| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | AA | AB | AC | |
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1 | CD Concepts, Theory, Methods, Intros & Surveys | CD & Ed | CD and Media | CD Case Studies | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
2 | AUTHOR(S) List last, then first name. For co-authored articles or books, list last then first name of first author first, then all other authors: first then last name. Ex: Anderson, Joanne, Jane Doe, and John Smith | PUB DATE | Media Type (book, book chapter, scholarly article/report, professional article/report, news article, opinion article, government report, video, podcast, dissertation/thesis, speech, interview, website, unfound) | TITLE OF ARTICLE OR BOOK | FULL CITATION (for articles: journal article is published in + journal issue number, volume #, and page #s. For books: city and state, publisher name) | DESCRIPTION | LINK (to at least title and abstract, if not whole publication) | NOTES | |||||||||||||||||||||
3 | Giardini; Gian Luca | 2020 | government report | The World before and after Covid 19 | European Institute of International Studies | Full text: https://www.ieeiweb.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Full_book_FINAL_EN2.0-UNIDO.pdf?fbclid=IwAR03YeErzGhcALKDMQXVKr5ktFDidPTmFYdTm8hNDCy8pYBsVhsQYke9Mlw | |||||||||||||||||||||||
4 | Glantz, Michael H | 2007 | academic article | Climate‐related disaster diplomacy: A US‐Cuban case study | Cambridge Review of International Affairs 14.1 (2000): 233-253. | This article traces the history of climate‐related cooperation between the US and Cuba as a possible example of disaster diplomacy. It identifies and analyses the areas of present interactions and conflicts, as well as potential diplomatically‐sanctioned cooperation between the two countries, with particular respect to the ENSO cycle (El Nino‐Southern Oscillation cycle, which incorporates El Nino and La Nina), and the extreme meteorological events that it spawns. Currently, US and Cuban government disaster collaboration is limited to the hurricane season and to monitoring and forecasting the development of storms in the tropical Atlantic. Based on careful examination of extensive empirical material, the article concludes that while disaster diplomacy may be successful in some regions, it has little chance of success in the US‐Cuban context in the absence of a rapprochement between the leaders of these two political systems. | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09557570008400340?casa_token=h-nSbSX8SzEAAAAA:BSONO1UMRTciVymMov57fU9O15FsurIO2LcloqHzsU9A2BX8C-C3MiEAE3tQ81ltcHW07v8Z5KA | ||||||||||||||||||||||
5 | Henry H.Sun | 2008 | academic article | International political marketing: a case study of United States soft power and public diplomacy | Journal of Public affairs 8.3 (2008): 165-183. | Political marketing can be categorized with three aspects: the election campaign as the origin of political marketing, the permanent campaign as a governing tool and international political marketing (IPM) which covers the areas of public diplomacy, marketing of nations, international political communication, national image, soft power and the cross-cultural studies of political marketing. IPM and the application of soft power have been practiced by nation-states throughout the modern history of international relations starting with the signing of the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648. Nation-states promote the image of their country worldwide through public diplomacy, exchange mutual interests in their bilateral or multilateral relation with other countries, lobby for their national interests in international organizations and apply cultural and political communication strategies internationally to build up their soft power. In modern international relations, nation-states achieve their foreign policy goals by applying both hard power and soft power. Public diplomacy as part of IPM is a method in the creation of soft power, as well as, in the application of soft power. | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/pa.301?casa_token=WhrstQ4o6rMAAAAA:QRYSrFVAiWmVrTDR4-VYQXHxbeAuXTW_DixXT-BgRFxia1tQc22cazZqfWJTXu35zS3Yemi_ewiL | ||||||||||||||||||||||
6 | Dutton William | 2012 | academic article | public Diplomacy 2.0: A Case Study of the US Digital Outreach Team | The Middle East Journal, Volume 66, Number 3, Summer 2012, pp. 453-472(20) | The internet is enabling new approaches to public diplomacy. The US Digital Outreach Team (DOT) is one such initiative, aiming to engage directly with citizens in the Middle East by posting messages about US foreign policy on internet forums. This case study assesses the DOT's work. Does this method provide a promising move towards a more interactive and individualized approach to connecting with the Middle East? What are the strategic challenges faced by “public diplomacy 2.0?” | https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mei/mei/2012/00000066/00000003/art00005 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
7 | Seong-Hun Yun | 2012 | academic article | Relational Public Diplomacy: The Perspective of Sociological Globalism | International Journal of Communication 6 (2012): 21. | This article attempts to go beyond “citizen diplomacy,” or private sector–driven public diplomacy, by setting its sights on global people-mobility—a perpetual, systemic dynamic for creating relationship linkages—and understanding its consequences for relational public diplomacy. To this end, the article considers relational elements of three groups of global migrants, examining how their differing nexuses influence public diplomacy. It begins with diasporas, expands to international students, and then focuses on a survey of global temporary laborers, a long overlooked yet powerfully emergent group that presents both risks and beneficial opportunities. The conclusion discusses temporary laborers’ potential role in democratizing the Western monopoly over public diplomacy and calls for a departure from soft power toward relationship-centered theory and practices. | https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/1622 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
8 | Iain Watson | 2013 | academic article | South Korea's State-led Soft Power Strategies: Limits on Inter-Korean Relations | Asian Journal of Political Science, 20:3, 304-325, DOI: 10.1080/02185377.2012.748972 | The South Korean government has taken on many of Joseph Nye's ideas as it is promoting a state-led soft power in the form of the cultural hallyu, foreign aid, and domestically, a future-orientated rebranding of South Korea as a multicultural state. Soft power is understood in instrumental terms as well as in more substantive terms. This state-led multiculturalism has challenged widely held beliefs in ethnic homogeneity which have been the mainspring of national identity and national security in South Korea. These beliefs have underscored inter-Korean relations as the two states officially share beliefs despite political and ideological differences. The growing significance of such state-led multiculturalism in Global Korea to attract foreign workers can be linked to a myriad of intentional and unintentional strategic issues arising from this form of state-led soft power promotion. This is particularly significant given the sensitive culture and identity across the East Asian region. | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02185377.2012.748972?casa_token=yysIQ5WZtqEAAAAA:nV7-p_6fYzW4gw6k1Pxic84a8FBg2Fqm0k0_3JCxe023hhjvWAjxoZ5RwM1-YUHFSf4MJSqN3kk | ||||||||||||||||||||||
9 | Giles Scott-Smith | 2014 | academic article | Introduction: Private Diplomacy, Making the Citizen Visible | New Global Studies, vol. 8, no. 1, 2014, pp. 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1515/ngs-2014-0012 | Orthodox Diplomatic History, with its focus on government sources, aims to piece together the decision-making reasoning of policy-makers and the apparatuses and outcomes of foreign policy implementation. In contrast, New Diplomatic History looks to broaden and deepen the analysis of international interactions along three planes: spatially, in the sense of granting more importance to the role of individuals and non-governmental institutions; temporally, since the examination of a wider field of diplomatic ‘actors’ challenges the standard periodisations; behaviorally, in that the very nature of diplomatic practice and the role (indeed the very notion) of the diplomat is being transformed in an ever-more-dynamic global context of multilateral agreements and transactions. Once the frame of ‘diplomacy’ is altered, so the kinds of actors who become visible change with it – and the designations ‘diplomacy’ and ‘diplomat’ become more fluid. The articles collected in this special issue of New Global Studies examine the input and influence of particular individuals in international relations who were able to pursue their own agendas either in alliance with, separate from, or sometimes against the interests of states. Such ‘private international relations’ opens up a rich research field highly relevant in the context of increasing global flows of people and ideas. | https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/ngs-2014-0012/html | ||||||||||||||||||||||
10 | Ilya Yablokov | 2015 | academic article | Conspiracy Theories as a Russian Public Diplomacy Tool: The Case of Russia Today (RT) | Politics, 35(3-4), 301-315. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9256.12097 | This article explores the use of conspiracy theories by the Russian international television channel Russia Today (RT). Based on Mark Fenster's definition of conspiracy theory as a populist theory of power, the article studies the process of how various conspiratorial notions in programmes broadcast by RT legitimise Russian domestic and foreign policies and, in turn, delegitimise policies of the American government. It argues that the conspiratorial component of RT's broadcasting appears as a political instrument in the context of the post-Cold War world and is applied to attract various global audiences with different political views. | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1467-9256.12097?casa_token=I3e72h4nhoUAAAAA:VLIB1bxFb4Gyj4TNlWZeqZCE-mfeGYekrB8_mDLO0X15zeRRpC06FtHaCxbCfxf1Tv-Jid-lQt4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
11 | MA. Fjollë Nuhiu | 2017 | academic article | European Union Public Diplomacy Case Study - the Intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina | European Journal of Social Science Education and Research, 4(4), 45–52. https://doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v10i2.p64-70 | This paper describes public diplomacy (PD) of European Union (EU) throw European External Action Service (EEAS). As PD has its aim influencing the public, EU makes PD throw its missions and delegations trying to prove to the whole world that is an important actor in international arena. Since EU is unique international organization with elements of a state, we will try to describe that even EU has difficulties using PD to build a positive image in front of public considering the fact that each member state has its own voice in the path of representing the EU throw EEAS as one voice. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the EU's foreign policy with particular focus on the case of Bosnia and Herzegovina, that in our case analyzing it in the context of the PD specifically creating a positive image, has shown weakness and incapacity to intervene and play his role as an important actor to resolve a conflict and bring peace. Samples were taken from the international literature, scientific researches and official documents taken from EU official website. We used descriptive and analytical method to arrive at the conclusion of this topic, proving theoretically and practically that EU diplomacy as part of foreign policy has failed in the case of Bosnia and Herzegovina. | https://revistia.com/index.php/ejser/article/view/6534 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
12 | Yvette Murphy | 2018 | academic article | Education Diplomacy: The Two Sides of Innovation | Childhood Education, 94:3, 3, DOI: 10.1080/00094056.2018.1475742 | Innovation has two sides—it challenges us to think about what is possible while it also challenges us to think about how to achieve what is seemingly impossible. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), for example, is an innovative framework that creates a vision for people, planet, and prosperity for communities of all nations, regardless of social and economic status. To achieve the SDGs, however, will require sustained, collective action from committed individuals and groups representing all segments of society—grassroots, civil society organizations, business and private sector, and government—through new, creative platforms and methods of cooperation. | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00094056.2018.1475742 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
13 | IIan Kelman | 2018 | academic article | Disaster Diplomacy | Societies 13.1 (2023): 8. | Disaster diplomacy investigates how and why disaster-related activities do and do not influence conflict and cooperation. Disaster-related activities cover actions after a disaster such as disaster response as well as before a disaster, termed disaster risk reduction. Case studies come from a diversity of places, time periods, disaster types, and conflict types. The evidence from disaster diplomacy case studies so far indicates that, while disaster-related activities do not create fresh diplomatic opportunities, they have the possibility for catalyzing action, although that possibility is not always fulfilled. Where catalysis occurs, it happens only in the short term, over weeks and months. Over longer time periods, other reasons for supporting the diplomacy are needed to ensure that any disaster-related activities have a lasting effect. The reason for disaster diplomacy's lack of influence is that disaster-related activities are not typically a high political priority. | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118885154.dipl0086 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
