1 | The.CO2List.org - Amounts of CO2 Released when Making & Using Products | |||||
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2 | ||||||
3 | 1 - Food | |||||
4 | 2 - Other Home Items | |||||
5 | 3 - Materials | |||||
6 | 4 - Wood | |||||
7 | 5 - Roads | |||||
8 | 6 - Services | |||||
9 | 7 - Transport | |||||
10 | 8 - Fuels | |||||
11 | 9 - Land Clearance | |||||
12 | ||||||
13 | This list may confirm what you know, or may surprise you. | |||||
14 | CO2 is not caused by others, it is caused by our choices: Heating & cooling; Buying products; Red meat versus chicken and grain; Cars and planes versus buses, trains, driving slowly and staying home. Read more below. | |||||
15 | ||||||
16 | CO2LIST.ORG | KILOS OF CO2 | POUNDS OF CO2 | UNITS OF MEASURE FOR EACH ITEM | What is the answer? Solutions are discussed at http://Your.CO2List.org | |
17 | Home | Complete sources and calculations are at xls.CO2List.org | ||||
18 | Bold shows some interesting items | (includes effect of other greenhouse gases) | (We and most others measure CO2 by weight. Its size varies, so it can't be measured in volume. For other items we pick appropriate units, shown below.) | Data from US, except when the following symbols appear: | ||
19 | ‡ Data are from UK | |||||
20 | † Data are from Australia | |||||
21 | France has data (in English) for many items, not yet incorporated here. | |||||
22 | Contact us 16 March 2012 | |||||
23 | CO2 POUNDS RELEASED WHILE MAKING PRODUCTS | |||||
24 | 1 - FOOD | KILOS OF CO2 | POUNDS OF CO2 | Pounds of CO2 per 500 Calories (this is 1/4 of a daily 2,000-Calorie diet) | Sweden labels individual food items | |
25 | Red meat | 22 | 22 | Pounds CO2 per pound of product, or Kilos of CO2 per kilo of product | 12 | 92% from production of animals & their feed, including N2O & methane. Remainder is transport of inputs & meat, and selling. (interesting article by former Texas Ag Commissioner http://jimhightower.com/node/6901) |
26 | Chicken, fish, eggs | 6 | 6 | 4 | 81% from production of feed & meat | |
27 | Dairy | 4 | 4 | 6 | 91% from production of feed & animals | |
28 | Cereals, carbohydrates | 3 | 3 | 1.5 | 75% from production of crops | |
29 | Fruit, vegetables | 2 | 2 | 4 | 74% from production of crops | |
30 | Oils, sweets, condiments | 2 | 2 | 0.5 | 74% from production of crops | |
31 | Balanced Diet | 1.7 | USDA Food Guide: 53% carbohydrate, 29% oils, 18% protein (here protein is chicken, fish, eggs) | |||
32 | http://www.cnpp.usda.gov/Publications/DietaryGuidelines/2005/2005DGPolicyDocument.pdf | |||||
33 | Source: Weber & Matthews 2008 "Food-Miles and the Relative Climate Impacts of Food Choices in the United States" based on Carnegie-Mellon's Input-Output model of the US economy, eiolca.net. | http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/es702969f | ||||
34 | Farm products (food, cloth, leather, biofuels) release greenhouse gases from (a) energy used to manufacture artificial fertilizer, (b) fossil fuel in making and running farm and transport equipment, (c) fixing N2 in the soil, and then releasing some as N2O, a greenhouse gas (p.61 of IEA 2004 Biofuels for Transport | http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2004/biofuels2004.pdf | ||||
35 | and Crutzen et al. 2008 "N2O Release...", | http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/8/389/2008/acp-8-389-2008.html | ||||
36 | and Davidson 2012 "Representative concentration pathways...") | http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/7/2/024005/article | ||||
37 | (d) methane (CH4) created in animal stomachs and intestines, (e) deforestation when fields expand. Another thorough discussion is ICSU's | http://icsu.org/ | ||||
38 | 2009 report on Biofuels, particularly chapters 6 on land use and 5 on greenhouse gases. | http://cip.cornell.edu/biofuels/ | ||||
39 | Potato chips‡ | 2.2 | 2.2 | Mostly from growing crops: N2O from nitrogen-fixing bacteria, fuel | ||
40 | Orange Juice (high)‡ | 1.4 | 1.4 | |||
41 | Orange Juice (low) | 0.9 | 0.9 | pounds CO2 per pound of product | The figures in the section above are larger, and come from a much more complete methodology. | |
42 | Bottled smoothie‡ | 1.1 | 1.1 | kilos CO2 per kilo of product | ||
43 | Potato, Organic new‡ | 0.29 | 0.29 | |||
44 | Potato, not organic‡ | 0.24 | 0.24 | |||
45 | Sources: Carbon Trust, a UK nonprofit, has a summary | http://www.carbon-label.com/individuals/product.html | ||||
46 | and Report CTC744. | http://www.carbontrust.co.uk/Publicsites/cScape.CT.PublicationsOrdering/PublicationAudit.aspx?id=CTC744 | ||||
47 | US Orange juice is from a Pepsico study reported in the NY Times. | http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/22/business/22pepsi.html/ | ||||
48 | 2-Other Home Items | Kilos CO2 | Pounds CO2 | Spreadsheet has complete sources and calculations | ||
49 | Personal computer | 61 | 61 | Pounds CO2 per pound of product, or Kilos of CO2 per kilo of product | ||
50 | Tires | 4.4 | 4.4 | Another 3 pounds released if tires are burned at the end of their life. So 80 pounds CO2 to make a 20-pound tire, and 60 more pounds if it is incinerated. | ||
51 | Phone books | 2.7 | 2.7 | |||
52 | Textbooks | 2.4 | 2.4 | |||
53 | Newspapers | 2.1 | 2.1 | making 36 pages releases 1 pound (9 sheets of broadsheet paper), printing is additional | ||
54 | Magazines & bulk mail | 1.9 | 1.9 | |||
55 | Office paper | 1.1 | 1.1 | making 88 sheets of 20# 8.5"x11" releases 1 pound of CO2, printing additional | ||
56 | Corrugated cardboard | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
57 | Sources: EPA 2006, p.24, column g, chapter 2 in | http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/wycd/waste/downloads/chapter2.pdf | ||||
58 | "Raw materials Acquisition and Manufacturing" in Solid Waste Management and Greenhouse Gases: A Life-Cycle Assessment of Emissions and Sinks. Includes transport to retailer & emissions abroad. They analyze recycling, including average energy used to collect & transport the recyclables as well as to make products from them. Report gives pounds of Carbon equivalent, converted here to CO2. | http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/wycd/waste/reports.html | ||||
59 | The above figures on paper may be overestimates, since paper may sequester as much CO2 as its manufacture and disposal releases, even counting the methane released from slow decomposition in landfills: NCASI. 2007 "The Greenhouse Gas and Carbon Profile of the Global Forest Products Industry" p.22 | http://www.ncasi.org/Publications/Detail.aspx?id=2952 | ||||
60 | Shampoo‡ | 0.6 | 0.6 | Pounds CO2 per pound of product, or Kilos of CO2 per kilo of product | Hot water uses much more; shown at the end of "Services," in bright yellow below | |
61 | Sweatshirt‡ | 2.5 | 5.5 | |||
62 | Polo shirt‡ | 1.1 | 2.4 | per shirt | ||
63 | T-shirt‡ | 0.6 | 1.3 | |||
64 | Incandescent bulb, 100w‡ | 0.6 | 1.2 | Making & delivering bulb, not use. CFL gives much less CO2 per hour of use: It lasts 6 times as long & uses 1/4 the power | ||
65 | Incandescent bulb, 60w‡ | 0.3 | 0.7 | per bulb | ||
66 | Compact fluorescent bulb, 20w‡ | 1.4 | 3.2 | |||
67 | Compact fluorescent bulb, 11w‡ | 0.3 | 0.7 | |||
68 | Tablet laundry detergent‡ | 0.3 | 0.7 | per wash | If you heat the water, it releases more CO2 than making the detergent. A basic (http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/technologies/eep_clothes_washers.html) 3-cubic foot washer uses 31 gallons of water. Heating half this water (for wash cycle) to 140oF or 170oF (see below) would release 3 pounds CO2 from a gas water heater (6-8 pounds CO2 from electric). Either dwarfs the CO2 from detergent. The most efficient washer uses 60% less water (12 gallons), so 60% less energy and CO2, but still at least a pound of CO2, which is more than making the detergent. Further discussion is at http://Your.CO2List.org | |
69 | Powder laundry detergent‡ | 0.2 | 0.5 | |||
70 | Liquid laundry detergent: capsule or not‡ | 0.2 | 0.4 | |||
71 | Super concentrated liquid laundry detergent‡ | 0.1 | 0.2 | |||
72 | Sources: Carbon Trust, a UK nonprofit, has a summary | http://www.carbon-label.com/individuals/product.html | ||||
73 | and Report CTC744. | http://www.carbontrust.co.uk/Publicsites/cScape.CT.PublicationsOrdering/PublicationAudit.aspx?id=CTC744 | ||||
74 | House | 340 | 70 | per square foot built in US, per square meter in US | 1997 (This is for construction. Lifetime consumption is also significant.) http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/18/business/energy-environment/18codes.html | |
75 | House | 68,000 | 150,000 | per new house in US | ||
76 | House† | 54,000 | 120,000 | per new house in Australia | Constructing average Australian house: 21% of CO2 is from Concrete, 14% Steel, 14% Plastic, 10% Masonry, 8% Ceramics (tiles), 6% Plaster, 5% Glass and 22% other. | |
77 | Sources: US data based on $67 per square foot and 2,140 square feet per new house sold (Census), | http://www.census.gov/const/C25Ann/soldmedavgppsf.pdf | ||||
78 | and 1.3 lb CO2 per 1997 dollar (Weber+Matthews). | http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/es0629110 | ||||
79 | Australian data come from Government and design and construction industries. Australia reports units of energy, which we converted to CO2 assuming a 3:1 ratio of natural gas to diesel in generating the energy. | http://www.yourhome.gov.au/technical/fs52.html | ||||
80 | Treloar's study of Australian roads provides an estimate of CO2 per unit of energy which would be 9% higher. | http://www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk/sustainable/refs/lca/Treloar.pdf | ||||
81 | Car | 9,000 | 20,000 | per Chevy Trailblazer SUV | 4, 7 & 5 pounds CO2 per pound of vehicle, respectively, or kilo per kilo. Buying a 40mpg car and stopping use of an old 30mpg car takes 113,000 miles to pay back the 22,000 pounds manufacturing CO2. You would save more CO2 by using the rest of the life of the old car, while cutting miles per year and speed. Cutting miles 20% cuts CO2 20%. Cutting speed from 65mph to 52mph cuts CO2 another 10% (http://Your.CO2List.org) | |
82 | 10,000 | 22,000 | per Toyota Camry sedan | |||
83 | 12,000 | 26,000 | per Ford F series pickup | |||
84 | Sources: Chester, 2008, Life-cycle Environmental Inventory of Passenger Transportation in the United States (http://repositories.cdlib.org/its/ds/UCB-ITS-DS-2008-1) based on Carnegie-Mellon's Input-Output model of the US economy, eiolca.net. | http://repositories.cdlib.org/its/ds/UCB-ITS-DS-2008-1 | ||||
85 | Consistent figures are in: Argonne National Laboratory: Stodolsky, Vyas, Cuenca and Gaines 1995 "Life-Cycle Energy Savings Potential from Aluminum-Intensive Vehicles" | http://www.transportation.anl.gov/pdfs/TA/106.pdf | ||||
86 | and Sightline, a Seattle nonprofit, Williams-Derry 2007 "Increases in greenhouse-gas emissions from highway-widening projects" | http://www.sightline.org/research/energy/res_pubs/analysis-ghg-roads | ||||
87 | 3 - MATERIALS | Kilos CO2 | Pounds CO2 | Spreadsheet has complete sources and calculations | ||
88 | Iron & steel | 1.6 | 3.6 | per US $ 1997 (only CO2, not other greenhouse gases) | 5.7 Canada, 6.4 Mexico, 7.2 China, 7.8 Japan, 1.0 Korea, 5.9 UK, 6.9 Germany, all in pounds of co2 per 1997 US dollar. Source: Carnegie-Mellon's Input-Output model of the US economy, with comparisons to other countries' Input-Output models, Weber & Matthews 2007, "Embodied Environmental Emissions in US International Trade." http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/es0629110 | |
89 | Steel | 4.0 | 4.0 | |||
90 | Copper† | 5.5 | 5.5 | |||
91 | Aluminum (low) | 1.9 | ||||
92 | Aluminum (high) | 9.2 | 9.2 | Pounds CO2 per pound of product, or | 0.28 pounds CO2 per 12 oz. aluminum can This may be an underestimate if they assume zero emissions for hydropower, which is often used for aluminum, and has emissions from construction & deforestation. | |
93 | Carpet | 4.4 | 4.4 | Kilos CO2 per kilo of product | ||
94 | PVC/3\ plastic† | 4.4 | 4.4 | |||
95 | Acrylic paint† | 3.4 | 3.4 | Recycling saves 90% of the CO2 released by making aluminum and plastic; 40% for glass, steel, paper. | ||
96 | LDPE/4\ plastic | 2.5 | 2.5 | |||
97 | HDPE/2\ plastic | 2.0 | 2.0 | 0.3 pounds CO2 per gallon jug for water or milk 0.5 for heavier gallon jug for vinegar 0.03 for disposable grocery bag (0.003 after recycling) | ||
98 | PET/1\ plastic | 2.3 | 2.3 | 0.15 pounds CO2 per 12 oz. plastic bottle 0.8 per gallon jug | ||
99 | Glass | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.38 pounds CO2 per 12 oz. glass bottle 1.8 per gallon jug | ||
100 | Granite, imported† | 0.8 | 0.8 | 180 pounds CO2 per 8' of countertop | ||
101 | Granite, local† | 0.33 | 0.33 | 80 pounds CO2 per 8' of countertop | ||
102 | Bricks† | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.6 pounds CO2 per standard brick | ||
103 | Concrete blocks† | 0.08 | 0.08 | 25 pounds CO2 per 8x8x16 block | ||
104 | Source of US data: EPA 2006, p.24, column g, chapter 2: | http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/wycd/waste/downloads/chapter2.pdf | ||||
105 | "Raw materials Acquisition and Manufacturing" in Solid Waste Management and Greenhouse Gases: A Life-Cycle Assessment of Emissions and Sinks. Includes transport to retailer & emissions abroad. They analyze recycling, including average energy used to collect & transport the recyclables as well as to make products from them. Report gives pounds of Carbon equivalent, converted here to CO2. | http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/wycd/waste/reports.html | ||||
106 | Also EPA 2002. Source of Australian data, marked †, Australian Government and design and construction industries (http://www.yourhome.gov.au/technical/fs52.html). Info on kinds of plastic and recycling is at Earth911.com/ | http://www.nrc-recycle.org/Data/Sites/1/Climate%20Change/EPAStudySolidWasteandGHG.pdf | ||||
107 | Source of Australian data, marked †, Australian Government and design and construction industries (http://www.yourhome.gov.au/technical/fs52.html). Info on kinds of plastic and recycling is at Earth911.com/ | http://www.yourhome.gov.au/technical/fs52.html | ||||
108 | Info on kinds of plastic and recycling is at | http://Earth911.com/ | ||||
109 | Concrete, direct and indirect | 800 | 1,400 | per cubic yard, including indirect effects, kg per cubic meter | Includes calcining, fuel, quarrying, suppliers, placement, etc. | |
110 | Concrete, direct (high) | 500 | 900 | per cubic yard, depends on strength, kg per cubic meter | ||
111 | Concrete, direct (low) | 200 | 400 | DIRECT manufacturing only, including calcining | ||
112 | Portland Cement, direct (high) | 0.8 | 1.4 | pounds CO2 per pound of cement or kilos CO2 per kilo of cement (60% of this is from chemical process; 40% from energy used) | ||
113 | Portland Cement, direct (low) | 0.5 | 0.9 | |||
114 | Sources: Data with indirect effects come from Chester, 2008, Life-cycle Environmental Inventory of Passenger Transportation in the United States based on Carnegie-Mellon's Input-Output model of the US economy, eiolca.net. | http://repositories.cdlib.org/its/ds/UCB-ITS-DS-2008-1 | ||||
115 | Direct effects of cement manufacture come from Portland Cement Association Technical Brief | http://www.concretethinker.com/technicalbrief/Concrete-Cement-CO2.aspx | ||||
116 | and from Altshuler 2007 "Lowering the Carbon Footprint When Using the WafflematTM System for Concrete Slab Foundations" | http://www.pacifichousingsystems.com/images/Lowering_CO2_with_Wafflemat_Whitepaper.pdf | ||||
117 | Portland cement is made by heating Calcium Carbonate, CaCO3, to break it into CaO (major ingredient of cement) and CO2 (released). This heating and chemical breakdown is called calcining, and is included here. Direct effects of concrete manufacture use the CO2 estimate for cement along with the strength and cement proportions of concrete from several sources: p.88 of Portland Cement Association 1988 Design & Control of Concrete Mixtures; | |||||
118 | San Jose CA bid specifications; | http://www.sanjoseca.gov/publicWorks/Details_Specs/documents/Section_90_Portland_Cement_Concrete_000.pdf | ||||
119 | and Treloar, Love & Crawford, 2004, "Hybrid Life-Cycle Inventory for Road Construction and Use" | http://www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk/sustainable/refs/lca/Treloar.pdf | ||||
120 | Drywall/plasterboard | 0.24 | 0.24 | Pounds CO2 per pound of product, or Kilos of CO2 per kilo of product | 12 pounds CO2 per 4x8x half inch sheet. Based on: Surace 2007 "How Green Is Your Drywall?" | |
121 | http://cleantech.com/news/1704/how-green-is-your-drywall | |||||
122 | Same result from Australian Government and design and construction industries | |||||
123 | http://www.yourhome.gov.au/technical/fs52.html | |||||
124 | 4 - WOOD | Kilos CO2 | Pounds CO2 | Spreadsheet has complete sources and calculations | ||
125 | Plywood† | 0.57 | 0.57 | pounds CO2 per pound of product | 23 pounds CO2 per 4x8x half inch sheet | |
126 | Particleboard† | 0.44 | 0.44 | kilos CO2 per kilo of product | ||
127 | Lumber, construction | 0.19 | 0.19 | 1.8 pounds CO2 per 2x4x8' | ||
128 | Hardwood, kiln dried† | 0.11 | 0.11 | |||
129 | Hardwood, air dried† | 0.03 | 0.03 | |||
130 | Sources: Australian Government and design and construction industries. | http://www.yourhome.gov.au/technical/fs52.html | ||||
131 | US data from EPA 2006, p.24, column g, chapter 2: "Raw materials Acquisition and Manufacturing" | http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/wycd/waste/downloads/chapter2.pdf | ||||
132 | The above figures may be overestimates, since wood may sequester as much CO2 as its manufacture and eventual disposal releases: NCASI. 2007 "The Greenhouse Gas and Carbon Profile of the Global Forest Products Industry" p.22 | http://www.ncasi.org/Publications/Detail.aspx?id=2952 | ||||
133 | 5 - ROADS | Kilos CO2 | Pounds CO2 | Spreadsheet has complete sources and calculations | ||
134 | Full-depth asphalt road† | 1,200,000 | 4,300,000 | Pounds per lane mile (40 years expected life. Definitions given in source.), or Kilos per lane-kilometer | 0.06 pound CO2 per passenger mile | |
135 | Continuously reinforced concrete road† | 1,100,000 | 3,900,000 | |||
136 | Plain concrete road† | 900,000 | 3,300,000 | 0.05 pound CO2 per passenger mile, at 5,000 trips per lane per day | ||
137 | Composite, asphalt, and concrete road† | 900,000 | 3,300,000 | |||
138 | Deep-strength asphalt road† | 800,000 | 2,900,000 | 0.04 pound CO2 per passenger mile, at 5,000 trips per lane per day | ||
139 | Deep-strength asphalt on bounded subbase road† | 800,000 | 2,900,000 | |||
140 | Asphaltic concrete on bounded subbase road† | 500,000 | 1,900,000 | 0.05 pound CO2 per passenger mile | ||
141 | Granular road (thin asphalt over compacted earth)† | 300,000 | 900,000 | Pounds of CO2 per lane mile (20 years expected life), or kg/km | 0.02 pound CO2 per passenger mile | |
142 | Sources: Treloar, Love & Crawford, 2004, "Hybrid Life-Cycle Inventory for Road Construction and Use" | http://www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk/sustainable/refs/lca/Treloar.pdf | ||||
143 | See higher estimates for Korean roads: Park, Hwang, Seo and Seo 2003, "Quantitative Assessment of Environmental Impacts on Life Cycle of Highways" | http://www.lcarc.re.kr/Korean/staff%20list/papers/ASCE_2003.pdf | ||||
144 | Interstate highway | 600,000 | 2,000,000 | Pounds of CO2 per lane mile (Includes calcining of concrete; pavement widths given in source), or kg/km | ||
145 | Arterial road | 400,000 | 1,500,000 | |||
146 | Collector street | 300,000 | 1,200,000 | |||
147 | Local urban street | 300,000 | 900,000 | |||
148 | Local rural street | 200,000 | 700,000 | |||
149 | Source: Chester, 2008, Life-cycle Environmental Inventory of Passenger Transportation in the United States based on Carnegie-Mellon's Input-Output model of the US economy, eiolca.net | http://repositories.cdlib.org/its/ds/UCB-ITS-DS-2008-1 | ||||
150 | CO2 POUNDS RELEASED BY DAILY OPERATIONS | |||||
151 | 6 - SERVICES | Kilos CO2 | Pounds CO2 | Spreadsheet has complete sources and calculations | ||
152 | Mail a postcard (USPS) | 0.03 | 0.06 | Pounds of CO2 per postcard | ||
153 | Mail a letter (USPS) | 0.04 | 0.09 | Pounds of CO2 per letter | Getting 11 letters per month releases a pound of CO2 | |
154 | Mail a package (USPS) | 0.8 | 0.8 | Pounds of CO2 per pound of package mailed or kilos per kilo | Getting a 21-ounce package releases a pound of CO2 (freight, buildings, etc.) | |
155 | Source: Logistics Management Institute, Canes "2001 GHG Emissions of the US Postal Service." (copy in link at left). US Postal Service (USPS) paid for this study of CO2 primarily from buildings, delivery and long distance transport, from 1985-2001. | http://Your.CO2List.org | ||||
156 | Government & defense | 0.06 | 0.1 | Pounds of CO2 per US $ 1997 (only CO2, not other greenhouse gases) | 0.8 Canada, 0.2 Mexico, 1.3 China, 0.5 Japan, 0.2 Korea, 0.4 UK, 0.5 Germany, all in pounds of CO2 per US $ 1997 at purchasing power parities (PPP). | |
157 | Government† | 0.56 | 1.2 | per AU $ taxes or fees | ||
158 | Finance or Insurance | 0.11 | 0.2 | per US $ 1997 (only CO2,) | 0.5 Canada, 0.2 Mexico, 0.8 China, 0.2 Japan, 0.1 Korea, 0.2 UK, 0.2 Germany | |
159 | Includes CO2 released by bank buildings, insurance offices, site visits, etc. | |||||
160 | Web bank account‡ | 0.2 | 0.4 | per bank account per year | ||
161 | General banking† | 0.2 | 0.4 | per AU $ interest or fees | For example 5% interest on $200,000 = $10,000 interest per year, releases 4,000 pounds CO2 | |
162 | Insurance† | 0.2 | 0.3 | per AU $ premiums or fees | ||
163 | Health, social work | 0.3 | 0.6 | per US $ 1997 (only CO2,) | 0.5 Canada, 0.3 Mexico, 1.5 China, 0.6 Japan, 0.3 Korea, 0.3 UK, 0.4 Germany | |
164 | Education | 0.3 | 0.6 | per US $ 1997 (only CO2,) | 0.7 Canada, na Mexico, 1.5 China, 0.3 Japan, 0.1 Korea, 0.3 UK, 0.4 Germany, Includes CO2 released by school buildings, buses, etc. | |
165 | Real estate | 0.4 | 0.8 | per US $ 1997 (only CO2,) | 0.4 Canada, 0.2 Mexico, 0.8 China, 0.1 Japan, 0.1 Korea, 0.1 UK, 0.1 Germany | |
166 | Hotels, restaurants | 0.5 | 1.0 | per US $ 1997 (only CO2,) | 1.0 Canada, 0.3 Mexico, 1.0 China, 0.7 Japan, 0.2 Korea, 0.3 UK, 0.8 Germany | |
167 | Construction | 0.6 | 1.3 | per US $ 1997 (only CO2,) | 1.6 Canada, 1.8 Mexico, 2.9 China, 1.1 Japan, 0.4 Korea, 0.3 UK, 0.9 Germany | |
168 | See graph & spreadsheet | |||||
169 | Sources: Australian data are from Treloar. | http://www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk/sustainable/refs/lca/Treloar.pdf | ||||
170 | US & others are from Weber & Matthews 2007, "Embodied Environmental Emissions in US International Trade" (http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/es0629110) based on Carnegie-Mellon's EIOLCA.net model of the US economy, with comparisons to other countries' Input-Output models. | http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/es0629110 | ||||
171 | Other industries for these same countries are compared in graph | http://co2list.org/files/industries.htm | ||||
172 | and spreadsheet (bottom of "Countries" tab). In the EIOLCA.net model, Weber reports in a 16Ap'09 email that, "1) Process CO2 emissions [from calcining concrete] are included. 2) pipeline leakage methane is, but hydro reservoirs are not due to the aggregate electricity sector. 3) air travel is CO2 only due to the uncertainty in contrail effect. 4) LUC [Land Use Change] not included due to lack of data (but it can be included in such a model; the US inventory just doesn't allow us to do it with any resolution). 5) gas flaring is included." | http://xls.co2list.org/ | ||||
173 | Bake potatoes‡ | 1.03 | 1.03 | Pounds of CO2 per pound of potatoes or kilos per kilo | Baking anything generally takes more watts & more minutes than boiling or microwaving. Both estimates here involve cooking about 2 pounds of potatoes (just cook, not grow or deliver, which are in Food, section 1 above). | |
174 | Microwave potatoes‡ | 0.28 | 0.28 | |||
175 | Boil potatoes‡ | 0.24 | 0.24 | |||
176 | Source: Carbon Trust Report CTC744. | http://www.carbontrust.co.uk/Publicsites/cScape.CT.PublicationsOrdering/PublicationAudit.aspx?id=CTC744 | ||||
177 | Hot water | 0.013 | 0.11 | Pounds of CO2 per gallon, gas heater, kg/liter | Heat water from temperature of pipes in the ground (50oF, 10C) to 105oF (40C). Each 5-minute shower with a water-saving 2.2gpm (8 liter/min) shower head (http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/procurement/eep_showerhead.html) releases 1-3 pounds (0.5-1.4kg) CO2 plus whatever it took to collect, treat & deliver the water. | |
178 | 0.031 | 0.26 | Pounds of CO2 per gallon, electric heater, kg/liter | |||
179 | Source: CO2 emissions from fuel data below. 105oF (40C) is a typical temperature of the mixed (hot+cold) water for a shower or handwashing. OSHA Technical Manual recommends 140oF (60C) in the heater to kill Legionella, and 122oF (50C) at the hot water faucets to minimize Legionella growth in the pipes while also minimizing scalding (Technical Manual Sec.III Ch.7 subsection V.C.3.a). | http://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/otm/otm_iii/otm_iii_7.html#5 | ||||
180 | A "tempering valve" at the tank can achieve both goals. | http://www.google.com/products?q=%22tempering+valve%22 | ||||
181 | Washing machine temperatures are discussed with Appliances. The 140oF (60C) washing machine temperature discussed there can be achieved by bypassing the tempering valve. | http://Your.CO2List.org | ||||
182 | Wisconsin has a calculator to estimate water heater fuel use at various temperatures. | http://www.doa.state.wi.us/docs_view2.asp?docid=2249 | ||||
183 | 7-Transport, Total CO2 | Kilos CO2 | Pounds CO2 | Includes manufacture & maintenance of vehicles, fuel, stations, roads, airports, ports, pipelines. Spreadsheet has complete sources and calculation | ||
184 | Car | 0.50 | 1.8 | Pounds of CO2 per mile at 17 mpg, or kg per km at 7 kpl (14 liters/100km) | Note it would be half as much (per passenger mile) with 2 people in car, or 1/4 as much with 4 people in car. In either case, cutting miles 20% cuts CO2 20%. Cutting speed from 65mph to 52mph cuts CO2 another 10%. Further discussion is at http://Your.CO2List.org | |
185 | 0.35 | 1.2 | Pounds of CO2 per mile at 28 mpg, or kg per km at 12 kpl (8 liters/100km) | |||
186 | Airplane | 164 | 362 | Pounds or kilos of CO2 per passenger, per flight | Note exponential formula, which correctly increases emissions for long flights which have to carry a lot of fuel. It works out to362 pounds for taxiing, takeoff & landing in a short flight. It adds 0.9 pounds per mile for short flights, but 1.2 pounds per mile for a 4,000-mile flight or 3.3 pounds per mile for a 17,000-mile flight. Theory is at: | |
187 | + | + | ||||
188 | 3268 | 7206 | ||||
189 | × (( | × (( | Number on this row is raised to a power (miles or km): creating an exponential multiplier which adjusts emissions to the length of the flight | |||
190 | 1.0000791 | 1.000127 | ||||
191 | ^km) -1) | ^miles) -1) | http://co2list.org/files/exp.htm | |||
192 | Airplane | 104 | 230 | Pounds or kilos of CO2 per passenger, per flight | This is a simpler linear approximation, with a smaller constant per takeoff, but more per mile, than the exponential formula above. | |
193 | + | + | ||||
194 | 0.34 | 1.20 | ||||
195 | ×km | ×miles | ||||
196 | Local bus | 0.2 | 0.7 | Pounds of CO2 per passenger mile or kg per passenger-kilometer | Empty on much of route; stop & go. | |
197 | Long distance bus | 0.05 | 0.2 | Routes are designed so buses are full | ||
198 | Commuter rail | 0.11 | 0.4 | Would be higher than direct measure below, but this commuter rail study covers only a few systems, with very high ridership, so low emissions per passenger mile | ||
199 | Sources: Chester, 2008, Life-cycle Environmental Inventory of Passenger Transportation in the United States | http://repositories.cdlib.org/its/ds/UCB-ITS-DS-2008-1 | ||||
200 | based on Carnegie-Mellon's Input-Output model of the US economy | http://eiolca.net | ||||
