SW vocabulary Bio

	A	B	C
1	BIOLOGY
2	LIST	VOCABULARY WORD	DEFINITION

3	LIST 1	independent variable	variable a variable (often denoted by x ) whose variation does not depend on that of another; it’s what the researcher adjusts & is testing
4	Scientific Method	dependent variable	a variable (often denoted by y ) whose value depends on that of another; it’s what the researcher measures
5	CramSTUDY	control variable	variables in the experiment that remain constant to maintain fairness in the experiment
6	HW GoogleSTUDY	precise	marked by exactness; using the smallest measurements possible
7	Quizizz	accurate	correct
8		hypothesis	an educated guess based upon background knowledge and parts of the scientific method
9		confirmation bias	the tendency to interpret new evidence as confirmation of one's existing beliefs or theories
10		data	data- facts and statistics collected together for reference or analysis
11		pseudo	fake, not real
12		par- para-	beside, near, equal
13	LIST 3	biotic magnification	increasing concentration of a substance, such as a toxic chemical, in the tissues of tolerant organisms at successively higher levels in a food chain.
14	Ecology	exponential curve	(J-curve) occurs when there is no limit to population size
15	CramSTUDY	logistic curve	(S-curve) occurs when there is a limiting factor to population growth
16	HW GoogleSTUDY	carrying capacity	the number of organisms an area can support without environmental degradation
17	Quizizz	denitrification	process by which bacteria convert N into atmospheric Nitrogen
18		nitrogen fixation	part of the nitrogen cycle where bacteria convert nitrogen in the soil into usable form for the plants
19		extinction	termination of a species; there are no more
20		endangered	a species in danger of extinction throughout all or significant portions of its range
21		capill-	hair
22		-lys, -lyt, -lyst	decompose, split, dissolve
23	LIST 4	ribosome	protein makers; most numerous organelle found free floating in cytoplasm or attached to the ER;
24	Cells 1: Structure & Function	endoplasmic reticulum	large system of membranes connecting the nuclear membrane to the cell membrane; smooth ER makes lipids; rough ER helps form proteins
25	CramSTUDY	vacuole	storage area inside the cell; stores water, salts, proteins, & carbohydrates
26	HW GoogleSTUDY	golgi apparatus	modifies, sorts, and packages the proteins arriving from the endoplasmic reticulum; finishing touches are added here
27	Quizizz	lysosomes	the "recyclers" of the cell; digests carbohydrates, proteins, lipids into smaller molecules
28		mitochondria	the "powerhouse" of the cell; converts glucose into the usable energy of ATP for the cell
29		chromoplasts	"color"; these plastids contain pigments of every color except green; give fruits & flowers color for the attraction of pollinators
30		chloroplasts	these plastids absorb solar energy and convert it into chemical energy in the form of glucose by a process called photosynthesis; only in plant cells
31		arth-	joint, articulation
32		port-	carry
33	LIST 5	plasma membrane	membrane of lipids and proteins that form the external boundary of the cytoplasm of a cell or encloses a vacuole; regulates what enters/exits the cell
34	Cells 2: homeostasis	active transport	the physical movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration; enzymes & energy are required
35	CramSTUDY	passive transport	the movement of substances across a cell membrane without expending energy; molecules move along a concentration gradient
36	HW GoogleSTUDY	diffusion	the spreading of something more widely; solutes spread out in a solvent
37	Quizizz	osmosis	net movement of a solvent (water) through a semi-permeable membrane into an area of higher solute concentration; water 'spreads out' until both sides have equal amounts of water
38		concentration gradient	natural process of solutes to move through a membrane from an area that has a higher number of particles to an area with a lower number of particles
39		permeable	a membrane allows molecules to pass through it; the cell membrane is semi-permeable
40		differentiation	process of a cell changing from one type of cell into another; from zygote to cell types: (stem, red blood, white blood, platelets, nerve cells, etc.)