14 | Setyasih Harini | 2019 | academic article | Women's Role as the Actor of Citizen Diplomacy to Promote National Identity Based on Local Wisdom | :Researchers World; Malegaon Vol. 10, Iss. 2, (Apr 2019): 33-38. http://dx.doi.org/10.18843/rwjasc/v10i2/05 | In millennial era, all the components of the society can participate in human development. Nowadays, village women can explore their potency to be developed in public domain bravely. Some women come from Bakalan Village, Polokarto Sub District, Sukoharjo Regency, Central Java, have explored their potency recently through traditional art, such as kothekan lesung and karawitan, as a means of preserving local wisdom. The objective of the current research is to describe that the village women can show off their ability in performing kothekan lesung and karawitan, and introduce it abroad. The data was collected through surveys, interviews, and documentation directly from the objects studied. From the data, it could be seen that the women in Bakalan village had intention, spirit, and motivation to introduce kothekan lesung and karawitan to other countries such as Malaysia and South Korea. Those women could serve as actors in citizen diplomacy. The research results showed that the activity should be supported by family, community, and the government. The process of introducing kothekan lesung and karawitan to other countries could be accomplished because nowadays women have been accustomed with using information and communication technology particularly internet through gadget. One of supports expected by the emaks (moms) were other language training centres for English, thereby still dependent on the trainer. The conclusion was that the traditional culture as the manifestation of local wisdom could be a means for women (emaks) to be actors of citizen diplomacy. | https://www.proquest.com/openview/0070ffa60bb1fa00ea8bf6e894c7d8d5/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=556342&casa_token=BSyZxU_rskYAAAAA:EoR6PmPVim9yJc_-H78vMHOPPcLZUPujlwcnjfFrdwVzlGovP7mGKQ5Ko8mWu6twbFsIezGzIRdLlw | ||||||||||||||||||||||
15 | Offor, O. E., Nwankwo, O. U., & Nnaji, F. C. | 2019 | academic article | A CRITICAL REFLECTION ON THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF CITIZEN DIPLOMACY IN NIGERIA’S FOREIGN POLICY AND EXTERNAL RELATIONS | Offor, Ogbonnaya E., Oliver U. Nwankwo, and Fidelis C. Nnaji. "A critical reflection on the theory and practice of citizen diplomacy in Nigeria’s foreign policy and external relations." South East Journal of Political Science 4.1 (2018). | The study sets out to examine the theory and practice of citizen diplomacy in Nigerian foreign policy and external relations. It attempts to appraise the issues/challenges inherent in the implementation of citizen diplomacy. Citizen diplomacy is of two main folds, viz.: Track I, and Track II diplomacy. Where Track 1 dimension of citizen diplomacy entails that the Nigerian government promote and protect the lives and properties of her citizens both at home and in Diaspora; Track II diplomacy on the other hand entails the participation of citizens as ambassadors and promoters of Nigeria’s image anywhere in the world. | https://journals.aphriapub.com/index.php/SEJPS/article/view/819 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
16 | Alejo, Antonio. | 2019 | academic article | Global citizenship education: The case of Equipo Pueblo’s Citizen Diplomacy Program in Mexico | Alejo, A. (2020). Global citizenship education: The case of Equipo Pueblo’s Citizen Diplomacy Program in Mexico. Education, Citizenship and Social Justice, 15(2), 181-193. https://doi.org/10.1177/1746197919833381 | Globalization processes create the need to rethink how citizens participate in complex and interdependent societies. The purpose of this article is to understand how education-related non-governmental organizations in Americas are becoming increasingly transnational in a globalized world through the experience of Mexican non-governmental organization Equipo Pueblo. Following this purpose, I seek to contribute to the study of international education facing non-governmental organizations through activism involved in citizenship education. I argue that non-governmental organizations are potential agents for ordinary citizens to promote non-formal education by participation on global public arenas becoming an important non-formal learning experience beyond schools, which allows those citizens to acquire the necessary skills for effective participation in globalized policy processes. To give empirical evidence to my research, I analyze Equipo Pueblo’s Citizen Diplomacy Program and its influence repertoire that enable citizens’ participation in public spaces, as example of non-formal citizenship education in the context of global politics. | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1746197919833381 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
17 | MATTHIAS NEUMANN | 2019 | academic article | Children Diplomacy During the Late Cold War: Samantha Smith's Visit of the ‘Evil Empire’ | History 104.360 (2019): 275-308. | Samantha Smith came to fame by writing a letter to the Soviet leader, Yuri Andropov, in December 1982, expressing her fears about a potential nuclear war between the two superpowers. Her letter was quoted in the main Soviet newspaper Pravda in April 1983 and the Smith family was subsequently invited to visit the Soviet Union during the summer. Samantha's trip captured the attention of the world media on both sides of the ideological divide. | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1468-229X.12818 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
18 | Di Martino, Luigi. | 2020 | academic article | Conceptualising public diplomacy listening on social media | "Conceptualising public diplomacy listening on social media." Place Branding and Public Diplomacy 16 (2020): 131-142. | Public diplomacy consists of the public and interactive dimensions of diplomacy. Although listening is one of its core activities, public diplomacy scholarship has not yet engaged with listening theory. This paper connects public diplomacy scholarship with a new wave of literature that has argued that listening is a critical and previously neglected component of dialogic engagement. By reviewing this literature, this paper develops a framework for the ‘spectrum of listening’ and categorises five types of public diplomacy listening on social media. The review is followed by a descriptive profile of each type of listening. | https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/s41254-019-00135-5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
19 | Bolewski, Wilfried | 2020 | academic article | EU diplomacy after Brexit | International Journal of Diplomacy and Economy 6.2 (2020): 109-120 | Brexit is the latest symptom of an international institutional failure to live up to public expectations. It is caused by the perception of unfulfilled participatory governance and lack of problem-solving capacities (immigration and financial crises, changing transnational identities, internal and external security) and it bears the seeds of further disintegration. Brexit has again revealed the lack of (not only institutional, but) mental preparedness of the linear mindset ('sleepwalking into crises') for the international management of disruptive events which will continue to be a regular feature and is becoming the new normality. Diplomacy and its civilising virtues (solidarity, subsidiarity, inclusion of the general public, acceptance of change as opportunity) could provide the practical values for a result-orientated mindset of problem-solving. For Diplomacy as social interaction to be successful in the context of Brexit we need innovative practical initiatives corresponding to public expectations leading to sustainable solutions and providing trust in a functional European Union. | https://www.inderscienceonline.com/doi/abs/10.1504/IJDIPE.2020.111011 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
20 | Oshewolo, Segun | 2020 | academic article | ‘Citizens’ in foreign policy theorising: President Yar’Adua and Nigeria’s citizen diplomacy | African Identities, 19:4, 522-535, DOI: 10.1080/14725843.2020.1804827 | The link between citizens and international diplomacy has received attention in foreign policy theorising. As a participant in the diplomatic process, the individual/citizen is closely connected to diplomacy and its outcome. While he is expected to be involved in the crafting and framing of foreign policy choices and their attendant diplomatic instruments, he is also the object of diplomacy as the ultimate goal of diplomacy is to promote his well-being. The managers of Nigeria’s foreign relations in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs under President Umar Musa Yar’Adua adopted the foreign policy thrust of citizen diplomacy to address the problems confronting Nigerian citizens at home and abroad. | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14725843.2020.1804827?casa_token=bFS7_PDRk64AAAAA:0FXWkTUAipDvAB5uJcJCNVGr5UE63Fj6d_MdGX0A-huq1-lndhnblm9Qi__06Ccya3rbDbrEPGU | ||||||||||||||||||||||
21 | Osman Antwi-Boateng | 2021 | academic article | The Challenges of Digital Diplomacy in the Era of Globalization: The Case of the United Arab Emirates | International Journal of Communication 15 (2021): 19. | The United Arab Emirates (UAE) has embraced digital diplomacy as a part of its foreign relations strategy. Thus, this research uses case study methodology via in-depth interviews with Emirati officials and scholars and UAE-based foreign policy academics and practitioners to investigate the challenges associated with UAE digital diplomacy. Although the UAE has embraced globalization and its associated digital tools in furtherance of its foreign policy, it is plagued by deglobalization challenges that threaten the full benefits of digital diplomacy. Institutionally, this includes the following: obstacles presented by state security and state censorship, media regulations, organizational culture, personnel challenges, and linguistic challenges. Structurally, the UAE also faces challenges such as negative regional perception, difficulty in audience identification and targeting, keeping up with a fast-paced global media environment, fake news from hostile sources, usage by nonstate actors, a culture of anonymity, risk of cyberattacks, and technical and digital divides. Finding the right balance between digital empowerment and regulating the digital realm to address legitimate national security concerns will ultimately determine the success or failure of UAE’s digital diplomacy. | https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/16150 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
22 | Evangelos Fanoulis & Kyriakos Revela | 2022 | academic article | The conceptual dimensions of EU public diplomacy | Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 31:1, 50-62 | This conceptual and reviewing article elaborates on the ontological aspects of EU public diplomacy (EU PD). It argues that conceptual clarity is much needed and that a comprehensive definition of EU PD would consider the messages (narrative), institutional design and actors involved in the design and delivery of EU PD. Future researchers should also consider the context of a targeted country or region, meaning its social, political, and economic conditions, as well as its past and contemporary relations with Europe. Hence, the study of EU PD appears to be particularly challenging, requiring a comprehensive and at the same time tailor-made approach. | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14782804.2022.2043836 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
23 | Robey, Sarah E. | 2022 | academic article | Citizen Diplomat, Global Activist: Reconsidering Norman Cousins | Sarah E Robey, Citizen Diplomat, Global Activist: Reconsidering Norman Cousins, Diplomatic History, 2023;, dhad064, https://doi.org/10.1093/dh/dhad064 | For any scholar of early Cold War public discourse in the United States, Norman Cousins is a ubiquitous presence. Cousins wore many hats over the course of his lengthy career, but is best known for his prolific critical commentary on Cold War-era politics published during his long run as the editor of the Saturday Review. Early in his career, Cousins became known for his antinuclear writings, including “Modern Man is Obsolete,” a scathing critique of the Atomic Age, penned just one day after the United States bombed Hiroshima. In his role as editor of the Review, Cousins would go on to weigh in on a host of postwar hot-button issues, including proposals for world disarmament and one-world government, economic assistance overseas, nuclear testing, and diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union. By the 1960s, the Saturday Review had the third-largest circulation of U.S. news magazines, behind only Life and Time. Along the way, Cousins also became an antinuclear organizer and co-founded SANE, the Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy. | https://academic.oup.com/dh/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/dh/dhad064/7264235 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
24 | Anne-Marie Cotton, Nicholas John Cull | 2023 | academic article | Guest editorial: Promoting citizenship through international public engagement. Research perspectives on public, organisational and civil society diplomacy | Research perspectives on public, organisational and civil society diplomacy." Journal of Communication Management 27.2 (2023): 137-140. | In the midst of the COP 16 climate summit in Cancun, Mexico in late 2010 the British analyst and policy adviser Simon Anholt made a startling remark. His words did not relate to the climate crisis but rather to geopolitics. | https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JCOM-05-2023-167/full/html?casa_token=07g5o2QJe5kAAAAA:xIrapECZQIaF6bAXiua4FjHM7hSHQNtaPEyRprJGgvbaf1ugviIFJQkrVTmU1sv5aIETug3DauhOr34rP8DTqzGhQJOY9IfV_TxweMUjEenMqtd1OQ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
25 | Gichoya, Florence W | 2023 | academic article | Building peace and citizenship through cultural and public diplomacy | Schneider, Cynthia P. "Building peace and citizenship through cultural and public diplomacy." Journal of Communication Management 27.2 (2023): 293-308. | This article analyzes an approach to public diplomacy that involves leveraging local voices. It demonstrates the power of culture, particularly in collective settings such as festivals, to engage citizens in countering violent extremism, building peace and tolerance, and fighting corruption. Four case studies from Mali illustrate how integrating historical and living culture into peace-building strategies works effectively in this West African nation torn by jihadist and ethnic strife. | https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JCOM-01-2023-0011/full/html?casa_token=OOHUURYWH2MAAAAA:gGGvoXNvSK_IeYU2ci2ZREIBk5OgCDG-BFbQQH2cT60vD4b4KARfIaB-eaduuwVuz9YApcPhZ6Haln4ckzSbyHLXHqguscCnyHc3aPzkm7JHt4j-3A | ||||||||||||||||||||||