201 | For cars, the estimates include manufacture, refrigerant leaks, roads, etc. We slightly correct the CO2 from fuel to match EIA figures of 19.6 pounds CO2 per gallon of gas. The spreadsheet compares other sources with surprisingly consistent results, | http://xls.co2list.org/ | ||||
202 | including Toyota | http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3012/is_2_185/ai_n12937459 | ||||
203 | and Environmental Defense Fund. | http://www.edf.org/documents/3986_CAAutoCarbonBurden.pdf | ||||
204 | For air, Chester reports small, medium and large planes, typically used on short, medium and long trips. We add effects of NOX, water vapor & contrails, and fit an equation to show how emissions vary per mile. The spreadsheet compares our estimates to several other sources. | http://xls.co2list.org/ | ||||
205 | An effect not included here is that contrails reduce the daily temperature range about 2oF by cooling the days and warming the nights. It is not clear how or whether this affects global warming. | http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v418/n6898/abs/418601a.html | ||||
206 | and | |||||
207 | Walking | 0.19 | 0.69 | Pounds of CO2 per mile at 2-4 mph, or kg/km at 3-6 kph | Includes food to supply calories burned, and emissions from manufacturing shoes which last 400 miles. Walking includes building sidewalks for 50% of miles walked. Running does not include any particular surface. | |
208 | Running | 0.18 | 0.64 | Pounds of CO2 per mile at 6-11 mph, or kg/km at 10-18 kph | ||
209 | Bicycle | 0.07 | 0.24 | Pounds of CO2 per mile (at 10-20 mph, or 30 mph in electric bicycle), or kg/km (at 16-32 kph, or 48kph electric) | Includes CO2 from building bike lanes for 10% of distance traveled. Includes food to supply calories burned, and emissions from producing bike lane and bike (whose parts last weighted average of 20,000 miles or 32,000 km). Electric bike assumes 1,000 watts and 20% recharging loss. | |
210 | Rail freight | 0.020 | 0.06 | Pounds of CO2 per ton mile, or kg per tonne-kilometer | ||
211 | Inland water | 0.021 | 0.07 | |||
212 | Ocean shipping, container | 0.014 | 0.05 | |||
213 | Ocean shipping, bulk | 0.011 | 0.04 | |||
214 | Ocean shipping, tanker | 0.007 | 0.02 | |||
215 | Oil pipeline | 0.016 | 0.05 | |||
216 | Gas pipeline | 0.18 | 0.58 | includes gas leaks (methane) from pipeline | ||
217 | Truck | 0.18 | 0.58 | |||
218 | Air freight | 0.7 | 2.2 | |||
219 | Source: Weber & Matthews 2008 "Food-Miles and the Relative Climate Impacts of Food Choices in the United States" based on Carnegie-Mellon's Input-Output model of the US economy, eiolca.net | http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/es702969f | ||||
220 | TRANSPORT, Direct Fuel | Kilos CO2 | Pounds CO2 | Omits manufacture & maintenance of vehicles, stations, railroads. Spreadsheet has complete sources and calculation | ||
221 | Power boat | 3.4 | 12 | Pounds of CO2 per mile at 2 mpg, or kg/km at .85 kpl | ||
222 | 1.7 | 6 | Pounds of CO2 per mile at 4 mpg, or kg/km at 1.7 kpl | |||
223 | Source: Boats range from less than half a mile per gallon to 11 miles per gallon. 2 - 4 mpg is a fairly common level. | http://fuel.boatwakes.org/ | ||||
224 | There is a graph of mpg by speed for a variety of boats at | http://boatwakes.org/files/graph.htm | ||||
225 | Commuter rail | 0.11 | 0.4 | National averages are nearly the same for local & long distance trains | ||
226 | Diesel trains (Amtrak) | 0.12 | 0.4 | Pounds of CO2 per passenger mile, or kg/km | ||
227 | Electric trains (Amtrak) | 0.09 | 0.3 | |||
228 | Source: M.J. Bradley & Associates 2007 for American Bus Association, Table 1.1 "Comparison of Energy Use & CO2 Emissions From Different Transportation Modes" | http://www.buses.org/files/ComparativeEnergy.pdf | ||||
229 | 8 - FUELS | Grams CO2 per Megajoule | Pounds CO2 per unit shown below | Grams per megajoule (MJ) are often used internationally to compare CO2 for the same energy of different fuels. A MJ is small, just over a quarter of a kilowatt-hour (0.28). Divide the grams shown here by 126 to get pounds per kWh. Divide by 454 to get pounds per MJ. Divide by 1,000 to get kilos per MJ. | ||
230 | Spreadsheet has complete sources and calculations. | |||||
231 | Figures include production, delivery losses, and deforestation, except where noted. Hydro, biofuels, wind & coal all release CO2 by deforestation. Solar can avoid deforestation if placed on roofs and deserts. | |||||
232 | Electricity emits higher CO2 for the same energy (per MJ) than other fuels, because of losses in generating & transmitting. | |||||
233 | Electricity | 230 | 1.8 | per kilowatt hour delivered, US average | Includes CO2 from fossil fuels, hydroelectricity, nuclear, wind, solar. Further discussion and other countries are at http://Your.CO2List.org | |
234 | Electricity | 230 | 18 | per US $ 2008 | 2008 prices & 2004 production methods, same sources as "per kWh" data above | |
235 | Electricity | na | 20 | per US $ 1997 | 11 Canada, 13 Mexico, 15 China, 9 Japan, 7 Korea, 7 UK, 15 Germany, all in pounds of CO2 per US $ 1997 at purchasing power parities (PPP). Excludes deforestation and nuclear waste. | |
236 | Nuclear | 40 | 0.3 | per kilowatt-hour delivered | Will rise when growth requires mining & enriching lower grade ores. We added $1 billion/year for 1,000 years of protection of radioactive waste (adds 1.4g/MJ). Further discussion is at Your.CO2List.org | |
237 | Sources: Basic data are from Battelle 6/2007 for US Dept. of Energy, Deru and Torcellini "Source Energy and Emission Factors." | http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/884990 | ||||
238 | Prices by state are from EIA table 5.6.B. | http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epm/table5_6_b.html | ||||
239 | 1997 data are from Carnegie-Mellon's EIOLCA.net model of the US economy, with comparisons to other countries' Input-Output models, Weber & Matthews 2007, "Embodied Environmental Emissions in US International Trade" | http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/es0629110 | ||||
240 | Nuclear data are from Storm van Leeuwen 2008 "Nuclear Power - the Energy Balance" and include a small allowance to mine a cavern for permanent storage. | http://www.stormsmith.nl/ | ||||
241 | Further discussion is at | http://Your.CO2List.org | ||||
242 | Solar panel: monocrystalline silicon | 17 | 0.13 | per kilowatt-hour delivered, if it produces electricity for 30 years | 64 pounds CO2 per square foot photovoltaic | |
243 | Solar panel: multicrystalline silicon | 16 | 0.13 | 58 pounds per square foot photovoltaic | ||
244 | Solar panel: ribbon silicon | 14 | 0.11 | 42 pounds per square foot photovoltaic | ||
245 | Solar panel: cadmium telluride | 8 | 0.06 | 20 pounds per square foot photovoltaic | ||
246 | Source: Brookhaven National Laboratory, Columbia & Utrecht Universities, Fthenakis, Kim and Alsema 2008 "Emissions from Photovoltaic Life Cycles." Most CO2 emissions are from energy used during manufacture, and they can be reduced by using solar electricity instead of grid electricity. | http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/es071763q | ||||
247 | Wind Turbine | 13 | 0.11 | per kilowatt-hour delivered, if it produces electricity for 20 years | 11,000,000 pounds per 1.8 megawatt turbine. Windmills take energy to manufacture the steel structure, concrete base, and transmission wires. If land is cleared to allow wind to reach the structure, that also releases CO2. Also kills birds & bats | |
248 | Hydroelectric (average weighted by power, primarily scrubland) | 134 | 1.1 | per kilowatt-hour delivered | Preliminary. Includes deforestation for reservoir. Reservoir also converts to methane some of the flooded carbon, as well as tributaries' carbon detritus, which would have just become CO2 without the low oxygen conditions at the bottom of the reservoir. The higher numbers shown are from shallow tropical reservoirs which flood & decay large areas relative to the power generated; even so these are underestimates, since they omit construction, and gas released at turbines. Further discussion is at Your.CO2List.org | |
249 | Hydroelectric (unweighted average of ecosystems) | 446 | 3.5 | |||
250 | Hydroelectric (in rain forest) | 1575 | 12 | |||
251 | Source for wind turbines: Spreadsheet has partial estimates for the steel structure, concrete base and clearing a ridgetop location, as well as a couple of estimates from the wind industry. | http://xls.co2list.org/ | ||||
252 | Source for hydroelectric: Farrer 2007 "Hydroelectric Reservoirs - the Carbon Dioxide and Methane Emissions of a 'Carbon Free' Energy Source" | http://www.up.ethz.ch/education/term_paper/termpaper_hs07/Farrer_rev_termpaper_hs07.pdf | ||||
253 | Further discussion is at | Your.CO2List.org | ||||
254 | Anthracite coal | 101 | 2.9 | Note coal releases at least 40% more CO2 than natural gas to create the same energy. Omits deforestation of mountain tops & valley fills. | ||
255 | Bituminous coal | 104 | 2.9 | per pound | ||
256 | Lignite | 162 | 2.4 | |||
257 | Natural gas | 63 | 15 | per 100 cubic feet or per therm | Some people are billed by cubic foot, some by therm (100,000 BTU). 100 cubic feet contain about one therm, Pipe leaks may not be fully covered by these figures. Leaks are particularly important, since natural gas is CH4, methane, which is a much more powerful greenhouse gas than CO2. | |
258 | Diesel & heating oil | 83 | 27 | per gallon | ||
259 | Gasoline | 83 | 24 | per gallon | Go slow: 52 saves CO2 | |
260 | ||||||
261 | Sources: Battelle 6/2007 for US Dept. of Energy, Deru and Torcellini "Source Energy and Emission Factors." | http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/884990 | ||||
262 | European Union 2008 Well to Tank Report, pp.47-51,regularly updated. | http://ies.jrc.ec.europa.eu/uploads/media/WTT%20App%202%20v30%20181108.pdf | ||||
263 | Study for GM by Argonne National Laboratory, BP, Exxon-Mobil & Shell 2001, fig.ES-1.4 Well-to-Wheel Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Advanced Fuel/Vehicle Systems | http://www.transportation.anl.gov/pdfs/TA/163.pdf | ||||
264 | or draft copy. Note this is just CO2 from the fuel; full impact of transport is above, at the heading "Transport." | http://www.cleanairnet.org/infopool/1411/articles-35722_well_wheel.pdf | ||||
265 | Ethanol from corn in USA | 119 | 35 | per quantity of each fuel, having the same energy as one gallon of gas | Includes deforestation amortized over 100 years of production. Fields diverted from food to ethanol are replaced by clearing forests elsewhere for food | |
266 | Ethanol from sugar cane in Brazil | 69 | 20 | |||
267 | Ethanol from corn in USA | 72 | 21 | per quantity of each fuel, having the same energy as one gallon of gas | Omits deforestation. | |
268 | Ethanol from sugar cane in Brazil | 15 | 4 | |||
269 | Ethanol from sugar beets in EU | 26 | 8 | |||
270 | Biodiesel | 15 | 4 | per quantity of each fuel, having the same energy as one gallon of gas | Omits deforestation for palm oil plantations. Waste oils are too few for significant biodiesel production. Greenpeace says, "Using biofuels containing palm oil to tackle climate change is like using a can of petrol to put out a fire and would produce more carbon emissions than burning conventional fossil fuels." http://www.greenpeace.org.uk/forests/faq-palm-oil-forests-and-climate-change. Algal diesel emits N2O and methane, and only careful design can make CO2 effects less than diesel http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/7/1/014030/article | |
271 | Biodiesel | 76 | 22 | |||
272 | Hydrogen in EU from natural gas | 112 | 33 | per quantity of hydrogen, having the same energy as one gallon of gas | Hydrogen is clean at point of use, but producing it uses more energy than it contains. | |
273 | Sources: Most data on biofuels and hydrogen come from European Commission Joint Research Centre 2008 Well to Tank Report, pp.47-51, regularly updated. The study includes greenhouse gases released in producing the fuels, but not deforestation. | http://ies.jrc.ec.europa.eu/uploads/media/WTT%20App%202%20v30%20181108.pdf | ||||
274 | Deforestation is estimated from several sources, shown in spreadsheet. | http://xls.co2list.org | ||||
275 | Farm products (food, cloth, leather, biofuels) release greenhouse gases from (a) energy used to manufacture artificial fertilizer, (b) fossil fuel in making and running farm and transport equipment, (c) fixing N2 in the soil, and then releasing some as N2O, a greenhouse gas (p.61 of IEA 2004 Biofuels for Transport | http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2004/biofuels2004.pdf | ||||
276 | and Crutzen et al. 2008 "N2O Release...") | http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/8/389/2008/acp-8-389-2008.html | ||||
277 | and Davidson 2012 "Representative concentration pathways..." | http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/7/2/024005/article | ||||
278 | (d) methane (CH4) created in animal stomachs and intestines, (e) deforestation when fields expand. Another thorough discussion is ICSU's | http://icsu.org/ | ||||
279 | 2009 report on Biofuels, particularly chapters 6 on land use and 5 on greenhouse gases. | http://cip.cornell.edu/biofuels/ | ||||
280 | Propane, LPG | 72 | 15 | |||
281 | "Residual" Fuel Oil | 90 | 28 | per gallon | ||
282 | Kerosene, used by 99% of civilian planes | 81 | 25 | |||
283 | Source: Battelle 6/2007 for US Dept. of Energy, Deru and Torcellini "Source Energy and Emission Factors. | http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/884990 | ||||
284 | "Aviation gas;" used by 1% of civilian planes | 75 | 21 | |||
285 | "Jet fuel," used by some military planes, but declining | 77 | 27 | per gallon | ||
286 | Petroleum coke | 97 | 32 | |||
287 | Lubricants | 89 | 28 | Omits production & delivery | ||
288 | Butane | 69 | 15 | |||
289 | Tires, tire-derived fuel | 82 | 3 | per pound | ||
290 | Municipal solid waste | 86 | 1.0 | |||
291 | Crude oil | 71 | 951 | per barrel (42 gallons) | ||
292 | Source: EIA Emission Coefficient | http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/coefficients.html | ||||
293 | 9 - Land Clearance | Kg CO2 per square meter | Pounds CO2 per square foot | Spreadsheet has complete sources and calculation | ||
294 | Equatorial Forests in Tropics | 87 | -105 | 18 | -21 | IF CLEARED |
295 | 103 | -122 | 21 | -25 | IF FLOODED (When land is flooded by a dam, more carbon-equivalent is released than when the same land is cleared, since flooding converts carbon to methane which has a stronger greenhouse effect) | |
296 | Seasonal Forests in Tropics | 52 | -78 | 11 | -16 | If cleared |
297 | 65 | -89 | 13 | -18 | If flooded | |
298 | Dry Forests in Tropics | 34 | -58 | 7 | -12 | If cleared |
299 | 43 | -69 | 9 | -14 | If flooded | |
300 | Temperate & Northern Forests | 33 | -43 | 7 | -9 | If cleared |
301 | 33 | -40 | 7 | -8 | If flooded (Less methane in cold climates than in the tropics) | |
302 | Sources: 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, | http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/pdf/4_Volume4/V4_04_Ch4_Forest_Land.pdf | ||||
303 | Gibbs et al., "Monitoring and estimating tropical forest carbon stocks," | http://www.sage.wisc.edu/pubs/articles/F-L/Gibbs/gibbsERLarticle2007.pdf | ||||
304 | Soil data from Houghton+Hackler. CDIAC 2001, Carbon Flux to the Atmosphere from Land-Use Changes: 1850 to 1990 | http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/epubs/ndp/ndp050/ndp050appC.html | ||||
305 | Contact us | |||||
306 | Notes are at http://Your.CO2List.org and complete sources and calculations are at xls.CO2List.org Data from US, except: | |||||
307 | ‡ Data are from UK | |||||
308 | † Data are from Australia | |||||
309 | ||||||
310 | Conversion Factors Used | |||||
311 | kilos/pound | 0.4536 | ||||
312 | sq.feet/sq.meter | 10.7639 | 4.8824 | convert lb/sf to kg/sq.m | ||
313 | cubic yard/cubic meter | 1.3080 | 0.5933 | convert lb/cu.yd to kg/cu.meter | ||
314 | gallons/liter | 0.2641721 | 0.1198 | convert lb/gallon to kg/liter | ||
315 | kwh/megajoule | 0.277777778 | 0.1260 | convert lb/kwh to kg/megajoule | ||
316 | mile/kilometer | 0.6214 | 0.2818 | convert lb/mi to kg/km | ||
317 | ton/tonne | 1.1023 | 0.3107 | convert lb/ton-mile to kg/tonne-km | ||
1 | Downloaded from CO²LIST.ORG | |||||||||||||||||
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2 | SPREADSHEET: SOURCES & CALCULATIONS, for CO2List.org | Solar, Wind, Nuclear at bottom; Hydro on "Forest" tab | ||||||||||||||||
3 | This summary offers complete transparency about where the data at CO2List.org come from and what calculations were done to bring all items into comparable units of carbon dioxide. | |||||||||||||||||
4 | Colors tie together data from each source. Black shows our calculations from those data. | |||||||||||||||||
5 | ||||||||||||||||||
6 | Tabs at the bottom of the screen show other pages available, with arrows to move farther right or left. | |||||||||||||||||
7 | When you click on any black number, a line at the top of your computer screen will show if a formula calculates the cell, such as converting everything to pounds of CO2. | |||||||||||||||||
8 | Formulas refer to other cells by column and row, like E19 | |||||||||||||||||
9 | You can insert new numbers, formulas, totals, averages, etc. wherever you wish. If you lose data, you can get the original again from the CO2List.org | |||||||||||||||||
10 | If you want more space, you can insert an entire row or column by right-clicking a cell and answering the questions | |||||||||||||||||
11 | ||||||||||||||||||
12 | ELECTRICITY | US has 5 main electric grids, with much sharing inside, & little outside. CO2 output depends on your grid, not your state's plants, which may provide | ||||||||||||||||
13 | little of your power. For example Idaho has mostly low-CO2 hydroelectric plants, but gets over half its electricity from the Western grid, which emits much more CO2. | |||||||||||||||||
14 | CO2 Equivalent | Retail Price of Electricity, Cents per kWh delivered, Jan-August 2008 | 1998-2000 Average State-level Utility Emission Coefficients | |||||||||||||||
15 | Battelle 6/2007 for US Dept. of Energy, Deru+Torcellini "Source Energy and Emission Factors": http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/884990 | http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epm/table5_6_b.html | http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/FTPROOT/environment/e-supdoc-u.pdf | |||||||||||||||
16 | (see Nations tab for non-fossil fuels) | CO2e released by fossil fuels | includes prices for generating and delivering power | Gases released during combustion only | ||||||||||||||
17 | Grid (abbrev. below) | Pounds of CO2e per kWh Delivered | Pounds of CO2e per Dollar Billed | Mining, refining & shipping fossil fuels | Burning fossil fuels | Power lost in trans-mission | Residential | Com-mercial | Indus-trial | Transpor-tation | Average | CO2, tons | Methane (CH4) lbs | Nitrous Oxide (N20) lbs | CO2e, pounds | |||
18 | US Average (See "Nations" tab for other countries) | per Megawatt hour generated | per kWh generated | |||||||||||||||
19 | All fuels for electricity | 1.8 | 18 | |||||||||||||||
20 | Fossil fuels, US | U | 1.7 | 17 | 9% | 82% | 9% | 11.21 | 10.25 | 6.94 | 11.28 | 9.73 | 0.668 | 0.0111 | 0.0192 | 1.34 | ||
21 | Fossil fuels, states | |||||||||||||||||
22 | Alabama | E | 1.7 | 21 | 9% | 83% | 9% | 10.04 | 9.53 | 5.81 | -- | 8.25 | 0.656 | 0.0137 | 0.0223 | 1.32 | ||
23 | Alaska | A | 1.7 | 12 | 15% | 74% | 11% | 16.29 | 13.07 | 14.51 | -- | 14.46 | 0.69 | 0.0068 | 0.0089 | 1.38 | ||
24 | Arizona | W | 1.3 | 14 | 11% | 82% | 8% | 10.3 | 8.93 | 6.7 | -- | 9.17 | 0.525 | 0.0068 | 0.0154 | 1.05 | ||
25 | Arkansas | E | 1.7 | 23 | 9% | 83% | 9% | 9.36 | 7.66 | 5.94 | -- | 7.67 | 0.643 | 0.0125 | 0.0203 | 1.29 | ||
26 | California | W | 1.3 | 10 | 11% | 82% | 8% | 14.42 | 12.91 | 10.17 | 8.09 | 12.9 | 0.303 | 0.0067 | 0.0037 | 0.61 | ||
27 | Colorado | W | 1.3 | 15 | 11% | 82% | 8% | 10.06 | 8.64 | 6.55 | 8.25 | 8.59 | 0.963 | 0.0127 | 0.0289 | 1.93 | ||
28 | Connecticut | E | 1.7 | 10 | 9% | 83% | 9% | 19.09 | 15.86 | 13.76 | 13.81 | 16.8 | 0.471 | 0.0174 | 0.012 | 0.95 | ||
29 | Delaware | E | 1.7 | 14 | 9% | 83% | 9% | 13.69 | 11.87 | 10.24 | -- | 12.16 | 0.915 | 0.0123 | 0.0227 | 1.84 | ||
30 | District of Columbia | E | 1.7 | 13 | 9% | 83% | 9% | 12.43 | 13.72 | 11.18 | 14.12 | 13.45 | 0.683 | 0.0118 | 0.0206 | 1.37 | ||
31 | Florida | E | 1.7 | 16 | 9% | 83% | 9% | 11.47 | 9.95 | 8.12 | 9.91 | 10.56 | 0.697 | 0.015 | 0.018 | 1.40 | ||
32 | Georgia | E | 1.7 | 20 | 9% | 83% | 9% | 10.05 | 9.15 | 6.65 | 7.24 | 8.9 | 0.683 | 0.0129 | 0.0226 | 1.37 | ||
33 | Hawaii | H | 1.9 | 7 | 14% | 77% | 8% | 31.84 | 29.14 | 25.47 | -- | 28.61 | 0.831 | 0.0214 | 0.0183 | 1.67 | ||
34 | Idaho | W | 1.3 | 23 | 11% | 82% | 8% | 6.89 | 5.61 | 4.5 | -- | 5.61 | 0.014 | 0.008 | 0.0033 | 0.03 | ||
35 | Illinois | E | 1.7 | 20 | 9% | 83% | 9% | 10.65 | 8.84 | NM | 7.22 | 8.87 | 0.582 | 0.0082 | 0.018 | 1.17 | ||
36 | Indiana | E | 1.7 | 25 | 9% | 83% | 9% | 8.59 | 7.56 | 5.37 | 9.45 | 6.89 | 1.038 | 0.0143 | 0.0323 | 2.09 | ||
37 | Iowa | E | 1.7 | 25 | 9% | 83% | 9% | 9.53 | 7.2 | 4.88 | NM | 6.97 | 0.941 | 0.0138 | 0.0298 | 1.89 | ||
38 | Kansas | E | 1.7 | 23 | 9% | 83% | 9% | 9.16 | 7.72 | NM | -- | 7.72 | 0.842 | 0.0112 | 0.0254 | 1.69 | ||
39 | Kentucky | E | 1.7 | 29 | 9% | 83% | 9% | 7.62 | 7.05 | 4.74 | -- | 6.09 | 1.004 | 0.014 | 0.0321 | 2.02 | ||
40 | Louisiana | E | 1.7 | 19 | 9% | 83% | 9% | 10.37 | 10.12 | 7.91 | 12.11 | 9.4 | 0.589 | 0.0094 | 0.0112 | 1.18 | ||
41 | Maine | E | 1.7 | 13 | 9% | 83% | 9% | 15.93 | 12.98 | 12.04 | -- | 13.78 | 0.426 | 0.0565 | 0.027 | 0.86 | ||
42 | Maryland | E | 1.7 | 14 | 9% | 83% | 9% | 13.52 | 12.51 | 10.44 | 11.95 | 12.76 | 0.683 | 0.0118 | 0.0206 | 1.37 | ||
43 | Massachusetts | E | 1.7 | 11 | 9% | 83% | 9% | 17.1 | 16.04 | 14.19 | 11.5 | 16.09 | 0.639 | 0.0174 | 0.0159 | 1.28 | ||
44 | Michigan | E | 1.7 | 19 | 9% | 83% | 9% | 10.84 | 9.4 | 6.84 | 12.27 | 9.1 | 0.79 | 0.0146 | 0.025 | 1.59 | ||
45 | Minnesota | E | 1.7 | 22 | 9% | 83% | 9% | 9.55 | 7.87 | 5.98 | 8.12 | 7.78 | 0.762 | 0.0157 | 0.0247 | 1.53 | ||
46 | Mississippi | E | 1.7 | 20 | 9% | 83% | 9% | 10.23 | 9.87 | 6.31 | -- | 8.78 | 0.647 | 0.0132 | 0.0165 | 1.30 | ||
47 | Missouri | E | 1.7 | 25 | 9% | 83% | 9% | 7.96 | 6.65 | 4.96 | 5.48 | 6.86 | 0.92 | 0.0126 | 0.0288 | 1.85 | ||
48 | Montana | W | 1.3 | 16 | 11% | 82% | 8% | 9.09 | 8.4 | 6.46 | -- | 8.01 | 0.717 | 0.0108 | 0.0227 | 1.44 | ||
49 | Nebraska | E | 1.7 | 27 | 9% | 83% | 9% | 7.73 | 6.52 | 5.08 | -- | 6.47 | 0.7 | 0.0095 | 0.0219 | 1.41 | ||
50 | Nevada | W | 1.3 | 13 | 11% | 82% | 8% | 11.94 | 10.19 | 8.25 | 9.74 | 10.07 | 0.759 | 0.009 | 0.0195 | 1.52 | ||
51 | New Hampshire | E | 1.7 | 12 | 9% | 83% | 9% | 15.4 | 14.04 | 12.96 | -- | 14.38 | 0.341 | 0.0172 | 0.0141 | 0.69 | ||
52 | New Jersey | E | 1.7 | 12 | 9% | 83% | 9% | 15.89 | 14.81 | 12.91 | 16.83 | 15 | 0.353 | 0.0077 | 0.0079 | 0.71 | ||
53 | New Mexico | W | 1.3 | 16 | 11% | 82% | 8% | 9.94 | 8.61 | 6.36 | -- | 8.32 | 1.009 | 0.0131 | 0.0296 | 2.03 | ||
54 | New York | E | 1.7 | 10 | 9% | 83% | 9% | 18.55 | 16.9 | 10.32 | 13.82 | 16.73 | 0.429 | 0.0081 | 0.0089 | 0.86 | ||
55 | North Carolina | E | 1.7 | 22 | 9% | 83% | 9% | 9.55 | 7.57 | 5.49 | 6.43 | 7.98 | 0.621 | 0.0105 | 0.0203 | 1.25 | ||
56 | North Dakota | E | 1.7 | 26 | 9% | 83% | 9% | 7.39 | 6.68 | 5.51 | -- | 6.58 | 1.121 | 0.0147 | 0.0339 | 2.25 | ||
57 | Ohio | E | 1.7 | 21 | 9% | 83% | 9% | 10.02 | 9.13 | 6.15 | 10.39 | 8.34 | 0.9 | 0.013 | 0.0288 | 1.81 | ||
58 | Oklahoma | E | 1.7 | 22 | 9% | 83% | 9% | 9.29 | 8.08 | 5.98 | -- | 8.01 | 0.861 | 0.011 | 0.0223 | 1.73 | ||
59 | Oregon | W | 1.3 | 18 | 11% | 82% | 8% | 8.52 | 7.59 | 4.91 | 6.78 | 7.27 | 0.141 | 0.0033 | 0.0034 | 0.28 | ||
60 | Pennsylvania | E | 1.7 | 19 | 9% | 83% | 9% | 11.4 | 9.39 | 7.04 | 7.59 | 9.36 | 0.632 | 0.0107 | 0.0203 | 1.27 | ||
61 | Rhode Island | E | 1.7 | 11 | 9% | 83% | 9% | 17.14 | 15.26 | 14.26 | -- | 15.87 | 0.526 | 0.0068 | 0.0047 | 1.05 | ||
62 | South Carolina | E | 1.7 | 22 | 9% | 83% | 9% | 9.88 | 8.42 | 5.26 | -- | 7.79 | 0.417 | 0.0091 | 0.0145 | 0.84 | ||
63 | South Dakota | E | 1.7 | 25 | 9% | 83% | 9% | 8.11 | 6.74 | 5.27 | -- | 6.99 | 0.399 | 0.0053 | 0.0121 | 0.80 | ||
64 | Tennessee | E | 1.7 | 23 | 9% | 83% | 9% | 8.36 | 8.57 | 5.98 | 9.41 | 7.67 | 0.648 | 0.0105 | 0.0212 | 1.30 | ||
65 | Texas | T | 1.8 | 17 | 11% | 75% | 14% | 12.83 | 10.82 | 8.97 | 8.47 | 11.03 | 0.732 | 0.0077 | 0.0146 | 1.47 | ||
66 | Utah | W | 1.3 | 20 | 11% | 82% | 8% | 8.34 | 6.69 | 4.63 | 7.82 | 6.55 | 0.967 | 0.0134 | 0.0308 | 1.94 | ||
67 | Vermont | E | 1.7 | 14 | 9% | 83% | 9% | 14.51 | 12.47 | 9 | -- | 12.28 | 0.014 | 0.0096 | 0.0039 | 0.03 | ||
68 | Virginia | E | 1.7 | 23 | 9% | 83% | 9% | 9.37 | 7.03 | 5.37 | 7.38 | 7.71 | 0.582 | 0.0137 | 0.0192 | 1.17 | ||
69 | Washington | W | 1.3 | 20 | 11% | 82% | 8% | 7.53 | 6.73 | 4.74 | 5.91 | 6.61 | 0.123 | 0.0037 | 0.004 | 0.25 | ||
70 | West Virginia | E | 1.7 | 32 | 9% | 83% | 9% | 6.93 | 5.98 | 4.13 | 6.5 | 5.51 | 0.988 | 0.0137 | 0.0316 | 1.99 | ||
71 | Wisconsin | E | 1.7 | 20 | 9% | 83% | 9% | 11.35 | 9.14 | 6.46 | -- | 8.89 | 0.821 | 0.0138 | 0.026 | 1.65 | ||
72 | Wyoming | W | 1.3 | 23 | 11% | 82% | 8% | 8.03 | 6.6 | 4.46 | -- | 5.63 | 1.073 | 0.0147 | 0.0338 | 2.16 | ||
73 | Includes all costs: generating, transmitting, bonds, etc. | Global Warming Potential for years below | ||||||||||||||||
74 | Note: does not include emissions from plant construction & maintenance | 1 | 72 | 289 | 20 | years | ||||||||||||
75 | 1 | 25 | 298 | 100 | years | |||||||||||||
76 | 1 | 21 | 310 | 100 | years, former estimate from IPCC "SAR" Second Review | |||||||||||||
77 | 1 | 7.6 | 153 | 500 | years | |||||||||||||
78 | p.212 of http://ipcc-wg1.ucar.edu/wg1/Report/AR4WG1_Print_Ch02.pdf | |||||||||||||||||
79 | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming_potential | |||||||||||||||||
80 | Main Electric Grids | Battelle 6/2007 for US Dept. of Energy, Deru+Torcellini "Source Energy and Emission Factors": http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy07osti/38617.pdf | ||||||||||||||||
81 | 2004 | Post-Combustion (Transmission & Distribution Losses) as % of generated kWh | Pre-combustion | Combustion | Post-Combustion | Total Lb CO2e per delivered kWh | Total Lb CO2e per delivered 100,000 BTU | Pre-combustion | Combus-tion | Post-Combustion | Pounds CO2e per delivered megajoule | Grams CO2e per delivered megajoule | Pre + Post combustion as % of combustion | |||||
82 | Pounds CO2e per delivered kWh | as % of total Pounds CO2e | ||||||||||||||||
83 | US average | U | 9.9% | 0.154 | 1.37 | 0.15 | 1.7 | 49 | 9% | 82% | 9% | 0.464 | 210 | 22% | ||||
84 | Eastern grid | E | 9.6% | 0.152 | 1.43 | 0.15 | 1.7 | 51 | 9% | 83% | 9% | 219 | 21% | |||||
85 | Western grid | W | 8.4% | 0.138 | 1.07 | 0.10 | 1.3 | 38 | 11% | 82% | 8% | 165 | 22% | |||||
86 | Central Texas (ERCOT-energy reliability council of texas) | T | 16.1% | 0.209 | 1.38 | 0.25 | 1.8 | 54 | 11% | 75% | 14% | 232 | 33% | |||||
87 | Alaska | A | 12.9% | 0.250 | 1.26 | 0.19 | 1.7 | 50 | 15% | 74% | 11% | 215 | 35% | |||||
88 | Hawaii | H | 8.9% | 0.277 | 1.48 | 0.155 | 1.9 | 56 | 14% | 77% | 8% | 241 | 29% | |||||
89 | Map of these grids is at http://www.eia.gov/cneaf/electricity/chg_stru_update/fig7.html | |||||||||||||||||
90 | See also comparisons for 8 countries at bottom of "Countries" tab | |||||||||||||||||
91 | ||||||||||||||||||
92 | EXAMPLES | US average | ||||||||||||||||
93 | lbs/kWh | 1.80 | ||||||||||||||||
94 | kWh/lb | 0.5559396755 | ||||||||||||||||
95 | Watt hours per lb CO2 | 556 | ||||||||||||||||
96 | Wattage of any item | 5,000 | 1,500 | 100 | 23 | 400 | ||||||||||||
97 | hours per pound CO2 | 0.11 | 0.37 | 6 | 24 | |||||||||||||
98 | minutes per pound CO2 | 7 | 22 | 334 | 1,450 | |||||||||||||
99 | 400 kwh | 720 | ||||||||||||||||
100 | $40/month | 8,238 | pounds CO2 per year | |||||||||||||||
101 | ||||||||||||||||||
102 | SOLAR CELLS | http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1021/es071763q?cookieSet=1 | Greenhouse gases:CO2 equivalent | |||||||||||||||
