ABCD
1
Conservation Actions and Threats: 1st LevelConservation Actions and Threats: 2nd LevelExplanationSource
2
Education and AwarenessFormal Education
Training
Awareness and Communications 		Actions directed at people to improve understanding and skills, and influence behaviorSalafsky et al. (2008), A Standard Lexicon for Biodiversity Conservation: Unified Classifications of Threats and Actions.
3
Capacity BuildingInstitutional and Civil Society Development
Alliance and Partnership Development
Conservation Finance
Organizational development 		Actions to build the infrastructure to do better conservationSalafsky et al. (2008), A Standard Lexicon for Biodiversity Conservation: Unified Classifications of Threats and Actions.
4
Land/Water ManagementSite/Area Management
Invasive/Problematic Species Control
Habitat and Natural Process Restoration 		Actions directed at conserving or restoring sites, habitats and the wider environmentSalafsky et al. (2008), A Standard Lexicon for Biodiversity Conservation: Unified Classifications of Threats and Actions.
5
Land/Water ProtectionSite/Area Protection
Resource and Habitat Protection 		Actions to identify, establish or expand parks and other legally protected areas, and to protect resource rightsSalafsky et al. (2008), A Standard Lexicon for Biodiversity Conservation: Unified Classifications of Threats and Actions.
6
Law, Policy, and PlanningLegislation
Policies, Regulations, and Planning
Private Sector Standards and Codes
Compliance and Enforcement 		Actions to develop, change, influence, and help implement formal legislation, regulations, and voluntary standardsSalafsky et al. (2008), A Standard Lexicon for Biodiversity Conservation: Unified Classifications of Threats and Actions.
7
Livelihood, Economic, Other IncentiveLinked Enterprises and Livelihood Alternatives
Substitution
Market Forces
Conservation Payments
Nonmonetary Values 		Actions to use economic and other incentives to influence behaviorSalafsky et al. (2008), A Standard Lexicon for Biodiversity Conservation: Unified Classifications of Threats and Actions.
8
Species Management Species Management
Species Recovery
Species Reintroduction
Ex Situ Conservation 		Actions directed at managing or restoring species, focused on the species of concern itselfSalafsky et al. (2008), A Standard Lexicon for Biodiversity Conservation: Unified Classifications of Threats and Actions.
9
Research and MonitoringData collection and monitoring
Scientific research
Modeling and mapping 		Internal
10
Natural System ModificationsFire and fire suppression
Dams and Water Management/Use
Other ecosystem modifications		Threats from actions that convert or degrade habitat in service of “managing” natural or semi-natural systems, often to improve human welfareSalafsky et al. (2008), A Standard Lexicon for Biodiversity Conservation: Unified Classifications of Threats and Actions.
11
Transportation & Service CorridorsRoads and Railroads
Utility and Service Lines
Shipping Lanes
Flight Paths		Threats from long narrow transport corridors and the vehicles that use them including associated wildlife mortalitySalafsky et al. (2008), A Standard Lexicon for Biodiversity Conservation: Unified Classifications of Threats and Actions.
12
Residential & Commercial DevelopmentHousing and Urban Areas
Commercial and Industrial Areas
Tourism and Recreation Areas		Threats from human settlements or other non-agricultural land uses with a substantial footprintSalafsky et al. (2008), A Standard Lexicon for Biodiversity Conservation: Unified Classifications of Threats and Actions.
13
Agriculture and AquacultureAnnual and Perennial Non-Timber Crops
Wood and Pulp Plantations
Livestock Farming and Ranching
Marine and Freshwater Aquaculture		Threats from farming and ranching as a result of agricultural expansion and intensification, including silviculture, mariculture and aquaculture (includes the impacts of any fencing around farmed areas)Salafsky et al. (2008), A Standard Lexicon for Biodiversity Conservation: Unified Classifications of Threats and Actions.
14
Climate ChangeEcosystem Encroachment
Changes in Geochemical Regimes
Changes in Temperature Regimes
Changes in Precipitation and Hydrological Regimes
Severe/Extreme Weather Events		Threats from long-term climatic changes which may be linked to global warming and other severe climatic/weather events that are outside of the natural range of variation, or potentially can wipe out a vulnerable species or habitatSalafsky et al. (2008), A Standard Lexicon for Biodiversity Conservation: Unified Classifications of Threats and Actions.
15
Energy Production & MiningOil and Gas Drilling
Mining and Quarrying
Renewable Energy		Threats from production of non-biological resourcesSalafsky et al. (2008), A Standard Lexicon for Biodiversity Conservation: Unified Classifications of Threats and Actions.
16
Biological Resource UseHunting and Collecting Terrestrial Animals
Gathering Terrestrial Plants
Logging and Wood Harvesting
Fishing and Harvesting Aquatic Resources		Threats from consumptive use of "wild" biological resources including both deliberate and unintentional harvesting effects; also persecution or control of specific speciesSalafsky et al. (2008), A Standard Lexicon for Biodiversity Conservation: Unified Classifications of Threats and Actions.
17
Human Intrusions and DisturbanceRecreational Activities
War, Civil Unrest, and Military Exercises
Work and other activities		Threats from human activities that alter, destroy and disturb habitats and species associated with non-consumptive uses of biological resourcesSalafsky et al. (2008), A Standard Lexicon for Biodiversity Conservation: Unified Classifications of Threats and Actions.
18
Invasive and Problematic Species, Pathogens and Genes Invasive Non-native/alien plants
Problematic Native Plants, Animals, or Pathogens
Introduced Genetic Material		Threats from non-native and native plants, animals, pathogens/microbes, or genetic materials that have or are predicted to have harmful effects on biodiversity following their introduction, spread and/or increase in abundanceSalafsky et al. (2008), A Standard Lexicon for Biodiversity Conservation: Unified Classifications of Threats and Actions.
19
PollutionHousehold Sewage and Urban Wastewater
Industrial and Military Effluents
Agricultural and Forestry Effluents
Garbage and Solid Waste
Airborne Pollutants
Excess Energy		Threats from introduction of exotic and/or excess materials or energy from point and nonpoint sourcesSalafsky et al. (2008), A Standard Lexicon for Biodiversity Conservation: Unified Classifications of Threats and Actions.