26 | Snow, Nancy | 2020 | academic Article | Rethinking Public Diplomacy in the 2020s | Snow, Nancy. (2020). Chapter 1 Rethinking Public Diplomacy in the 2020s. | Public diplomacy is often cast as having magical powers of persuasion-it can help stop wars before they happen through active listening, efforts to build mutual understanding and promote dialogue, and collaboration across country, culture, and sector. But the reality is that as a field of impact, we aren't there yet. We have a smattering of elite institutions of higher education with advanced degree offerings in this field, but in the larger scheme of impacting the narrative, we're small dogs who don't often mix with the big dogs. The big dogs are the political science and policy-driven programs that sideline our importance and our values-driven undertakings. We have a few stars in our growing constellation of public diplomacy scholars, but none to rival the realpolitik, game theory, and positivist noteworthies whose theories and methods correlated with the rise of political science and international relations. | Full text : https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354130824_Chapter_1_Rethinking_Public_Diplomacy_in_the_2020s | ||||||||||||||||||||||
27 | Columbia Univeristy | academic Article | Cultural Diplomacy and Conflict Resolution | Kennedy, J. F. (n.d.). Cultural diplomacy and conflict resolution. In Introduction (pp. 1–3). https://www.humanrightscolumbia.org/sites/default/files/Cultural%20Diplomacy%20and%20Conflict%20Resolution.pdf | https://www.humanrightscolumbia.org/sites/default/files/Cultural%20Diplomacy%20and%20Conflict%20Resolution.pdf | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
28 | Stein, Howard F | 1987 | academic article | Encompassing Systems: Implications for Citizen Diplomacy | Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 27(3), 364-384. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167887273008 | In a wide range of activities from clinical work to organizational consulting to official and citizen diplomacy, perhaps the most pressing temptation is to take sides. The author develops a framework of emotional inclusiveness in which the therapist, consultant, or official/citizen diplomat in effect becomes an advocate not for one member, psychological agency, or family/organizational/international subunit, but for the maturity of the whole system. | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0022167887273008?casa_token=KV-VbKIVbwsAAAAA:OJcdxGAWfZb9CyoQQo3951DbiEsg9WqohiYDEqsmWBvp-J4qve9JHN7apqC1rXTVqLS9Y43tvto | ||||||||||||||||||||||
29 | Kaye | 2001 | academic article | Track Two Diplomacy and Regional Security in the Middle East | Kaye. "Track two diplomacy and regional security in the Middle East." International Negotiation 6.1 (2001): 49-77. | Over the past decade former, and sometimes current, adversaries in the Middle East increasingly have been engaged in unofficial multilateral regional security dialogues, a form of track two diplomacy. Despite the proliferation of such dialogues, we know very little about them. This article reviews the nature and content of a variety of track two security dialogues among Arabs and Israelis and evaluates the impact of such activities. What have such dialogues accomplished to date, and what are their limitations? | https://brill.com/view/journals/iner/6/1/article-p49_4.xml | ||||||||||||||||||||||
30 | Anders, Tisa M | 2004 | academic article | SECOND TRACK/CITIZENS'DIPLOMACY: CONCEPTS AND TECHNIQUES FOR CONFLICT TRANSFORMATION | "SECOND TRACK/CITIZENS'DIPLOMACY: CONCEPTS AND TECHNIQUES FOR CONFLICT TRANSFORMATION." (2004): 82-86. | https://www.jstor.org/stable/20753457 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
31 | Mohamed Zayani | 2008 | academic article | COURTING AND CONTAINING THE ARAB STREET: ARAB PUBLIC OPINION, THE MIDDLE EAST AND U.S. PUBLIC DIPLOMACY | Arab Studies Quarterly, Vol. 30, No. 2 (Spring 2008), pp. 45-64 (20 pages) | https://www.jstor.org/stable/41858543?casa_token=46ZVBiVSmSQAAAAA%3A1BgdJ0yS1DXvfkErjXX6H0A5gacesmNmnMKAoBpzu8f-1Qsn1jxj5uvZQS1LVvQKFOuVflUI-MEQtfEVEQlXIPBAQ-9x-a-1A53t-KHFEbwyemLDGA | |||||||||||||||||||||||
32 | Sundholm, Mattias | 2009 | academic article | Making the Case for Europe? An Exploratory Study of EU Consular Crisis Management Cooperation as a Means of EU Public Diplomacy | Unpublished articie. "Making the Case for Europe? An Exploratory Study of EU Consular Crisis Management Cooperation as a Means of EU Public Diplomacy." (2009). Sundholm, Mattias (2009) Making the Case for Europe? An Exploratory Study of EU Consular Crisis Management Cooperation as a Means of EU Public Diplomacy. In: UNSPECIFIED. (Unpublished) | Initially off to a slow start, European Union (EU) consular crisis management cooperation eventually developed as a response to exogenous factors. Given that guaranteeing the safety of one’s citizens is seen as one of the core responsibilities of the nation state, however, the EU’s Member States still seem reluctant to transfer this responsibility to the European level and the EU institutions. At times equated with propaganda, both the terminology and practice surrounding public diplomacy has received increased attention recently. Though not always labelled as such, public diplomacy efforts have gradually been stepped up by national foreign ministries and the EU institutions. Against the backdrop of this renaissance for consular affairs and public diplomacy, the current study examines EU action in the field of consular crisis management cooperation as a means of EU public diplomacy, potentially affecting the alleged (internal) lack of support for the project of an ever closed Union among the EU citizens, as well as serving the EU’s public diplomacy purposes vis-à-vis foreign audiences. | https://aei.pitt.edu/33143/ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
33 | Montville, Joseph V | 2009 | academic article | Moving Right Along: RAND Embraces Track Two Diplomacy | Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 15:3, 313-316, DOI: 10.1080/10781910903044737 | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10781910903044737 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
34 | Murray, Stuart, et al | 2011 | academic article | The Present and Future of Diplomacy and Diplomatic Studies | "The present and future of diplomacy and diplomatic studies." International Studies Review 13.4 (2011): 709-728. | Of late, practical and theoretical interest in diplomacy and diplomatic studies has grown, prompting a number of diplomatic scholars to undertake a long overdue stock take of the past, present, and future of the subfield. What follows, therefore are five essays by both senior and junior scholars of diplomacy reflecting on the origins of diplomatic studies, showcasing contemporary scholarship, and suggesting some of the opportunities and challenges the study of diplomacy poses for those working in the broader ISA and International Relations (IR) communities in the future. Its aims are simple: to demonstrate that diplomacy and diplomatic theory are central to a complete understanding of international relations; to illustrate myriad possibilities for fascinating, valuable, and useful cross-fertilizations between diplomatic studies and other fields of study, IR chief among those; and to publicize future diplomatic research tasks and agendas. | https://academic.oup.com/isr/article-abstract/13/4/709/1800932 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
35 | Carson, Kristen | 2012 | academic article | Track Two Diplomacy Transfer in the Middle East Peace Progress | Carson, Kristen. "Track Two Diplomacy Transfer in the Middle East Peace Progress." (2012). | https://ruor.uottawa.ca/handle/10393/23870 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
36 | Akos cooper | 2013 | academic article | Modern-day proxeny: dual citizens and resident foreigners as citizen diplomats | Journal of International Relations and Development volume 18, pages182–201 (2015) | The paper draws an analogy between the ancient Greek practice of proxeny and the representative role citizens with multiple affiliations may perform in modern-day democratic politics. In recent decades, we can witness a trend of decoupling the demos from residency and citizenship. This trend has two components. First, there is an increasingly lenient stance towards dual citizenship, which frequently goes together with offering political rights for non-resident citizens. Second, non-citizen residents are also increasingly granted political rights in local politics. The aim of this paper is to weigh the implications of this change for representative democracies, primarily by pointing out the potential role such citizens with multiple affiliations may play as diplomatic agents and mitigate the problem of external voice deficiencies. | https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/jird.2013.19 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
37 | Simon Shen | 2015 | academic article | Hong Kong–Middle East Relations: Chinese Diplomacy and Urban Development | Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs, 9:2, 253-266, DOI: 10.1080/23739770.2015.1065462 | Contemporary Chinese policy on the Middle East can be characterized by a list of agendas, such as mobilizing diplomatic support against the US and Taiwan; facilitating China's economic Go Out Policy (also called the Going Global Strategy); securing energy supplies for domestic consumption; enhancing regional security against terrorism; and building a united front with Middle East regimes against Western-styled democratization. What do these policies have to do with Hong Kong? | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23739770.2015.1065462 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
38 | Shen Simon | 2015 | academic article | Hong Kong–Middle East Relations: Chinese Diplomacy and Urban Development | Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs 9.2 (2015): 253-266. | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/23739770.2015.1065462?casa_token=HzHvIFesRe4AAAAA:lEjP6Sf-eG7VWa3QI0kPzdIP34YJH5grEtrT81AK2FTQo1bdWe4tcPK8prEQULwzlZMNk_tq5f8 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
39 | Badeau, John S | 2015 | academic article | Development and Diplomacy in the Middle East | Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 22:5, 5-10, DOI: 10.1080/00963402.1966.11454930 | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00963402.1966.11454930 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
40 | Cercel, Mihai, and Raluca Saftescu | 2015 | academic article | Digital diplomacy-perspectives and impact on traditional diplomatic practices-case study: Digitization Impact on Romanian and Belgian national diplomatic systems | International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research 1.2 (2015): 318-328. | interests, namely the Middle East, American foreign policy makers have | https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ijsser/issue/8576/106416 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
41 | Gurgu, Elena, and Aristide Dumitru Cociuban. | 2016 | academic article | THE ROLE OF PUBLIC DIPLOMACY IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS IN FULL PROCESS OF GLOBALIZATION | Annals of Spiru Haret University, Economic Series 7.2 (2016): 125-143. | The purpose of this article was to highlight the role of public diplomacy in linking countries of the world in the process of economic globalization. Like objectives we intend to emphasize the kinds of powers that play an important role in public diplomacy and national policies on public diplomacy. The investigations carried out by us so far show that contemporary international relations recorded, under the impact of globalization, a process of resizing, which leads to the removal of the state monopoly on foreign policy. As a result, a whole range of non-state actors influence the image of a country abroad and information technologies gives them multiple communication mechanisms. In this situation, diplomatic activities must be accompanied by a process of communication, both in its internal and foreign markets. | https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f34a/cd77554163c627eb001c6e321240773eac76.pdf | ||||||||||||||||||||||
42 | Allagui, Ilhem, and Harris Breslow | 2016 | academic article | Social media for public relations: Lessons from four effective cases | Public relations review 42.1 (2016): 20-30. | This paper employs the collective case studies approach in an examination of four award-winning public relations campaigns conducted across a variety of social media platforms in order to determine the best practices of, and near term trends, in the effective use of social media for public relations. In their examination of these campaigns the authors discern the following trends in best practices: social media campaigns employ digital storytelling techniques that are both immersive and emotive, and that promote various forms of content sharing; these stories involve members of the target audience in at least one form of open-ended offline engagement that involves sharing behaviors; the content is optimized for mobile displays and controls; and, finally, the content is timely. The authors conclude that, although marketers think of social media in terms of brand awareness and reputation management, the effective use of social media in Public Relations campaigns can generate conversion, facilitate brand positioning, and maintain continued brand sustenance. The authors conclude that the effective use of social media is disrupting the PR campaign cycle: the role of campaign events to generate publicity in service to a PR campaign may, in the future, be displaced by social media campaign tactics which belong to an entirely different ecosystem where the act of sharing social media content generates publicity in lieu of a campaign event. | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0363811115001575 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
43 | Dumčiuvienė, Aušra. | 2016 | academic article | Twiplomacy: the Meaning of Social Media to Public Diplomacy and Foreign Policy of Lithuania | "Twiplomacy: the meaning of social media to public diplomacy and foreign policy of Lithuania." Lithuanian Foreign Policy Review 35 (2016): 92-118. | Importance of public diplomacy for states foreign policy implementation and image formation continued to grow over past few decades. New communication technologies provided new means for more successful public diplomacy implementation. The aim of this article is to examine the role of twiplomacy in states foreign policy implementation. Twiplomacy is quite new phenomenon, but its significance is undeniable. A lot of states leaders, governmental institutions, diplomatic missions and diplomats have accounts in Twitter and use it for promoting foreign policy goals and developing positive image of state. Social networks are used to implement states’ public diplomacy, because they provide opportunity to reach mainstream audiences, to develop dialogue amongst politicians and wider audiences and influence people opinion on important issues. | https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=595340 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