103 | Performance ratio | Conversion efficiency | Sun: kWh/sq.m/yr | payback: yrs | Life: yrs | Lifetime electricity generated: kWh/sq.m | Lifetime electricity generated: kWh/sq.ft | grams/ lifetime kWh | grams /sq.m | pounds per lifetime kWh delivered, with transmission losses | pounds per sq.ft | % of grid electricity | Grams per delivered megajoule (MJ) | |||||
104 | Meijer 2003: Holland high eff | 14.5% | 1,000 | 3.5 | p.2168 | |||||||||||||
105 | Jungbluth 2000 Switzerland | 1,100 | 3-6 | 39-110 | p.2168 | |||||||||||||
106 | Keoleian 1997: CdTe Detroit | 5.0% | 4.6 | p.2168 | ||||||||||||||
107 | CdTe Phoenix | 2.2 | p.2168 | |||||||||||||||
108 | Fthenakis 2006: ribbon Si | 11.5% | 1,700 | 1.7 | p.2168 | |||||||||||||
109 | multicrystalline Si | 13.2% | 1,700 | 2.2 | p.2168 | |||||||||||||
110 | monocrystalline Si | 14.0% | 1,700 | 2.7 | p.2168 | |||||||||||||
111 | CdTe | 9% | 1,700 | 1.1 | p.2168 | |||||||||||||
112 | Alsema 2005: S.Europe | 75% | 1,700 | 1.7-2.7 | 30-45 | p.2170 | Case 1 | |||||||||||
113 | Fthenakis 2005: CdTe | 80% | 1,800 | 1.1 | 30 | 24 | p.2171 | |||||||||||
114 | Case 1: Current production of Si | |||||||||||||||||
115 | Case 2: Europe avg grid | |||||||||||||||||
116 | Case 3: US avg grid: Ribbon | 80% | 11.5% | 1,700 | 1.9 | 30 | 4,692 | 436 | 44 | 206,448 | 0.11 | 42 | 6% | 14 | p. 2170 | Case 3 | ||
117 | multicrystalline Si | 80% | 13.2% | 1,700 | 2.3 | 30 | 5,386 | 500 | 53 | 285,437 | 0.13 | 58 | 8% | 16 | p. 2170 | Case 3 | ||
118 | monocrystalline Si | 80% | 14.0% | 1,700 | 2.4 | 30 | 5,712 | 531 | 55 | 314,160 | 0.13 | 64 | 8% | 17 | p. 2170 | Case 3 | ||
119 | CdTe | 80% | 9% | 1,700 | 1.1 | 30 | 3,672 | 341 | 26 | 95,472 | 0.06 | 20 | 4% | 8 | p. 2170 | Case 3 | ||
120 | Average | 80% | 12% | 1,700 | 2.0 | 30 | 4,865 | 452 | 45 | 225,379 | 0.11 | 46 | 7% | 14 | ||||
121 | Note most emissions are from energy used during manufacture. | |||||||||||||||||
122 | average US solar energy | 1,800 | p.2170 | |||||||||||||||
123 | ||||||||||||||||||
124 | Solar panel prices & production | Peak Watts | area, sq. meters | Length, inches | Width (inches) | W/sq.ft | $ | $/W | ||||||||||
125 | 160 | 62.8 | 31.1 | 12 | 799 | $4.99 | http://www.solardyne.com/solarpvpanels.html | |||||||||||
126 | 120 | 57.3 | 28.8 | 10 | 749 | $6.24 | ||||||||||||
127 | 175 | 64.8 | 32.1 | 12 | 899 | $5.14 | ||||||||||||
128 | 80 | 47.4 | 21.1 | 12 | 549 | $6.86 | ||||||||||||
129 | Adelman | 30500 | 268 | 11 | p. 40 http://www.withouthotair.com/download.html | |||||||||||||
130 | ||||||||||||||||||
131 | ||||||||||||||||||
132 | Solar radiation available | Sun: kWh/sq.m/yr | W/ sq.meter | hours/year | ||||||||||||||
133 | Holland | 1,000 | http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1021/es071763q?cookieSet=1 | |||||||||||||||
134 | Switzerland | 1,100 | ||||||||||||||||
135 | US average | 1,800 | ||||||||||||||||
136 | S Europe | 1,700 | ||||||||||||||||
137 | Britain | 964 | 110 | 8765.76 | http://www.withouthotair.com/download.html | |||||||||||||
138 | ||||||||||||||||||
139 | WIND TURBINES | Finding no estimate, we did our own, which is likely low. Improvements welcome | ||||||||||||||||
140 | One wind turbine | 1.8 | megawatts typical rated capacity | http://www.wind-watch.org/faq-size.php | ||||||||||||||
141 | Actual output as % of rated capacity | 26.9% | capacity factor | http://www.wind-watch.org/faq-output.php | ||||||||||||||
142 | 0.4842 | megawatts (annual average per turbine) | ||||||||||||||||
143 | 8,766 | hours per year | ||||||||||||||||
144 | 4,244 | megawatt hours per year | ||||||||||||||||
145 | Useful life | 20 | years | |||||||||||||||
146 | lifetime electricity generated | 84,887,620 | kWh | |||||||||||||||
147 | lifetime electricity delivered | 76,483,745 | kWh | |||||||||||||||
148 | area cleared for wind turbine | 50 | acres per megawatt of capacity, or 30-8 acres per turbine on ridge tops | http://www.wind-watch.org/faq-size.php | ||||||||||||||
149 | 90 | acres per turbine with capacity above | Also see note on spacing at http://www.windpower.org/en/tour/wres/park.htm | |||||||||||||||
150 | ||||||||||||||||||
151 | Width of road & transmission | 40 | feet | ? | ||||||||||||||
152 | Length of road & transmission | 100 | miles per 100 turbines | ? | ||||||||||||||
153 | Area of road & transmission | 5 | acres per turbine | |||||||||||||||
154 | ||||||||||||||||||
155 | Weight of concrete in base | 1,300 | tons | "more than 1,000" http://www.wind-watch.org/faq-size.php | ||||||||||||||
156 | 728 | pounds CO2 per ton concrete, including placement as in an office building | ||||||||||||||||
157 | CO2 used to deliver concrete | 3 | miles per gallon delivering 8 tons | |||||||||||||||
158 | 100 | miles extra round trip compared to office building | ? | |||||||||||||||
159 | 27 | pounds CO2 per gallon diesel | ||||||||||||||||
160 | 112 | pounds CO2 per ton extra delivery of concrete | ||||||||||||||||
161 | 840 | pounds CO2 per ton concrete, delivered | ||||||||||||||||
162 | Total CO2 in concrete | 1,091,946 | pounds CO2 per turbine | |||||||||||||||
163 | ratio of CO2 in installation to CO2 in concrete | 0.0324 | based on ratio in road construction | |||||||||||||||
164 | CO2 in installation | 35,418 | ||||||||||||||||
165 | Weight of steel in base | 10% | ? | |||||||||||||||
166 | 130 | tons rebar | ||||||||||||||||
167 | weight of windmill | 267 | tons for 1.8MW Vesta | http://www.wind-watch.org/faq-size.php | ||||||||||||||
168 | 4.49 | automotive estimate for pounds CO2 per pound of steel | ||||||||||||||||
169 | Total CO2 in steel (rebars & windmill) | 3,566,459 | pounds CO2 per windmill, if components average as much CO2 per pound as cars | |||||||||||||||
170 | ratio of CO2 in manufacture to CO2 in steel | 0.5000 | based on ratio in car manufacture | |||||||||||||||
171 | CO2 in construction | 1,783,229 | pounds CO2 per windmill | |||||||||||||||
172 | Acres of forest cleared for ridgetop windmills | 309 | acres deforested | Pennsylvania http://www.jvas.org/cc_forest_impact_ar_wndplnt.html | ||||||||||||||
173 | number of windmills at site | 75 | windmills | |||||||||||||||
174 | Alternative estimates of acres cleared per site | 90 | 4.1 | acres cleared per windmill | 90 | comes from total acreage per windmill above | ||||||||||||
175 | Total CO2 in acres of land cleared | 34,540,654 | 1,581,194 | pounds CO2 per windmill | ||||||||||||||
176 | Total CO2 per windmill | 8,058,247 | pounds CO2 per windmill | |||||||||||||||
177 | CO2 per kWh | 0.11 | pounds CO2 per kWh | |||||||||||||||
178 | % of grid electricity | 6.3% | ||||||||||||||||
179 | Grams CO2 per delivered megajoule (MJ) | 13 | ||||||||||||||||
180 | ||||||||||||||||||
181 | Wind, continued | Pounds CO2e | ||||||||||||||||
182 | grams CO2e /kWh | per kWh | per kWh with transmis-sion losses | Grams CO2e per delivered megajoule (MJ) | ||||||||||||||
183 | Vattenfall (Sweden) | 13.5 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 4 | http://www.environdec.com/reg/climate/epdc115e.pdf | ||||||||||||
184 | Sclafani Bagni (Italy) | 27.9 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 8 | http://www.environdec.com/reg/epd66.pdf | ||||||||||||
185 | ||||||||||||||||||
186 | HYDROELECTRIC is at bottom of "Forest" tab, since one of its main effects is flooding of forests | |||||||||||||||||
187 | ||||||||||||||||||
188 | NUCLEAR | Pounds CO2e | ||||||||||||||||
189 | Richness of Uranium Ore: %U3O8 | grams CO2e /kWh | per kWh | per kWh with transmis-sion losses | per kWh with hypothetical waste site | Grams CO2e per delivered megajoule (MJ) | ||||||||||||
190 | Beznau (Switzerland) | 3.29 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 2 | http://www.environdec.com/reg/climate/cd144.pdf | http://www.environdec.com/pageId.asp?id=130&menu=4,14,0&epdId=163 | ||||||||||
191 | Vattenfall (Sweden) | 4.9 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 3 | http://www.environdec.com/reg/climate/epdc21e.pdf | http://www.environdec.com/pageId.asp?id=130&menu=4,14,0&epdId=24 | ||||||||||
192 | JW Storm, avg ore now | 0.15% | 110 | 0.24 | 0.27 | 0.28 | 35 | http://www.stormsmith.nl/ | ||||||||||
193 | JW Storm, future ore | 0.05% | 133 | 0.29 | 0.33 | 0.34 | 42 | http://www.stormsmith.nl/ | ||||||||||
194 | JW Storm, poorest ores | 0.013% | 332 | 0.73 | 0.81 | 0.82 | 104 | http://www.stormsmith.nl/ | ||||||||||
195 | average of now and future | 0.27 | 0.30 | 0.3 | 39 | |||||||||||||
196 | Preliminary hypothetical protection of waste | |||||||||||||||||
197 | one nuclear generating site | 25 | Terawatt hours/year | http://www.environdec.com/reg/climate/epdc21e.pdf | ||||||||||||||
198 | convert to kWh | 2.50E+10 | kWh hours/year/site | calculated | ||||||||||||||
199 | years of production of nuclear plant | 40 | years | http://www.stormsmith.nl/ | ||||||||||||||
200 | hypothetical number of generating sites served by one waste site | 50 | nuclear generating sites | |||||||||||||||
201 | electricity generated | 5.00E+13 | kWh | calculated | ||||||||||||||
202 | ||||||||||||||||||
203 | hypothetical annual cost to guard, monitor & educate about waste site | 1 | billion dollars | |||||||||||||||
204 | average emissions for government & defense per dollar spent | 0.5 | pounds co2e per dollar | |||||||||||||||
205 | hypothetical annual CO2e to guard, monitor & educate about waste site | 503,318,813 | pounds CO2 per year | hypothetical | ||||||||||||||
206 | hypothetical time to guard site | 1,000 | years http://www.ocrwm.doe.gov/factsheets/doeymp0338.shtml | hypothetical | ||||||||||||||
207 | CO2e to guard, monitor & educate about waste site (see column headings) | 0.0101 | 0.0112 | 1.41 | calculated | |||||||||||||
208 | ||||||||||||||||||
209 | "the tens of thousands of years during which the waste will be hazardous" or "millions of years" of radioactivity | http://www.ocrwm.doe.gov/factsheets/doeymp0338.shtml | ||||||||||||||||
210 | ||||||||||||||||||
211 | Vattenfall | Vattenfall grams CO2e /kWh | Beznau grams CO2e /kWh | |||||||||||||||
212 | Extraction | 36% | 1.76 | 0.24 | p.18 (p.11 says "literature survey" | |||||||||||||
213 | Conversion | 4% | 0.20 | 0.12 | ||||||||||||||
214 | Enrichment | 12% | 0.59 | 0.09 | ||||||||||||||
215 | Fuel Fabrication | 3% | 0.15 | 0.88 | ||||||||||||||
216 | Plutonium recycling | 0.51 | ||||||||||||||||
217 | Uranium recycling | 0.10 | ||||||||||||||||
218 | Uranium Blending | 0.21 | ||||||||||||||||
219 | Fuel assembly | 0.06 | ||||||||||||||||
220 | Operate Nuclear Power Plant | 4% | 0.20 | 0.24 | ||||||||||||||
221 | Build/Decommission power plant | 9% | 0.44 | 0.97 | ||||||||||||||
222 | Build | 0.74 | p.25 | |||||||||||||||
223 | Deismantle | 0.23 | ||||||||||||||||
224 | Oper.Waste facility | 4% | 0.20 | 0.51 | p.18 | |||||||||||||
225 | Build/Decommission waste facility | 3% | 0.15 | |||||||||||||||
226 | Build/Decommission distribution system | 23% | 1.13 | 0.15 | p.25 | |||||||||||||
227 | Distribution losses | 2% | 0.10 | 0.10 | ||||||||||||||
228 | 100% | 4.90 | 3.30 | |||||||||||||||
229 | ||||||||||||||||||
230 | Comparison of Sources | |||||||||||||||||
231 | p.12 says only "fuel" at suppliers | p.11 says suppliers' infrastructure omitted | ||||||||||||||||
232 | 1977km 110/50kV and 66km 16kV to public utilities | |||||||||||||||||
233 | open pit mine, Namibia | in situ leaching with sulfuric acid, Kazakhstan | ||||||||||||||||
234 | underground mine, Australia | |||||||||||||||||
235 | refining & conversion, Cameco Canada | conversion, UK | ||||||||||||||||
236 | Enrichment, centrifugation, UK+Russia | Enrichment, centrifugation, Germany | ||||||||||||||||
237 | Fabrication, AREVA, Lingen Germany | Assembly, AREVA, Lingen Germany | ||||||||||||||||
1 | FUELS | CO2List.org | Solar, Wind, Nuclear on "Electric" tab; Hydro at bottom of "Forest" tab | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2 | STAGE | Same at any stage | On-site Combustion (omits making & delivering fuel) | Pre-Tank: Extract, process, deliver | Total of All Stages | Pre-Tank: Extract, process & deliver to customer | European numbers are pre-tank, GHGprotocol are onsite | Same at any stage | ||||||||||||
3 | CONCEPT | Output per input | CO2e per input | CO2e per output | Pre-tank % onsite | CO2e per input | CO2e per output | CO2e per input | CO2e per output | Output per input | ||||||||||
4 | UNITS | BTU per Gallon, Lb or Cu.ft | Lb CO2e per Gallon, Cu.ft or Pound | Lb CO2e / million BTU | Grams CO2e / million joules (MJ) | Pretank CO2e as % of CO2e in Fuel | Lb CO2e per Gallon, Cu.ft or Pound | Lb CO2e / million BTU | Grams CO2e / million joules (MJ) | Lb CO2e, same energy 1 gal gas | Lb CO2e per Gallon, Cu.ft or Lb | Lb CO2e / million BTU | Grams CO2e / MJ = kg / GJ | Giga-joules per liter, kg or Cu.m | More detailed source notes are below table | |||||
5 | Motor gasoline | 125,070 | 19.6 | 156 | ||||||||||||||||
6 | Gasoline / petrol | 123,448 | 24.2 | 196 | 69 | 0.0344 | http://www.ghgprotocol.org/downloads/calcs/co2-mobile.pdf | |||||||||||||
7 | Motor gasoline in stationary reciprocating engine | 100,000 | 17.6 | 176 | 76 | 20% | 21 | 211 | 91 | 21 | 3.5 | 35 | Battelle http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/884990 (omit from avg since abnormal BTU/gallon) | |||||||
8 | Motor gasoline | 30% | 25 | 203 | 87 | 25 | 46 | 21,000 | g CO2e/mmbtu in fig.ES-1.4 of http://www.transportation.anl.gov/pdfs/TA/163.pdf or http://www.cleanairnet.org/infopool/1411/articles-35722_well_wheel.pdf | |||||||||||
9 | Motor gasoline | 123,500 | 20% | 24 | 188 | 81 | 24 | 2.82 | kg CO2e/L on p.61 of IEA 2004 | |||||||||||
10 | Motor gasoline | 19% | 23 | 187 | 80 | 23.3 | 30 | 13 | http://ies.jrc.ec.europa.eu/uploads/media/WTT%20App%202%20v30%20181108.pdf | |||||||||||
11 | average | 125,070 | 22% | 24.1 | 193 | 83 | 24.1 | |||||||||||||
12 | Diesel & Distillate Fuel #1,2,4 | 138,699 | 22.4 | 161 | 69 | http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/coefficients.html | ||||||||||||||
13 | Diesel | 133,137 | 27.9 | 209 | 90 | 74 | 0.0371 | http://www.ghgprotocol.org/downloads/calcs/co2-mobile.pdf | ||||||||||||
14 | Distillate fuel oil No.1 | 133,137 | 27.9 | 209 | 90 | 74 | 0.0371 | http://www.ghgprotocol.org/downloads/calcs/co2-mobile.pdf | ||||||||||||
15 | Distillate fuel oil No.2 | 133,137 | 27.9 | 209 | 90 | 74 | 0.0371 | http://www.ghgprotocol.org/downloads/calcs/co2-mobile.pdf | ||||||||||||
16 | Residual Fuel oil#4 | 136,008 | 28.5 | 209 | 90 | 74 | 0.0379 | http://www.ghgprotocol.org/downloads/calcs/co2-mobile.pdf | ||||||||||||
17 | Distillate Fuel Oil in commercial boiler | 138,700 | 22.8 | 164 | 71 | 18% | 27 | 194 | 83 | 24 | 4.1 | 30 | Battelle http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/884990 | |||||||
18 | Distillate Fuel Oil in stationary reciprocating engine | 138,700 | 22.7 | 164 | 70 | 18% | 27 | 193 | 83 | 24 | 4.1 | 30 | Battelle http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/884990 | |||||||
19 | Distillate Fuel Oil in small turbine | 138,700 | 22.9 | 165 | 71 | 18% | 27 | 195 | 84 | 24 | 4.1 | 30 | Battelle http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/884990 | |||||||
20 | diesel | 23% | 28 | 199 | 86 | 25 | 37 | 17,000 | g CO2e/mmbtu in fig.ES-1.4 of http://www.transportation.anl.gov/pdfs/TA/163.pdf or http://www.cleanairnet.org/infopool/1411/articles-35722_well_wheel.pdf | |||||||||||
21 | diesel | 20% | 27 | 194 | 83 | 24 | 33 | 14 | http://ies.jrc.ec.europa.eu/uploads/media/WTT%20App%202%20v30%20181108.pdf | |||||||||||
22 | Methane | 1,010 | 0.12 | 115 | 50 | http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/coefficients.html | ||||||||||||||
23 | Flare Gas | 1,108 | 0.13 | 121 | 52 | http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/coefficients.html | ||||||||||||||
24 | Natural Gas (Pipeline) | 1,030 | 0.12 | 117 | 50 | http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/coefficients.html | ||||||||||||||
25 | Natural gas | 940 | 0.15 | 158 | 68 | 56 | 0.0350 | http://www.ghgprotocol.org/downloads/calcs/co2-mobile.pdf | ||||||||||||
26 | Natural Gas in commercial boiler | 1,010 | 0.12 | 122 | 52 | 23% | 0.15 | 149 | 64 | 19 | 0.028 | 28 | Battelle http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/884990 | |||||||
27 | Natural Gas in stationary reciprocating engine | 1,010 | 0.14 | 136 | 58 | 20% | 0.16 | 163 | 70 | 20 | 0.028 | 28 | Battelle http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/884990 | Converts more Carbon to Methane, so higher CO2e than other uses of natural gas | ||||||
28 | Natural Gas in small turbine | 1,010 | 0.13 | 124 | 53 | 22% | 0.15 | 151 | 65 | 19 | 0.028 | 28 | Battelle http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/884990 | |||||||
29 | Natural Gas in residential furnace | 1,010 | 0.12 | 120 | 52 | 23% | 0.15 | 147 | 63 | 18 | 0.028 | 28 | Battelle http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/884990 | |||||||
30 | compressed natural gas, EU mix | 18% | 0.14 | 138 | 59 | 17 | 21 | 9 | http://ies.jrc.ec.europa.eu/uploads/media/WTT%20App%202%20v30%20181108.pdf | |||||||||||
31 | compressed natural gas, 7,000km pipeline | 44% | 0.17 | 168 | 72 | 21 | 51 | 22 | http://ies.jrc.ec.europa.eu/uploads/media/WTT%20App%202%20v30%20181108.pdf | |||||||||||
32 | Ethanol from corn in USA | 0 | 0 | 167 | 72 | 21 | 13% | Less CO2e than gasoline: p. 344 of chapter 5 of http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/ar4-wg3.htm | ||||||||||||
33 | Ethanol from corn in USA (adding estimate of land clearance emissions) | 276 | 119 | 35 | ||||||||||||||||
34 | Etnanol:sugar beets in EU | 0 | 0 | 88 | 38 | 11 | 88 | 38 | http://ies.jrc.ec.europa.eu/uploads/media/WTT%20App%202%20v30%20181108.pdf | |||||||||||
35 | Etnanol:sugar beets in EU, use all | 0 | 0 | 33 | 14 | 4 | 33 | 14 | http://ies.jrc.ec.europa.eu/uploads/media/WTT%20App%202%20v30%20181108.pdf | |||||||||||
36 | Ethanol:sugar cane in Brazil | 0 | 0 | 56 | 24 | 7 | 56 | 24 | http://ies.jrc.ec.europa.eu/uploads/media/WTT%20App%202%20v30%20181108.pdf | |||||||||||
37 | Ethanol:sugar cane in Brazil, use all bagasse | 0 | 0 | 30 | 13 | 4 | 30 | 13 | http://ies.jrc.ec.europa.eu/uploads/media/WTT%20App%202%20v30%20181108.pdf | |||||||||||
38 | Ethanol from sugar cane in Brazil | 83,295 | 0 | 0 | 1.7 | 20 | 9 | 3 | 1.7 | 0.02321111111 | 0.2 | kg CO2e/Liter on pp.60-61 of IEA 2004 Biofuels for Transport www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2004/biofuels2004.pdf | ||||||||
39 | Biodiesel in EU, high and omits deforestation | 0 | 0 | 177 | 76 | 22 | 177 | 76 | http://ies.jrc.ec.europa.eu/uploads/media/WTT%20App%202%20v30%20181108.pdf | |||||||||||
40 | Biodiesel in EU, low and omits deforestation | 0 | 0 | 35 | 15 | 4 | 35 | 15 | http://ies.jrc.ec.europa.eu/uploads/media/WTT%20App%202%20v30%20181108.pdf | |||||||||||
41 | Biodiesel from rape seed (canola) oil | 0 | 0 | 53.5% | Less CO2e than diesel: p.63 of IEA 2004. Excludes tropical forest clearance | |||||||||||||||
42 | Hydrogen in EU: from coal electricity | 990 | 426 | 990 | 426 | 124 | 990 | 426 | http://ies.jrc.ec.europa.eu/uploads/media/WTT%20App%202%20v30%20181108.pdf | |||||||||||
43 | Hydrogen in EU: from natural gas, 4000km | 260 | 112 | 260 | 112 | 33 | 260 | 112 | http://ies.jrc.ec.europa.eu/uploads/media/WTT%20App%202%20v30%20181108.pdf | |||||||||||
44 | Hydrogen in EU: from nuclear electricity | 16 | 7 | 16 | 7 | 2 | 16 | 7 | http://ies.jrc.ec.europa.eu/uploads/media/WTT%20App%202%20v30%20181108.pdf | |||||||||||
45 | Kerosene | 134,999 | 21.5 | 160 | 69 | http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/coefficients.html | ||||||||||||||
46 | Kerosene | 128,113 | 25.9 | 202 | 87 | 71 | 0.0357 | http://www.ghgprotocol.org/downloads/calcs/co2-mobile.pdf | ||||||||||||
47 | Kerosene | 135,000 | 18% | 25 | 188 | 81 | 24 | 3.8 | 28 | Battelle http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/884990 | ||||||||||
48 | Aviation Gasoline | 120,190 | 18.4 | 153 | 66 | http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/coefficients.html | ||||||||||||||
49 | Aviation gasoline | 123,089 | 24.0 | 195 | 84 | 69 | 0.0343 | http://www.ghgprotocol.org/downloads/calcs/co2-mobile.pdf | ||||||||||||
50 | Jet Fuel | 135,001 | 21.1 | 156 | 67 | http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/coefficients.html | ||||||||||||||
51 | Jef Fuel | 77 | 569 | 245 | 71 | derived on AIR tab from UC Berkeley study | ||||||||||||||
52 | Jet Fuel | 160,016 | 32.0 | 200 | 86 | 71 | 0.0446 | http://www.ghgprotocol.org/downloads/calcs/co2-mobile.pdf | ||||||||||||
53 | Liquified Petroleum Gases (LPG) | 92,096 | 12.8 | 139 | 60 | http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/coefficients.html | ||||||||||||||
54 | Liquified Petroleum Gases (LPG) | 91,000 | 13.5 | 148 | 64 | 19% | 16 | 176 | 76 | 22 | 2.6 | 28 | Battelle http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/884990 | |||||||
55 | LPG | 89,356 | 16.0 | 179 | 77 | 63 | 0.0249 | http://www.ghgprotocol.org/downloads/calcs/co2-mobile.pdf | ||||||||||||
56 | Propane | 91,027 | 12.7 | 139 | 60 | http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/coefficients.html | ||||||||||||||
57 | Propane | 86,126 | 15.3 | 178 | 77 | 63 | 0.0240 | http://www.ghgprotocol.org/downloads/calcs/co2-mobile.pdf | ||||||||||||
58 | Propane (LPG) | 13% | 15 | 158 | 68 | 20 | 19 | 8 | http://ies.jrc.ec.europa.eu/uploads/media/WTT%20App%202%20v30%20181108.pdf | |||||||||||
59 | Petroleum Coke | 143,904 | 32.4 | 225 | 97 | http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/coefficients.html | ||||||||||||||
60 | Residual Fuel (No. 5 & 6 Fuel Oil) | 149,696 | 26.0 | 174 | 75 | http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/coefficients.html | ||||||||||||||
61 | Residual Fuel oil#5 | 142,467 | 31.1 | 219 | 94 | 77 | 0.0397 | http://www.ghgprotocol.org/downloads/calcs/co2-mobile.pdf | ||||||||||||
62 | Residual Fuel oil#6 | 145,338 | 31.8 | 219 | 94 | 77 | 0.0405 | http://www.ghgprotocol.org/downloads/calcs/co2-mobile.pdf | ||||||||||||
63 | Residual Fuel Oil | 149,500 | 25.6 | 171 | 74 | 17% | 30 | 201 | 87 | 25 | 4.5 | 30 | Battelle http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/884990 | |||||||
64 | Lubricants | 137,084 | 28.4 | 207 | 89 | 73 | 0.0382 | http://www.ghgprotocol.org/downloads/calcs/co2-mobile.pdf | ||||||||||||
65 | Butane | 92,586 | 14.8 | 160 | 69 | 0.0258 | http://www.ghgprotocol.org/downloads/calcs/co2-mobile.pdf | |||||||||||||
66 | Anthracite Coal | 12,500 | 2.8 | 227 | 98 | http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/coefficients.html | ||||||||||||||
67 | Anthracite | 11,653 | 3.2 | 278 | 120 | 98 | 0.0271 | http://www.ghgprotocol.org/downloads/calcs/co2-mobile.pdf | ||||||||||||
68 | Anthracite Coal | 12,700 | 3% | 3 | 235 | 101 | 29 | 0.098 | 8 | Battelle http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/884990 | ||||||||||
69 | Hard Coal (low estimate in ecoinvent) | 299 | 129 | 106 | http://www.ecoinvent.org/publications/ | |||||||||||||||
70 | Hard Coal (low estimate in ecoinvent) | 302 | 130 | 107 | http://www.ecoinvent.org/publications/ | |||||||||||||||
71 | Bituminous Coal | 12,010 | 2.5 | 205 | 88 | http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/coefficients.html | ||||||||||||||
72 | Bituminous coal, low | 11,696 | 3.1 | 267 | 115 | 95 | 0.0272 | http://www.ghgprotocol.org/downloads/calcs/co2-mobile.pdf | ||||||||||||
73 | Bituminous coal, high | 13,287 | 3.6 | 267 | 115 | 95 | 0.0309 | http://www.ghgprotocol.org/downloads/calcs/co2-mobile.pdf | ||||||||||||
74 | Bituminous Coal | 12,155 | 2.7 | 225 | 97 | 7% | 2.9 | 241 | 104 | 30 | 0.189 | 16 | Battelle http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/884990 | |||||||
75 | Sub-Bituminous Coal | 8,735 | 1.9 | 213 | 92 | http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/coefficients.html | ||||||||||||||
76 | Sub-bituminous coal | 10,118 | 2.7 | 271 | 117 | 96 | 0.02353 | http://www.ghgprotocol.org/downloads/calcs/co2-mobile.pdf | ||||||||||||
77 | Sub-Bituminous Coal | 8,818 | Battelle http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/884990 | |||||||||||||||||
78 | Lignite | 6,480 | 1.4 | 215 | 93 | http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/coefficients.html | ||||||||||||||
79 | Lignite | 6,465 | 2.3 | 356 | 153 | 6% | 2.4 | 377 | 162 | 47 | 0.137 | 21 | Battelle http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/884990 | |||||||
80 | Tires, tire-derived fuel | 16,250 | 3.1 | 190 | 82 | http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/coefficients.html | ||||||||||||||
81 | Wood | 9,774 | 1.9 | 195 | 84 | http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/coefficients.html | ||||||||||||||
82 | Wood, wood waste | 284 | 122 | 100 | http://www.ghgprotocol.org/downloads/calcs/co2-mobile.pdf | |||||||||||||||
83 | Municipal solid waste | 5,001 | 1.0 | 200 | 86 | http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/coefficients.html | ||||||||||||||
84 | Crude Oil per barrel (42 gallons) | 5,800,000 | 951.3 | 164 | 71 | p. 205 (223 in pdf) of http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/ggrpt/documentation/pdf/0638(2006).pdf | ||||||||||||||
85 | per 42-gal.barrel | 20.3 | Carbon: kilos Carbon/million BTU=million tonnes/quadrillion BTU | p. 205 (223 in pdf) of http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/ggrpt/documentation/pdf/0638(2006).pdf | ||||||||||||||||
86 | http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/coefficients.html | |||||||||||||||||||
87 | Used as baseline where other data missing, because of careful updating discussed at http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/archive/gg99rpt/appendixb.html | |||||||||||||||||||
88 | CO2e(p.9pre-tank, 11-12onsite) & higher heating value(p.9) from Battelle 6/2007 for US Dept. of Energy, Deru+Torcellini "Source Energy and Emission Factors": http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/884990 | |||||||||||||||||||
89 | Europe pre-tank only: pp.47-51 of http://ies.jrc.ec.europa.eu/uploads/media/WTT%20App%202%20v30%20181108.pdf | |||||||||||||||||||
90 | CO2 onsite & lower heat value from (requires free registration) table 3 of http://www.ghgprotocol.org/downloads/calcs/co2-mobile.pdf | |||||||||||||||||||
91 | API reports density from 1995, carbon content from 1986, heat content from either: table 3-5 p.59: http://www.api.org/ehs/climate/new/upload/2004_COMPENDIUM.pdf | |||||||||||||||||||
92 | Uses of kerosene, aviation gas & jet fuel are described at http://www.iea.org/interenerstat_v2/definitions/results.asp?id=22&Type=Products | |||||||||||||||||||
93 | Another thorough source is ICSU.org, which has a 2009 report on Biofuels, particularly chapters 6 on land use and 7 on greenhouse gases. http://cip.cornell.edu/biofuels/ | |||||||||||||||||||
94 | ||||||||||||||||||||
95 | CO2 per Dollar | |||||||||||||||||||
96 | Natural Gas | Residential cost/1000cf by month, 2010 | 10.46 | 10.57 | 10.84 | 11.71 | 12.72 | 14.25 | 15.55 | 15.93 | 15.03 | 13.07 | 10.71 | 9.88 | EIA http://38.96.246.204/dnav/ng/hist/n3010us3m.htm | |||||
97 | Residential cost/1000cf average, 2010 | 12.56 | ||||||||||||||||||
98 | Cost/cubic foot | 0.01256 | ||||||||||||||||||
99 | Lb CO2/$ | 11.85 | ||||||||||||||||||
100 | Electricity | Lb CO2/$ | 16.05 | |||||||||||||||||
101 | ||||||||||||||||||||
102 | Brazil | USA | ||||||||||||||||||
103 | Brazilian ethanol refining | 90 | liters produced per tonne of cane | p.61 of IEA 2004 Biofuels for Transport www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2004/biofuels2004.pdf | ||||||||||||||||
104 | Brazilian ethanol farming | 68.7 | tonnes of cane/hectare/year | same | ||||||||||||||||
105 | Brazilian ethanol productivity | 6,200 | liters/hectare/year | same | ||||||||||||||||
106 | ethanol produced per land area | 663 | 423 | gallons/acre/year | 328 at http://www.news.cornell.edu/releases/Aug01/corn-basedethanol.hrs.html | http://www.extension.org/pages/Corn_Ethanol_Production | ||||||||||||||
107 | ethanol energy produced per land area | 58,211 | 37,149 | MJ/acre/year | ||||||||||||||||
108 | CO2 emitted/MJ (copied from main table above) | 9 | grams CO2 per MJ production & distribution of ethanol | |||||||||||||||||
109 | years production from land clearance | 100 | 100 | years | ||||||||||||||||