41		sacchar-	sugar
42		hist	tissue
43	LIST 6	contractile vacuole	a vacuole in some protozoans that expels excess liquid on contraction
44	Cells 2: homeostasis (Protists)	flagellum	a long, whip-like membrane-enclosed organelle used for locomotion or feeding
45	CramSTUDY	pseudopoda	"false foot"; temporary cytoplasmic projections of the cell membrane in amoeboids that aid in feeding and movement
46	HW GoogleSTUDY	cilium	a short, microscopic hair-like vibrating structure; large numbers of them move in unison to propel some protists through the water
47	Quizizz	macronucleus	the larger type of nucleus in a paramecium ; everyday functions of the cell are governed by this nucleus
48		micronucleus	small nucleus in a paramecium; involved in reproductive functions of the organism; DNA
49		anal pore	structure in various protists where waste is ejected after the nutrients from food have been absorbed in the cytoplasm
50		oral groove	a channel with cillia-whose movement sweeps food into the protist for digestion
51		phag-	eat
52		telo-	end
53	LIST 7	vascular system	having vessels to carry water/minerals up and down the plant using phloem and xylem
54	Plants	gymnosperm	"naked seed" a plant with seeds that are unprotected by an ovary or fruit; no flowers; oldest kind of seed plants
55	CramSTUDY	angiosperm	flowering plant that produce seeds inside of a fruit
56	HW GoogleSTUDY	geotropism	a plant's response to gravity
57	Quizizz	thigmotropism	a plant's response to physical touch
58		phototropism	a plant's response to light
59		hydrotropism	a plant's response to water
60		cuticle	waxy, waterproof covering of a leaf; prevents desiccation (drying out)
61		aden-	gland
62		dur-	hard
63	LIST 8	xylem	part of a plant's vascular system: path that water and minerals take up the plant
64	Cell Energy 1	phloem	part of a plant's vascular system: path that glucose from the leaves take down the plant
65	CramSTUDY	transpiration	process by which plants lose water through the leaves
66	HW GoogleSTUDY	light reaction	"light trapping" steps of photosynthesis which occurs in the chloroplasts of mesophyll cells
67	Quizizz	dark reaction	second part of photosynthesis, trapped energy is used to make glucose from carbon dioxide in this step
68		glucose	simple sugar made through photosynthesis by a plant
69		thylakoid	flattened sacks in the chloroplast that stack upon one another; place where light dependent reactions occur
70		stroma	colorless fluid surrounding the grana; dark reactions occur here as part of the Calvin Cycle
71		hypo-	below, under, less
72		hyper-	above, beyond, over
73	LIST 9	reactant	the starting matter at the start of a chemical reaction
74	Cell Energy 2	product	the resulting matter at the end of a chemical reaction
75	CramSTUDY	ATP	adenosine triphosphate; form of energy that cells can use
76	HW GoogleSTUDY	alveoli	pockets in the lungs that meet blood vessels to exchange oxygen through diffusion
77	Quizizz	cristae	folds of the mitochondria where cellular respiration occurs
78		glycolysis	Chemical reaction that occurs in the cytoplasm where glucose is broken down in the absence of oxygen
79		lactic acid fermentation	chemical reaction that turns glucose into lactic acid in the absence of oxygen
80		cellular respiration	chemical reaction within mitochondria where glucose is broken down in the presence of oxygen to make ATP
81		macr-	large
82		micro-	small, millionth
83	LIST 10	protein	most complex macromolecule, made of monomer: amino acids which are linked by peptide bonds;
84	Biochemistry 1	nucleic acid	macromolecule made of a sugar + nitrogen base + phosphate group; stores cellular information in the form of a code; monomer = nucleotides
85	CramSTUDY	carbohydrate	smallest macromolecule; ring shape of carbon atoms; provides energy for the cell/sugar; monomer = monosaccharide
86	HW GoogleSTUDY	lipid	large macromolecule made of the monomers of glycerol + three fatty acid chains; stores energy for the cell
87	Quizizz	enzyme	proteins that catalyze (speed up) reactions
88		substrate	molecule upon which the enzyme acts
89		active site	place where the enzyme bonds to the substrate
90		biochemistry	branch of biology regarding the chemical reactions within an organism
91		angi-	blood, vessel, duct
92		my-	muscle
93	LIST 11	mitosis	in multi-celled organisms, cells within the organism divide for growth and repair
94	Cell Division	meiosis	in sexual reproduction, the special sex cells (sperm & egg) divide after recombining DNA forming 4 gamete cells
95	CramSTUDY	binary fission	in single-celled organisms, the cell divides into two identical organisms
96	HW GoogleSTUDY	cancer	the uncontrolled division of a cell/cells within an organism due to mutations
97	Quizizz	chromosome	a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes; become short and fat at the start of mitosis
98		chromatid	one of the usually paired and parallel strands of a duplicated chromosome that are joined
99		centromere	region where sister chromatids join; this is where spindles attach during mitosis and meiosis
100		cytokinesis	the cytoplasmic division of a cell at the end of mitosis or meiosis, bringing about the separation into two daughter cells.