44 | Barrister Vincent Okeke | 2017 | academic article | Internal Political Environment of Nigerian Foreign Policy and Implementation of Citizen Diplomacy Under Yar’Adua/Jonathan Administration (2007-2011): A Linkage Political Approach | America Journal of Social Issues and Humanities Vol. 4, Issue 1, January 2014 | Citizen diplomacy was geared towards boosting Nigeria’s image abroad and achieving Nigerian foreign policy objectives and national interest that suffered under Afro-centric philosophy of Nigerian foreign policy and economic diplomacy. But the initiators of citizen diplomacy ignored the interface between domestic politics and international politics, and erroneously thought that the two can be separated from each other. The point of departure of this study is that the internal political environment in Nigeria hindered the implementation of Nigerian foreign policy thrust embedded in citizen diplomacy. In the context of intense class struggle for state power everything was marginalized including citizens’ welfare at home let alone abroad. | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2923175 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
45 | O. Kyvliuk, O. Polishchuk, D. Svyrydenko, O. Yatsenko | 2018 | academic article | Educational management as education diplomacy: strategies for Ukraine | Kyvliuk O. Educational management as education diplomacy: strategies for Ukraine | Purpose. Under the condition of the absence of a scientific debate over the concept of "educational diplomacy" in the national research field, the authors set the goal of carrying out an analysis of the heuristic potential of this concept to overcome the current contradictions in the development of the Ukrainian higher education system against the background of the expansion of the categorical and conceptual apparatus in modern educational management. Methodology. The authors used systematic, analytical, abstracting, concrete historical approach and modeling method, as well as approaches to cultural research, in particular, the modern theory of hybridity. Findings. The research succeeded in substantiating the managerial potential of educational diplomacy to solve the contradictions in the development of Ukrainian higher education system. It is shown that the lack of a theoretical discussion about the possibilities of educational diplomacy and the practical implementation of its approaches to management practice reduces the efficiency of modernization processes. Against the background of possibilities to increase the effectiveness of the implementation of the higher education globalization strategies, the possibilities of educational diplomacy for overcoming the current conflicts in the development of higher education, initiated by the fact of the disintegration of the educational area and its management system have been demonstrated. Originality. The potential of the concept of "educational diplomacy" for the solution of global and local (national) contradictions in the development of higher education, and the system of education management have been demonstrated in the modern Ukrainian management discourse for the first time. The necessity of practical implementation of educational diplomacy approaches is revealed, taking into account the positive foreign experience of their use. Underestimated possibilities of educational diplomacy for Ukrainian traditions of education management, which can implement in practice the principles of consensus philosophies, resolve contradictions, and others in specific socio-cultural conditions, have been presented for the first time in order to provide strategies for the modernization of higher education in an effective manner. Practical value. The obtained results can serve as a reference point for the modernization of educational policy in the conditions of disintegration of the educational area, ensuring state policy in the context of violated territorial integrity of Ukraine, in particular, in developing scenarios for the reintegration of the national educational area. | http://www.irbis-nbuv.gov.ua/cgi-bin/irbis_nbuv/cgiirbis_64.exe?I21DBN=LINK&P21DBN=UJRN&Z21ID=&S21REF=10&S21CNR=20&S21STN=1&S21FMT=ASP_meta&C21COM=S&2_S21P03=FILA=&2_S21STR=Nvngu_2018_3_21 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
46 | Gorazd Justinek, Sabina Carli, Ingrid Omahna | 2019 | academic article | Digital Diplomacy in Practice: A Case Study of the Western Balkan Countries | Politics and technology in the post-truth era. Emerald Publishing Limited, 2019. 187-202. | https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/978-1-78756-983-620191013/full/html | |||||||||||||||||||||||
47 | Fan Yang | 2020 | academic article | Weibo diplomacy: Foreign embassies communicating on Chinese social media | Government Information Quarterly 37.3 (2020): 101477. | This study investigates public diplomacy on a Chinese social media platform – Weibo. Examining the traffic (i.e., the number of followers) of 30 foreign embassies on Weibo, this study confirms that under certain conditions, digital diplomacy can be effective even in closed information systems. The results suggest that the number of followers an embassy has does not always increase with the economic size of a country or its bilateral economic relationships with China; instead, the number of followers of an embassy's Weibo account grows with the embassy's daily posts. Weibo allows embassies to unshackle the limitations imposed by their economic weight or geopolitical influence and to attract a larger audience through active daily posts. Using Weibo can also help foreign government representations in China manage changes in international relations. This study provides further insights into how social media have changed the traditional pattern of information flow not only in an open Internet environment but also in a closed social media environment where the Internet is under heavy censorship. It also proposes some recommendations for policy makers. | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0740624X18303927 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
48 | Xiaolong Zou | 2022 | academic article | Digital Diplomacy and Implementation Challenges in Africa: Case Study of Ethiopia | Journal of African Foreign Affairs 9.2 (2022). | For decades, the African continent pursued Orthodox diplomacy, particularly in the horn of Africa. Countries in the Horn of Africa region have fragile digitisation strategies, weak policy mechanisms, and a lack of leaders’ commitments. This study mainly provides a detailed investigation of the effectiveness of the implementation of digital diplomacy in Ethiopia. | https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.31920/2056-5658/2022/v9n2a5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
49 | Anca Anton | 2022 | academic article | Profiling a niche actor of civil society diplomacy: the unattached diplomat | Journal of Communication Management, Vol. 27 No. 2, pp. 191-206. | The purpose of this study is to define the communicational profile of unattached diplomats and explore the viability of state-centric concepts such as citizen diplomacy when discussing non-state actors emerging from civil society. | https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JCOM-04-2022-0043/full/html | ||||||||||||||||||||||
50 | Vinson, Robert Trent | 1998 | academic journal | African Americans in South African-American Diplomacy: A Case Study in Race and Citizenship Debates, 1895-1925 | Vinson, Robert Trent. "African Americans in South African-American Diplomacy: A Case Study in Race and Citizenship Debates, 1895-1925." Negro History Bulletin 61.1 (1998): 7-19. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
51 | Conlin, Michael F | 2000 | academic journal | The American Mission of Citizen Pierre-Auguste Adet: Revolutionary Chemistry and Diplomacy in the Early Republic | Conlin, Michael F. "The American Mission of Citizen Pierre-Auguste Adet: Revolutionary Chemistry and Diplomacy in the Early Republic." The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 124.4 (2000): 489-520. | https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/the-shafr-guide-online/*-SIM030060281 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
52 | Thompson, Clifford R. | 2001 | academic journal | The Fort Worth, Texas-Nagaoka, Japan sister city relationship : a look at how effective citizen-to-citizen exchanges have been in peace building between the U.S. and Japan in the post World War II era | Thompson, Clifford R., "The Fort Worth, Texas-Nagaoka, Japan sister city relationship : a look at how effective citizen-to-citizen exchanges have been in peace building between the U.S. and Japan in the post World War II era" (2001). Capstone Collection. 598. | The following is a Capstone paper about Fort Worth Sister Cities International in Fort Worth, Texas USA and its sister city relationship with Nagaoka, Japan. The central focus is on citizen-to-citizen diplomacy and how much such diplomacy has contributed to peace between Japan and the U.S. overall in the post World War II era. Research Question: How have the Fort Worth-Nagaoka City Sister City exchanges contributed to peace building between the U.S. and Japan after World War II? Research Methods: The research methods used are questionnaire distribution by postal mail, interviews of high-level administrators, and a review of articles from secondary sources that have relevance to the research question regarding citizen diplomacy. The questionnaires were distributed to certain groups with affiliations with Fort Worth Sister Cities International and to Nagaoka and to the local community of Fort Worth who may not have any affiliation with Fort Worth or Nagaoka sister cities. This was done to lessen the chance of bias towards or against the effectiveness of citizen diplomacy in the answers provided and to gain information that would be relevant to the research question. As for the secondary sources, relevant articles were selected along with works on how to do research. Conclusions: Evidence from the research supports the research question in that citizen diplomacy has had a positive impact towards bringing peaceful relations with Japan. It is an effort with much long-term benefits towards preventing future wars with nations. | https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/capstones/598 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
53 | Ross, Florence | 2003 | academic journal | Call to Action To Elders Worldwide: The Need to Highlight Their Abilities, Wisdom, and Compassion as Citizen Diplomats, and Leaders for Social Change | Ross, Florence. "Call to Action To Elders Worldwide: The Need to Highlight Their Abilities, Wisdom, and Compassion as Citizen Diplomats, and Leaders for Social Change." Peace and Conflict Studies 10.1 (2003): 116-123. | Kofi Annan (1999), the Secretary-General of the United Nations, noted that, “A Society for All Ages is one that sees elders as both agents and beneficiaries of development. It honors traditional elders in their leadership and consultative role in communities throughout the world.” Older persons are among the world resources most often unseen and overlooked. It therefore becomes necessary to raise the consciousness of older people to their changing role in American and global societies to ensure fulfillment in their eldering years. Prior prejudice against elders has prevented inclusion of their enormous potential, of their accumulated experience and wisdom. This paper is directed toward determining how best to utilize the talents, wisdom and life’s experience of these elders to add meaning and substance to their lives, while affording them the opportunity to continue to contribute their talents and abilities as political activists and leaders directed toward peacemaking and social change. | https://nsuworks.nova.edu/pcs/vol10/iss1/7/ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
54 | Finn, Helena | 2003 | academic journal | The Case for Cultural Diplomacy: Engaging Foreign Audiences, | Finn, Helena K. ‘The Case for Cultural Diplomacy: Engaging Foreign Audiences’. Foreign Affairs, vol. 82, no. 6, 2003, pp. 15–20. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/20033753. | To fight foreign extremism, Washington must remember that winning hearts and minds is just as important as battlefield victories. Military force will not do it alone: the United States must offer desperate youth abroad a compelling ideological alternative. | https://www.jstor.org/stable/20033753 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
55 | Neumann, Iver | 2003 | academic journal | The English School on Diplomacy: Scholarly Promise Unfulfilled | Neumann, Iver B. ‘The English School on Diplomacy: Scholarly Promise Unfulfilled’. International Relations 17, no. 3 (September 2003): 341–69. https://doi.org/10.1177/00471178030173006 | As pointed out by earlier theorists associated with the English School, if one views world politics as an historically emerging and social phenomenon, then diplomacy plays a key role in it. For the last 15 years, however, diplomacy has been at the margin of the School's interests. The article aims to rectify this by: a) introducing English School thought on diplomacy as it evolved through an original series of books; b) reviewing the work of the next generation of scholars with a view to seeing how and why the interest in diplomacy stalled; and c) arguing that the English School has indeed made an impressive contribution, but one which we can only follow up by wedding it to more wide-reaching projects of social theory. | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00471178030173006 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
56 | Neumann, Iver | 2005 | academic journal | To be a Diplomat | International Studies Perspectives, Norwegian Institute of International Affairs | How do diplomats experience the world? Drawing mainly on fieldwork in the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, I argue that being a dip- lomat involves juggling three scripts of self against one another. The bureaucratic script tells the diplomat to focus squarely on quotidian concerns and to follow previously established routines. The heroic script tells him or her to focus squarely on a specific task in order to make a difference in the world, or at least to rove about the world, preferably involved in trouble-shooting. A third script is the self-effacing one of ‘‘the mediator,’’ of the diplomat as a specialist in making what happens at the outside of a political entity seem to dovetail as smoothly as possible with what happens at its inside. These scripts cannot be reconciled, only juggled. The uncertain predicament in which this places the diplomat is aggravated not only by tensions between professional and private life but also by the nomadic lifestyle of trekking between a home base in the ministry and sundry postings abroad. I conclude that being a diplomat is a never-ending and self-effacing technique of self, in the sense that the end product of diplomatic work is to let processes that are already in motion either go on or to have them stopped. | https://www.sciencespo.fr/ceri/sites/sciencespo.fr.ceri/files/To_Be_Diplomat.pdf | ||||||||||||||||||||||