110 | CO2 from land clearance | 18 | 9 | lb CO2 per sq.ft | ||||||||||||||||
111 | CO2 from land clearance | 779,622 | 383,785 | lb CO2/acre | ||||||||||||||||
112 | CO2 from land clearance, amortized per year | 7,796 | 3,838 | lb CO2/acre per year of useful life | ||||||||||||||||
113 | CO2 from land clearance, amortized per year | 61 | 47 | grams CO2/MJ to amortize land clearance | ||||||||||||||||
114 | Total CO2 | 69 | grams CO2/MJ, land clearance, production & distribution | |||||||||||||||||
115 | Total CO2 for same energy as 1 gal. Gasoline | 20 | lb CO2/gallon-equivalent, land clearance, production & distribution | |||||||||||||||||
116 | Note sugar cane is grown for ethanol in southern Brazil, far from equatorial forest, However fields used for ethanol don't grow food, so forests are cleared elsewhere for food. | |||||||||||||||||||
117 | ||||||||||||||||||||
118 | HEAT WATER | 1 | BTU per degree F per pound of water (definition of BTU) | |||||||||||||||||
119 | ground temperature | 50 | degrees F | |||||||||||||||||
120 | hot shower | 105 | degrees F | |||||||||||||||||
121 | temperature rise | 55 | degrees F | |||||||||||||||||
122 | pounds water per gallon of water | 8 | pounds | |||||||||||||||||
123 | heat gallon of hot water | 440 | BTU per gallon | |||||||||||||||||
124 | elec | elec | nat gas | nat gas | ||||||||||||||||
125 | Per Gallon: | high eff. | normal | high eff. | normal | |||||||||||||||
126 | efficiency | 95% | 90% | 65% | 60% | http://www.aceee.org/consumerguide/waterheating.htm | ||||||||||||||
127 | BTU needed for heating above | 463 | 489 | 677 | 733 | |||||||||||||||
128 | kWh needed | 0.136 | 0.143 | |||||||||||||||||
129 | cubic feet needed | 0.657 | 0.711 | |||||||||||||||||
130 | pounds Carbon per 1000btu | 0.109 | 0.109 | 0.032 | 0.032 | http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/science/energy_calculator.html | ||||||||||||||
131 | pounds CO2 per 1000btu | 0.399 | 0.399 | 0.116 | 0.116 | |||||||||||||||
132 | pounds CO2 in Btu used | 0.185 | 0.195 | 0.079 | 0.085 | direct fuel | ||||||||||||||
133 | pounds CO2 in kwh used to create those BTU | 0.244 | 0.258 | all stages, from table above | ||||||||||||||||
134 | pounds CO2 in ft3 used to create those BTU | 0.098 | 0.106 | all stages, from table above | ||||||||||||||||
135 | length of shower | 5 | minutes | |||||||||||||||||
136 | showerhead water flow per minute | 2.2 | gallons per minute | http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/procurement/eep_showerhead.html | ||||||||||||||||
137 | measurements of leakage from tub spigot when flow was diverted to showerhead | 0.78 | 1.00 | 0.93 | gallons per minute leakage | |||||||||||||||
138 | ||||||||||||||||||||
139 | Pounds of CO2 from water heaters above, for total gallons shown in last column | |||||||||||||||||||
140 | Rate per gallon | 0.24 | 0.26 | 0.10 | 0.11 | 1 | gallons | |||||||||||||
141 | shower | 2.7 | 2.8 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 11 | gallons | |||||||||||||
142 | 20 gallons | 4.9 | 5.2 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 20 | gallons | |||||||||||||
143 | tub | 9.8 | 10.3 | 3.9 | 4.2 | 40 | gallons | |||||||||||||
144 | Clothes Washer water temperature | 140 | degrees F, see text | |||||||||||||||||
145 | water for clothes wash cycle (assume cold water rinse) | 6.19 | 6.5 | 2.5 | 2.7 | 15.5 | gallons | http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/procurement/eep_clothes_washers.html | ||||||||||||
146 | ||||||||||||||||||||
147 | Equivalent Energy Units | |||||||||||||||||||
148 | Joules (not int) | BTUs (not mean or int) | megajoules | kWhs | gallons of gas | |||||||||||||||
149 | 1 BTU | 1,054.35 | 1.00 | 0.00 | ||||||||||||||||
150 | 1 MJ | 1,000,000 | 948.45 | 1.00 | 0.28 | |||||||||||||||
151 | 1 kWh | 3,594,806 | 3,410 | 3.59 | 1.00 | |||||||||||||||
152 | 10 kWh | 35,948,063 | 34,095 | 35.95 | 10.00 | |||||||||||||||
153 | 1 gallon of gas | 131,867,051 | 125,070 | 131.87 | 36.68 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||||
154 | ||||||||||||||||||||
155 | Calculations for Summaries on CO2List.org | grams /MJ | pounds /MJ | pounds /kWh | pounds /gallon gas | length of graph on card | ||||||||||||||
156 | Hydroelectric, high | 1575 | 3.472503054 | 12.501 | 458 | 5.325 | http://co2list.org/files/co2card.pdf | |||||||||||||
157 | Electricity | 227 | 0.4996545309 | 1.799 | 66 | 0.766 | ||||||||||||||
158 | Nuclear, future | 42 | 0.09343575161 | 0.336 | 12 | 0.143 | ||||||||||||||
159 | Ethanol | 119 | 0.2622045976 | 0.944 | 35 | 0.402 | ||||||||||||||
160 | Nuclear | 35 | 0.07781446658 | 0.280 | 10 | 0.119 | ||||||||||||||
161 | Coal | 102 | 0.2257954355 | 0.813 | 30 | 0.346 | ||||||||||||||
162 | Gasoline | 83 | 0.1826180411 | 0.657 | 24 | 0.280 | ||||||||||||||
163 | Natural Gas | 66 | 0.1450276588 | 0.522 | 19 | 0.222 | ||||||||||||||
164 | Wind | 13 | 0.02927122953 | 0.105 | 4 | 0.045 | ||||||||||||||
165 | Solar | 8 | 0.01767773891 | 0.064 | 2 | 0.027 | ||||||||||||||
166 | Hydroelectric, unweighted average | 446 | 0.9838030395 | 3.542 | 130 | 1.509 | ||||||||||||||
167 | Hydroelectric, average wtd by power | 134 | 0.2954126293 | 1.063 | 39 | 0.453 | ||||||||||||||
168 | lb/person | |||||||||||||||||||
169 | USA | 43,967 | 3.200 | |||||||||||||||||
170 | World | 11,287 | 0.822 | |||||||||||||||||
171 | China | 6,835 | 0.497 | |||||||||||||||||
172 | UNDP | 2,800 | 0.204 | |||||||||||||||||
173 | India | 2,370 | 0.173 | |||||||||||||||||
174 | see also comparison of fuels at http://lightbucket.wordpress.com/2008/02/20/carbon-emissions-from-electricity-generation-the-numbers/ | |||||||||||||||||||
175 | ||||||||||||||||||||
176 | Comparison of CO2 calculators is at the bottom of the "Air" tab | |||||||||||||||||||
1 | AIRPLANES | CO2List.org | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3 | COMPARISON OF APPROACHES | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
4 | Graphs and Tables at the bottom compare the CO2e estimates from several approaches. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
5 | The 1st approach is the most complete. It includes CO2 from making & maintaining airports, fuel and three types of planes for three lengths of flight. We show its extensive calculations. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
6 | Since the 1st is such a good start, we added to it other greenhouse gas effects at high altitudes, and adjustments for seat size. We derived equations for other distances, which is what most approaches have done. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
7 | Business class & first class use more of the plane per seat, so incur more CO2e per seat (2 and 3 times as large as economy, respectively on overseas flights, for sleeping). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
8 | Looking just at direct fuel use, the first four approaches give fairly comparable results | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
9 | The 5th approach is too low on short flights & high on long flights. It has a flat rate of CO2 emissions per mile, ignoring the burden of taxiing, takeoff, climb, descent. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
10 | The 6th & 7th approaches are incomplete, and only show other possible approaches | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
11 | The 8th approach uses data on the actual airplanes traveling on different routes, so similar length routes can have very different emissions. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
12 | It has a lot of data but excludes construction and maintenance of planes, airports, fuel refineries, etc. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
13 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
14 | FIRST APPROACH, includes manufacture & maintenance of planes, airports, etc, comparable to vehicles on Car tab | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
15 | A PhD dissertation covers a range of 3 planes, uses a variety of methods to find where CO2 is emitted, and reports per passenger mile, as well as other ways | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
16 | Airplanes, Berkeley analysis | Embraer 145 | Boeing 737 | Boeing 747 | Embraer 145 | Boeing 737 | Boeing 747 | http://repositories.cdlib.org/its/ds/UCB-ITS-DS-2008-1/ | Embraer 145 | Boeing 737 | Boeing 747 | |||||||||||||||||||
17 | Empty Operating Weight, lb, p.145 | 5,335 | 81,800 | 397,900 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
18 | Average miles per flight, p.146 | 500 | 950 | 4,500 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
19 | Average passengers per flight, p.146 | 33 | 101 | 305 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
20 | kg CO2/kg fuel (=g/g, lb/lb), p.150 | 3.15 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
21 | kg fuel/vehicle mile, while cruising, p.151 | 2.4 | 4.8 | 17 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
22 | g CO2e/ vehicle mile while cruising, p.151 | 5,300 | 15,000 | 53,000 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
23 | passengers+luggage as % of payload, p.154 | 99% | 97% | 83% | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
24 | g CO2e/passenger mile while cruising | 159 | 144 | 144 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
25 | g CO2e/g fuel while cruising | 2.21 | 3.13 | 3.12 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
26 | Empty Operating Weight, lb/passenger | 162 | 810 | 1,305 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
27 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
28 | pp.155-165 | g CO2e/ passenger mile | pound CO2e/ passenger mile | kilojoules/passenger mile | Grams CO2e per million joules (MJ) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
29 | aircraft manufacture | 11 | 3.3 | 11 | 0.024 | 0.007 | 0.024 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
30 | engine manufacture | 3.9 | 0.66 | 2.4 | 0.009 | 0.001 | 0.005 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
31 | ground operation, auxiliary power unit (APU) | 2.1 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 0.005 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 31 | 20 | 20 | 68 | 65 | 65 | |||||||||||||||||
32 | Taxi out | 26 | 9.4 | 1.8 | 0.057 | 0.021 | 0.004 | 400 | 140 | 28 | 65 | 67 | 64 | |||||||||||||||||
33 | Take off | 6.9 | 2.6 | 0.81 | 0.015 | 0.006 | 0.002 | 100 | 40 | 12 | 69 | 65 | 68 | |||||||||||||||||
34 | Climb out | 18 | 6.9 | 2.1 | 0.040 | 0.015 | 0.005 | 270 | 100 | 31 | 67 | 69 | 68 | |||||||||||||||||
35 | Cruise | 160 | 140 | 140 | 0.353 | 0.309 | 0.309 | 2300 | 2100 | 2100 | 70 | 67 | 67 | |||||||||||||||||
36 | Approach | 12 | 4.7 | 1.2 | 0.026 | 0.010 | 0.003 | 180 | 70 | 19 | 67 | 67 | 63 | |||||||||||||||||
37 | Taxi in | 9.7 | 3.5 | 0.68 | 0.021 | 0.008 | 0.001 | 150 | 52 | 10 | 65 | 67 | 68 | |||||||||||||||||
38 | Maintenance, lubrication & fuel | 0.76 | 0.79 | 0.38 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.001 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
39 | Maintenance, battery | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.055 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
40 | Maintenance, chemical application | 0.42 | 0.43 | 0.21 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.000 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
41 | Maintenance, parts cleaning | 0.36 | 0.37 | 0.18 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.000 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
42 | Maintenance, metal finishing | 0.4 | 0.42 | 0.2 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.000 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
43 | Maintenance, coating application | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.11 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
44 | Maintenance, depainting | 0.4 | 0.42 | 0.2 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.000 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
45 | Maintenance, painting | 0.67 | 0.7 | 0.33 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.001 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
46 | Maintenance, engine | 0.27 | 0.45 | 1.1 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.002 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
47 | Insurance, incidents | 0.053 | 0.05 | 0.014 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
48 | Insurance, health | 0.12 | 0.23 | 0.15 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
49 | Airport construction | 0.089 | 0.089 | 0.089 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | excludes calcining | ||||||||||||||||||||||
50 | Runway construction | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.2 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.003 | excludes calcining | ||||||||||||||||||||||
51 | Tarmacs construction | 3.9 | 3.8 | 3.3 | 0.009 | 0.008 | 0.007 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
52 | runway lighting | 0.56 | 0.55 | 0.47 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
53 | deicing fluid production | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.26 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
54 | ground support equipment | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.1 | 0.006 | 0.006 | 0.005 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
55 | maintenance, airports | 0.0045 | 0.0045 | 0.0045 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
56 | maintenance, runways | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.15 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
57 | maintenance, tarmacs | 0.48 | 0.47 | 0.4 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
58 | parking construction & maintenance | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.003 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
59 | insurance, non-operator | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.17 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
60 | insurance, liability | 0.023 | 0.022 | 0.019 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
61 | refining & distributing fuel | 31 | 23 | 20 | 0.068 | 0.051 | 0.044 | Average | ||||||||||||||||||||||
62 | Total Direct+Indirect Emissions, without IPCC factor | 295 | 210 | 194 | 0.651 | 0.464 | 0.427 | 3,431 | 2,522 | 2,220 | 86 | 83 | 87 | |||||||||||||||||
63 | Total Direct+Indirect Emissions, with IPCC factor | 758 | 615 | 598 | 1.671 | 1.356 | 1.319 | 3,431 | 2,522 | 2,220 | 221 | 244 | 269 | 245 | ||||||||||||||||
64 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
65 | Note: The following formulas convert data for 3 distances to other distances, assuming airplanes appropriate for each distance. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
66 | Note: The formulas do not adjust for seat size, though this is done in the comparison table at the bottom of the page, for comparability with other approaches | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
67 | Direct fuel only, per psgr. mile | grams | 235 | 168 | 148 | pounds | 0.518 | 0.371 | 0.326 | |||||||||||||||||||||
68 | Linear Formula per passenger | 45,350 | + miles * | 134 | 100.0 | + miles * | 0.30 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
69 | Apply this formula, for miles at top of column | 225 | 182 | 144 | 0.495 | 0.401 | 0.318 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
70 | % above or below original estimate | -4.3% | 7.9% | -2.6% | -4.3% | 7.9% | -2.6% | |||||||||||||||||||||||
71 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
72 | Direct Fuel with commonly used factor on CRUISING emissions, per passenger mile | Average | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
73 | first column shows factor: | 2.700 | 507 | 406 | 386 | 1.117 | 0.896 | 0.851 | 0.955 | |||||||||||||||||||||
74 | Linear Formula per passenger | 68,030 | + miles * | 363 | 150.0 | + miles * | 0.80 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
75 | Apply this formula, for miles at top of column | 499 | 435 | 378 | 1.100 | 0.958 | 0.834 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
76 | % above or below original estimate | -1.5% | 6.9% | -2.0% | -1.5% | 6.9% | -2.0% | |||||||||||||||||||||||
77 | Exponential formula per passenger | 114,256 | + | 252 | + | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
78 | Continuation of exponential formula | 2,187,696 | * ( | 1.000123289 | ^miles -1) | 4,824 | * ( | 1.000123289 | ^miles -1) | |||||||||||||||||||||
79 | Apply this formula, for miles at top of column | 507 | 406 | 386 | 1.117 | 0.896 | 0.851 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
80 | % above or below original estimate | 0.0000000% | 0.0000000% | 0.0000001% | 0.0000000% | 0.0000000% | 0.0000001% | |||||||||||||||||||||||
81 | Derivation of Exponential Formula, A+B(C^miles -1). C is derived first, then B, then A | Theory is at http://CO2List.org/files/exp.htm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
82 | Subtract equations 1&2, then 1&3 (expressing CO2e for miles 500, 950, 4500 above) to gain 2 equations without A | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
83 | Take ratio of 2 equations to eliminate B. Iterate to find C where 2 sides of equation match | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
84 | increment in C | 0.0000000001 | side 1 | side 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
85 | starting point for C | 1.0001232880 | 0.089491814 | 0.08949165799 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
86 | 1.0001232881 | 0.089491796 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
87 | 1.0001232882 | 0.089491779 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
88 | 1.0001232883 | 0.089491762 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
89 | 1.0001232884 | 0.089491745 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
90 | 1.0001232885 | 0.089491727 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
91 | 1.0001232886 | 0.089491710 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
92 | 1.0001232887 | 0.089491693 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
93 | 1.0001232888 | 0.089491675 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
94 | C= | 1.0001232889 | 0.089491658 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
95 | 1.0001232890 | 0.089491641 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
96 | B= | 2,187,696 | 4824 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
97 | A= | 114,256 | grams per takeoff | 252 | pounds per takeoff | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
98 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
99 | Total Direct+Indirect with IPCC factor on CRUISING emissions, g or lb per passenger mile | Average | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
100 | first column shows factor: | 3.889 | 758 | 615 | 598 | 1.671 | 1.356 | 1.319 | 1.448 | |||||||||||||||||||||
101 | Linear formula per passenger | 104,300 | + miles * | 544 | 230.0 | + miles * | 1.20 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
102 | Apply this formula, for miles at top of column | 753 | 654 | 567 | 1.659 | 1.442 | 1.251 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
103 | % above or below original estimate | -0.7% | 6.3% | -5.2% | -0.7% | 6.3% | -5.2% | |||||||||||||||||||||||
104 | Exponential formula per passenger | 164,034 | + | 362 | + | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
105 | Continuation of exponential formula | 3,267,874 | * ( | 1.000127325 | ^miles -1) | 7,206 | * ( | 1.000127325 | ^miles -1) | |||||||||||||||||||||
106 | Apply this formula, for miles at top of column | 758 | 615 | 598 | 1.671 | 1.356 | 1.319 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
107 | % above or below original estimate | 0.00000% | 0.00000% | 0.00001% | 0.00000% | 0.00000% | 0.00001% | |||||||||||||||||||||||
108 | Applications of Exponential & Linear Formulas: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
109 | 100 | 300 | 500 | 950 | 4,500 | 6,000 | 8,000 | 17,000 | 17,000 | miles | ||||||||||||||||||||
110 | 350 | 590 | 830 | 1,370 | 5,628 | 7,427 | 9,826 | 20,622 | 20,622 | lb/pass, linear | ||||||||||||||||||||
111 | 3.50 | 1.97 | 1.66 | 1.44 | 1.25 | 1.24 | 1.23 | 1.21 | 1.21 | lb/pass-mi, linear | ||||||||||||||||||||
112 | 2,059 | 971 | 758 | 615 | 598 | 652 | 743 | 1,492 | 1,492 | grams/pass-mi, exponential | ||||||||||||||||||||
113 | 4.54 | 2.14 | 1.67 | 1.36 | 1.32 | 1.44 | 1.64 | 3.29 | 3.29 | lb/pass-mi, exponential | ||||||||||||||||||||
114 | 454 | 642 | 835 | 1,288 | 5,935 | 8,624 | 13,109.329 | 55,910.983 | 55,911 | lb/pass, exponential | ||||||||||||||||||||
115 | 12748.39 | 3.27 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
116 | Derivation of Exponential Formula, A+B(C^miles -1). C is derived first, then B, then A | Theory is at http://CO2List.org/files/exp.htm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
117 | Subtract equations 1&2, then 1&3 (expressing CO2e for miles 500, 950, 4500 above) to gain 2 equations without A | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
118 | Take ratio of 2 equations to eliminate B. Then try values of C to find where 2 sides of equation match | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
119 | increment in C | 0.0000000001 | side 1 | side 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
120 | starting point for C | 1.0001273240 | 0.08879419756 | 0.08879403097 | Graphs at bottom have the same 2 lines, plus other comparisons | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
121 | 1.0001273241 | 0.08879418032 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
122 | 1.0001273242 | 0.08879416308 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
123 | 1.0001273243 | 0.08879414584 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
124 | 1.0001273244 | 0.0887941286 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
125 | 1.0001273245 | 0.08879411136 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
126 | 1.0001273246 | 0.08879409412 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
127 | 1.0001273247 | 0.08879407688 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
128 | 1.0001273248 | 0.08879405963 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
129 | 1.0001273249 | 0.088794042 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
130 | C= | 1.0001273250 | 0.08879402515 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
131 | B= | 3,267,874 | 7206 | pounds per passenger, to be adjusted for flight length | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
132 | A= | 164,034 | grams per takeoff | 362 | pounds per takeoff | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
133 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
134 | AIRPLANES' WARMING EFFECT IS BIGGER THAN CO2 | http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=/climate/ipcc/aviation/064.htm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
135 | IPCC working group | Total warming effect (radiative forcing, in Watts per square meter) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
136 | Total (omitting effect on cirrus clouds) | 0.050 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
137 | CO2 | 0.018 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
138 | NOx (via ozone changes) | 0.023 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
139 | NOx (via methane changes) | -0.014 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
140 | contrails | 0.020 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
141 | stratospheric H2O | 0.002 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
142 | sulfate aerosol (direct effect) | -0.003 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
143 | black carbon aerosol (soot) | 0.003 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
144 | "Changes in 'natural' cirrus clouds caused by aircraft may result in negligible or potentially large radiative forcing; an estimate could fall between 0 and 0.04" Watts per square meter | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
145 | 2.778 | Total as multiple of CO2, excluding cirrus effects | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
146 | 3.889 | Total as multiple of CO2, including middle of cirrus estimate | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
147 | The final estimate above for the 1st Approach (above) includes the middle of the cirrus estimate | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
148 | The 2nd approach (below) rounds the 2.778 multiplier to 3, since the IPCC working group was careful to use only one significant digit in their total. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
149 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
150 | SECOND APPROACH | http://www.ChooseClimate.org/flying/mf.html | This site is a powerful, clear, enjoyable website on CO2 from air travel. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
151 | seats on Boeing 747 | 370 | This model was highly rated by http://coinet.org.uk/materials/carboncalculations | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
152 | occupancy rate | 80% | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
153 | passengers per flight | 296 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
154 | 143 | 1,034 | 16,486 | Sample kilometers from website | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
155 | kg fuel per kilometer (747) | 7840 + 10.1 * (kilometers-250) | constant is for takeoff, climb, descent, including 250 miles | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
156 | same formula rearranged | 7840 - 10.1 * 250 + 10.1 * kilometers | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
157 | constants calculated in same formula | 5315 | + kilometers * | 10.1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
158 | kg fuel per passenger | 17.96 | + kilometers * | 0.034 | 23 | 53 | 580 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
159 | kg plain CO2 per kg fuel | 3.11 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
160 | kg plain CO2 per passenger | 55.82 | + kilometers * | 0.11 | 71 | 166 | 1,805 | kg | ||||||||||||||||||||||
161 | pounds plain CO2 per passenger | 123.06 | + kilometers * | 0.23 | 157 | 365 | 3,978 | pounds | ||||||||||||||||||||||
162 | pounds plain CO2 per passenger | 123.06 | + miles * | 0.38 | 157 | 365 | 3,978 | pounds | ||||||||||||||||||||||
163 | pounds CO2 equivalent per passenger | 369.19 | + miles * | 1.13 | 531 | 1,537 | 18,983 | pounds | ||||||||||||||||||||||
164 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
165 | Multiplier for mass | 2.20462 | pounds per kilo | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
166 | Multiplier for distance | 1.609344 | kilometers per statute mile | They say total effect is "3 times greater;" they calculate with multiplier of 3 not 4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
167 | Multiplier for Greenhouse gas equivalent | 3.00 | kg CO2 equivalent per kg CO2 | "Total warming effect of CO2,Ozone (made by NOx), water vapour and contrails" | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
168 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
169 | THIRD APPROACH | http://www.climatecrisis.net/takeaction/carboncalculator/howitwascalculated.html | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
170 | CO2: lb / passenger mile | miles | total CO2 (pounds) | tons in 99 flights (to compare to calculator) | kg plain CO2 per passenger kilometer | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
171 | short flights (front page of calculator says 300 miles, but explanation says 250) | 0.64 | 250 | 160 | 7.92 | 0.18 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
172 | short flights (front page of calculator says 300 miles, but explanation says 250) | 0.64 | 300 | 192 | 9.50 | 0.18 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
173 | medium flights | 0.45 | 800 | 360 | 17.82 | 0.13 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
174 | long flights | 0.39 | 2,500 | 975 | 48.26 | 0.11 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
175 | extended flights | 0.39 | 5,000 | 1,950 | 96.53 | 0.11 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
