(5):569-73.

Bos JD, Zonneveld I, Das PK, Krieg SR, van der Loos CM, Kapsenberg ML. The skin immune system (SIS): distribution and immunophenotype of lymphocyte subpopulations in normal human skin. J Invest Dermatol. 1987 May;88(5):569-73.

Bos JD, Zonneveld I, Das PK, Krieg SR, van der Loos CM, Kapsenberg ML. The skin immune system (SIS): distribution and immunophenotype of lymphocyte subpopulations in normal human skin. J Invest Dermatol. 1987 May;88(5):569-73.

Ali N, Rosenblum MD. Regulatory T cells in skin. Immunology. 2017 Nov;152(3):372-381. DOI: 10.1111/imm.12791. Epub 2017 Aug 4.

Ali N, Rosenblum MD. Regulatory T cells in skin. Immunology. 2017 Nov;152(3):372-381. DOI: 10.1111/imm.12791. Epub 2017 Aug 4.

Ali N, Rosenblum MD. Regulatory T cells in skin. Immunology. 2017 Nov;152(3):372-381. DOI: 10.1111/imm.12791. Epub 2017 Aug 4.

Debes GF, McGettigan SE. Skin-Associated B Cells in Health and Inflammation. J Immunol. 2019 Mar 15;202(6):1659-1666.

Bradley PP, Priebat DA, Christensen RD, Rothstein G. Measurement of cutaneous inflammation: estimation of neutrophil content with an enzyme marker. J Invest Dermatol. 1982 Mar;78(3):206-9.

Laverdet B, Danigo A, Girard D, Magy L, Demiot C, Desmoulière A. Skin innervation: important roles during normal and pathological cutaneous repair. Histol Histopathol. 2015 Aug;30(8):875-92.

CGRP receptor component

DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000001773

Pisciotta C, Bai Y, Brennan KM, Wu X, Grider T, Feely S, Wang S, Moore S, Siskind C, Gonzalez M, Zuchner S, Shy ME. Reduced neurofilament expression in cutaneous nerve fibers of patients with CMT2E. Neurology. 2015 Jul 21;85(3):228-34.

Day IN, Thompson RJ. UCHL1 (PGP 9.5): neuronal biomarker and ubiquitin system protein. Prog Neurobiol. 2010 Mar;90(3):327-62.

Schulze E, Witt M, Fink T, Hofer A, Funk RH. Immunohistochemical detection of human skin nerve fibers. Acta Histochem. 1997 Aug;99(3):301-9.

Silva WN, Leonel C, Prazeres PHDM, Sena IFG, Guerra DAP, Heller D, Diniz IMA, Fortuna V, Mintz A, Birbrair A. Role of Schwann cells in cutaneous wound healing. Wound Repair Regen. 2018 Sep;26(5):392-397.

DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4362.1984.tb05661.x

Kahn HJ, Baumal R, Marks A. The value of immunohistochemical studies using antibody to S100 protein in dermatopathology. Int J Dermatol. 1984 Jan-Feb;23(1):38-44.

Perentes E, Nakagawa Y, Ross GW, Stanton C, Rubinstein LJ. Expression of epithelial membrane antigen in perineurial cells and their derivatives. An immunohistochemical study with multiple markers. Acta Neuropathol. 1987;75(2):160-5.

erentes E, Nakagawa Y, Ross GW, Stanton C, Rubinstein LJ. Expression of epithelial membrane antigen in perineurial cells and their derivatives. An immunohistochemical study with multiple markers. Acta Neuropathol. 1987;75(2):160-5.

DOI: 10.1097/01.MP.0000062654.83617.B7

platelet and endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1

Cao G, O'Brien CD, Zhou Z, Sanders SM, Greenbaum JN, Makrigiannakis A, DeLisser HM. Involvement of human PECAM-1 in angiogenesis and in vitro endothelial cell migration. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2002 May;282(5):C1181-90.

Fernández-Agüera MC, Gao L, González-Rodríguez P, Pintado CO, Arias-Mayenco I, García-Flores P, García-Pergañeda A, Pascual A, Ortega-Sáenz P, López-Barneo J. Oxygen Sensing by Arterial Chemoreceptors Depends on Mitochondrial Complex I Signaling. Cell Metab. 2015 Nov 3;22(5):825-37.

Schürch W, Skalli O, Lagacé R, Seemayer TA, Gabbiani G. Intermediate filament proteins and actin isoforms as markers for soft-tissue tumor differentiation and origin. III. Hemangiopericytomas and glomus tumors. Am J Pathol. 1990 Apr;136(4):771-86.