57 | Zollner, Oliver | 2006 | academic journal | A quest for dialogue in international broadcasting: Germany’s public diplomacy targeting Arab audiences | Zöllner, Oliver. ‘A Quest for Dialogue in International Broadcasting: Germany’s Public Diplomacy Targeting Arab Audiences’. Global Media and Communication, vol. 2, no. 2, Aug. 2006, pp. 160–82. DOI.org (Crossref), https://doi.org/10.1177/1742766506061817. | This article analyses German public diplomacy efforts via international broadcasting to the Arab world post-9/11. After defining the field’s major relevant concepts and models and pointing out the conceptual convergence of public relations and public diplomacy, the article presents a critical analysis of the requirements of dialogue drawing on Habermas’s (1984) Theory of Communicative Action. For the time being, the question whether Germany’s broadcast public diplomacy in the Arab world is based on ‘dialogue’, as has been posited by the main protagonists, needs to be answered cautiously. What is visible is a determination of Deutsche Welle to at least present a quest for dialogue as a projection of the country’s national values, policies, self-image and underlying myth. The invocation of ‘dialogue’ via DW may reflect a reassertion of the very self-image Germany feels most comfortable with: that of the Open-minded Society of Consensus as the country’s grand narrative. | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1742766506061817?journalCode=gmca | ||||||||||||||||||||||
58 | Wehr, Paul | 2007 | academic journal | The citizen intervenor | Wehr, Paul. ‘The Citizen Intervenor’. Peace Review, vol. 8, no. 4, Dec. 1996, pp. 555–61. DOI.org (Crossref), https://doi.org/10.1080/10402659608426010. | In the wake of the Somalian, Rwandan and Bosnian crises, and on the brink of the Burundi conflict, we should consider not whether the outside world should intervene to moderate civil violence in such cases, but how it should do so. Governments and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) quite simply must expand the world's capacity to protect civilians from violence, .whether internal or external. Military institutions, whose past interventions have usually been aggressive, now sometimes seek socially useful and ethically justifiable missions. There is certainly a role for them, interposing themselves to prevent armed conflict, as they currently do in Bosnia. U.N. and regional peacekeeping forces are muddling through similar missions in Liberia and Haiti. | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10402659608426010 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
59 | Melissen, Jan | 2007 | academic journal | The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations | Jan Melissen, The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations, Palgrave 2007, e-book | The idea to create this book was triggered by the feeling that the debate about public diplomacy after September 2001 had mainly taken place in the press and that the time was ripe for students of diplomacy to look at this phenomenon. In the early stages of the book it became clear how much confusion still surrounded public diplomacy (that is, the relationship between diplomats and the foreign publics with whom they work) with public debate on the concept being particularly intense in the United States. Between ‘9/11’ and the outbreak of war in Iraq, public diplomacy was beyond any doubt the hottest item in the US foreign policy establish- ment. Most American think tanks produced advisory reports on public diplomacy, some of them more helpful than others, but so far there has been remarkably little academic literature on post-Cold War public diplomacy. Those interested in it are confronted with an overload of press coverage, comment and analysis as well as instant advice for policy-makers. What is missing, however, is a lack of analysis of deeper trends, and a perspective on how official communication with foreign publics should be seen in the context of wider diplomatic practice. | https://culturaldiplomacy.org/academy/pdf/research/books/soft_power/The_New_Public_Diplomacy.pdf | ||||||||||||||||||||||
60 | Cooper, Andrew F. | 2007 | academic journal | Beyond Hollywood and the boardroom: Celebrity Diplomacy | Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, 125-132. | The ability of personalities such as Bono, Angelina Jolie, an Bill Gates to gain access to world leaders is becoming increa ingly recognized if not fully understood by the internation affairs community. Through their activism on the world sta a self-selected cast of celebrities have begun to have a signif cant impact on policy, shaping the agenda on a range of glo al humanitarian issues. Traditional modes of state-centric diplomacy face dual challenges of legitimacy and efficiency. The challenge of legitimacy is caused by the quantitative increase | Beyond Hollywood and the Boardroom: Celebrity Diplomacy on JSTOR | ||||||||||||||||||||||
61 | Cowan, Geoffrey and Amelia Arsenault | 2008 | academic journal | Moving from Monologue to Dialogue to Collaboration: The Three Layers of Public Diplomacy. | Cowan, Geoffrey, and Amelia Arsenault. ‘Moving from Monologue to Dialogue to Collaboration: The Three Layers of Public Diplomacy’. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol. 616, 2008, pp. 10–30. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/25097992. | For a number of years, commentators and professionals have noted that effective public diplomacy requires that state and private actors communicate with the people of other nations by moving from monologue to dialogue. This article argues that both monologue and dialogue are essential public diplomacy tools and that collaboration is a third layer of public diplomacy that should also be examined. Collaboration, defined in this article as initiatives that feature cross-national participation in a joint venture or project with a clearly defined goal, may in certain instances be a more effective public diplomacy technique than either monologue or dialogue. By examining related social science research, this article seeks to start a systematic examination of the circumstances in which each of these three layers of public diplomacy-monologue, dialogue, and collaboration-is most appropriate. | https://www.jstor.org/stable/25097992 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
62 | Castells, Manuel | 2008 | academic journal | The New Public Sphere: Global Civil Society, Communication Networks, and Global Governance | Castells, Manuel. ‘The New Public Sphere: Global Civil Society, Communication Networks, and Global Governance’. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol. 616, 2008, pp. 78–93. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/25097995. | The public sphere is the space of communication of ideas and projects that emerge from society and are addressed to the decision makers in the institutions of society. The global civil society is the organized expression of the values and interests of society. The relationships between government and civil society and their interaction via the public sphere define the polity of society. The process of globalization has shifted the debate from the national domain to the global debate, prompting the emergence of a global civil society and of ad hoc forms of global governance. Accordingly, the public sphere as the space of debate on public affairs has also shifted from the national to the global and is increasingly constructed around global communication networks. Public diplomacy, as the diplomacy of the public, not of the government, intervenes in this global public sphere, laying the ground for traditional forms of diplomacy to act beyond the strict negotiation of power relationships by building on shared cultural meaning, the essence of communication. | https://www.jstor.org/stable/25097995 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
63 | Wang, Yiwei | 2008 | academic journal | Public Diplomacy and the Rise of Chinese Soft Power | Wang, Yiwei. ‘Public Diplomacy and the Rise of Chinese Soft Power’. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol. 616, no. 1, Mar. 2008, pp. 257–73. DOI.org (Crossref), https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716207312757. | In recent years, China has sought to supplement its traditional use of hard power with soft power, and thus the Chinese government has paid more and more attention to public diplomacy. Chinese governments have previously demonstrated a limited understanding of public diplomacy, seeing it either as external propaganda or a form of internal public affairs, but this has not prevented China from becoming a skilled public diplomacy player. Key aspects of traditional Chinese culture and politics have presented major obstacles for Chinese public diplomacy. In comparison to the United States, China needs an enduring and effective public diplomacy strategy and needs to improve its skills to make full use of the modern media. The peaceful rise/peaceful development policy in Chinese grand strategy has sought to integrate Chinese hard power and soft power to create a soft rise for China. | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0002716207312757?journalCode=anna | ||||||||||||||||||||||
64 | Root, Rebecca | 2009 | academic journal | Rebecca Root on Banning Landmines: Disarmament, Citizen Diplomacy | Human Rights & Welfare. Edited by Jody WIlliams, Stephan D. Goose and Mary Wareham, Littlefield Publishers | A review of: Banning Landmines: Disarmament, Citizen Diplomacy, and Human Security. Edited by Jody Williams, Stephen D. Goose and Mary Wareham. (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2008). 348pp. | https://digitalcommons.du.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1400&context=hrhw | ||||||||||||||||||||||
65 | Sadri, Houman and Madelyn Flammia | 2009 | academic journal | Using Technology to Prepare Students for the Challenges of Global Citizenship | Systemics, Cybernetics, and Informatics, Volume 7 - Number 5 0 Year 2009 | In the modern world, everyone must recognize that it is nearly impossible to separate many domestic and international problems and managing international challenges will take the efforts of all nations. As a result, each and every person must think like a global citizen and practice mindfulness in daily life. Using the complex interdependence model as a basis for examining citizen diplomacy, this paper suggests ways that new media can be used to introduce students to a global perspective on the world. Further, it provides faculty members with a set of guidelines for structuring projects that task students with the challenge of taking positive action to effect political and societal change. | http://iiisci.org/journal/CV$/sci/pdfs/XP638BU.pdf | ||||||||||||||||||||||
66 | Cull, N.J | 2009 | academic journal | Public Diplomacy: Lessons from the past | CPD Perspectives on Public Diplomacy; USC Center on Public Diplomacy | Public Diplomacy is a term much used but seldom subjected to rigorous analysis. This report provides succinct definitions for the core vocabulary of contemporary public diplomacy including ‘The New Public Diplomacy’ and ‘Soft Power.’ It sets out a simple taxonomy of public diplomacy’s components, their relationship one to another and their respective sources of credibility. These components are: 1) Listening (the foundation for all effective public diplomacy); 2) Advocacy; 3) Cultural Diplomacy; 4) Exchange; 5) International Broadcasting. The report also identifies 6) Psychological Warfare as a parallel activity that shares some key features of public diplomacy, but which has to be administered beyond a rigidly maintained firewall. The central implication of this analysis is to underscore the essential wisdom of the present U.K. structure of Public Diplomacy, and also to highlight the need for these elements to be balanced within a Public Diplomacy bureaucracy rather than mired in mutual infighting and a scramble for resources and dominance. | https://stage.uscpublicdiplomacy.org/sites/uscpublicdiplomacy.org/files/legacy/publications/perspectives/CPDPerspectivesLessons.pdf | ||||||||||||||||||||||
67 | Sigismondi, Paolo | 2009 | academic journal | Hollywood Piracy in China: An accidental case of US public diplomacy in the globalization age | Sigismondi, Paolo. ‘Hollywood Piracy in China: An Accidental Case of US Public Diplomacy in the Globalization Age?’ Chinese Journal of Communication, vol. 2, no. 3, Nov. 2009, pp. 273–87. DOI.org (Crossref), https://doi.org/10.1080/17544750903209002. | Challenging existing approaches and assumptions, this essay identifies the phenomenon of Hollywood piracy in China as an agent of American expansion in the region, amplifying the distribution of US popular culture artifacts. This accidental, yet relevant public diplomacy occurrence thrives outside the control of central governments, driven by transnational profit oriented entities, both legal (Hollywood studios producing and distributing entertainment content) and illegal (counterfeiters amplifying uncensored distribution through piracy). Drawing parallels with US public diplomacy efforts beyond the Iron Curtain during the Cold War, the essay suggests that a similar transformation is occurring through this illegal practice in the digital global media landscape of the twenty-first century. In fact, the diffusion of Hollywood content in China, legally and illegally, increases the diffusion of the American influence in the region through the diffusion of its language, music, and material culture embedded in Hollywood's entertainment artifacts. | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17544750903209002 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
68 | Nassar, David, and Anoush Rima Tatevossian | 2010 | academic journal | The Role Of New Media In Advancing Citizen Diplomacy Roundtable | Nassar, David, and Anoush Rima Tatevossian. "The Role Of New Media In Advancing Citizen Diplomacy Roundtable." (2010). | Citizen diplomacy requires communication and rests on the soft foundation of developing a community of shared interests that reaches across cultural, linguistic and national divides. The rise of the Internet has created new forms of communication, facilitating the development of new kinds of communities, and thereby creating new opportunities for citizens to serve in their role as diplomats. | https://escholarship.org/content/qt5cf3g2nm/qt5cf3g2nm.pdf | ||||||||||||||||||||||