176 | Note: This climatecrisis website says they adapted info from Ghgprotocol.org, which is sponsored by World Resources Institute, WRI, though WRI has its own more simplistic calculator at safeclimate.net | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
177 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
178 | FOURTH APPROACH | kg plain CO2 per passenger kilometer | kilometers | total CO2 (kg) | CO2: lb / passenger mile | miles | Plane capacity, passengers | % full | ||||||||||||||||||||||
179 | Ghgprotocol.org includes pages with different numbers for short haul (and medium haul, which is derived from short haul). Climatecrisis.net uses the first number. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
180 | short haul, "mobile" calculator | 0.18 | 500 | 90 | 0.64 | 311 | http://www.ghgprotocol.org/downloads/calcs/co2-mobile.pdf page 10 cites NETCEN & British Airways | |||||||||||||||||||||||
181 | medium haul, "mobile" calculator | 0.126 | 1600 | 202 | 0.45 | 994 | Their complete list of calculators is at http://www.ghgprotocol.org/calculation-tools/all-tools | |||||||||||||||||||||||
182 | long haul, both calculators | 0.11 | 5000 | 550 | 0.39 | 3107 | 450 | 70% | http://www.ghgprotocol.org/downloads/calcs/Business_Travel_ServiceSector_v2.0_Final.xls cites UK DEFRA | |||||||||||||||||||||
183 | short haul, "business" calculator | 0.15 | 500 | 75 | 0.53 | 311 | 128 | 65% | http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/business/envrp/pdf/envrpgas-annexes.pdf | |||||||||||||||||||||
184 | medium haul, "business" calculator | 0.12 | 1600 | 192 | 0.43 | 994 | Page 9 cites "IPCC manual" and "Netcen (2005)" and gives the plane sizes & load factors shown at left | |||||||||||||||||||||||
185 | Ghgprotocol.org derives an equation which yields the same total CO2 for these short and long hauls: | For the IPCC Manual see the SEVENTH APPROACH below | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
186 | X & Y are unknown | X + | km | * Y | = total CO2 (kg) at given distance (km) | NETCEN is the National Environmental Technology Centre, owned by consultants AEA Technology PLC, http://netcen.co.uk | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
187 | X + | 500 | * Y | 90 | DEFRA is shifting its climate change efforts to the new UK "Dept of Climate Change" http://www.decc.gov.uk/ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
188 | X + | 5000 | * Y | 550 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
189 | Solve for X & Y | 39 | + km * | 0.1022222222 | = total CO2 (kg) at given distance (km) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
190 | Convert to pounds | 85.73522222 | + km * | 0.2253611556 | = total CO2 (pounds) at given distance (km) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
191 | Convert to miles | 85.73522222 | + miles * | 0.3626836235 | = total CO2 (pounds) at given distance (miles) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
192 | They use this formula for medium haul flights, and we applied this equation at the bottom of the page (4th approach) for comparison | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
193 | WRI also has a calculator at SafeClimate.net, which calculates 0.64 kg/passenger kilometer, regardless of flight length | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
194 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
195 | FIFTH APPROACH: Study of different transport modes | grams CO2/pas-senger mile | pounds CO2/pas-senger mile | http://www.buses.org/files/ComparativeEnergy.pdf | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
196 | average | average | Other modes are on Services tab | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
197 | domestic air | 243 | 0.54 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
198 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
199 | INFO FOR A SIXTH APPROACH | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
200 | Sixth approach (pilots' data from 2 sources) shows how climb burns fuel & descent saves it; illustrative more than reliable | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
201 | Lines at the end of this approach show lower figures than other approaches | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
202 | http://www.flywestwind.com/Hangar/Aircraft_Files/FOMs/B733FOM.pdf | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
203 | feet altitude /minute | change in 1000s of feet | minutes | MPH, in calm air | miles/min | miles at speed | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
204 | climbing speed <10,000ft | 250 | knots (KIAS) | 1800 | 10,000 | 5.6 | 288 | 4.8 | 27 | |||||||||||||||||||||
205 | climbing speed 10,000-16,000 | 0.45 | Mach | 1800 | 6,000 | 3.3 | 295 | 4.9 | 16 | |||||||||||||||||||||
206 | climbing speed >16,000ft | 0.75 | Mach | 1200 | 20,000 | 16.7 | 491 | 8.2 | 136 | |||||||||||||||||||||
207 | TOTAL CLIMB | 25.6 | 179.4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
208 | cruising speed | 0.75 | Mach | 491 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
209 | descent to 16,000ft | 0.7 | Mach | 1800 | 20,000 | 11.1 | 458 | 7.6 | 85 | |||||||||||||||||||||
210 | descent 16,000ft to 10nautical miles from airport | 250 | knots (KIAS) | 1800 | 12,293 | 6.8 | 288 | 4.8 | 33 | |||||||||||||||||||||
211 | last 10 nautical miles | 220 | knots (KIAS) | 1800 | 3,707 | 2.1 | 253 | 4.2 | 9 | |||||||||||||||||||||
212 | TOTAL DESCENT | 20.0 | 126.3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
213 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
214 | speed of sound at 36,000ft | 654.6 | mph | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mach_number | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
215 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
216 | http://www.airliners.net/aviation-forums/tech_ops/read.main/4730/ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
217 | The current most common 737 is the 737-300. Here are some very rough values, that a certain airline uses to compute manual flight plans in case the computer system fails. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
218 | pounds of fuel | Total minutes from above | pounds fuel | Total miles from above | pounds fuel per mile | excess pounds | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
219 | Climb | 2950 | lbs/15min | 26 | 5,026 | 179 | 16 | 940 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
220 | Cruise | 5500 | lbs/hr | 5,500 | 491 | 11 | 0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
221 | Descent | 600 | lbs/20min | 20 | 600 | 126 | 5 | -815 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
222 | Hold | 2650 | lbs/30min | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
223 | Alternate - 1950 / 20mins | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
224 | Min arrival fuel - 6300lbs | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
225 | Recomended arrival fuel - 8300lbs | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
226 | These numbers were based on | 27000 | lbs/payload | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
227 | 130 | passengers/payload | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
228 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
229 | Extra for climb | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
230 | pounds fuel | 126 | + miles * | 11 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
231 | pounds plain CO2 | 415 | + miles * | 37 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
232 | pounds plain CO2 per passenger | 3 | + miles * | 0.28 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
233 | pounds CO2 equivalent per passenger | 10 | + miles * | 0.85 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
234 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
235 | SEVENTH APPROACH | 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
236 | http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
237 | http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/pdf/2_Volume2/V2_3_Ch3_Mobile_Combustion.pdf | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
238 | These sites of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change give data on dozens of individual aircraft models. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
239 | They give CO2 and other gases per Landing & Take Off, which includes all travel under 3,000 feet altitude. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
240 | To use this we would also need: | Distance traveled under 3000 feet altitude | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
241 | CO2 or fuel consumption per mile while cruising over 3,000 feet | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
242 | Average passengers per flight | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
243 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
244 | EIGHTH APPROACH | https://www.atmosfair.de/index.php?id=5&no_cache=1&L=3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
245 | This carbon offset group has a very detailed airplane calculator. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
246 | They use data for each region and airplane, though not the making & maintenance of planes or airports | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
247 | This approach results in different CO2 estimates for similar distances in different places | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
248 | they use the IPCC low factor of 3 for fuel burned above 9 kilometers | 29,528 | feet | distances from http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0759496.html | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
249 | recommended by UK consumer group | http://www.ethicalconsumer.org/FreeBuyersGuides/miscellaneous/carbonoffsetting.aspx | except shortest 2 are from http://www.webflyer.com/travel/mileage_calculator/ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
250 | kg CO2, all classes | kg CO2, economy | econ/avg | km | econ kg CO2/km | miles | Berkeley+CoolCalifornia.org | 2 | =radiative forcing | |||||||||||||||||||||
251 | buenos aires-shanghai | 6010 | 19636 | 0.306 | 12,201 | kg/pass. km (calc from g/mile on left) | g/pass. mile (documentation) | metric tonnes (shown by calculator) | miles/ flight (derived from A and C) | km/ flight (calc from miles/ flight on left) | kg per flight of various lengths (incl forcing) | |||||||||||||||||||
252 | Cape Town-honolulu | 5660 | 18562 | 0.305 | 11,534 | 0.139 | 223 | avg flight | ||||||||||||||||||||||
253 | rio de janeiro-tokyo | 5660 | 18561 | 0.305 | 11,533 | 0.158 | 254 | <400 | 15.24 | 300 | 483 | 152 | ||||||||||||||||||
254 | buenos aires-hong kong | 5630 | 18462 | 0.305 | 11,472 | 0.127 | 204 | 400-1500 | 40.8 | 1,000 | 1,609 | 408 | ||||||||||||||||||
255 | buenos aires-tokyo | 5590 | 18359 | 0.304 | 11,408 | 0.112 | 181 | 1500-3000 | 81.44 | 2,250 | 3,621 | 814 | ||||||||||||||||||
256 | buenos aires-manila | 5400 | 17785 | 0.304 | 11,051 | 0.107 | 172 | >3000 | 137.6 | 4,000 | 6,437 | 1376 | ||||||||||||||||||
257 | london-sydney | 6440 | 5160 | 17001 | 0.304 | 10,564 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
258 | london-hong kong | 3430 | 2750 | 80.2% | 9627 | 0.286 | 5,982 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
259 | London-Los Angeles | 3040 | 2440 | 80.3% | 8661 | 0.282 | 5,382 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
260 | london-new york | 1740 | 1390 | 79.9% | 5565 | 0.250 | 3,458 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
261 | rome-cairo | 460 | 2124 | 0.217 | 1,320 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
262 | rome-stockholm | 480 | 1986 | 0.242 | 1,234 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
263 | buenos aires-rio de janeiro | 430 | 1931 | 0.223 | 1,200 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
264 | london-rome | 310 | 1427 | 0.217 | 887 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
265 | new york-chicago | 290 | 1147 | 0.253 | 713 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
266 | paris-rome | 250 | 1122 | 0.223 | 697 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
267 | hong kong-manila | 270 | 1115 | 0.242 | 693 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
268 | washington-chicago | 230 | 961 | 0.239 | 597 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
269 | berlin-london | 220 | 932 | 0.236 | 579 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
270 | berlin-paris | 200 | 877 | 0.228 | 545 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
271 | berlin-stockholm | 200 | 811 | 0.247 | 504 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
272 | stockholm-warsaw | 230 | 806 | 0.285 | 501 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
273 | washington-montreal | 100 | 785 | 0.127 | 488 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
274 | san francisco-los angeles | 150 | 558 | 0.269 | 347 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
275 | new york-montreal | 80 | 515 | 0.155 | 320 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
276 | london-paris | 70 | 60 | 85.7% | 343 | 0.175 | 213 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
277 | seattle-Vancouver | 60 | 50 | 83.3% | 204 | 0.245 | 127 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
278 | newark-philadelphia | 50 | 40 | 80.0% | 127 | 0.315 | 79 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
279 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
280 | Comparison of CO2 Calculators | Fuel, Vehicle, Infrastruc-ture, Exponential | Fuel, Vehicle, Infrastruc-ture, Linear | Fuel Alone, Exponential | The Carbon Account .com (in UK) | Carbon Diet .org (in UK) | Bonneville B-E-F .org | Bonneville B-E-F .org | Cool California | Chester + RFI + class (1st approach) | EPA | Gore (3rd approach) | WRI (4th approach) | |||||||||||||||||
281 | Methods Paper | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
282 | Gasoline | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
283 | miles per Imperial gallon (p.13 of methods) | 37 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
284 | grams CO2/km (p.13) | 184 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
285 | kg CO2/liter | 4.3 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.32 | 2.3 | 2.4 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
286 | miles per US gallon | 30.8 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
287 | lb CO2/mile | 0.6522435242 | 1.4 to 2.1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
288 | lb CO2/US gallon | 36.1 | 19.6 | 20.1 | 19.4 | 19.6 | 20.421 | 19.6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
289 | Electricity | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
290 | kg CO2/kWh (p.9 average) | 0.76 | 0.62 | 0.527 | 0.54 | 0.62 | 0.65 | 0.61 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
291 | lb CO2/kWh | 1.67 | 1.37 | 1.16 | 1.19 | 1.363 | NA | 1.43 | 1.34 | |||||||||||||||||||||
292 | Calculators in each country have similar data for Gasoline and Electricity, excluding Life Cycle costs | electricity in calculator above varies by eGrid subregion. this is US average, i.e slightly more than South Texas average | electricity in the calculator above varies by state; this is US average | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
293 | Airplanes, Economy Seat, for flight distances shown in columns Q and R | Bonneville B-E-F.org, kg CO2 per Passenger-km | Bonneville B-E-F.org, lb CO2 per Passenger | Cool California | Chester + RFI + seating class (see "Air" tab, 1st approach) | Choose Climate (2nd approach) | Gore (3rd approach) | Gore CO2 per km shown | SafeClimateGHG (4th approach) | Multi-mode Study (5th approach) | Nature Conservancy: their CO2 for flights above & below 300mi one way, per km shown | Atmosfair.de | one-way km | one-way miles | ||||||||||||||||
294 | Radiative Forcing Index (RFI) | 3.9 | 3.9 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3.9 | 3 | none | none | none | none | none | 3 | |||||||||||||
295 | kg CO2e per passenger kilometer | kg CO2e per passenger kilometer | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
296 | shortest flight: Newark-Philadelphia | 1.28 | 0.96 | 0.88 | 0.405 | 0.450 | 0.377 | 105 | 1.20 | 1.64 | 0.69 | 0.41 | 0.15 | 1.29 | 0.31 | 127 | 79 | |||||||||||||
297 | Seattle-Vancouver | 0.88 | 0.70 | 0.60 | 0.405 | 0.450 | 0.312 | 140 | 0.75 | 1.14 | 0.43 | 0.29 | 0.15 | 0.80 | 0.25 | 204 | 127 | |||||||||||||
298 | kg CO2e per passenger kilometer | 0.67 | 0.56 | 0.45 | 0.405 | 0.450 | 0.277 | 183 | 0.51 | 0.88 | 0.29 | 0.23 | 0.15 | 0.54 | 300 | 186 | ||||||||||||||
299 | kg CO2e per passenger kilometer | 0.55 | 0.49 | 0.37 | 0.405 | 0.450 | 0.259 | 229 | 0.38 | 0.73 | 0.18 | 0.22 | 0.20 | 0.15 | 0.41 | 402 | 250 | |||||||||||||
300 | kg CO2e per passenger kilometer | 0.39 | 0.39 | 0.26 | 0.405 | 0.450 | 0.232 | 411 | 0.51 | 0.39 | 0.53 | 0.11 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 1.24 | 805 | 500 | |||||||||||||
301 | kg CO2e per passenger kilometer | 0.36 | 0.36 | 0.24 | 0.405 | 0.450 | 0.226 | 498 | 0.41 | 0.49 | 0.16 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 1.00 | 999 | 621 | ||||||||||||||
302 | kg CO2e per passenger kilometer | 0.36 | 0.36 | 0.24 | 0.405 | 0.300 | 0.226 | 499 | 0.41 | 0.49 | 0.16 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 1.00 | 1001 | 622 | ||||||||||||||
303 | kg CO2e per passenger kilometer | 0.33 | 0.35 | 0.22 | 0.405 | 0.300 | 0.221 | 628 | 0.32 | 0.45 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.15 | 0.78 | 1287 | 800 | |||||||||||||
304 | kg CO2e per passenger kilometer | 0.31 | 0.33 | 0.21 | 0.405 | 0.300 | 0.219 | 737 | 0.27 | 0.31 | 0.43 | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.15 | 0.65 | 1529 | 950 | |||||||||||||
305 | kg CO2e per passenger kilometer | 0.29 | 0.31 | 0.19 | 0.405 | 0.300 | 0.213 | 1129 | 0.17 | 0.39 | 0.07 | 0.12 | 0.15 | 0.42 | 2399 | 1491 | ||||||||||||||
306 | kg CO2e per passenger kilometer | 0.29 | 0.31 | 0.19 | 0.270 | 0.300 | 0.213 | 1136 | 0.34 | 0.39 | 0.07 | 0.12 | 0.15 | 0.41 | 2416 | 1501 | ||||||||||||||
307 | kg CO2e per passenger kilometer | 0.28 | 0.30 | 0.19 | 0.270 | 0.300 | 0.210 | 1860 | 0.20 | 0.36 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.15 | 0.25 | 4022 | 2499 | ||||||||||||||
308 | kg CO2e per passenger kilometer | 0.28 | 0.30 | 0.19 | 0.270 | 0.300 | 0.230 | 2042 | 0.20 | 0.36 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.15 | 0.25 | 4025 | 2501 | |||||||||||||
309 | kg CO2e per passenger kilometer | 0.29 | 0.30 | 0.19 | 0.270 | 0.300 | 0.229 | 2521 | 0.28 | 0.35 | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.15 | 0.20 | 4999 | 3106 | ||||||||||||||
310 | kg CO2e per passenger kilometer | 0.29 | 0.30 | 0.19 | 0.270 | 0.320 | 0.229 | 2522 | 0.28 | 0.35 | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.15 | 0.20 | 5001 | 3107 | ||||||||||||||
311 | kg CO2e per passenger kilometer | 0.31 | 0.29 | 0.20 | 0.270 | 0.320 | 0.227 | 3623 | 0.19 | 0.31 | 0.34 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.15 | 0.14 | 7242 | 4500 | |||||||||||||
312 | kg CO2e per passenger kilometer | 0.31 | 0.29 | 0.20 | 0.270 | 0.320 | 0.227 | 3995 | 0.17 | 0.34 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.15 | 0.12 | 7999 | 4970 | ||||||||||||||
313 | kg CO2e per passenger kilometer | 0.31 | 0.29 | 0.20 | 0.297 | 0.320 | 0.227 | 4020 | 0.17 | 0.34 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.15 | 0.12 | 8049 | 5001 | |||||||||||||
314 | longest flight: London-Sydney | 0.46 | 0.28 | 0.29 | 0.297 | 0.320 | 0.225 | 8469 | 0.08 | 0.33 | 0.05 | 0.10 | 0.15 | 0.06 | 0.30 | 17100 | 10625 | |||||||||||||
315 | "fuel alone" column includes 2.7 factor for radiative forcing, but not production & delivery | http://www.nature.org/popups/misc/art20625.html | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
316 | Bonneville asks for "roundtrip" mileage, & applies their formula to it. For comparability we apply their formula to twice the one-way miles shown, & divide resulting CO2e in half | http://www.nature.org/initiatives/climatechange/calculator/?src=l12 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
317 | The common practice of segmenting into short, medium & long flights seems unwise, since it creates notches which can be avoided by fitting a curve to the data. Discussed at http://CO2List.org/files/exp.htm | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
318 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
319 | kg CO2e per passenger trip | kg CO2e per passenger trip | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
320 | Fuel, Vehicle, Infrastruc-ture, Exponential | Fuel, Vehicle, Infrastruc-ture, Linear | Fuel Alone | The Carbon Account .com | Carbon Diet .org | b-e-f .org | km | |||||||||||||||||||||||
321 | kg CO2e per passenger trip | 162 | 121 | 112 | 51 | 57 | 48 | 208 | 52 | 19 | 127 | |||||||||||||||||||
322 | kg CO2e per passenger trip | 200 | 169 | 136 | 122 | 135 | 83 | 263 | 70 | 45 | 300 | |||||||||||||||||||
323 | kg CO2e per passenger trip | 222 | 198 | 151 | 163 | 181 | 104 | 295 | 73 | 80 | 61 | 402 | ||||||||||||||||||
324 | kg CO2e per passenger trip | 312 | 310 | 209 | 326 | 362 | 186 | 312 | 424 | 121 | 122 | 805 | ||||||||||||||||||
325 | kg CO2e per passenger trip | 357 | 364 | 237 | 405 | 450 | 226 | 485 | 141 | 151 | 999 | |||||||||||||||||||
326 | kg CO2e per passenger trip | 357 | 365 | 238 | 405 | 300 | 226 | 486 | 141 | 151 | 1001 | |||||||||||||||||||
327 | kg CO2e per passenger trip | 424 | 444 | 281 | 521 | 386 | 285 | 577 | 163 | 170 | 194 | 1287 | ||||||||||||||||||
328 | kg CO2e per passenger trip | 481 | 512 | 318 | 619 | 459 | 334 | 481 | 654 | 195 | 231 | 1529 | ||||||||||||||||||
329 | kg CO2e per passenger trip | 698 | 754 | 458 | 972 | 720 | 512 | 931 | 284 | 362 | 2399 | |||||||||||||||||||
330 | kg CO2e per passenger trip | 702 | 759 | 461 | 652 | 725 | 516 | 936 | 286 | 365 | 2416 | |||||||||||||||||||
331 | kg CO2e per passenger trip | 1144 | 1206 | 745 | 1086 | 1207 | 844 | 1447 | 450 | 607 | 4022 | |||||||||||||||||||
332 | kg CO2e per passenger trip | 1145 | 1207 | 745 | 1087 | 1208 | 926 | 1448 | 442 | 450 | 608 | 4025 | ||||||||||||||||||
333 | kg CO2e per passenger trip | 1441 | 1478 | 935 | 1350 | 1500 | 1144 | 1758 | 550 | 755 | 4999 | |||||||||||||||||||
334 | kg CO2e per passenger trip | 1442 | 1479 | 936 | 1350 | 1600 | 1144 | 1759 | 550 | 755 | 5001 | |||||||||||||||||||
335 | kg CO2e per passenger trip | 2218 | 2103 | 1431 | 1955 | 2317 | 1644 | 2217 | 2472 | 779 | 1094 | 7242 | ||||||||||||||||||
336 | kg CO2e per passenger trip | 2512 | 2314 | 1618 | 2160 | 2560 | 1813 | 2713 | 857 | 1208 | 7999 | |||||||||||||||||||
337 | kg CO2e per passenger trip | 2532 | 2328 | 1631 | 2391 | 2576 | 1824 | 2729 | 885 | 862 | 1216 | 8049 | ||||||||||||||||||
338 | kg CO2e per passenger trip | 7857 | 4848 | 4971 | 5079 | 5472 | 3843 | 5609 | 1787 | 2582 | 17100 | |||||||||||||||||||
339 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
340 | Factor for Economy Class | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||||||||||||||||
341 | Premium Economy | 1.26 | 1.26 | 1.26 | 1.15 | 1.20 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
342 | Local Business Class | 1.26 | 1.26 | 1.26 | 1.40 | 2.10 | 1.00 | 1.49 | 1.88 | |||||||||||||||||||||
343 | Local First Class | 1.26 | 1.26 | 1.26 | 1.60 | 3.40 | 1.00 | 2.50 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
344 | Overseas Business Class | 2.14 | 2.14 | 2.14 | 1.40 | 2.10 | 1.00 | 1.49 | 1.88 | |||||||||||||||||||||
345 | Overseas First Class | 3.14 | 3.14 | 3.14 | 1.60 | 3.40 | 1.00 | 2.50 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
346 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
347 | Deriving Adjustment Factors for Seating Classes | Typical Seat Pitch (inches) | Typical Seat Width | This Seat as Fraction of All Passenger Miles | Seat Size as % of Weighted Average Size | Davide Ross http://www.carbonplanet.com/downloads/ghg_emission_factors_for_flights.pdf | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
348 | Economy | 32 | 17.5 | 73% | 0.82 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
349 | Premium Economy | 38 | 18.5 | 1% | 1.03 | http://www.seatguru.com/charts/premium_economy.php | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
350 | Local First & Business | 37 | 19 | 13% | 1.03 | http://www.seatguru.com/charts/domestic_first_class.php | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
351 | Overseas Business | 60 | 20 | 10% | 1.76 | http://www.seatguru.com/charts/business_class.php | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
352 | Overseas First | 80 | 22 | 3% | 2.59 | http://www.seatguru.com/charts/intl_first_class.php | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
353 | 680 | Weighted Average Square Inches per Seat | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
354 | For fraction of passenger miles, Atmosfair quotes Bucher ratio of 74:20:6 on p. 9 of https://www.atmosfair.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Medienecke/Downloadmaterial/Rund_um_atmosfair/Documentation_Calculator_EN_2008.pdf | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
355 | IATA reports changes in the total passengers by class, but unclear if they have overall counts http://www.reuters.com/article/marketsNews/idUSLI44632720090818 |
1 | FOREST | Tropical Forests | Temperate >20 Years Old | Boreal | Tropical Forests | Temperate >20 Years Old | Boreal | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2 | Hydroelectric at bottom of page | Rainforest | Moist Deciduous | Dry | Continental | Mountain | Coniferous | Equatorial | Seasonal | Dry | Continental | Mountain | Coniferous | |||||||||
3 | 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/pdf/4_Volume4/V4_04_Ch4_Forest_Land.pdf | |||||||||||||||||||||
4 | Gibbs et al., "Monitoring and estimating tropical forest carbon stocks" http://www.sage.wisc.edu/pubs/articles/F-L/Gibbs/gibbsERLarticle2007.pdf | |||||||||||||||||||||
5 | They cite the above "Guidelines," and explain they adjust with Carbon ratio and root ratio. We do same for temperate & add dead matter. | |||||||||||||||||||||
6 | Soil data from Houghton+Hackler 2001, Carbon Flux to the Atmosphere from Land-Use Changes: 1850 to 1990 A142 | |||||||||||||||||||||
7 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
8 | Tonnes dry weight of living matter above ground, per hectare | = tenths of a kilo per sq. meter | p.53 | |||||||||||||||||||
9 | Europe & Asia | 120 | 100 | 55 | Boreal is midpoint of 10-90 range | tonnes/sq.km | 10000 | |||||||||||||||
10 | America | 300 | 220 | 210 | 130 | 130 | 55 | tonnes/hectare | 100 | |||||||||||||
11 | Sub-Saharan Africa | 310 | 260 | 120 | ||||||||||||||||||
12 | Asian Continent | 280 | 180 | 130 | ||||||||||||||||||
13 | Asian Islands | 350 | 290 | 160 | ||||||||||||||||||
14 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
15 | Roots as % of above ground | 37% | 24% | 28% | 23% | 23% | 39% | p.49 | ||||||||||||||
16 | Carbon as % of dry matter | 47% | 47% | 47% | 47% | 47% | 47% | p.48 | ||||||||||||||
17 | Fallen trees+leaf litter | 15% | 15% | 15% | 15% | 15% | 15% | Gibbs says ~10-20% of above ground weight | ||||||||||||||
18 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
19 | Tonnes Carbon / hectare, in undisturbed soil | = tenths of a kilo per sq. meter | ||||||||||||||||||||
20 | Europe & Asia | 134 | 134 | 206 | ||||||||||||||||||
21 | America | 98 | 98 | 69 | 134 | 134 | 206 | |||||||||||||||
22 | Sub-Saharan Africa | 100 | 100 | 50 | ||||||||||||||||||
23 | Asian Continent | 120 | 80 | 50 | ||||||||||||||||||
24 | Asian Islands | 120 | 80 | 50 | ||||||||||||||||||
25 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
26 | Tonnes Carbon / hectare, after disturbed soil oxidizes | = tenths of a kilo per sq. meter | ||||||||||||||||||||
27 | Europe & Asia | 101 | 101 | 155 | ||||||||||||||||||
28 | America | 74 | 74 | 52 | 101 | 101 | 155 | |||||||||||||||
29 | Sub-Saharan Africa | 75 | 75 | 37 | ||||||||||||||||||
30 | Asian Continent | 84 | 56 | 37 | ||||||||||||||||||
31 | Asian Islands | 84 | 56 | 37 | ||||||||||||||||||
32 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
33 | Tonnes Carbon / hectare, includes roots & living matter above ground | = tenths of a kilo per sq. meter | ||||||||||||||||||||
34 | Europe & Asia | 69 | 58 | 36 | ||||||||||||||||||
35 | America | 193 | 128 | 126 | 75 | 75 | 36 | |||||||||||||||
36 | Sub-Saharan Africa | 200 | 152 | 72 | The following % of all Carbon decays under water | |||||||||||||||||
37 | Asian Continent | 180 | 105 | 78 | 42% | 42% | 42% | 42% | 42% | 42% | ||||||||||||
38 | Asian Islands | 225 | 169 | 96 | The following % of all carbon goes into methane under water | |||||||||||||||||
39 | 14% | 14% | 14% | 0.8% | 0.8% | 0.8% | ||||||||||||||||
40 | Tropical from Petit Saut below. | Northern from Finland. Need more thorough source. | ||||||||||||||||||||
41 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
42 | A. Released when cut or burned: includes roots, living+dead above ground, & change in soil | B. Total Carbon / hectare | ||||||||||||||||||||
43 | Tonnes Carbon / hectare | Tonnes Carbon / hectare | ||||||||||||||||||||
44 | Europe & Asia | 111 | 98 | 91 | 212 | 199 | 246 | |||||||||||||||
45 | America | 238 | 168 | 158 | 117 | 117 | 91 | 312 | 242 | 210 | 218 | 218 | 246 | |||||||||
46 | Sub-Saharan Africa | 246 | 195 | 94 | 321 | 270 | 131 | |||||||||||||||
47 | Asian Continent | 236 | 142 | 100 | 320 | 198 | 137 | |||||||||||||||
48 | Asian Islands | 286 | 213 | 121 | 370 | 269 | 158 | |||||||||||||||
49 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
50 | A. Released when cut or burned: includes roots, living+dead above ground, & change in soil | B. Released when flooded by reservoir | ||||||||||||||||||||
51 | Kilos CO2e/sq.meter | Kilos CO2e/sq.meter | ||||||||||||||||||||
52 | Europe & Asia | 41 | 36 | 33 | 35 | 33 | 40 | |||||||||||||||
53 | America | 87 | 61 | 58 | 43 | 43 | 33 | 103 | 80 | 69 | 36 | 36 | 40 | |||||||||
54 | Sub-Saharan Africa | 90 | 71 | 34 | 106 | 89 | 43 | |||||||||||||||
55 | Asian Continent | 87 | 52 | 37 | 106 | 65 | 45 | |||||||||||||||
56 | Asian Islands | 105 | 78 | 44 | 122 | 89 | 52 | |||||||||||||||
57 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
58 | Pounds CO2e/sq.foot | Pounds CO2e/sq.foot | ||||||||||||||||||||
59 | Europe & Asia | 8 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | |||||||||||||||
60 | America | 18 | 13 | 12 | 9 | 9 | 7 | 21 | 16 | 14 | 7 | 7 | 8 | |||||||||
61 | Sub-Saharan Africa | 19 | 15 | 7 | 22 | 18 | 9 | |||||||||||||||
62 | Asian Continent | 18 | 11 | 8 | 22 | 13 | 9 | |||||||||||||||
63 | Asian Islands | 21 | 16 | 9 | 25 | 18 | 11 | |||||||||||||||
64 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
65 | Tonnes dry weight of growth in natural forests, above ground, per hectare per year | p.57 (forests > 20 years old) | ||||||||||||||||||||
66 | Europe & Asia | 4 | 3 | 1.1 | Boreal is midpoint of .1-2.1 range | |||||||||||||||||
67 | America | 3.1 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 1.1 | |||||||||||||||
68 | Sub-Saharan Africa | 3.1 | 1.3 | 1.8 | ||||||||||||||||||
69 | Asian Continent | 2.2 | 2 | 1.5 | ||||||||||||||||||
70 | Asian Islands | 3.4 | 3 | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||
71 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
72 | Annual growth: Tonnes dry weight of living matter above ground, per hectare | |||||||||||||||||||||
73 | Europe & Asia | 4 | 3 | 1.1 | Boreal is midpoint of .1-2.1 range | |||||||||||||||||
74 | America <20 years old | 11 | 7 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 1.1 | |||||||||||||||
75 | America >20 years old | 3.1 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 1.1 | |||||||||||||||
76 | Africa <20 years old | 10 | 5 | 2.4 | ||||||||||||||||||
77 | Africa >20 years old | 3.1 | 1.3 | 1.8 | ||||||||||||||||||
78 | Asian Continent <20 years old | 7 | 9 | 6 | ||||||||||||||||||
79 | Asian Continent >20 years old | 2.2 | 2 | 1.5 | ||||||||||||||||||
80 | Asian Islands <20 years old | 13 | 11 | 7 | ||||||||||||||||||
81 | Asian Islands >20 years old | 3.4 | 3 | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||
82 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
83 | Annual growth: pounds CO2 above & below ground, per acre | |||||||||||||||||||||
84 | Europe & Asia | - | - | - | 7,563 | 5,672 | 2,350 | |||||||||||||||
85 | America <20 years old | 23,164 | 13,342 | 7,870 | 7,563 | 5,672 | 2,350 | |||||||||||||||
86 | America >20 years old | 6,528 | 3,812 | 1,968 | 7,563 | 5,672 | 2,350 | |||||||||||||||
87 | Africa <20 years old | 21,059 | 9,530 | 4,722 | - | - | - | |||||||||||||||
88 | Africa >20 years old | 6,528 | 2,478 | 3,542 | - | - | - | |||||||||||||||
89 | Asian Continent <20 years old | 14,741 | 17,154 | 11,805 | - | - | - | |||||||||||||||
90 | Asian Continent >20 years old | 4,633 | 3,812 | 2,951 | - | - | - | |||||||||||||||
91 | Asian Islands <20 years old | 27,376 | 20,966 | 13,773 | - | - | - | |||||||||||||||
92 | Asian Islands >20 years old | 7,160 | 5,718 | 3,935 | - | - | - | |||||||||||||||
93 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
94 | Daily growth: pounds CO2 above & below ground, per acre | |||||||||||||||||||||
95 | Europe & Asia | - | - | - | 21 | 16 | 6 | |||||||||||||||
96 | America <20 years old | 63 | 37 | 22 | 21 | 16 | 6 | |||||||||||||||
97 | America >20 years old | 18 | 10 | 5 | 21 | 16 | 6 | |||||||||||||||
98 | Africa <20 years old | 58 | 26 | 13 | - | - | - | |||||||||||||||
99 | Africa >20 years old | 18 | 7 | 10 | - | - | - | |||||||||||||||
100 | Asian Continent <20 years old | 40 | 47 | 32 | - | - | - | |||||||||||||||
101 | Asian Continent >20 years old | 13 | 10 | 8 | - | - | - | |||||||||||||||
102 | Asian Islands <20 years old | 75 | 57 | 38 | - | - | - | |||||||||||||||
103 | Asian Islands >20 years old | 20 | 16 | 11 | - | - | - | |||||||||||||||
104 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
105 | Dam | sq. kilometers | Watts / sq.meter | Carbon equivalent from CO2 & CH4 (500yr factor), tonnes /year, Measured Diffusion & Bubbles | Megawatts | MWh Generated per year | MWh Delivered per year | Pounds CO2e per generated kWh based on emissions and size at left | Pounds CO2e per generated kWh adjusted to include turbines & downstream | Pounds CO2e per delivered kWh with transmission losses of: | Grams CO2e per generated megajoule (MJ) | Grams CO2e per sq.meter per year | Carbon equivalent, tonnes /year, from Oil Powered Plant | Implied Carbon in oil (tonnes /MWh or kilos /KWh) | 100 Years: delivered kWh / sq.foot | Forest estimates above, Pounds CO2e / sq.foot | Pounds CO2e per delivered kWh, based on Forest Estimates Above | Grams CO2e per delivered megajoule (MJ) | CO2e from construction (tonnes), amortized over 100 years | Pounds CO2e per delivered kWh, from construction | ||
106 | capacity factor (sources below | 65% | 9.9% | |||||||||||||||||||
107 | Tucurí | 2,430 | 1.7 | Rain forest | 2,602,945 | 4,228 | 24,075,371 | 21,691,909 | 0.874 | 2.8 | 3.1 | 355.7 | 3,460 | 4,702,228 | 0.22 | 128 | 21 | 0.166 | 21 | 1,600,000 | 0.002 | |
108 | Samuel | 559 | 0.4 | Rain forest | 535,407 | 218 | 1,241,349 | 1,118,455 | 3.487 | 11.3 | 12.5 | 1418.9 | 3,094 | 239,547 | 0.21 | 29 | 21 | 0.740 | 93 | |||
109 | Xingó | 60 | 50.0 | Scrub savanna | 41,668 | 3,000 | 17,082,000 | 15,390,882 | 0.020 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 8.0 | 2,243 | 3,327,048 | 0.22 | 3,666 | - | |||||
110 | Serra da Mesa | 1,784 | 0.7 | Savanna | 895,373 | 1,267 | 7,212,248 | 6,498,236 | 1.004 | 3.2 | 3.6 | 408.4 | 1,621 | 1,413,995 | 0.22 | 52 | - | |||||
111 | Três Marinas | 1,040 | 0.4 | Savanna | 540,335 | 395 | 2,250,269 | 2,027,492 | 1.941 | 6.3 | 7.0 | 789.9 | 1,678 | 439,170 | 0.22 | 28 | - | |||||
112 | Miranda | 51 | 7.7 | Savanna | 38,332 | 390 | 2,221,377 | 2,001,461 | 0.139 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 56.8 | 2,447 | 432,516 | 0.22 | 565 | - | |||||
113 | Barra Bonita | 312 | 0.5 | Atlantic forest | 137,341 | 140 | 799,438 | 720,293 | 1.389 | 4.5 | 5.0 | 565.2 | 1,422 | 156,105 | 0.22 | 33 | 21 | 0.641 | 81 | |||
114 | Itaipu | 1,549 | 8.1 | Atlantic forest | 93,269 | 12,593 | 71,706,649 | 64,607,691 | 0.011 | 0.034 | 0.038 | 4.3 | 194 | 13,973,602 | 0.22 | 596 | 21 | 0.035 | 4 | |||
115 | Segredo | 82 | 15.4 | Atlantic forest | 23,497 | 1,260 | 7,176,376 | 6,465,915 | 0.026 | 0.085 | 0.095 | 10.8 | 926 | 1,397,360 | 0.22 | 1,127 | 21 | 0.019 | 2 | |||
116 | Average, weighted by MWh | 0.297 | 0.958 | 1.063 | 120.7 | 1,257 | Lower levels in these columns are based on original stock of carbon, confirm that measurements at left add current growth to old stock. | |||||||||||||||
117 | Unweighted average | 0.988 | 3.2 | 3.5 | 402.0 | 1,898 | http://rael.berkeley.edu/files/diss/Sergio_Pacca_2003.pdf | |||||||||||||||
118 | Average, weighted by sq. km | 1.060 | 3.4 | 3.8 | 431.6 | 2,015 | ||||||||||||||||
119 | Farrer 2007 Hydroelectric Reservoirs http://www.up.ethz.ch/education/term_paper/termpaper_hs07/Farrer_rev_termpaper_hs07.pdf | |||||||||||||||||||||
120 | Farrer quotes Santos 2006 for the table above. Some of the same numbers, plus volume & age are at http://www.unesco.org/water/ihp/pdf/3_Santos_1.pdf | |||||||||||||||||||||
121 | Also need to include emissions at spillway & downstream, resulting in 1.9 times as much total CO2e, based on Petit Saut measurements below, or 15 times as much, based on Tucurui 1991 from Fearnside. | |||||||||||||||||||||
122 | 500-year factor for methane is only 7.6. More relevant 100-year factor would be 25, resulting in 1.7 times as much total CO2e, based on Petit Saut measurements below | |||||||||||||||||||||
123 | These 2 factors raise the average pounds of CO2e per kwh, weighted by amount of power, to | |||||||||||||||||||||
124 | weighted by MWh | 0.958 | 1.063 | 120.7 | other units in Fuel tab around a150 | |||||||||||||||||
125 | Tucurui 1991 | Mega-Tonnes | % of total | ratio to reservoir | lb CO2e per kwh delivered | http://philip.inpa.gov.br/publ_livres/Preprints/2002/tuc-ghg2-wasp-%20w%20figs.htm | Fearnside, P.M. 2002. Greenhouse gas emissions from a hydroelectric reservoir (Brazil’s Tucuruí Dam) and the energy policy implications. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 133(1-4): 69-96 | |||||||||||||||
126 | Methane from reservoir surface | 0.093734 | 7% | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||
127 | Methane from turbines | 0.7854 | 56% | 8 | ||||||||||||||||||
128 | Methane from spillway | 0.5353 | 38% | 6 | ||||||||||||||||||
129 | total methane | 1.414434 | 100% | 15 | ||||||||||||||||||
130 | total Carbon equivalent (low range) | 7 | 2.35 | |||||||||||||||||||
131 | total Carbon equivalent (high range) | 10.1 | 3.39 | |||||||||||||||||||
132 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
133 | General: http://www.dams.org/docs/kbase/thematic/tr22pt2.pdf | |||||||||||||||||||||
134 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
135 | Emissions from Petit Saut Hydroelectric System | p.12 in http://www.epoc.u-bordeaux.fr/indiv/Abril/documents/publi/Abril_et_al_2005_GBC.pdf | ||||||||||||||||||||
136 | Tonnes Carbon in CO2 Emissions | Tonnes Carbon in CH4 Emissions | ||||||||||||||||||||
137 | Total | Diffuse from surface | Degassing at Dam | Diffuse from Estuary | Total CH4 | Diffuse from surface | Bubbling from Shallows | Degassing at Dam | Diffuse from Estuary | Total CO2e at 100-yr factors | Total CO2e at 500-yr factors | CO2e at 100-yr factors as multiple of CO2e at 500-yr factors | ||||||||||
138 | 1994, First filled | 282,000 | 193,000 | 14,000 | 75,000 | 73,190 | 30,150 | 32,850 | 10,000 | 190 | 3,473,667 | 1,775,659 | 2.0 | |||||||||
139 | 1995 | 302,200 | 207,000 | 20,200 | 75,000 | 75,150 | 11,620 | 22,240 | 39,440 | 1,850 | 3,613,067 | 1,869,587 | 1.9 | |||||||||
140 | 1996 | 324,800 | 219,000 | 30,800 | 75,000 | 48,660 | 6,990 | 10,470 | 28,400 | 2,800 | 2,812,933 | 1,684,021 | 1.7 | |||||||||
141 | 1997 | 216,800 | 121,000 | 20,800 | 75,000 | 22,110 | 1,020 | 3,470 | 15,280 | 2,340 | 1,531,933 | 1,018,981 | 1.5 | |||||||||
142 | 1998 | 219,600 | 140,000 | 17,100 | 62,500 | 21,780 | 2,330 | 2,980 | 15,230 | 1,240 | 1,531,200 | 1,025,904 | 1.5 | |||||||||
143 | 1999 | 170,100 | 110,000 | 10,100 | 50,000 | 15,770 | 910 | 2,370 | 11,320 | 1,170 | 1,149,367 | 783,503 | 1.5 | |||||||||
144 | 2000 | 99,200 | 54,000 | 7,700 | 37,500 | 23,730 | 2,150 | 1,770 | 18,460 | 1,350 | 1,154,733 | 604,197 | 1.9 | |||||||||
145 | 2001 | 86,800 | 44,000 | 5,300 | 37,500 | 13,190 | 1,660 | 1,260 | 9,380 | 890 | 757,933 | 451,925 | 1.7 | |||||||||
146 | 2002 | 104,800 | 60,000 | 7,300 | 37,500 | 16,330 | 1,470 | 750 | 12,570 | 1,540 | 928,600 | 549,744 | 1.7 | |||||||||
147 | 2003 | 121,800 | 75,000 | 9,300 | 37,500 | 8,570 | 1,390 | 440 | 5,180 | 1,560 | 732,267 | 533,443 | 1.4 | |||||||||
148 | Total | 1,928,100 | 1,223,000 | 142,600 | 562,500 | 318,480 | 59,690 | 78,600 | 165,260 | 14,930 | 17,685,700 | 10,296,964 | 1.7 | average | ||||||||
149 | Each C as % of total C | 86% | 54% | 6% | 25% | 14% | 3% | 3% | 7% | 1% | ||||||||||||
150 | CO2e, tonnes | 7,069,700 | 4,484,333 | 522,867 | 2,062,500 | 10,616,000 | 1,989,667 | 2,620,000 | 5,508,667 | 497,667 | 17,685,700 | |||||||||||
151 | Each CO2e as % of total CO2e | 40% | 25% | 3% | 12% | 60% | 11% | 15% | 31% | 3% | 100% | 1.9 | ||||||||||
152 | Area flooded | 360 | square kilometers | p.2 | ||||||||||||||||||
153 | Original tonnes carbon/hectare | 270 | p.14, citing a 1986 study | |||||||||||||||||||
154 | Original tonnes carbon | 9,720,000 | p.14 | |||||||||||||||||||
155 | Carbon decayed so far | 23% | calc as % of original stock, but comes from current tributaries, as well as original stock | |||||||||||||||||||
156 | Will decay under water | 42% | p.14, as % of original stock; note Carbon from tributaries will also keep arriving & decaying | |||||||||||||||||||
157 | electricity | 116 | megawatts | http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrage_de_Petit-saut | http://ense3.grenoble-inp.fr/l-ecole/michel-robino-121378.kjsp | http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/sdissues/energy/op/hydro_tremblaypaper.pdf | ||||||||||||||||
158 | generated | 1,016,828 | megawatt hours per year | |||||||||||||||||||
159 | capacity factor or load factor | 65% | http://www.hydroquebec.com/learning/eolienne/reperes-comprendre-complementarite.html | 30-77 at http://www.jcmiras.net/surge/p195.htm | 25-75 at http://biet-civil.blogspot.com/2011/03/hydro-electric-plants.html | |||||||||||||||||
160 | electricity generated per year | 660,938 | megawatt hours per year | |||||||||||||||||||
161 | electricity | 6609383040 | kWh in 10 years so far | |||||||||||||||||||
162 | emissions so far | 5.898 | pounds CO2e/kWh | |||||||||||||||||||
163 | 744.2 | Grams CO2e per generated megajoule (MJ) | ||||||||||||||||||||
164 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
165 | Finland | Lokka | Porttipahta | |||||||||||||||||||
166 | Diffusion primarily, plus bubbles shown | low | high | bubble gas collectors | low | high | modern C isotopes | |||||||||||||||
167 | CH4 | 5.3 | 119 | 660 | 2.5 | 4.8 | milligrams per sq.m per day | 92-104% | ||||||||||||||
168 | CO2 | 21 | 133 | 133 | 36 | 95 | milligrams per sq.m per hour | |||||||||||||||
169 | N2O | -89 | 270 | micrograms per sq.m per day | ||||||||||||||||||
170 | C in methane as % of total C | 3% | 9% | 36% | 0.8% | 0.6% | ||||||||||||||||
171 | Source:Huttunen et al, 2002 Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 16(1), 1003, | |||||||||||||||||||||
172 | "Fluxes of CH4, CO2, and N2O in hydroelectric reservoirs Lokka and Porttipahta in the northern boreal zone in Finland" http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000GB001316 | |||||||||||||||||||||
173 | They say the modernity of the methane suggests it not from flooded peat, but is forming in the water, just as it does in eutrophied lakes. | |||||||||||||||||||||
174 | Annual totals: | Source: Huttunen, "Importance of Winter in the Annual Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Northern Hydro Reservoirs" http://webworld.unesco.org/water/ihp/pdf/2_Huttunen.pdf | ||||||||||||||||||||
175 | CH4 | 3.1 | 29.1 | 2.09 | 2.2 | grams per sq.m per year | ||||||||||||||||
176 | CO2 | 244 | 244 | 398.3 | 398.3 | grams per sq.m per year | ||||||||||||||||
177 | N2O | 0.0083 | 0.0083 | 0.029 | 0.029 | grams per sq.m per year | ||||||||||||||||
178 | C in methane as % of total C | 0.15% | 1.35% | 0.06% | 0.06% | |||||||||||||||||
179 | CO2e per sq.m | 324 | 974 | 459 | 462 | grams per sq.m per year | ||||||||||||||||
180 | Area | 417 | 216 | 214 | 34 | square kilometers | ||||||||||||||||
181 | CO2e from whole reservoir | 297,819,558 | 463,776,408 | 216,628,650 | 34,623,756 | |||||||||||||||||
182 | Average CO2e from whole reservoir | 380,797,983 | 125,626,203 | |||||||||||||||||||
183 | Annual energy | 0.5 | 100 | GWh= millions of kWh, with "average water" as designated by the owner of the hydro plants, Kemijoki | ||||||||||||||||||
184 | http://www.kemijoki.fi/Kemijoki/kemijoki.nsf/TD/D31E1EE53951EB1942256C6E003AB62C/$File/kemijoki_taskuesite_ENGL_netti.pdf?OpenElement | |||||||||||||||||||||
185 | Comparison of p.6 & p.8 shows that GWh are final output, after subtracting plants' internal consumption | |||||||||||||||||||||
186 | watts/sq.meter | 0.0002 | 0.0921 | |||||||||||||||||||
187 | pounds CO2e/kWh | 762 | 1.26 | |||||||||||||||||||
188 | average of two reservoirs | 5.0 | ||||||||||||||||||||
189 | No data on emissions in the turbines and spillway | |||||||||||||||||||||
190 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
191 | Horvath estimates based on Lake Powell and Glen Canyon dam, if transposed to other ecosystems | repositories.cdlib.org/ucei/devtech/EDT-006 | http://escholarship.org/uc/item/8jh5x7z4 | |||||||||||||||||||
192 | g CO2e/kwh | lb CO2e/kwh | additional g CO2e /kwh from detritus in sediment, not decomposing until decommissioning | |||||||||||||||||||
193 | desert scrub (actual) | 49 | 0.1 | 4.6 | ||||||||||||||||||
194 | grassland | 99 | 0.2 | |||||||||||||||||||
195 | woodland and shrubland | 370 | 0.8 | |||||||||||||||||||
196 | boreal forests | 1,296 | 2.9 | |||||||||||||||||||
197 | temperate forests | 2,053 | 4.5 | |||||||||||||||||||
198 | tropical forests | 2,696 | 5.9 | |||||||||||||||||||
199 | omits arrival of detritus from watershed, except what stays in sediment until decommissioning | |||||||||||||||||||||
200 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
201 | Vattenfall (Swedish Power company) | Pounds CO2e | ||||||||||||||||||||
202 | grams CO2e /kWh | per kWh | per kWh with transmis-sion losses | Grams CO2e per delivered megajoule (MJ) | ||||||||||||||||||
203 | 6 | 0.013 | 1.67 | http://www.environdec.com/reg/epd88.pdf | ||||||||||||||||||
204 | and http://www.environdec.com/reg/088/dokument/08_waterEPD.pdf | |||||||||||||||||||||
205 | data on 14 power plants | square meters per kWh | hectares | implied kWh | ||||||||||||||||||
206 | reduction in critical biotope | 0.0003 | 30,000 | 1000000000000 | ||||||||||||||||||
207 | reduction in rare biotope | 0.0002 | 20,000 | 1000000000000 | ||||||||||||||||||
208 | All plants TWh/year | 31.3 | ||||||||||||||||||||
209 | Life of study (years) | 100 | ||||||||||||||||||||
210 | 14 plants | 1E+12 | 31% | |||||||||||||||||||
211 | reservoirs' area | 70,320 | ||||||||||||||||||||
212 | water area before dams built | 9,647 | ||||||||||||||||||||
213 | flooded area | 0.0006 | 60,673 | most had unknown uses, because of lack of pre-construction aerial photography | ||||||||||||||||||
214 | grams CO2 / kWh | pounds CO2e / kWh | Grams CO2e per delivered megajoule (MJ) | |||||||||||||||||||
215 | Vattenfall reported CO2 emissions from "inundation of land" alone: | 3.1 | 0.007 | 1 | p.15 (p.20 of pdf) in http://www.environdec.com/reg/088/dokument/08_waterEPD.pdf | |||||||||||||||||
216 | Soil | Litter | Vegetation | Living above ground | Roots | |||||||||||||||||
217 | Vattenfall quotes Adams 1998 (ORNL): | 10,000 | tons Carbon /sq.km | tons Carbon /sq.km | ||||||||||||||||||
218 | which is: | 100 | tons Carbon /hectare | tons Carbon /hectare | ||||||||||||||||||
219 | Vattenfall says 1/2 flooded C decays | 50 | tons Carbon /hectare | tons Carbon /hectare | ||||||||||||||||||
220 | Total C from decay | 3,033,650 | tons Carbon | tons Carbon | ||||||||||||||||||
221 | Total CO2 from decay | 11,123,383 | tons CO2 | tons CO2 | ||||||||||||||||||
222 | Which gives decay CO2/kWh based on their quote of Adams | 11.5 | 0.025 | 3 | ||||||||||||||||||
223 | Adams actually says: | 129 | 15 | 50 | http://www.esd.ornl.gov/projects/qen/carbon12.html | tons Carbon /hectare | ||||||||||||||||
224 | ORNL+IPCC say: | 206 | 4 | 36 | 26 | 10 | tons Carbon /hectare | |||||||||||||||
225 | If half the uncleared Carbon decays: | 103 | 2 | 5 | tons Carbon /hectare | |||||||||||||||||
226 | Total C from decay | 6,249,319 | 117,630 | 1,568,397 | 305,837 | tons Carbon | ||||||||||||||||
227 | Total CO2 from decay | 22,914,170 | 431,309 | 5,750,789 | 1,121,404 | tons CO2 | ||||||||||||||||
228 | per kWh | 23.6 | 0.4 | 5.9 | 1.2 | 31.1 | grams CO2e/kWh | |||||||||||||||
229 | This recalculation of decay co2 is low but is 10 times the figure Vattenfall gives for decay | 0.07 | 9 | |||||||||||||||||||
230 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
231 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
232 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
233 | Diffusion only | mmol/sq.meter/day | ||||||||||||||||||||
234 | Reservoir | Filled | Studied | CH4 | CO2 | C in methane as % of total C | ||||||||||||||||
235 | Lokka, Finland | 1967 | Je-Se'94 | 0.5 | 11.5 | 4% | shallow | |||||||||||||||
236 | 1.2 | 39.3 | 3% | |||||||||||||||||||
237 | Je-Ag'95 | 0.3 | 20.2 | 1% | ||||||||||||||||||
238 | 7.4 | 72.5 | 9% | |||||||||||||||||||
239 | Porttipahta, Finland | 1970 | Je-Ag'95 | 0.2 | 19.6 | 1% | deep | |||||||||||||||
240 | 0.3 | 51.8 | 1% | |||||||||||||||||||
241 | Petit Saut, French Guiana | 1994 | My'03 | 7.7 | 133 | 5% | ||||||||||||||||
242 | De'03 | 2.7 | 131 | 2% | ||||||||||||||||||
243 | Mr'05 | 0.1 | 103 | 0% | ||||||||||||||||||
244 | My'05 | 0.7 | 102 | 1% | ||||||||||||||||||
245 | Balbina, Brazil | 1987 | Nv'04 | 2.1 | 76 | 3% | ||||||||||||||||
246 | Samuel, Brazil | 1988 | Nv'04 | 5 | 976 | 1% | ||||||||||||||||
247 | Average | 2.4 | 145 | 2% | ||||||||||||||||||
248 | Farrer 2007 Hydroelectric Reservoirs http://www.up.ethz.ch/education/term_paper/termpaper_hs07/Farrer_rev_termpaper_hs07.pdf |
1 | MATERIALS: CO2 RELEASED DURING MANUFACTURE | CO2List.org | . | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2 | Food, household products, paper, plastics, packaging | |||||||||||
3 | Houses, wood, concrete, other materials | |||||||||||
4 | Summary for home page | |||||||||||
5 | Walking, bicycles | |||||||||||
6 | See also comparisons for 8 countries in "Countries" tab at bottom | |||||||||||
7 | ||||||||||||
8 | FOOD & HOUSEHOLD | Grams CO2e per kCal | Percent of CO2e from freight transport | Percent of CO2e from production | Weight CO2e / weight product | Pounds CO2e in the following number of food Calories (kCal) | % of Calories in USDA Food Guide, 2005 | |||||
9 | Weber at http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/es702969f | 500 | 100% | |||||||||
10 | Red Meat | 10.8 | 6% | 92% | 22.1 | 11.9070 | ||||||
11 | Dairy | 5.1 | 6% | 91% | 4.1 | 5.5963 | ||||||
12 | Fruit, Vegetables | 3.9 | 18% | 74% | 1.7 | 4.3461 | ||||||
13 | Chicken, Fish, Eggs | 3.8 | 81% | 5.9 | 4.1675 | 18% | ||||||
14 | Cereals, Carbohydrates | 1.4 | 75% | 2.9 | 1.5479 | 53% | ||||||
15 | Oils, Sweets, Condiments | 0.4 | 74% | 1.7 | 0.4763 | 29% | ||||||
16 | p.11 of http://www.cnpp.usda.gov/Publications/DietaryGuidelines/2005/2005DGPolicyDocument.pdf | |||||||||||
17 | average CO2e per kCal in Food Guide diet | 1.7086 | ||||||||||
18 | CO2-equivalent (units in col.D) | Weight of product | Weight CO2e / weight product | Pound CO2e per unit shown | ||||||||
19 | Tropicana fresh Orange juice | 3.75 | 4.172598 | lb/half gal | 0.90 | Pepsico at http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/22/business/22pepsi.html | ||||||
20 | Tesco fresh Orange juice | 360 | 250 | g/serving | 1.44 | Report ctc744 at http://www.carbontrust.co.uk/Publicsites/cScape.CT.PublicationsOrdering/PublicationAudit.aspx?id=CTC744 | ||||||
21 | Tesco long life orange juice | 240 | 250 | g/serving | 0.96 | same | ||||||
22 | Walkers Crisps (UK) | 75 | 34.5 | g per bag | 2.17 | same | study gives co2e for standard bag. Email 2/2/09 by DeBurle, Pepsico, says 34.5g is standard | |||||
23 | Innocent smoothies (UK) | 273 | 250 | g per bottle | 1.09 | same | ||||||
24 | Boots Botanics shampoo | 148 | 250 | g per bottle | 0.59 | 0.33 | same | |||||
25 | EarthPositive T-shirt | 650 | g/shirt | mostly farming | 1.43 | same | ||||||
26 | T shirt made without renewable electricity | 6500 | g/shirt | 14.33 | same | |||||||
27 | bake potatoes | 1025 | 1000 | g/kg | 1.03 | same | ||||||
28 | boil potatoes | 240 | 1000 | g/kg | 0.24 | same | ||||||
29 | microwave potatoes 280 | 280 | 1000 | g/kg | 0.28 | same | ||||||
30 | Continental T-shirt, men's large white | 650 | 230 | g/shirt | 2.83 | 1.43 | http://www.carbon-label.com/individuals/product.html | |||||
31 | Continental T-shirt, women's medium white | 500 | g/shirt | 1.10 | same | |||||||
32 | Continental Polo shirt, men's medium white | 1100 | g/shirt | 2.43 | same | |||||||
33 | Continental hooded sweatshirt, men's medium black | 2800 | g/shirt | 6.17 | same | |||||||
34 | Continental hooded sweatshirt, women's medium black | 2200 | g/shirt | 4.85 | same | |||||||
35 | Continental zip-up shirt, women's small black | 2400 | g/shirt | 5.29 | same | |||||||
36 | Tesco Pearl 60w bulb or spotlight | 340 | 1000 | g/1000hrs&hrs | 0.75 | same | estimate hours/bulb | |||||
37 | Tesco Pearl 100w bulb | 550 | 1000 | g/1000hrs&hrs | 1.21 | same | estimate hours/bulb | |||||
38 | Tesco 11w compact fluorescent bulb | 65 | 6000 | g/1000hrs&hrs | 0.86 | same | estimate hours/bulb. Site says 6 yrs | |||||
39 | Tesco 20w compact fluorescent bulb | 240 | 6000 | g/1000hrs&hrs | 3.18 | same | estimate hours/bulb. Site says 6 yrs | |||||
40 | Tesco detergent tablets | 323 | g/wash | 0.71 | same | |||||||
41 | Tesco detergent powder | 232.5 | g/wash | 0.51 | same | |||||||
42 | Tesco detergent liquid capsules | 196 | g/wash | 0.43 | same | |||||||
43 | Tesco detergent liquid | 189 | g/wash | 0.42 | same | |||||||
44 | Tesco detergent super concentrated liquid | 102 | g/wash | 0.22 | same | |||||||
45 | Tesco orange juice from concentrate | 260 | 250 | g/serving | 1.04 | same | ||||||
46 | Tesco Potatoes (excl.cooking+waste) | 59.2 | 250 | g/serving | 0.24 | same | ||||||
47 | Tesco organic new Potatoes (excl.cooking+waste) | 72 | 250 | g/serving | 0.29 | same | ||||||
48 | Tesco organic baby new Potatoes (excl.cooking+waste) | 75.6 | 250 | g/serving | 0.30 | same | ||||||
49 | ||||||||||||
50 | Mineral water in public fountains, Lizzano, Italy | 0.5815 | 1000 | kg/cu.m | 0.00058 | 0.0049 | lb/gallon | p.10 of: http://gryphon.environdec.com/data/files/6/7768/epde38.pdf | ||||
51 | Water UK | 0.7890 | 1000 | g/liter | 0.00079 | 0.0066 | lb/gallon | http://oco-carbon.com/2012/03/15/embodied-carbon-of-water-update/ | ||||
52 | Light Bulbs | Number of Bulbs | kWh | Watts | http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/02/13/do-energy-saving-led-lamps-save-energy/?scp=1&sq=green%20design%20institute&st=cse | |||||||
53 | Hours of lighting | 25,000 | ||||||||||
54 | Incandescent bulbs | 25 | 1,500 | 60 | this averages 60 watts, but manufacturing unclear | |||||||
55 | Compact fluorescent bulbs | 3 | 320 | 13 | seems too weak to be comparable | |||||||
56 | LED bulbs | 1 | 280 | 11 | but after 25,000 hours it will only be producing 70% as many lumens: http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/02/11/how-long-did-you-say-that-bulb-will-last/ | |||||||
57 | also see http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/ssl/ | |||||||||||
58 | ||||||||||||
59 | MATERIALS | MTCE/TON | ||||||||||