69 | Fitzpatrick, Kathy | 2010 | academic journal | US Public Diplomacy’s Neglected Domestic Mandate | CPD Perspectives on Public Diplomacy; USC Center on Public Diplomacy | When public diplomacy scholars and practitioners talk about the domestic dimensions of U.S. public diplomac —which isn’t very often—they generally refer to former President Jimmy Carter’s idea that public diplomacy should have dual mandates: one focused on helping people abroad understand U.S. policies, ideas and values (the foreign mandate) and the other focused on enhancing Americans’ understanding of other nations’ policies, ideas and values (the domestic mandate). In fact, the “second” or “reverse” mandate as it came to be called was part of the mission laid out by Congress for U.S. public diplomacy more than half a century ago. | https://uscpublicdiplomacy.org/sites/uscpublicdiplomacy.org/files/useruploads/u35361/2010%20Paper%203.pdf | ||||||||||||||||||||||
70 | Olberding, Julia Cencula and Douglas Olberding | 2010 | academic journal | "Ripple Effects" in Youth Peacebuilding and Exchange Programs: Measuring Impacts Beyond Direct Participants | Olberding, Julie Cencula, and Douglas J. Olberding. ‘“Ripple Effects” in Youth Peacebuilding and Exchange Programs: Measuring Impacts Beyond Direct Participants’. International Studies Perspectives, vol. 11, no. 1, 2010, pp. 75–91. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/44218623. | A number of organizations have a mission of encouraging peace throughout the world by enhancing young people's knowledge and understanding of other countries and cultures. One strategy used to further this mission is international or intercultural exchange programs. Most evaluations of exchange programs gather data only from the direct participants who traveled to another country. But these programs have the potential to have impacts that expand beyond the direct participants—or "ripple effects." Thus, a more appropriate methodology to evaluate exchange programs is "360-degree feedback," which gathers data from multiple sources. This study uses 360-degree feedback to evaluate a youth peacebuilding and exchange program by gathering data not only from the exchange students but also from chaperones, host families, and students and teachers in the host school. ANOVA analyses finds that the program had positive impacts on the exchange students and, in many cases, even greater ripple effects on indirect participants. | https://www.jstor.org/stable/44218623 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
71 | Nigro, Louis | 2010 | academic journal | THEORY AND PRACTICE OF MODERN DIPLOMACY | Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College | Diplomacy, broadly defined as the peaceful dialogue and interaction between political units, is as old as civilization itself. The first known peace treaty was signed about 2300 BC between a king of Ebla, in what is today Syria, and the king of Assyria. The Amarna tablets record the diplomatic correspondence between Egypt and Syrian rulers more than 1400 years ago, while Genesis 14 talks of Abram’s “treaty of alliance” with Amorite kings. From the eighth to the third century BC, China was divided among several “warring states” that conducted diplomacy as well as made war on each other in order to survive and succeed, as Sun Tzu’s writings indicate. Other early civilizations offer similar examples of diplomatic activity | https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/resrep12114.16.pdf | ||||||||||||||||||||||
72 | Cull, N.J | 2011 | academic journal | WikiLeaks, public diplomacy 2.0 and the state of digital public diplomacy | Cull, Nicholas J. ‘WikiLeaks, Public Diplomacy 2.0 and the State of Digital Public Diplomacy’. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, vol. 7, no. 1, Feb. 2011, pp. 1–8. DOI.org (Crossref), https://doi.org/10.1057/pb.2011.2. | Despite being an undoubted indicator of the power of the new media, WikiLeaks also provided a small testament to the enduring influence of the old. Assange carefully reached out to the New York Times, the UK's Guardian, Germany's Der Spiegel and so forth – to partner in the publication of his documents, seeking perhaps to piggyback on their reach and gain the credibility of their brands and sources of information for the world. Yet despite this role for the old media, the winter of WikiLeaks is an appropriate moment to examine the wider march of the web and more specifically the digitization of public diplomacy and state of the much heralded Public Diplomacy 2.0. | https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/pb.2011.2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
73 | Wheeler, Mark | 2011 | academic journal | Celebrity diplomacy: United Nations’ Goodwill Ambassadors and Messengers of Peace | Wheeler, Mark. ‘Celebrity Diplomacy: United Nations’ Goodwill Ambassadors and Messengers of Peace’. Celebrity Studies 2, no. 1 (14 March 2011): 6–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/19392397.2011.543267. | This article will examine the meaning of celebrity diplomacy. In particular, it will discuss how this phenomenon has emerged from a transition between state-centric to public forms of diplomatic initiatives. This has led to a debate about the credible use of celebrity forms of activism in international political affairs. To analyse this phenomenon, this article will focus on the role and impact of the United Nations' (UN) Goodwill Ambassadors and Messengers of Peace programmes. It refers to Andrew F. Cooper's concept of ‘celebrity diplomacy’ as an alternative form of agency and employs John Street's framework of ‘celebrity performance’ to define how the UN has utilised stars to draw attention to its activities. These examples demonstrate how celebrity diplomats provide focus for causes to become integral in the sphere of international diplomacy. | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19392397.2011.543267 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
74 | Pamment, James | 2012 | academic journal | What Became of the New Public Diplomacy? Recent Developments in British, US and Swedish Public Diplomacy Policy and Evaluation Methods | Pamment, James. "What Became of the New Public Diplomacy? Recent Developments in British, US and Swedish Public Diplomacy Policy and Evaluation Methods", The Hague Journal of Diplomacy 7, 3 (2012): 313-336, doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/187119112X635177 | This article examines the relationship between theories of the ‘new’ public diplomacy and recent attempts by foreign ministries in the United Kingdom, United States and Sweden to develop public diplomacy strategies for the early twenty-first century. It provides a summary of policy debates in each nation alongside analysis of the evaluation methods that have been designed to support them. The article argues that expressions of a new public diplomacy are best explained within the constraints of different institutional and national cultures. Innovations in public diplomacy have typically taken place within the context of domestic demands for public accountability and value for money, pressures for empirical data to inform policy-making, and the increased centralization of public diplomacy activities. Evaluation plays an important role in improving actors’ capacities for newer forms of public diplomacy, but often by measuring the public diplomacy institution and its objectives, rather than whether the needs of foreign publics are met. This suggests that any paradigm shift from old to new public diplomacy has in practice centred on domestic and organizational concerns rather than the achievement of normative goals such as increased dialogue with foreign citizens. | https://brill.com/view/journals/hjd/7/3/article-p313_4.xml | ||||||||||||||||||||||
75 | Green, Madeline | 2013 | academic journal | Acting as Global Citizens: A Challenge to U.S. Colleges and Universities | Forum Internation Educator Journal | HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS in the United States are increasingly using the language of “global citizenship” to describe the skills and habits they seek to cultivate in their students. The journey to global citizenship frequently focuses on the exploration of personal and social responsibility in the context of an interconnected world. In an earlier article for NAFSA’s Trends & Insights series, I noted the variety of ways global citizenship can be inter- preted: (1) as a choice and way of thinking; (2) as self-awareness and awareness of others; (3) as the practice of cultural empathy; (4) as the cultivation of principled decision making; and (5) as participation in the social and political life of one’s community. Institutions can be proud indeed if they are succeeding in cultivating these worthy habits of mind in their students. | https://www.nafsa.org/sites/default/files/ektron/files/underscore/ie_novdec13_forum.pdf | ||||||||||||||||||||||
76 | Wallin, Matthew | 2013 | academic journal | The Challenges of the Internet and Social Media in Public Diplomacy | American Security Project Journal | Recent years have witnessed an explosion of social media in conjunction with political upheaval around the world, causing many in the international policy community to draw an immediate connection to the perceived power of social media. Yet the perceived power of social media must be scrutinized, acting more as a facilitator and not as a cause. As a communications medium, the internet (whether the world wide web or social media) must be given credit for what it allows the average person to do: instantly access customized information and engage in omnidirectional (all directions) communication on equal footing as other actors. | https://www.americansecurityproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Ref-0112-Challenges-of-the-Internet-and-Social-Media-in-PD.pdf | ||||||||||||||||||||||
77 | Pietrobon, Allen | 2014 | academic journal | Humanitarian Aid or Private Diplomacy? Norman Cousins and the Treatment of Atomic Bomb Victims | Pietrobon, Allen. "Humanitarian Aid or Private Diplomacy? Norman Cousins and the Treatment of Atomic Bomb Victims." New Global Studies 8.1 (2014): 121-140. | Individual citizens can often wield considerable influence in international affairs. In 1955, prominent American journalist Norman Cousins launched an initiative to bring 25 Japanese victims of the atomic bomb to the United States to receive treatment. The U.S. State Department made concerted efforts to stop the project, fearing that it would generate negative publicity and conflict with government policy to de-emphasize the dangers of nuclear weapons. Refusing to accept official policies that he believed to be wrong, while at the same time working to “shame” the United States into providing treatment for atomic bomb victims, Cousins used his international contacts, prestige, and the reputation he had built in Japan as a humanitarian, to overcome the U.S. State Department’s attempts to stop the project. | https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/ngs-2014-0010/html | ||||||||||||||||||||||
78 | Washington, Christopher | 2014 | academic journal | Amplifying Our Impact: Exploring Technology-Enhanced Approaches to Extraordinary Citizen Diplomacy | Washington, Christopher. "Amplifying Our Impact: Exploring Technology-Enhanced Approaches to Extraordinary Citizen Diplomacy." (2014). | Across the world, leaders face complex challenges that threaten the vitality and well-being of communities. Many of the challenges cross borders, such as disease outbreaks, air and water pollution, social-political uprisings, and economic instability, to name a few. When faced by difficult challenges, one natural human tendency is to retrench within borders, view problems from within cultural and national perspectives, and to view outside viewpoints and people as threatening. The result can be fractured relationships, suboptimal strategies, and divisive conflict. The complex challenges of our time can only be solved by promoting mutual understanding of the causes and consequences among stakeholders, and by pursuing collaborative solutions across cultural, geographic, and national boundaries. | https://fuse.franklin.edu/ss2014/1/ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
79 | Simpson, Meghan | 2014 | academic journal | From Citizen Diplomacy to National Security: Reraming the International Visitor Leadership Program | Simpson, Meghan, "From Citizen Diplomacy to National Security: Reraming the International Visitor Leadership Program" (2014). Capstone Collection. 2673. | The International Visitor Leadership Program (IVLP) of the U.S. Department of State is a formidable tool of public diplomacy and soft power. By offering opportunities for international visitors and everyday Americans to interact, it supports the building of durable, cross-border relationships that contribute to a better understanding of the United States and an affinity for its values and interests. Now, increasing competition for federal funding and the rise of national security as a predominant policy frame pose challenges for advocates of U.S. government exchange programs like IVLP. Increasingly, advocates find themselves tasked with linking these programs to the attainment of national security and other foreign policy goals. This research project aims at understanding the implications of this reframing. I ask, in what ways might current efforts to reframe IVLP for advocacy purposes impact the elements of this initiative that have made it so effective as a tool of foreign engagement? To explore this question, I draw from and integrate literature from multiple fields: studies within the realm of policy analysis and policy framing, historical and conceptual literature on public and citizen diplomacy, and research on adult and experiential learning. This literature points to a number of key elements of IVLP: the public-private partnership that underpins the program, and the incorporation of adult learning and experiential learning opportunities into programming. To contextualize IVLP and understand its historical trajectory, I discuss the program’s intimate relationship with political and cultural shifts in U.S. foreign policy over time; I also present the current manifestation of this initiative and programmers’ views on prospects for the future. Drawing from active participant research and interviews with a range of IVLP advocates and programmers, this study sheds light on the durability of international professional exchange programs like IVLP, and offers insights into the relationship between advocacy and programming. | https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/capstones/2673 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