60 | Products made from virgin materials | Products made from recycled materials | Products made from current mix | weight CO2 / weight of product | Recycling Savings/ Virgin | weight of one bottle or sheet grams: | lb CO2 per bottle or sheet | http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/wycd/waste/downloads/chapter2.pdf | number of bottles or pages to emit 1 lb CO2 | Recycling Savings/ Current | ||
61 | aluminum cans | 4.27 | 0.30 | 2.24 | 9.1 | 93% | 14.1875 | 0.28 | http://www.cancentral.com/gacr/ffacts.htm | 3.5 | 87% | |
62 | PET plastic code 1 | 0.59 | 0.05 | 0.57 | 2.3 | 92% | 30 | 0.15 | http://www.triplepundit.com/pages/askpablo-glass.php | 6.6 | 91% | |
63 | HDPE plastic code 2 | 0.54 | 0.05 | 0.49 | 2.0 | 91% | 90% | |||||
64 | LDPE plastic code 4 | 0.64 | 0.05 | 0.62 | 2.5 | 92% | 92% | |||||
65 | steel cans | 1.01 | 0.51 | 0.87 | 3.5 | 50% | 41% | |||||
66 | Glass | 0.18 | 0.09 | 0.16 | 0.6 | 50% | 265 | 0.38 | http://www.triplepundit.com/pages/askpablo-glass.php | 2.6 | 44% | |
67 | Newspaper | 0.58 | 0.34 | 0.52 | 2.1 | 41% | 24 | 0.11 | assume 27 pounds per 24"x36" ream. Can print 4 pages per sheet | 35 | 35% | |
68 | Phone books | 0.68 | 0.42 | 0.68 | 2.7 | 38% | http://www.allbusiness.com/paper-packaging/pulp-industry/11733772-1.html | 38% | ||||
69 | Magazines/3rd class mail | 0.46 | 0.46 | 0.46 | 1.9 | 0% | 0% | |||||
70 | Office paper | 0.28 | 0.37 | 0.28 | 1.1 | -32% | 5 | 0.01 | assume 20 pounds per 17"x22" ream, which is cut into 4 sheets | 88 | -32% | |
71 | Textbooks | 0.60 | 0.58 | 0.6 | 2.4 | 3% | http://www.paper-paper.com/weight.html | 3% | ||||
72 | Corrugated cardboard | 0.23 | 0.25 | 0.24 | 1.0 | -9% | http://www.edsebooks.com/paper/grammage.html | -4% | ||||
73 | Dimensional lumber (e.g. for construction) | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.2 | -40% | -40% | |||||
74 | Carpet | 1.09 | na | 1.09 | 4.4 | |||||||
75 | Personal computers | 15.13 | na | 15.13 | 61.1 | |||||||
76 | Tires | 1.09 | 0.45 | 1.09 | 4.4 | 59% | 59% | |||||
77 | Note it is more efficient to recycle magazines, office paper and textbooks into other products, since making these products from recycled paper uses too much energy | |||||||||||
78 | product, kg | CO2, kg | ||||||||||
79 | iPad | 0.59 | 83 | 141 | http://www.apple.com/environment/reports/docs/iPad_2_Environmental_Report.pdf | |||||||
80 | ||||||||||||
81 | Aluminum cans | 9.1 | table above, derived from http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/wycd/waste/downloads/chapter2.pdf | |||||||||
82 | Aluminum | 1.5 | http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/archive/87-92rpt/chap2.html#table_14 | |||||||||
83 | 2.2 | quoting D. Abrahamson, "Aluminum and Global Warming," Nature, Vol. 356 (April 1992), p. 454. | ||||||||||
84 | Note: Aluminum maybe underestimated, if they assume zero emissions for hydropower, which is often used for aluminum, and has emissions from construction+deforestation. See bottom of Electric tab. | |||||||||||
85 | See separate sections on steel+concrete below | |||||||||||
86 | ||||||||||||
87 | Packaging | grams of package | pounds of package | pounds of CO2 in making package | Total pounds of CO2 in making package & lid | % saved by recycling or reusing it | Gallons of HOT water wash which would undo recycling or reuse benefit | Ounces of HOT water wash which would undo recycling or reuse benefit | Water figures will drop further when we identify CO2 to process & deliver the water. Current figures just consider CO2 to heat the water. So don't wash or rinse with hot water | |||
88 | glass jar for 16 oz peanut butter | 240 | 0.53 | 0.34 | 0.47 | 44% | 0.6 | |||||
89 | steel peanut butter lid | 17 | 0.04 | 0.13 | 41% | 0.2 | 27 | |||||
90 | PET 1 plastic jar for 16 oz peanut butter | 36 | 0.08 | 0.18 | 91% | 0.6 | ||||||
91 | Polypropylene 5 peanut butter lid | 11 | 0.02 | |||||||||
92 | ||||||||||||
93 | Glass gallon jug for juice or wine | 1250 | 2.76 | 1.78 | 1.83 | |||||||
94 | steel gallon lid | 6 | 0.013 | 0.05 | ||||||||
95 | PET 1 clear Plastic gallon jug for juice | 155 | 0.34 | 0.79 | 0.87 | 91% | 2.8 | |||||
96 | LDPE 4 Plastic gallon lid for juice jug | 7 | 0.015 | 0.04 | 91% | 0.14 | 18 | |||||
97 | LDPE 4 Plastic neck handle for carrying juice jug | 8 | 0.018 | 0.04 | 90% | 0.15 | 20 | |||||
98 | HDPE 2 Plastic gallon jug for water or milk | 68 | 0.15 | 0.30 | 0.31 | 90% | 1.0 | |||||
99 | LDPE 4 Plastic gallon lid for water or milk jug | 3 | 0.007 | 0.02 | 92% | 0.06 | 8 | threaded+pulltab lids weigh the same | ||||
100 | HDPE 2 Plastic gallon jug for vinegar | 110 | 0.24 | 0.48 | 0.50 | 90% | ||||||
101 | LDPE 4 Plastic gallon lid for vinegar jug | 3 | 0.007 | 0.02 | 44% | 0.03 | 4 | |||||
102 | HDPE 2 Plastic container for 2.5 gallons water | 180 | 0.40 | 0.79 | 90% | |||||||
103 | ||||||||||||
104 | 1 sq.ft. of plastic drop cloth/vapor barrier (wt from 6 mil x 2000sq.ft, LDPE 4?) | 13 | 0.029 | 0.072 | .152mm x 6.1m x 30.5m | |||||||
105 | 1 sq.ft. of aluminum foil (wt measured from roll of 75 sq.ft) | 3.7 | 0.008 | 0.075 | 100% | 0.29 | 37 | |||||
106 | 1 gallon plastic food bag with slide closer (LDPE 4?) | 10 | 0.022 | 0.055 | 92% | 0.20 | 25 | |||||
107 | 1 quart plastic food bag with slide closer (LDPE 4?) | 5 | 0.011 | 0.028 | 92% | 0.10 | 13 | |||||
108 | HDPE 2 Plastic vegetable bag | 2.5 | 0.006 | 0.011 | 90% | 0.04 | 5 | If too dirty to shake out, throw out | ||||
109 | HDPE 2 Plastic disposable bag to carry groceries home | 6 | 0.013 | 0.026 | 90% | 0.09 | 12 | |||||
110 | net after recycling | 0.0027 | ||||||||||
111 | Polypropylene 5 Nonwoven poly bag | 45 | 0.099 | http://ecopreneurist.com/2009/01/04/nonwoven-is-a-number-5-plastic-who-knew/ | ||||||||
112 | extra gas to keep bag in car (5 miles per use) | 0.0002 | ||||||||||
113 | number of uses, unwashed, to have less CO2 than recycled plastic | 0 | ||||||||||
114 | Cotton bags -weight in ounces | extra gas to carry bag in car (5 miles per use) | number of times it has to be used, unwashed, before it saves CO2, compared to recycled plastic bag | |||||||||
115 | 10 | 283 | 0.625 | 1.767 | large, Greenpeace | 0.0013 | 1312 | |||||
116 | 4.5 | 128 | 0.281 | 0.795 | People's Coop | 0.0006 | 383 | |||||
117 | 3.5 | 99 | 0.219 | 0.618 | "Made in India" | 0.0005 | 280 | |||||
118 | 1.5 | 43 | 0.094 | 0.265 | net bag | 0.0002 | 107 | |||||
119 | ||||||||||||
120 | CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS IN AUSTRALIA | MJ/kg | Pounds CO2/ pound of product | US estimates shown above or below | pounds product per cubic foot | pounds CO2 per item at right (US estimate if available) | ||||||
121 | http://www.yourhome.gov.au/technical/fs52.html | |||||||||||
122 | Kiln dried sawn softwood | 3.4 | 0.19 | 0.20 | 30 | 1.8 | 2x4x8' | |||||
123 | Kiln dried sawn hardwood | 2 | 0.11 | |||||||||
124 | Air dried sawn hardwood | 0.5 | 0.03 | |||||||||
125 | Particleboard | 8 | 0.44 | |||||||||
126 | Plywood | 10.4 | 0.57 | 30 | 23 | 4'x8'x0.5" | ||||||
127 | Plastics – general | 90 | 4.96 | |||||||||
128 | PVC plastic code 3 | 80 | 4.41 | |||||||||
129 | Acrylic paint | 61.5 | 3.39 | |||||||||
130 | Imported dimension granite | 13.9 | 0.77 | 168 | 179 | 25"x8'x1" | ||||||
131 | Local dimension granite | 5.9 | 0.33 | 168 | 76 | 25"x8'x1" | ||||||
132 | Plasterboard | 4.4 | 0.24 | 0.23 | 38.4 | 12 | 4'x8'x.5" | |||||
133 | Insitu Concrete | 1.9 | 0.10 | 0.36 | ||||||||
134 | Clay bricks | 2.5 | 0.14 | 120 | 0.6 | 3 5/8" x 2 ¼" x 8" | http://www.csgnetwork.com/brickgeninfocalc.html | wt varies 30%: http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?9605489 | ||||
135 | Concrete blocks | 1.5 | 0.08 | 2.5 | 8x8x16" | 30+5 lb/block: | http://www.cement.org/masonry/block.asp | |||||
136 | Glass | 12.7 | 0.70 | 0.65 | 161 | 30 | 40"x50"x0.25" | |||||
137 | Aluminium | 170 | 9.38 | 9.05 | ||||||||
138 | Copper | 100 | 5.52 | |||||||||
139 | Galvanised steel | 38 | 2.10 | |||||||||
140 | ||||||||||||
141 | AVERAGE HOUSE BUILT IN AUSTRALIA | |||||||||||
142 | energy in materials & construction | 1,000,000 | megajoules/house | http://www.yourhome.gov.au/technical/fs52.html | ||||||||
143 | 0.000948 | BTU/joule | ||||||||||
144 | energy in materials & construction | 948 | million BTU/house | |||||||||
145 | CO2 released by using natural gas | 117 | pounds CO2 per million BTU | http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/coefficients.html | ||||||||
146 | CO2 released by using diesel | 161 | pounds CO2 per million BTU | |||||||||
147 | 3:1 ratio of natural gas & diesel | 128 | pounds CO2 per million BTU | |||||||||
148 | CO2 released by building house | 121,492 | pounds CO2/house | 0.121492362 | pounds CO2/megajoule | |||||||
149 | Ratio of CO2 to megajoules | 0.1322772 | pounds CO2/megajoule | p.47 in http://www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk/sustainable/refs/lca/Treloar.pdf | ||||||||
150 | Breakdown of Australian House Total above | megajoules /house | Pounds CO2/ house | % of total | ||||||||
151 | Concrete | 210,000 | 26,000 | 21% | ||||||||
152 | Steel | 140,000 | 17,000 | 14% | ||||||||
153 | Plastic | 140,000 | 17,000 | 14% | ||||||||
154 | Masonry | 100,000 | 12,000 | 10% | ||||||||
155 | Ceramics (tiles) | 80,000 | 10,000 | 8% | ||||||||
156 | Plaster | 60,000 | 7,000 | 6% | ||||||||
157 | Glass | 50,000 | 6,000 | 5% | ||||||||
158 | Timber | 40,000 | 5,000 | 4% | ||||||||
159 | Fabric | 40,000 | 5,000 | 4% | ||||||||
160 | Stainless steel | 30,000 | 4,000 | 3% | ||||||||
161 | Copper | 30,000 | 4,000 | 3% | ||||||||
162 | Aluminum | 20,000 | 2,000 | 2% | ||||||||
163 | Stone | 10,000 | 1,000 | 1% | ||||||||
164 | Total | 950,000 | 115,000 | 95% | ||||||||
165 | ||||||||||||
166 | AVERAGE HOUSE BUILT IN US | All | Attached | Date | http://www.census.gov/const/www/charindex.html | |||||||
167 | Average Price per Sq.Ft of Floor Area in New One-Family Houses Sold, excludes value of lot | $ 88.31 | 98.53 | 2008 | http://www.census.gov/const/C25Ann/soldmedavgppsf.pdf | |||||||
168 | $ 66.81 | 73.65 | 1997 | http://www.census.gov/const/C25Ann/soldmedavgppsf.pdf | ||||||||
169 | Construction cost as % of price, other than lot | 80% | ||||||||||
170 | lb CO2 per dollar | 1.30 | 1997 | from Carnegie-Mellon study, bottom of Countries tab | ||||||||
171 | lb CO2 per sq.ft Construction | 70 | 1997 | |||||||||
172 | Floor area, average square feet per new house sold | 2,473 | 1932 | 2008 | http://www.census.gov/const/C25Ann/soldmedavgsf.pdf, corrected by Census 9/21/09 | |||||||
173 | 2,140 | not avail | 1997 | definition of floor area is at http://www.census.gov/const/www/characteristicsdoc.html#definitions | ||||||||
174 | lb CO2 per new home | 148,826 | 1997 | |||||||||
175 | ||||||||||||
176 | STEEL | |||||||||||
177 | Thousands of Btu per ton | million metric tons carbon per quadrillion Btu = tons/billion Btu | pounds Carbon per 1000Btu | pounds CO2 per 1000Btu | pounds carbon per ton of steel | are there better data than 1994? | ||||||
178 | Natural gas for making steel | 3662 | 14 | 0.0317 | 0.1164 | 116 | http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/efficiency/aceee_99_final.htm#Energy-Related%20Carbon%20Emissions | |||||
179 | Coal for making steel | 338 | 25 | 0.0559 | 0.2048 | 19 | http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/efficiency/aceee_99_final.htm#Energy-Related%20Carbon%20Emissions | |||||
180 | Electricity for making steel | 617 | 49 | 0.1088 | 0.3989 | 67 | http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/efficiency/aceee_99_final.htm#Energy-Related%20Carbon%20Emissions | |||||
181 | Residual Fuel Oil for making steel | 120 | 25 | 0.0551 | 0.2021 | 7 | assume same as coal; minor BTU | |||||
182 | Total carbon in fuel | 209 | ||||||||||
183 | Total carbon used, nonfuel (coke) | 53.70% | http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/efficiency/carbon_emissions/steel.html | |||||||||
184 | Total carbon | 451 | pounds carbon per ton of steel | |||||||||
185 | Convert total to CO2 | 1,654 | pounds CO2 per ton of steel | |||||||||
186 | 0.83 | pounds CO2 per pound of steel (no transport) | ||||||||||
187 | 4.49 | pounds CO2 per pound of steel in cars (see Car tab) | ||||||||||
188 | Steel cans, including transport | 3.52 | pounds CO2 per pound of steel | http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/wycd/waste/downloads/chapter2.pdf | ||||||||
189 | Steel (probably excludes indirect effects) | 2.00 | pounds CO2 per pound of steel | http://www.foodproductiondaily.com/Supply-Chain/Steel-industry-resolves-to-achieve-long-term-CO2-reductions | ||||||||
190 | Steel (probably excludes indirect effects) | 2.00 | pounds CO2 per pound of steel | "€40 a tonne [of steel] may be necessary - equivalent to about €80 per tonne of steel." | ||||||||
191 | Financial Times 10/8/08, Chris Beauman, "Climate change poses stern challenge" | |||||||||||
192 | http://search.ft.com/ftArticle?queryText=eaf&aje=true&id=071008000129&ct=0&nclick_check=1 | |||||||||||
193 | CONCRETE | Cement | ||||||||||
194 | pounds CO2 per pound cement | 0.85 | http://www.suncoast-pt.com/_filelib/FileCabinet/_R/U/_66U/Products_and_Services/Wafflemat_White_Paper_CO2.pdf?FileName=Wafflemat_White_Paper_CO2.pdf | |||||||||
195 | pounds CO2 per pound cement | 1.35 | same as above, high estimate | |||||||||
196 | Calcining alone: pounds CO2 per pound cement | 0.50 | http://www.suncoast-pt.com/_filelib/FileCabinet/_R/U/_66U/Products_and_Services/Wafflemat_White_Paper_CO2.pdf?FileName=Wafflemat_White_Paper_CO2.pdf | |||||||||
197 | pounds CO2 per pound cement | 0.90 | http://www.concretethinker.com/technicalbrief/Concrete-Cement-CO2.aspx | |||||||||
198 | Calcining alone: % of CO2 emissions | 60% | http://www.concretethinker.com/technicalbrief/Concrete-Cement-CO2.aspx | |||||||||
199 | Calcining alone: pounds CO2 per pound cement | 0.54 | ||||||||||
200 | ||||||||||||
201 | CO2 content of CONCRETE depends on amount of CEMENT used in it | PSI | Pound-Cement (per cu.yd Concrete) | Ratio of Pound-Cement to PSI | Pound CO2 Calcining /cu.yd Concrete | Pound CO2 Total /cu.yd Concrete | Pound CO2 Calcining /cu. Meter Concrete | |||||
202 | 3,500 | 658 | 0.19 | 355 | 592 | 465 | http://www.sanjoseca.gov/publicWorks/Details_Specs/documents/Section_90_Portland_Cement_Concrete_000.pdf | |||||
203 | 3,000 | 564 | 0.19 | 305 | 508 | 398 | ||||||
204 | 2,500 | 470 | 0.19 | 254 | 423 | 332 | ||||||
205 | 2,000 | 376 | 0.19 | 203 | 338 | 266 | ||||||
206 | 3,500 | 624 | 0.18 | 337 | 562 | 441 | p.87 Design & Control of Concrete Mixtures, PCA, 1988 | |||||
207 | 4,900 | 624 | 0.13 | 337 | 562 | 441 | ||||||
208 | MPa | 0.1666667 | low value to calc. cement content of Aussie concretes | |||||||||
209 | 5 | 725 | 121 | 65 | 109 | 85 | Australia weak concrete to stabilize roadbeds | |||||
210 | 32 | 4,641 | 774 | 418 | 696 | 546 | Australia strong concrete for road surfaces | |||||
211 | Manufacturing & delivering concrete | 609 | kg/cubic yard | 1,342 | IO analysis, same page as line below. Source includes calcining per note 4/16/09 | |||||||
212 | Placing concrete | 35 | kg/cubic yard | 77 | IO analysis from p.131 of http://repositories.cdlib.org/its/ds/UCB-ITS-DS-2008-1/ | |||||||
213 | Total concrete emissions | 1,419 | Total: includes quarrying, plant construction, calcining, delivery etc | |||||||||
214 | Manufacturing concrete, including calcining | 400 | http://www.concretethinker.com/technicalbrief/Concrete-Cement-CO2.aspx | |||||||||
215 | Manufacturing concrete, including calcining | low estimate | 440 | http://www.suncoast-pt.com/_filelib/FileCabinet/_R/U/_66U/Products_and_Services/Wafflemat_White_Paper_CO2.pdf?FileName=Wafflemat_White_Paper_CO2.pdf | ||||||||
216 | Manufacturing concrete, including calcining | high estimate | 862 | http://www.suncoast-pt.com/_filelib/FileCabinet/_R/U/_66U/Products_and_Services/Wafflemat_White_Paper_CO2.pdf?FileName=Wafflemat_White_Paper_CO2.pdf | ||||||||
217 | pounds CO2 per cubic yard concrete | standard value used | 1,419 | Total: includes quarrying, plant construction, calcining, delivery etc | ||||||||
218 | pounds concrete per cubic yard concrete | 3,900 | http://www.concretethinker.com/technicalbrief/Concrete-Cement-CO2.aspx | |||||||||
219 | pounds CO2 per pound concrete | 0.364 | Total: includes quarrying, plant construction, calcining, delivery etc | |||||||||
220 | pounds CO2 per ton concrete | 728 | Total: includes quarrying, plant construction, calcining, delivery etc | |||||||||
221 | ||||||||||||
222 | dimensions in feet | width | length | height | volume | |||||||
223 | House concrete | 30 | 60 | |||||||||
224 | slab | 28.66666667 | 58.66666667 | 0.3333333333 | 561 | cubic feet | ||||||
225 | perimeter | 180 | ||||||||||
226 | footer | 1.333333 | 174.6666667 | 0.666666667 | 155 | cubic feet | ||||||
227 | stem walls | 0.666666667 | 360 | 2 | 480 | cubic feet | ||||||
228 | TOTAL VOLUME | 1,196 | cubic feet | |||||||||
229 | 44 | cubic yards | ||||||||||
230 | CO2 for manufacture & placement | 62,865 | pounds | |||||||||
231 | TRANSPORTATION | 34.5 | pounds CO2 per cubic yard delivery | http://www.suncoast-pt.com/_filelib/FileCabinet/_R/U/_66U/Products_and_Services/Wafflemat_White_Paper_CO2.pdf?FileName=Wafflemat_White_Paper_CO2.pdf | ||||||||
232 | CO2 for delivery | 1,528 | included in placement above | |||||||||
233 | tons of concrete | 23 | ||||||||||
234 | weight of two #4 rebars length of footer | 1.33333 | 174.6666667 | 233 | pounds | |||||||
235 | steel rebar as % of concrete weight | 2.0% | ? | |||||||||
236 | tons steel rebar | 0.5 | ||||||||||
237 | CO2 per ton steel | 1,654 | ||||||||||
238 | CO2 for steel | 752 | ||||||||||
239 | total CO2 for foundation, slab, rebar | 63,617 | ||||||||||
240 | ||||||||||||
241 | Road concrete | 0.6666666667 | http://www.tfhrc.gov/pubrds/julaug98/concrete.htm | |||||||||
242 | length | 5280 | feet per mile | |||||||||
243 | one lane width | 12 | 42,240 | cubic feet | ||||||||
244 | 1,564 | cubic yards | ||||||||||
245 | CO2 for manufacture | 2,220,535 | pounds per lane mile | |||||||||
246 | ||||||||||||
247 | rebar in continuously reinforced concrete road | 133 | kg steel/cubic meter concrete | p.2 of http://www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk/sustainable/refs/lca/Treloar.pdf | ||||||||
248 | 224 | lb steel/cu.yd concrete | ||||||||||
249 | steel rebar as % of concrete weight | 5.7% | lb steel/pound concrete | |||||||||
250 | steel rebar as % of concrete under train tracks, by volume | 3% | p.104 in http://repositories.cdlib.org/its/ds/UCB-ITS-DS-2008-1/ | |||||||||
251 | ||||||||||||
252 | Drywall | |||||||||||
253 | http://www.yourhome.gov.au/technical/fs52.html | |||||||||||
254 | plasterboard in Australia | 4.4 | MJ/kg | |||||||||
255 | 0.24 | pounds CO2/pound of product | ||||||||||
256 | ||||||||||||
257 | http://cleantech.com/news/1704/how-green-is-your-drywall | |||||||||||
258 | greenhouse gases from US drywall plants | 51 | million tons/year | |||||||||
259 | energy to cook & dry 4x8' sheet | 100000 | BTUs natural gas | |||||||||
260 | 3125 | BTUs natural gas/sq.ft | ||||||||||
261 | 117.1 | pounds CO2 per million BTU | ||||||||||
262 | 0.00011708 | pounds CO2 per BTU | ||||||||||
263 | 0.37 | pounds CO2 per sq.ft | ||||||||||
264 | weight, half inch thick | 1.60 | pounds drywall per sq.ft | http://www.usg.com/USG_Marketing_Content/usg.com/web_files/Documents/Prod_Data_and_Submittal_Sheets/ShtrkGypsum_Panels_Data_Sheet_WB1473.pdf | ||||||||
265 | 0.23 | pounds CO2/pound of product | ||||||||||
266 | ||||||||||||
267 | http://www.laraabrams.com/wordpress/talking-change-with-kevin-surace-serious-materials/ | |||||||||||
268 | BTUs produced in 1 plant | 5000000 | million BTUs natural gas/large drywall plant/year | |||||||||
269 | 85 | plants in US | ||||||||||
270 | drywall produced in US | 30000 | million sq.ft/year | |||||||||
271 | drywall produced in 1 plant | 353 | million sq.ft/year | |||||||||
272 | 14,167 | BTUs/sq.ft | big difference from cleantech estimate above | |||||||||
273 | 1.66 | pounds CO2 per sq.ft | ||||||||||
274 | 1.04 | pounds CO2/pound of product | ||||||||||
275 | ||||||||||||
276 | http://www.ecogeek.org/content/view/2293/ | |||||||||||
277 | greenhouse gases from US drywall plants | 20 | billion pounds/year | |||||||||
278 | 10 | million tons/year | big difference from cleantech estimate above | |||||||||
279 | ||||||||||||
280 | Summary | 1 ton of CO2 | kg | |||||||||
281 | 1 | 0.4536 | ||||||||||
282 | 22.1 | 90 | lb of red meat | 41 | ||||||||
283 | 5.9 | 342 | lb of chicken, fish or eggs | 155 | ||||||||
284 | 2.9 | 696 | lb of cereal or carbohydrate | 316 | ||||||||
285 | 1.7 | 1,207 | lb of fruit or vegetables | 547 | ||||||||
286 | sq mt | |||||||||||
287 | 1 | 0.0929 | ||||||||||
288 | 70 | 29 | square feet of living space | 2.7 | ||||||||
289 | 1.268 | year of electricity at | 100 | watts | ||||||||
290 | 46 | 102 | square feet of solar collectors | total | 9.5 | |||||||
291 | 1 | lb | km | 1.609344 | ||||||||
292 | 1.24292 | 1,609 | passenger miles in a plane (includes airport) | 2,000 | 2,589 | |||||||
293 | 1.4081 | 820 | passenger miles in a plane (includes airport) | 1,155 | 1,320 | |||||||
294 | 1.4028 | 5,600 | passenger miles in a plane (includes airport) | 7,856 | 9,012 | |||||||
295 | 1.2 | 1,603 | miles in a 28 mpg car (a third from making car & road) | 2,580 | ||||||||
296 | - | |||||||||||
297 | 1.0 | 2,009 | miles in a 40 mpg car (40% from making car & road) | 3,234 | ||||||||
298 | 0.7 | 2,832 | passenger miles in a local bus (includes making bus & road) | 4,557 | ||||||||
299 | 0.7 | 2,910 | miles walking (producing food & wearing out shoes) | 4,683 | ||||||||
300 | 0.4 | 5,264 | passenger miles in a train (ncludes track & stations) | 8,472 | ||||||||
301 | 0.2 | 8,252 | miles bicycling (producing food or electricity, bike lanes & bike) | 13,280 | ||||||||
302 | - | |||||||||||
303 | 0.2 | 11,880 | passenger miles in a long distance bus (includes making bus & road) | 19,118 | ||||||||
304 | ||||||||||||
305 | 938 | lb of paper or plastic | 426 | |||||||||
306 | 0.23 | 8,725 | miles in electric bicycle (mostly from producing it+C31) | 14,042 | ||||||||
307 | 18,897 | gallons of hot water (heated 55F with gas; solar would allow far more) | 71,523.74 | |||||||||
308 | 748,251 | disposable plastic bags, recycled | ||||||||||
309 | 489 | lb of dairy | ||||||||||
310 | $1,537 | spent on construction in USA | ||||||||||
311 | $1,947 | spent on hotels or restaurants in USA | ||||||||||
312 | $3,316 | spent on education, health, telephone, internet in USA | ||||||||||
313 | $6,525 | spent on computers in USA | ||||||||||
314 | $1,563 | spent in China, overall average | ||||||||||
315 | $1,656 | spent in USA, overall average | ||||||||||
316 | $2,285 | spent in India | ||||||||||
317 | $2,621 | spent in Britain | ||||||||||
318 | ||||||||||||
319 | ||||||||||||
320 | ||||||||||||
321 | ||||||||||||
322 | One answer is to stay in a small home and use simple telecommunications powered by solar energy. Wind & hydro are also low CO2 in deserts, where they do not cause deforestation. | |||||||||||
323 | One goal of a CO2 dividend is to have prices reflect CO2 better, so we don't need this kind of list. If the dividend is distributed equally to all, and the money for it is collected from big CO2 sources, it encourages conservation. | |||||||||||
324 | ||||||||||||
325 | Walking, Running, Bicycling | http://www.bicycleman.com/health-and-fitness.htm | ||||||||||
326 | Body Weight, pounds | 130 | 155 | 190 | 225 | |||||||
327 | Total pounds CO2e /mile | CO2e / mile from building, re-surfacing sidewalk or bike lanes | CO2e / mile from wearing out shoes or bike | Pound CO2e / mile (USDA Food Guide or kWh) | MPH | Calories per mile | Calories per hour | |||||
328 | Walking, 2.0 mph, slow pace | 0.71 | 0.17 | 0.24 | 0.30 | 2 | 88 | 148 | 176 | 218 | 284 | |
329 | Walking, 3.0 mph, moderate pace, walking dog | 0.69 | 0.17 | 0.24 | 0.28 | 3 | 82 | 207 | 246 | 343 | 445 | |
330 | Walking, 4.0 mph, very brisk pace | 0.65 | 0.17 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 4 | 70 | 236 | 281 | 402 | 526 | |
331 | ||||||||||||
332 | Running, 6 mph (10 min mile) | 0.65 | 0.24 | 0.40 | 6 | 117 | 590 | 704 | 863 | 1026 | ||
333 | Running, 10.9 mph (5.5 min mile) | 0.64 | 0.24 | 0.40 | 10.9 | 116 | 1062 | 1267 | 1553 | 1836 | ||
334 | ||||||||||||
335 | Bicycling, 10-11.9 mph, light effort | 0.22 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.13 | 11 | 38 | 354 | 422 | 518 | 593 | |
336 | Bicycling, 12-13.9 mph, moderate effort | 0.24 | 0.052 | 0.04 | 0.15 | 13 | 43 | 472 | 563 | 690 | 891 | |
337 | Bicycling, 14-15.9 mph, vigorous effort | 0.25 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.16 | 15 | 47 | 590 | 704 | 863 | 1080 | |
338 | Bicycling, 16-19 mph, fast, racing | 0.25 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.16 | 18 | 47 | 708 | 844 | 1035 | 1220 | |
339 | Bicycling, >20 mph, very fast, racing | 0.05 | 0.04 | 944 | 1126 | 1380 | 1540 | |||||
340 | ||||||||||||
341 | Electric bike | 0.23 | 0.05 | 0.11 | 0.07 | 30 | ||||||
342 | ||||||||||||
343 | assume bike costs | $750 | lasts | 20,000 | miles | http://piaw.blogspot.com/2009/04/lifetime-of-bike-parts.html | ||||||
344 | bike life would be weighted average of parts | |||||||||||
345 | assume shoes cost | $65 | last | 400 | miles | http://running.about.com/od/shoesapparelandgear/f/replaceshoes.htm | ||||||
346 | http://sportsmedicine.about.com/od/tipsandtricks/a/replaceshoes.htm | |||||||||||
347 | assume electric bike costs | $2,000 | lasts | 20,000 | miles | |||||||
348 | 1 | kw, recharging takes | 80% | recharge efficiency | http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/01/business/global/01ebike.html?pagewanted=1&sq=electric bicycle&st=cse&scp=1 | |||||||
349 | ||||||||||||
350 | Bike Lanes | sidewalks | ||||||||||
351 | Pounds CO2 per lane mile of arterial road | 1,501,346 | Berkeley study on Car tab | 0.333 | depth sidewalk, feet | |||||||
352 | Pounds CO2 per lane mile of collector street | 1,194,904 | Berkeley study on Car tab | |||||||||
353 | Pounds CO2 per lane mile of local street, urban | 919,327 | Berkeley study on Car tab | 4 | width sidewalk, feet | |||||||
354 | Pounds CO2 per lane mile of rural road | 742,957 | Berkeley study on Car tab | 260 | cubic yards per mile of sidewalk | |||||||
355 | Travel width of 1 lane of collector street | 11.0 | Berkeley study on Car tab | |||||||||
356 | Width of Bike lane and stripe (feet) | 5.5 | http://www.bicyclinginfo.org/engineering/facilities-bikelanes.cfm | |||||||||
357 | co2 for bike lane as % of 1 lane of rural road | 50% | calc | 1,419 | pounds co2/cubic yard concrete, including placement | |||||||
358 | Pounds CO2 per mile of bike lane | 597,452 | calc | 369,719 | pounds cco2/mile of sidewalk | |||||||
359 | Peak number bikes/hour at average intersection with bike lane | 88 | http://www.halifax.ca/bikeweek/documents/2009_HCC_Bike_Count_Report.pdf | peak weather & day | ||||||||
360 | bikes/day at edge of downtown, per bike lane | 965 | http://www.toronto.ca/cycling/reports/pdf/bicycle_count_report_2010.pdf | peak weather, day, location | ||||||||
361 | %such days | |||||||||||
362 | reduction on weekends | 45% | 29% | http://www.toronto.ca/cycling/reports/pdf/bicycle_count_report_2010.pdf | ||||||||
363 | reduction on Monday & Friday | 7.5% | 29% | http://www.toronto.ca/cycling/reports/pdf/bicycle_count_report_2010.pdf | ||||||||
364 | reduction on rainy days | 20% | 25% | http://www.toronto.ca/cycling/reports/pdf/bicycle_count_report_2010.pdf | ||||||||
365 | reduction in very cold & hot seasons, estimated | 50% | 33% | |||||||||
366 | reduction for more distant locations | 50% | 50% | Assume half of cyclists get on and off bike lane half way along its length, half ride whole length | ||||||||
367 | increase for trips outside the 12-hour count | 128% | http://www.toronto.ca/cycling/reports/pdf/bicycle_count_report_2010.pdf | |||||||||
368 | Year-round avg bikes/day at average point in lane | 628 | calc | http://www.oregon.gov/ODOT/HWY/BIKEPED/docs/bike_lane_matrix.pdf?ga=t | http://bostoncyclistsunion.org/wp-content/upLoads/2011/04/bcu_massave_printable_2.pdf | http://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/downloads/pdf/20101203_ppw_update.pdf | 100 | avg number pedestrians/day at avg point on sidewalk | ||||