80 | Winter, Tim | 2014 | academic journal | Cultural Diplomacy, Cosmopolitanism and Global Hierarchy at the Shanghai Expo | Winter, Tim. ‘Cultural Diplomacy, Cosmopolitanism and Global Hierarchy at the Shanghai Expo’. Space and Culture, vol. 18, no. 1, Feb. 2015, pp. 39–54. DOI.org (Crossref), https://doi.org/10.1177/1206331214534057. | In 2010, the city of Shanghai hosted the largest and most spectacular World’s Fair ever. Shanghai Expo attracted a staggering 73 million visitors, around 98% of whom were domestic Chinese, and involved the participation of 190 countries. As a forum of “virtual tourism,” the event is significant given the rapid and long-term growth in outbound Chinese tourism. This article pursues a closer reading of how “the world” was performed and exhibited to these visitors. Oriented by two theoretical considerations—the spatial configuration of the expo site and its cosmopolitan imagination—the article considers how the format of the Expo revealed and declared certain elements of the global, while simultaneously effacing and squeezing out others. The Expo is thus interpreted as an important mechanism in the creation of a new national citizenry in China and as part of the ceremonialization of a global polity of a “family of nations.” | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273336083_Cultural_Diplomacy_Cosmopolitanism_and_Global_Hierarchy_at_the_Shanghai_Expo | ||||||||||||||||||||||
81 | Bartholomees, J.B | 2014 | academic journal | Diplomacy as an Instrument of National Power | JSTOR Journal, Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College | Ordinary Americans have often been uncomfortable about the art and practice of diplomacy. Frequently, they associate diplomacy and American diplomats either with elitist, pseudo-aristocratic bowing and scraping before supercilious foreigners whose aim is to impinge on our sovereignty and partake of our largesse; or as naÔve country bumpkins whose gullibility allows them to forsake key American goals and objectives; or as ruthless, cynical practitioners of Bismarckian realpolitik whose aims and practices fall far short of our Foundersí noble aspirations, or as liberal, one-worldists whose collective ideology is far from the American mainstream and who seek to undermine the political aims of elected Administrations. These stereotypes go back to our countryís origins and have been reinforced by such traumatic events as Wilsonís perceived failure at Versailles, the Yalta Conference near the end of World War II, Henry Kissingerís role as architect of the opening to China, and the failure to obtain a UN Security Council resolution endorsing the use of force in Iraq. | https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/resrep12023.17.pdf | ||||||||||||||||||||||
82 | Bettie, Molly | 2015 | academic journal | Ambassadors unaware: the Fulbright Program and American public diplomacy | Bettie, Molly. ‘Ambassadors Unaware: The Fulbright Program and American Public Diplomacy’. Journal of Transatlantic Studies, vol. 13, no. 4, Oct. 2015, pp. 358–72. DOI.org (Crossref), https://doi.org/10.1080/14794012.2015.1088326. | he Fulbright Program, America's flagship educational and cultural exchange activity, has been a much celebrated part of US public diplomacy since 1946. This study examines a tension that has persisted throughout the history of the Fulbright Program between America's information activities and educational–cultural activities. The crisis moments of three bureaucratic reorganisations illustrate this debate: the 1953 establishment of the US Information Agency (USIA), the 1978 creation of the US International Communication Agency and the 1999 closure of the USIA. At each of these moments, the purpose and nature of the Fulbright Program came under scrutiny. An analysis of archival and secondary material reveal the mutually reinforcing relationship between the diplomatic and educational–cultural elements of the programme. | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14794012.2015.1088326 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
83 | Triana, Benjamin | 2015 | academic journal | Cultural Demands of the Host-Nation: International Student Experience and the Public Diplomacy Consequences | Journal of International Students, Volume 5 issue 4 | Traditional approaches for hosting international students tend to focus on classroom achievement rather than on intercultural exchange and cultural immersion. Such approaches lessen the possibility of successful educational experiences which also hinders public diplomacy. Two case studies are presented that reveal how structural changes at a southeastern university could be modified in order to address the international student experience and 2.) How the international student experience of former Egyptian president Mohamed Morsi illustrates the need for increased emphasis on intercultural exchange due to the likelihood of international students embarking on influential political and private careers. | https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1066272.pdf | ||||||||||||||||||||||
84 | Wilson, Iain | 2015 | academic journal | “Ends Changed, Means Retained: Scholarship Programs, Political Influence, and Drifting Goals.” | The British Journal of Politics and International Relations 17, no. 1 (2015): 130–51. | Many governments offer scholarships specifically to foreign citizens. In recent years both policymakers and academics have associated these scholarships with political influence, arguing that they generate sympathetic and influential alumni who support positive relationships between their home country and their sponsor. Digging deeper into the histories of several scholarship programs which are now being portrayed in this way shows they were actually set up for very different reasons. Explanations for why scholarships are being given to foreign citizens have changed over time, consistent with a Kingdonian model of the policy process. We need to be cautious about taking these claims at face value, an important reminder for foreign policy analysts more generally. | Ends Changed, Means Retained: Scholarship Programs, Political Influence, and Drifting Goals - Iain Wilson, 2015 (sagepub.com) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
85 | Helms Ph D, Ronald G | 2016 | academic journal | Sister Cities International: A Global Citizen Diplomacy Network | Helms Ph D, Ronald G. "Sister Cities International: A Global Citizen Diplomacy Network." Global Education Journal 1 (2016): 43. | Sister Cities International (SCI) is a nonprofit citizen diplomacy network that creates and strengthens partnerships between U.S. communities and international communities. Sister Cities International was founded by President Eisenhower during a White House Summit on Citizen Diplomacy on September 11-12, 1956. Sister Cities International strives to build global cooperation at the municipal level, promote cultural understanding and stimulate economic and educational development. | https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/teacher_education/28/ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
86 | Kenyaggia, Njeri. | 2016 | academic journal | The Role of Public Diplomacy in Regional Integration a Case Study of Eac | Kenyaggia, Njeri. The Role of Public Diplomacy in Regional Integration a Case Study of Eac. Diss. University of Nairobi, 2016. | This research aims at evaluating the role of public diplomacy in enhancing Regional Integration in the East African Community. The interest for this research is driven by the realization of the strategic role that public diplomacy play in enhancing the development of multinational and supranational governmental organizations. Primarily, this research aims at justifying why the role Public Diplomacy, cannot be undervalued during regional integration While undertaking this research, a subtle analysis on use of public diplomacy in other integration schemes and the policies put in place to enhance their integration processes, will be undertaken. Notable alongside the role of public diplomacy is the synonymous role of culture in both Public diplomacy and the regional integration process, this study therefore evaluates how culture plays the intertwining role between Public diplomacy and Regional Integration. This study also pays particular cognizance to the role of effective communication in public diplomacy The study will examine the various way in which public diplomacy initiatives have been applied in EAC’s regional integration, the study will further proceed to reveal that public diplomacy is no longer the preserve of the nation state, citing specific examples of efforts by non-state actors in fostering regional integration in East Africa. It is therefore against this background that I seek to evaluate how effective public diplomacy can establish lasting relationships with foreign publics compelling them to accept the regional agenda Finally, this study intends to make recommendations drawn from the potential of effective public diplomacy in fostering the east African community integration process. | http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/handle/11295/99294 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
87 | Magerman, Daniel | 2016 | academic journal | Fostering Citizen Diplomacy: How Individual Conversations Drive Cultural Understanding | Magerman, Daniel. A White Paper for the UNESCO and the United Nations Community. Penn State University, May 2016. | A host of material on the Internet, created by experts and NGOs, provides important information on intercultural dialogue (Goman, 2011; Bergeson & Helgoe, 2012; Lubin, 2014). Likewise, UNESCO produces volumes filled with conceptual and operational frameworks for how to communicate with “the other” (Deardorff, 2011; Dragićević & Dragojević, 2011; Leeds- Hurwitz, 2013). These publications contain integral ideas for learning how to interact with members of other cultures. While one of these concepts – conversational ability – appears to many as a natural condition, it is in fact a craft and skill that must be cultivated. A mastery of this skill is essential for anyone actively engaged in international development activities. However, most of the readily available information on these topics focuses on how organizations can facilitate intercultural programming. This white paper will focus on the essential importance of communication within micro-level cultures: individuals, dyads, and small groups. | https://agsci.psu.edu/unesco/publications/white-papers/fostering-citizen-diplomacy-how-individual-conversations-drive-cultural-understanding/fostering-citizen-diplomacy-how-individual-conversations-drive-cultural-understanding | ||||||||||||||||||||||
88 | Campbell, Anne C. | 2016 | academic journal | International scholarships and home country development: Comparing Georgian and Moldovan Alumni Experiences | IREX Scholar Research Brief | International scholarships support higher education abroad, often with the expectation that recipients will ultimately “give back” to their home countries. Little is known about how scholarship alumni from low- and middle-income countries view their contributions and whether activities differ between countries. By comparing Georgia and Moldova, this research indicates that employment is the central way that alumni perceive that they “give back,” with government positions deemed most influential. In Georgia, alumni assumed federal posts, whereas in Moldova, alumni sought positions in international organizations and businesses, resulting in differing contributions to national development. Findings aim to inform sponsored student mobility programs promoting socioeconomic development in participants’ countries. | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2017.05.004 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
89 | Melissen, Jan, and Emillie V. de Keulenaar | 2017 | academic journal | Critical Digital Diplomacy as a Global Challenge: The South Korean Experience | Melissen, Jan, and Emillie V. de Keulenaar. "Critical digital diplomacy as a global challenge: The South Korean experience." Global Policy 8.3 (2017): 294-302. | An important debate on the impact of digitization on diplomatic practice is currently taking place in most of the world's diplomatic services and beyond. Western perspectives do however dominate writings on the subject and there is scope for importing new theoretical notions into these discussions. This article on digital diplomacy aims to show that South Korea's practices harmonize well with insights from new media theory, and that both inform this debate. New media theory advocates the examination of the new digital environment in which diplomatic interactions are unfolding, and it articulates the politics behind digital technology. We argue that existing, ‘analogue’ diplomacy is not merely superimposed onto technologies now shaping an environment that is facilitating digitally native practices. The debate on digital diplomacy can equally benefit from analysis of the experiences of South Korea. Technological development and innovation impact on the sphere of foreign policy, to the extent that ‘becoming technological’ has turned into an important Korean export asset. We briefly review four ways in which South Korea applied technology to diplomacy. Our analysis concludes with general recommendations for diplomatic practitioners across the world, particularly those who still look at new technologies, including social media, as mere open and freely available ‘services’. | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1758-5899.12425?casa_token=zpsY5kBM7DUAAAAA:XdVGpLp63iyK6cAJEoyameHVt0umXm9LM4P3hsTkZp44tDhqzotvS3QWxUgj5Tf3DcQ6-aCz36gn | ||||||||||||||||||||||
90 | Dolea, Elena-Alina. | 2017 | academic journal | Disruption and creativity in shaping a country image and identity through citizen diplomacy: The 2017 protests in Romania. | Dolea, Elena-Alina. Disruption and Creativity in Shaping a Country Image and Identity through Citizen Diplomacy: The 2017 Protests in Romania. 2017. eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk, http://www.euprera2017.london/. | In February 2017 Romania made headlines in major international media across the globe: during an entire month massive anti-corruption protests took place almost daily across the country. There were the largest protests since the fall of the communist regime in December 1989 and were triggered by a government’s decree to decriminalize abuse in office by officials if the sums were less than circa 45.000 euro. In reporting about the protests, the international media covered extensively aspects such as: (1) the civic nature of the protests (high rate of engagement among citizens in order to make their voice heard); (2) the use of social media for the organization of the protests (Facebook events, #rezist, etc); (3) the creative use of digital technologies during the protests (wall projections, mobile phone lights to recreate the national flag and the EU flag); (4) the creativity of the posters created by protesters (initially in Romanian, then in English in order to be understood by international audiences); (5) setting an example in Europe for how citizens stand up for democratic values, fight corruption and mobilize (Romania was considered the last country in the region to fight populism, while protests in France are legitimizing from the Romanian ones, etc). Main research question: Can protests be a form of citizen diplomacy, generating alternative discourses about the country image and identity? Methodology: Historical reconstitution & chronology of events; Exploratory corpus of data for January 18 - February 28, 2017 in the Facebook community “Coruptia ucide” (posts and events). Findings: Protests became a form of citizen diplomacy, indirectly, through a gradual process of social construction (stages intersect & influence each other) Conclusion: Protests gain international relevance due to appeal to universal democratic values. Protesters become aware of their symbolic soft power and strategically instrumentalize creativity and humour to gain international benevolence. They generate alternative discourses about Romania - creative country, the hope from East Europe. The results of this study contribute to the understanding of how non state actors are increasingly engaging in strategic campaigns of promoting their country and how social movements become opportunities for generating alternative discourses about a country and about its national identity. | http://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/29871/ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
91 | Bros, Natalia | 2017 | academic journal | Public diplomacy and cooperation with non-governmental organizations in the liberal perspective of international relations | Broś, Natalia. ‘Public Diplomacy and Cooperation with Non-Governmental Organizations in the Liberal Perspective of International Relations’. Journal of Education Culture and Society 8, no. 1 (10 July 2017): 11–22. https://jecs.pl/index.php/jecs/article/view/10.15503.jecs20171.11.22. | This article discusses the issue of state cooperation with non-governmental organizations in public diplomacy. This has been explored in relation to the liberal perspective in international relations, which very clearly highlights the importance of NGOs as an influential participant in world politics. The article contains an analysis of the international system, categorizes the roles and functions of NGOs in international relations. It shows concepts on contemporary understanding of power and a clear focus on reinforcing and using components of soft power, including public diplomacy, in moden international relations. Methodological aspects are deepened by an analytical layer exploring Civil Society 2.0 Program, what is an example of an effective combination of diplomatic efforts between the state and NGOs to achieve common goals. | https://jecs.pl/index.php/jecs/article/view/10.15503.jecs20171.11.22 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
92 | Israel, Ron | 2017 | academic journal | What does it mean to be a global citizen? | ‘What Does It Mean to Be a Global Citizen?’ Kosmos Journal, 1 Apr. 2014, https://www.kosmosjournal.org/article/what-does-it-mean-to-be-a-global-citizen/. | The growing interconnectedness among people, countries, and economies means that there is a global dimension to who we are. The most positive way of responding to this is by pursuing a path of global citizenship. Global citizens see ourselves as part of an emerging world community, and are committed to helping build this community’s values and practices. | https://www.kosmosjournal.org/article/what-does-it-mean-to-be-a-global-citizen/ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
93 | Powers, Shawn and Markos Kounalakis | 2017 | academic journal | Can Public Diplomacy Survive the Internet? | United States Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy, May 2017 | Scientific progress continues to accelerate, and while we’ve witnessed a revolution in communication technologies in the past ten years, what proceeds in the next ten years may be far more transformative. It may also be extremely disruptive, challenging long held conventions behind public diplomacy (PD) programs and strategies. In order to think carefully about PD in this ever and rapidly changing communications space, the Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy (ACPD) convened a group of private sector, government, and academic experts at Stanford University’s Hoover Institution to discuss the latest trends in research on strategic communication in digital spaces. The results of that workshop, refined by a number of follow-on interviews and discussions, are included in this report. I encourage you to read each of the fourteen essays that follow, which are divided into three thematic sections: Digital’s Dark Side, Disinformation, and Narratives. | https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usdoepub/377/ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
94 | Forminykh, Alexey | 2017 | academic journal | Russia’s Public Diplomacy in Central Asia and the Caucasus: The Role of the Universities | Fominykh, Alexey. "Russia’s Public Diplomacy in Central Asia and the Caucasus: The Role of the Universities", The Hague Journal of Diplomacy12, 1 (2017): 56-85, doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/1871191X-12341350 | The article discusses the outreach practices of Russian universities in former Soviet republics in Central Asia and the Caucasus as a part of Russia’s public diplomacy effort. Perceiving the competitive environment of international education in the Commonwealth of Independent States in terms of geopolitical rivalry, the Russian government encourages state-owned universities to recruit more students and establish partnerships in this strategic region. As a result, focusing on Central Asia and the Caucasus for international student recruitment, Russian higher educational institutions not only pursue higher reputation and tuition revenues, but also perform as public diplomacy actors, supplementing and sometimes substituting the activities of official institutions. | https://brill.com/view/journals/hjd/12/1/article-p56_3.xml | ||||||||||||||||||||||
95 | Valenza, Domenico | 2018 | academic journal | The New EU Strategy for Central Asia: A Case for Cultural Diplomacy | Valenza, Domenico. "The new EU strategy for Central Asia: a case for cultural diplomacy." (2018). | In June 2017, on the tenth anniversary of the first Central Asia Strategy, the Council of the European Union invited High Representative Federica Mogherini and the European Commission to draw a proposal for a new Strategy by late 2019. This decision provides an opportunity to review the shortcomings of the previous Strategy and to assess the evolving regional environment, in which Russia and China have consolidated their influence. | https://collections.unu.edu/view/UNU:7153 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
96 | Harini, Setyasih | 2018 | academic journal | Sekar Jagad Art Studio as An Agent of Citizens’s Diplomacy (Study Of Women’s Participation In Intercultural Relations) | Harini, Setyasih. "Sekar Jagad Art Studio as An Agent of Citizens’s Diplomacy (Study Of Women’s Participation In Intercultural Relations)." Salasika 1.2 (2018): 93-106. | Communication technology could increase opportunities for Indonesians to develop sociocultural relations with people from other countries. Nowadays interrelations of citizens can support government policy. Sekar Jagad art studio is group of women from Sukoharjo regency, central Java who has interest of traditional art and often make international performances. This activity has the purpose to strengthen national identity and national character. The other purpose of this activity is to support diplomacy of government. It is important to promote one of Indonesian culture (Javanese art) in international level. Promoting culture in international performance is one way to increase the positive image of Indonesia. The purpose of this research is to explain how women’s intercultural engagement can be an agent of citizens’ diplomacy. The subjects of the research were the women who are members of Sekar Jagad art studio. As a qualitative project, the data was collected from documentation and interview. The result of this research shows that the women of Sekar Jagad Art Studio promote Javanese culture through international performances. These activities can be seen to represent citizens’ diplomacy and support the diplomatic efforts of the Indonesian government aimed at strengthening relationships with other countries. In summary, this research shows how Sekar Jagad Art Studio as an agent for citizens’ diplomacy has promoted Javanese culture to foreign countries in order to strengthen national identity and promote a positive image of Indonesia. | http://www.salasika.org/index.php/SJ/article/view/18 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
97 | Cooper, Rachel | 2018 | academic journal | What is Civil Society, its role and value in 2018? | Knowledge, evidence, and learning for development, University of Birmingham | Civil society is widely understood as the space outside the family, market and state (WEF, 2013). What constitutes civil society has developed and grown since the term first became popular in the 1980s and it now signifies a wide range of organised and organic groups including non-governmental organisations (NGOs), trade unions, social movements, grassroots organisations, online networks and communities, and faith groups (VanDyck, 2017; WEF, 2013). Civil society organisations (CSOs), groups and networks vary by size, structure and platform ranging from international non-governmental organisations (e.g. Oxfam) and mass social movements (e.g. the Arab Spring) to small, local organisations (e.g. Coalition of Jakarta Residents Opposing Water Privatisation). Civil society roles include: service provider (for example, running primary schools and providing basic community health care services), advocate/campaigner (for example, lobbying governments or business on issues, including indigenous rights or the environment). watchdog (for example, monitoring government compliance with human rights treaties). building active citizenship (for example, motivating civic engagement at the local level and engagement with local, regional and national governance), participating in global governance processes (for example, civil society organisations serve on the advisory board of the World Bank’s Climate Investment Funds). | https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5c6c2e74e5274a72bc45240e/488_What_is_Civil_Society.pdf | ||||||||||||||||||||||
98 | MSi, Setyasih Harini, and Evy Tri Widyahening | 2019 | academic journal | Women's Role as the Actor of Citizen Diplomacy to Promote National Identity Based on Local Wisdom. | MSi, Setyasih Harini, and Evy Tri Widyahening. "Women's Role as the Actor of Citizen Diplomacy to Promote National Identity Based on Local Wisdom." Researchers World 10.2 (2019): 33-38. | In millennial era, all the components of the society can participate in human development. Nowadays, village women can explore their potency to be developed in public domain bravely. Some women come from Bakalan Village, Polokarto Sub District, Sukoharjo Regency, Central Java, have explored their potency recently through traditional art, such as kothekan lesung and karawitan, as a means ofpreserving local wisdom. The objective of the current research is to describe that the village women can show off their ability in performing kothekan lesung and karawitan, and introduce it abroad. The data was collected through surveys, interviews, and documentation directly from the objects studied. From the data, it could be seen that the women in Bakalan village had intention, spirit, and motivation to introduce kothekan lesung and karawitan to other countries such as Malaysia and South Korea. Those women could serve as actors in citizen diplomacy. The research results showed that the activity should be supported by family, community, and the government. The process of introducing kothekan lesung and karawitan to other countries could be accomplished because nowadays women have been accustomed with using information and communication technology particularly internet through gadget. One of supports expected by the emaks (moms) were other language training centres for English, thereby still dependent on the trainer. The conclusion was that the traditional culture as the manifestation of local wisdom could be a means for women (emaks) to be actors of citizen diplomacy. | https://www.proquest.com/docview/2234432443?pq-origsite=gscholar&fromopenview=true&sourcetype=Scholarly%20Journals | ||||||||||||||||||||||
99 | Puglierin, Jana | 2019 | academic journal | Priorities for the EU's New Foreign Policy Agenda up to 2024 | Puglierin, Jana. Priorities for the EU’s New Foreign Policy Agenda up to 2024. German Council on Foreign Relations, Nov. 2019, https://dgap.org/sites/default/files/article_pdfs/dgap_analysis_nr1-nov2019_web_0.pdf. | Given the changing international environment and mounting external challenges, taking practical steps toward a more effective Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) must become a top concern for the EU in its new political-institutional cycle. | https://dgap.org/sites/default/files/article_pdfs/dgap_analysis_nr1-nov2019_web_0.pdf | ||||||||||||||||||||||
100 | Crahay, Allegra | 2019 | academic journal | Citizen Diplomacy at the Crossroads - Activating Networks for Change | Crahay, Allegra. Citizen Diplomacy at the Crossroads - Activating Networks for Change. Feb. 2019. policycommons.net, https://policycommons.net/artifacts/1718870/citizen-diplomacy-at-the-crossroads/2450581/. | A leadership consultant specializing in scaling creative output in organizations How do we strengthen our own creativity in leading our networks, and open avenues for our fellows to be creative in their leadership? Day 2: Honing our Practice – Thursday, 7 February 7:30 – 9:00 Breakfast/MH 9:00 – 9:15 Recap of Day One and Goals for Days Two and Three/PH Jaron Curtsinger, Director of Communications. [...] 10:30 – 11:00 Coffee Break/ML 11:00 – 12:15 Tapping the Potential of Network Collaboration/PH Martin Gilbert, Director, Austria, British Council Nicole Mechem, Director of Leadership, IREX – Director of Impact Fellowships Benjamin Glahn, Vice President, Development and Operations, Salzburg Global Seminar Moderated by Lora Berg, Senior Transatlantic Fellow, Counselor for Inclusion, German Marshall. [...] 15:30 – 16:00 Coffee Break/ML 16:00 – 17:30 Designing for Results: New Approaches to Measurement and Evaluation/PH Facilitated by: Evgenia Valuy, Evaluation and Learning Lead, Institute of International Education Snigdha Mukherjee, Director of Evaluation, Foundation for Advancement of International Medication Education and Research (FAIMER) 17:30 – 18:00 Free Time 18:00 –19:00 Concert/GH 19:00 – 2. [...] 10:00 – 10:45 Small Group Case Study Discussions/CR, MRL, MCG, GH Participants will raise some of the challenges for engaging in citizen diplomacy, and explore the potential for citizen diplomacy in their own contexts. [...] 12:30 – 12:40 Group Photo 12:40 – 14:00 Lunch/MH 14:00 – 15:00 Group Reports/PH The Groups will present their “big ideas” to the rest of the group. | https://policycommons.net/artifacts/1718870/citizen-diplomacy-at-the-crossroads/2450581/ |