369 | bikes per year | 229,240 | calc | 36,500 | pedestrians/year | |||||||
370 | avg yrs before resurfacing or re-building lane | 10 | p.37, Berkeley study on Car tab | 30 | avg yrs before replacement | |||||||
371 | bikes passing any avg point during whole life of road | 2,292,400 | calc | 1,095,000 | people passing any avg point during whole life of sidewalk | |||||||
372 | pounds co2/bike mile on bike lane | 0.261 | calc | 0.338 | pounds co2/pedestrian mile on sidewalk | |||||||
373 | bike lane as % of all bike travel | 20% | only need bike lane on busy roads | 50% | sidewalk as % of all walking | |||||||
374 | pounds co2/bike mile, all bike travel | 0.05 | calc | 0.17 | pounds co2/walking mile, all walking |
1 | TRANSPORT & SERVICES | CO2List.org | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2 | Ships, freight, banking | |||||||||||||
3 | US mail, email, computers, printing | |||||||||||||
4 | Buses, railroads. Summary here. More detail on bottom of "Car" tab, with comparison to cars. | |||||||||||||
5 | Roads are on "Car" tab at bottom | |||||||||||||
6 | See also comparisons for 8 countries in "Countries" tab at bottom | |||||||||||||
7 | ||||||||||||||
8 | BUSES & OTHER MODES (direct fuel) | grams CO2/passenger mile | pounds CO2/passenger mile | BTU/passenger mile | pounds CO2/1000 BTU | |||||||||
9 | US: http://www.buses.org/files/ComparativeEnergy.pdf | low | average | high | low | average | high | low | average | high | low | average | high | |
10 | car 1 person | 184 | 371 | 0.41 | 0.82 | |||||||||
11 | transit bus | 81 | 299 | 0.18 | 0.66 | |||||||||
12 | domestic air | 243 | 0.54 | |||||||||||
13 | intercity rail (Amtrak) | 138 | 179 | 196 | 0.30 | 0.39 | 0.43 | 785 | 2,091 | 2,635 | 0.388 | 0.189 | 0.164 | |
14 | electrified routes, in northeast | 138 | 0.30 | 0.399 | 0.161 | diesel | ||||||||
15 | diesel routes, in rest of USA | 196 | 0.43 | electricity | ||||||||||
16 | commuter rail | 108 | 177 | 0.24 | 0.39 | |||||||||
17 | intercity bus | 51 | 56 | 0.11 | 0.12 | |||||||||
18 | IPCC confirms US cars & transit buses have similar emissions per passenger mile. Elsewhere they say buses have lower emissions because of higher load factors | |||||||||||||
19 | p.348 of chapter 5 of http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/ar4-wg3.htm | |||||||||||||
20 | They quote ORNL 2006 Transportation Energy Databook, though I can't find such figures there. The 2006 book is no longer at ORNL, but is at | |||||||||||||
21 | http://www.nowandfutures.com/download/transportation_energy_book_TEDB_Edition25_ORNL_6974.pdf | |||||||||||||
22 | ||||||||||||||
23 | British rail, grams CO2/passenger kilometer: | http://www.ghgprotocol.org/downloads/calcs/co2-mobile.pdf | ||||||||||||
24 | 60 | 97 | 0.21 | |||||||||||
25 | Berkeley Studies, on Car & Air tabs, including making & maintaining vehicles, roads, stations, airports, refineries, etc. | |||||||||||||
26 | car 1 person | 1.36 | 1.71 | 2.06 | ||||||||||
27 | air | 1.32 | 1.45 | 1.67 | ||||||||||
28 | transit bus | 0.71 | ||||||||||||
29 | commuter rail | 0.30 | 0.38 | 0.49 | ||||||||||
30 | full bus | 0.17 | ||||||||||||
31 | ||||||||||||||
32 | Recreational boats (direct fuel) | mpg | gal/mile | lb co2/mile | kilometers/liter | Typical boat fuel consumptions: | ||||||||
33 | 2 | 0.50 | 12 | 0.85 | graph: | |||||||||
34 | 4 | 0.25 | 6 | 1.70 | boat list: | |||||||||
35 | ||||||||||||||
36 | Carnival Cruises (11 cruise lines: AIDA, Carnival, Costa, Cunard, Holland America, Ibero, Ocean Village, P&O, P&O Australia, Princess, Seabourn) | Metric Tonnes | per passenger day | Lb per passenger day | Passenger days (ALBD) | per passenger kilometer | passenger kilometers | |||||||
37 | SOx | 133,324 | 0.0023 | 57,966,957 | http://phx.corporate-ir.net/External.File?item=UGFyZW50SUQ9NzkyMHxDaGlsZElEPS0xfFR5cGU9Mw==&t=1 | |||||||||
38 | NOx | 206,607 | 0.0035 | 59,030,571 | These 2 lines are provided simply to calculate Passenger days | |||||||||
39 | Average Passenger days (from 2 lines above) | 58,600,000 | ||||||||||||
40 | CO2e, scope 1 (fuel, refrigerant) & 2 (electricity bought) | 10,317,221 | 0.1761 | 388 | 0.00033 | 31,264,306,061 | 530 | km/day | ||||||
41 | CO2e, scope 3 (fuel of suppliers, but not other embedded CO2) | 43,105 | 0.0007 | 2 | 329 | miles/day | ||||||||
42 | Revenue | $ 13,157,000,000 | 225 | 1,198 | (based on revenue) | http://phx.corporate-ir.net/External.File?item=UGFyZW50SUQ9OTE1NjV8Q2hpbGRJRD0tMXxUeXBlPTM=&t=1 | ||||||||
43 | Lb CO2/dollar for water transport in US (higher in Mexico) | 5.34 | ||||||||||||
44 | Cruise Ship Construction Cost | per lower berth | lower berths | |||||||||||
45 | Estimated days in use per year | 330 | ||||||||||||
46 | Estimated useful life, years, before major rebuild | 15 | ||||||||||||
47 | Lb CO2/dollar for building ships in Germany (ship built in Italy, no data) | $ 1.13 | ||||||||||||
48 | Carnival Freedom, 2007 | $ 500,000,000 | $ 34 | 39 | $ 168,124 | 2974 | http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080119182206AA5881E | |||||||
49 | Carnival Miracle, 2004 | $375,000,000 | $ 36 | 40 | $ 176,554 | 2124 | ||||||||
50 | Carnival Victory, 2000 | $410,000,000 | $ 30 | 34 | $ 148,658 | 2758 | ||||||||
51 | Queen Victoria, 2007 | $390,000,000 | $ 39 | 44 | $ 193,644 | 2014 | ||||||||
52 | Liberty of the Seas, 2007 | $590,000,000 | $ 33 | 38 | $ 163,889 | 3600 | ||||||||
53 | Jewel of the Seas | $350,000,000 | $ 34 | 38 | $ 165,877 | 2110 | Berlitz complete guide to cruising, 2008 | |||||||
54 | Average of above | 39 | $ 169,458 | |||||||||||
55 | Queen Mary 2, 2004 | $800,000,000 | $ 62 | 70 | $ 305,344 | 2620 | ||||||||
56 | Cruise Total CO2/passenger day | 429 | ||||||||||||
57 | Freight | g CO2e / tonne-km | pounds CO2e/ton-mile | |||||||||||
58 | Japan Railways | 22 | 0.07 | p.5 of http://www.toyota.co.jp/en/csr/report/08/download/pdf/sr08_p50_p55.pdf | ||||||||||
59 | Rail | 18 | 0.06 | Weber at http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/es702969f | ||||||||||
60 | Inland water | 21 | 0.07 | |||||||||||
61 | Ocean shipping, container | 14 | 0.05 | |||||||||||
62 | Ocean shipping, bulk | 11 | 0.04 | |||||||||||
63 | Ocean shipping, tanker | 7 | 0.02 | |||||||||||
64 | Oil pipeline | 16 | 0.05 | |||||||||||
65 | Gas pipeline | 180 | 0.58 | includes methane leaks | ||||||||||
66 | Truck | 180 | 0.58 | |||||||||||
67 | Air freight | 680 | 2.19 | |||||||||||
68 | ||||||||||||||
69 | TV | http://www.energystar.gov/ia/products/prod_lists/tv_prod_list.xls | ||||||||||||
70 | lowest TV, probably assuming a lot of use | 41 | kWh/yr | |||||||||||
71 | computer & printer & monitor | 100 | Watts, average | 3 | hours/day | 200 | days/year | 60 | kWh/yr | |||||
72 | ||||||||||||||
73 | ||||||||||||||
74 | Bank | lb co2e | ||||||||||||
75 | Halifax web saver bank account | 200 | g CO2e/account/year | 0.44 | report ctc744 at http://www.carbontrust.co.uk/Publicsites/cScape.CT.PublicationsOrdering/PublicationAudit.aspx?id=CTC744 | |||||||||
76 | pounds CO2/megajoule | 0.1322772 | http://www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk/sustainable/refs/lca/Treloar.pdf | |||||||||||
77 | ||||||||||||||
78 | Government in Australia | 0.9298 | GJ / AU$100 | 1.2 | Pounds CO2/AU$ | |||||||||
79 | Insurance in Australia | 0.2526 | GJ / AU$100 | 0.3 | Pounds CO2/AU$ | |||||||||
80 | Banking in Australia | 0.2984 | GJ / AU$100 | 0.4 | Pounds CO2/AU$ | |||||||||
81 | Note Australian data on these services are based on Input-Output analysis of economy. | |||||||||||||
82 | ||||||||||||||
83 | US MAIL | postage paid | pieces of mail | pounds of mail | average pounds /piece | Total CO2e of facilities, delivery + shipping | http://co2list.weebly.com/1/category/mail/1.html | |||||||
84 | 1998 Carbon equivalent | 4.01 | mm TCE (million metric tonnes Carbon equivalent) | |||||||||||
85 | convert to CO2 equivalent | 14.70 | million metric tonnes CO2 equivalent | |||||||||||
86 | convert to pounds | 32,406 | million pounds CO2 equivalent | |||||||||||
87 | USPS total volume | $58,000 | 198,000 | 24,000 | 0.121 | millions of dollars, pieces or pounds, respectively | ||||||||
88 | pounds CO2e per $ of postage | 0.56 | pounds CO2e per $ of postage | |||||||||||
89 | USPS emissions: facilities & delivery | 40% | ||||||||||||
90 | USPS emissions: facilities & delivery | 12,962 | million pounds CO2 equivalent | |||||||||||
91 | assume handling in facilities & delivery is approximately proportional to number of pieces, not their weight | 0.07 | pounds or grams CO2e per piece for just handling & delivery | |||||||||||
92 | USPS emissions: long distance shipping | 60% | ||||||||||||
93 | USPS emissions: long distance shipping | 19,444 | million pounds CO2 equivalent | |||||||||||
94 | assume long distance shipping emissions (mostly by air) are approximately proportional to weight | 0.81 | pounds CO2e per pound for just long distance shipping | |||||||||||
95 | Example: Letter | $0.320 | 1.000 | 0.042 | http://www.akdart.com/postrate.html | |||||||||
96 | CO2 per letter, by price, or by facilities+shipping | 0.179 | 0.065 | 0.034 | 0.047 | pounds CO2 equivalent per letter | ||||||||
97 | ||||||||||||||
98 | 2001 CO2 equivalent | 14 | million metric tonnes CO2 equivalent | |||||||||||
99 | convert to pounds | 30,856 | million pounds CO2 equivalent | |||||||||||
100 | USPS total volume | $63,425 | 207,463 | 25,976 | 0.125 | http://www.usps.com/history/anrpt01/financial/opstats2.htm | ||||||||
101 | First class | $35,876 | 103,656 | 4,363 | 0.042 | http://www.usps.com/history/anrpt01/financial/opstats2.htm | ||||||||
102 | Priority Mail | $4,916 | 1,118 | 2,150 | 1.923 | http://www.usps.com/history/anrpt01/financial/opstats2.htm | ||||||||
103 | Other | $22,633 | 102,689 | 19,463 | 0.190 | subtraction | ||||||||
104 | Overall average CO2e per $ of postage | 0.49 | pounds CO2e per $ of postage | |||||||||||
105 | USPS emissions: facilities & delivery | 12,342 | million pounds CO2 equivalent | |||||||||||
106 | assume handling in facilities & delivery is approximately proportional to number of pieces, not their weight | 0.059 | pounds CO2e per piece for just handling & delivery | |||||||||||
107 | ounces | 0.95 | ||||||||||||
108 | grams | 27 | ||||||||||||
109 | USPS emissions: long distance shipping | 18,514 | million pounds CO2 equivalent | |||||||||||
110 | assume long distance shipping emissions (mostly by air) are approximately proportional to weight | 0.713 | pounds CO2e per pound of mail for just long distance shipping | |||||||||||
111 | ounces | 0.713 | ounces CO2e per ounce of mail for just long distance shipping | |||||||||||
112 | grams | 0.713 | grams CO2e per gram of mail for just long distance shipping | |||||||||||
113 | Example: Letter | $0.340 | 1.000 | 0.042 | http://www.akdart.com/postrate.html | |||||||||
114 | ounces | 0.673 | ||||||||||||
115 | CO2 per letter, by price, or by facilities+shipping | 0.165 | 0.059 | 0.030 | 0.089 | pounds CO2 equivalent per letter | ||||||||
116 | ounces | 1.4 | ||||||||||||
117 | grams | 41 | ||||||||||||
118 | Example: Package | 1.000 | 1.000 | |||||||||||
119 | CO2 per package, adding facilities+shipping | 0.059 | 0.713 | 0.772 | pounds CO2 equivalent per pkg w/weight in previous line, col.D | |||||||||
120 | ounces | 12.4 | ||||||||||||
121 | grams | 350 | ||||||||||||
122 | Example: Postcard | $0.205 | 1.000 | 0.006 | .20 rate rose to .21 7/1/01 | http://www.akdart.com/postrate.html | ||||||||
123 | CO2 per card, by price, or by facilities+shipping | 0.100 | 0.059 | 0.004 | 0.064 | pounds CO2 equivalent per card | ||||||||
124 | ounces | 1.02 | ||||||||||||
125 | grams | 29 | ||||||||||||
126 | Study warns that 2001 is more accurate than 1998, so changes are partly real & partly improvements in methods. | |||||||||||||
127 | Study notes that CO2 per dollar of postage may help estimates for businesses which know their postal spending | |||||||||||||
128 | ||||||||||||||
129 | 1997 CO2 | grams CO2 | lb CO2 | |||||||||||
130 | per ounce | 34 | 0.075 | |||||||||||
131 | per letter | 22 | 0.049 | |||||||||||
132 | per flat | 140 | 0.309 | |||||||||||
133 | per parcel | 1110 | 2.447 | |||||||||||
134 | Draft: 20 March 07 "Life Cycle Analysis of energy and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Ground Shipping in the United States: Case Study of the U.S. Postal Service," by Aweewan Mangmeechai and H. Scott Matthews | |||||||||||||
135 | http://www.ce.cmu.edu/~gdrg/readings/2007/04/03/Mangmeechai_LCAOfEnergyAndGHGEmissionsOfGroundShippingInTheUS_CaseStudyOfTheUSPS.pdf | |||||||||||||
136 | Note: That CMU study allocates all CO2 by weight, none by piece, so it allocates more CO2 to (heavy) packages and less to (light) letters, than method above. | |||||||||||||
137 | ||||||||||||||
138 | POSTCARD | Pounds | Ounces | |||||||||||
139 | 65 pound cover stock (weight of 20"x26" ream) | 65 | ||||||||||||
140 | one sheet 8.5"x11" | 0.023 | 0.374 | |||||||||||
141 | cards per sheet | 4 | cards per sheet | |||||||||||
142 | weight of cover stock per postcard | 0.006 | 0.094 | |||||||||||
143 | CO2 per equivalent wt office paper | 1.1 | pound per pound or ounce per ounce | |||||||||||
144 | lb CO2 in cover stock for one postcard | 0.007 | 0.106 | |||||||||||
145 | inkjet printing: manufacture, parts, toner, electricity | 0.0996 | lb CO2/image | |||||||||||
146 | inkjet printing: manufacture, parts, toner, electricity | 0.050 | lb co2/card | 0.80 | oz co2/card | |||||||||
147 | Total card & printing | 0.056 | 0.90 | oz co2/card | ||||||||||
148 | mailing | 0.064 | 1.02 | oz co2/card | ||||||||||
149 | ||||||||||||||
150 | Data here are illustrative, and broader data are needed. | |||||||||||||
151 | Email's advantages are quick transmission, or short notes, or long reports to recipients who will mostly not read them. | |||||||||||||
152 | Reading a long email often uses more CO2 than paper & US mailing for a hand-written letter, or commercially printed document. | |||||||||||||
153 | because of the electricity for the recipient to read it on screen or print it. | |||||||||||||
154 | Watts | Computer | Monitor | Printer | Other | HVAC load | ||||||||
155 | Active | Sleep | Active | Sleep | Active | Sleep | Do winter heating gains balance summer AC loads? | |||||||
156 | Techlogg 2007 business computer+19"LCD | 100 | 7 | 40 | 1 | 8.5 | DSL modem | |||||||
157 | LG L192WS 19-inch LCD at minimum brightness | 15.1 | http://techlogg.com/?p=336 | |||||||||||
158 | Lexmark E230 laser | More monitors at http://techlogg.com/?p=266#more-266 | 699.2 | 5.9 | http://techlogg.com/?p=267#more-267 | |||||||||
159 | Canon S800 inkjet | 13.1 | 4.9 | http://techlogg.com/?p=267#more-267 | ||||||||||
160 | Hayes 2001 home PC (unspecified) he says standby, not sleep | 50 | 3 | 97 | 6 | 354 | 5 | 300 | server | http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/id.3267,y.0,no.,content.true,page.1,css.print/issue.aspx | ||||
161 | EPA Energy star: notebook | 14 | 2 | computer summary: http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=computers.pr_crit_computers | ||||||||||
162 | EPA Energy star: desktop, monitor effective 1/1/2006 | 50 | 4 | 28*megapixels | 2 | computer summary: http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=computers.pr_crit_computers | ||||||||
163 | no standard | 3 | printer details: http://www.energystar.gov/ia/partners/product_specs/program_reqs/Imaging%20Equipment%20Specifications.pdf | |||||||||||
164 | note: Energy* allows more watts for desktop with multicore processor & either >1Gbyte system memory or graphic processing unit (GPU), and for notebook with GPU | computer details: http://www.energystar.gov/ia/partners/product_specs/program_reqs/Computer_Spec_Final.pdf | ||||||||||||
165 | ||||||||||||||
166 | Sleep mode is defined by DOE as being entered automatically by computer after period of inactivity, and is exited by touching a key or mouse. | standby summary: http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/procurement/eep_standby_power.html#sleep | ||||||||||||
167 | Windows XP seems to call this sleep mode "Standby," but DOE+EPA use "Standby" for a state commanded by user, such as equipment with switch set at "off" and still using some power. | |||||||||||||
168 | ||||||||||||||
169 | ||||||||||||||
170 | Desktop | CRT Monitor | LCD Monitor | Laptop | iPad | http://www.apple.com/environment/reports/docs/iPad_2_Environmental_Report.pdf | ||||||||
171 | Older or Energy* Desktop + DSL modem | Older CRT | Small (1 Mpixel) Energy* LCD | Energy* Laptop + DSL modem | and DSL modem to provide wifi at home | Very few CRTs comply with Energy* | ||||||||
172 | Watts, asleep | 13 | 6 | 2 | 11 | 9 | laptops could share modem, but then modem is unlikely to be turned off at night | |||||||
173 | Watts, active | 59 | 97 | 28 | 23 | 15 | ||||||||
174 | Extra watts consumed from being active, rather than asleep | 46 | 91 | 26 | 12 | 6 | ||||||||
175 | Assumed weight of Computer & monitor | 20 | 20 | 15 | 10 | 2.30 | pounds of equipment (includes 1 pound for modem) | |||||||
176 | CO2 to produce equipment, by weight | 1,223 | 1,223 | 917 | 611 | 141 | pounds CO2, from Products tab | |||||||
177 | Assumed price of Computer, monitor, modem | $ 500 | $ 100 | $ 300 | $ 700 | $ 500 | ||||||||
178 | CO2 to produce equipment, by price | 153 | 31 | 92 | 215 | 153 | from CMU study | |||||||
179 | CO2 to produce iPad, from Apple | 183 | http://www.apple.com/environment/reports/docs/iPad_2_Environmental_Report.pdf | |||||||||||
180 | CO2 to produce iPad and modem | 244 | pounds CO2, from Products tab | |||||||||||
181 | Useful life in years | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | light-duty users keep machines longer, but use them fewer hours per week than given below. Total working hours to amortize equipment CO2 may be similar. | |||||||
182 | Useful life in weeks | 104.4 | 104.4 | 104.4 | 104.4 | 104.4 | 52.18 | weeks/year | ||||||
183 | Off at night | 36% | 32% | 18% | 18% | 0% | http://enduse.lbl.gov/Info/LBNL-53729_REV.pdf | |||||||
184 | Sleeping at night | 4% | 49% | 61% | 61% | 90% | Laptop assumed same as LCD, since both have modern power management features | |||||||
185 | Computer on & not asleep at night | 60% | 19% | 21% | 21% | 10% | ||||||||
186 | Total night & weekend hours per week | 123 | ||||||||||||
187 | assumed hours asleep during 9-hour workday | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 7.0 | ||||||||
188 | assumed hours/day for startup, updates, backups, repair | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | ||||||||
189 | hours computer does work per workday | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 1.5 | ||||||||
190 | Total hours turned off per week | 44 | 39 | 22 | 22 | - | Assume turned off with power strip, so off consumes 0w, unlike EPA which assumes 1w per item | |||||||
191 | Total hours asleep per week | 17 | 73 | 88 | 88 | 146 | ||||||||
192 | Total hours computer is doing work per week | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 20 | Heavy-duty users are on computers more, but divide their work over more than one machine | |||||||
193 | Total hours on, not asleep, not doing work, per wk | 76 | 26 | 28 | 28 | 2 | 168 | hours in a week | ||||||
194 | Total hours doing work during useful life | 3,131 | 3,131 | 3,131 | 3,131 | 2,087 | ||||||||
195 | Overhead: kWh for sleep time/week | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.9 | 1.3 | ||||||||
196 | Overhead: kWh for hours on, not asleep, not working/wk | 4.5 | 2.5 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.0 | ||||||||
197 | lb CO2 for overhead hours of electricity, lifetime, per hour of work | 0.26 | 0.16 | 0.05 | 0.09 | 0.11 | ||||||||
198 | lb CO2 for electricity per hour of work, excl overhead | 0.10 | 0.16 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.02 | ||||||||
199 | lb CO2 for manufacture, by weight (or from Apple), per hour of work | 0.39 | 0.39 | 0.29 | 0.20 | 0.12 | ||||||||
200 | Total CO2 per hour of work if manufacturing estimated by weight (or from Apple) | 0.75 | 0.72 | 0.39 | 0.32 | 0.25 | ||||||||
201 | manufacture as % of total | 52% | 55% | 74% | 61% | 46% | ||||||||
202 | lb CO2 for manufacture, by price, per hour of work | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.07 | ||||||||
203 | Total CO2 per hour of work if manufacturing estimated by price | 0.41 | 0.34 | 0.13 | 0.19 | 0.21 | ||||||||
204 | manufacture as % of total | 12% | 3% | 23% | 36% | 35% | ||||||||
205 | Write or read on screen | lb CO2 just for manufacturing, estimated by weight/Apple | ounces CO2/ hour for manufacturing, estimated by weight | total lb CO2/ minute if manufacturing estimated by weight | lb CO2/minute if manufacturing estimated by price | total lb CO2 if manufacturing estimated by weight | ounces CO2 | grams CO2 | ||||||
206 | Minutes using screen: | 180 | ||||||||||||
207 | Desktop & CRT | 2,445 | 12.5 | 0.024 | 0.012 | 4.40 | 70.3 | 1994 | ||||||
208 | Desktop & LCD | 2140 | 10.9 | 0.019 | 0.009 | 3.43 | 54.8 | 1555 | ||||||
209 | kilos | 971 | 0.310 | |||||||||||
210 | Laptop | 611 | 3.1 | 0.005 | 0.003 | 0.96 | 15.3 | 435 | ||||||
211 | iPad | 183 | 1.4 | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.76 | 12.2 | 346 | ||||||
212 | ||||||||||||||
213 | The folowing section shows impact of Computer-printed documents: | see also http://www.topten.info/index.php?page=recommendations_imaging_equipment | ||||||||||||
214 | Electricity per image depends on number of jobs per day, and images per job, which determine time printing & in standby | |||||||||||||
215 | ||||||||||||||
216 | Range of print volumes of laser printers & copiers | |||||||||||||
217 | Images per Minute (ipm) | 4 | 20 | 32 | 80 | 100 | ||||||||
218 | Following are assumptions used by Energy* for calculations of Total Energy Consumption (TEC) | |||||||||||||
219 | Jobs per Day (same as speed, but at least 8 & no more than 32) | 8 | 20 | 32 | 32 | 32 | ||||||||
220 | Images per Job (divide speed-squared by 2*jobs/day; take the whole number portion, but at least 1) | 1 | 10 | 16 | 100 | 156 | ||||||||
221 | Resulting Images per Day | 8 | 200 | 512 | 3,200 | 4,992 | ||||||||
222 | Manufacturers believe actual use is 1/4 to 1/2 of figures above for typical offices using 30-80 ipm machines, and actual use is 2-4 times higher tnan above for professional printers using machines faster than 80 ipm | |||||||||||||
223 | Source: TEC & industry quoted on pp.12-13 of "EuP Preparatory Studies "Imaging Equipment" (Lot 4) Final Report on Task 3 "Consumer Behavior and Local Infrastructure" by Dr. Lutz Stobbe for a consortium providing information to the Council & Parliament of the EU | |||||||||||||
224 | http://www.ecoimaging.org/finalised_documents.php | http://www.ecoimaging.org/doc/Lot4_T3_Final_Report_2007-11-12.pdf | ||||||||||||
225 | Type of printer | Laser monochrome | Laser color | Inkjet color, personal | Inkjet color, work group | |||||||||
226 | weight in kg | 23 | 43 | 9 | 9 | |||||||||
227 | spare parts, lifetime kg (1%) | 0.23 | 0.43 | 0.09 | 0.09 | |||||||||
228 | Purchase Price of Printer, Euros | 900 € | 1,500 € | 200 € | 200 € | |||||||||
229 | Useful life, years | 6 | 6 | 4 | 4 | |||||||||
230 | Capability, images per minute | 32 | 32 | 20 | 20 | |||||||||
231 | Assumed images per weekday, for calculations | 512 | 512 | 4 | 15 | |||||||||
232 | images/year | 133,120 | 133,120 | 1,040 | 3,900 | |||||||||
233 | toner or Ink/image, grams | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.07 | |||||||||
234 | toner/Ink/year, grams | 2,662 | 3,994 | 73 | 273 | "Environmental data on ink is not available as the detailed composition is confidential and proprietary." p.45 | ||||||||
235 | kWh/year | 270 | 360 | 18.28 | 21.99 | |||||||||
236 | Hours active printing | 0.07 | 0.25 | |||||||||||
237 | hours ready to print | 0.50 | 1.25 | |||||||||||
238 | hours sleep | 3.43 | 10.50 | |||||||||||
239 | hours switched "off" | 16.00 | 8.00 | |||||||||||
240 | hours with 0 watts | 4.00 | 4.00 | |||||||||||
241 | hours per day | 24.00 | 24.00 | |||||||||||
242 | Estimate of Plastics reused at end of useful life | 2% | 2% | 2% | 2% | |||||||||
243 | Estimate of Plastic recycled at end of useful life | 28% | 18% | 8% | 8% | |||||||||
244 | Estimate of Plastic incinerated at end of useful life | 70% | 80% | 90% | 90% | |||||||||
245 | metals & glass are estimated to be 95% recycled in EU, probably because of legal mandate | |||||||||||||
246 | Source: pp. 11, 29, 35-49 of "EuP Preparatory Studies "Imaging Equipment" (Lot 4) Final Report on Task 4 "Technical Analysis" by Dr. Lutz Stobbe for a consortium providing information to the Council & Parliament of the EU | |||||||||||||
247 | http://www.ecoimaging.org/finalised_documents.php | http://www.ecoimaging.org/doc/Lot4_T4_Final_Report_2007-11-12.pdf | 25 | 50 | ||||||||||
248 | They also show total number of laser & inkjet images made in the EU per year and number of printers (pp.6-8) | 0.002 | 0.001 | |||||||||||
249 | 0.001 | 0.001 | ||||||||||||
250 | kWh/image | 0.002 | 0.003 | 0.018 | 0.006 | 0.002 | 0.001 | |||||||
251 | lb CO2/image from electricity | 0.0034 | 0.0045 | 0.0294 | 0.0094 | includes sleep time & ready mode as well as active | ||||||||
252 | lb CO2 from manufacture & parts, by weight | 3,130 | 5,852 | 1,225 | 1,225 | printers may have different CO2 intensity from computers | ||||||||
253 | lb CO2 from manufacture & parts, by price | 414 | 690 | 92 | 92 | 1.5 | Euros per dollar | |||||||
254 | ratio of two CO2 estimates | 13% | 12% | 8% | 8% | |||||||||
255 | images per lifetime | 798,720 | 798,720 | 4,160 | 15,600 | |||||||||
256 | lb CO2/image from manufacture & parts, by weight | 0.0039 | 0.0073 | 0.2944 | 0.0785 | |||||||||
257 | lb CO2/image from toner, assume same as plastics | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.0003 | 0.0003 | toner may have different CO2 intensity from plastic | ||||||||
258 | Pounds CO2:make+deliver 1 page of paper (products tab) | 0.0113 | ||||||||||||
259 | Total Pounds CO2/page | 0.0187 | 0.0233 | 0.3354 | 0.0996 | one-sided printing | ||||||||
260 | manufacture of equipment as % of total | 21% | 31% | 88% | 79% | |||||||||
261 | Alternative lifetime images if 75 images/week for 10 yrs | 39,000 | ||||||||||||
262 | lb CO2/image from manufacture & parts, by weight | 0.0803 | 0.1500 | 0.0314 | 0.0314 | |||||||||
263 | Pounds CO2/page if 75 images/week for 10 yrs | 0.0951 | 0.1660 | 0.0525 | ||||||||||
264 | manufacture as % of total | 84% | 90% | 60% | ||||||||||
265 | Total LB CO2/page, HiVolume,manufacturing estimated by price | 0.0153 | 0.0168 | 0.0631 | 0.0270 | |||||||||
266 | Alternative Lb CO2/page, with manufacturing estimated by price | 0.0254 | 0.0337 | 0.0234 | ||||||||||
267 | ||||||||||||||
268 | ||||||||||||||
269 | Number of drafts & final prints per page of letter | 3 | copies | |||||||||||
270 | Pounds CO2 per final page | 0.06 | 0.07 | 1.01 | 0.30 | |||||||||
271 | ||||||||||||||
272 | Write letter or document & print | Laser monochrome | Laser color | Inkjet color, personal | Inkjet color, work group | 60 | minutes per page on computer screen, assumed | |||||||
273 | Desktop & CRT | 1.52 | 1.54 | 2.47 | 1.76 | lb CO2/page to write document on computer, incl.printing+overhead | ||||||||
274 | Desktop & LCD | 1.20 | 1.21 | 2.15 | 1.44 | |||||||||
275 | Laptop | 0.38 | 0.39 | 1.33 | 0.62 | |||||||||
276 | ||||||||||||||
277 | Read letter or document on screen | 15 | minutes per page on computer screen | |||||||||||
278 | Desktop & CRT | 0.37 | Pounds CO2 per page to read document on computer screen | |||||||||||
279 | Desktop & LCD | 0.29 | ||||||||||||
280 | Laptop | 0.08 | ||||||||||||
281 | Pounds CO2 per page to print it (alternative to reading on screen) | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.34 | 0.10 | |||||||||
282 | Apparent conclusion: Reading a page on a desktop emits more CO2 than most methods of printing it. | |||||||||||||
283 | ||||||||||||||
284 | US Mail letter | 1 | pages | |||||||||||
285 | Weight of page & envelope | 0.022 | pounds | |||||||||||
286 | Pounds CO2 to make & deliver page & envelope | 0.025 | ||||||||||||
287 | Pounds CO2 for mailing, by USPS | 0.075 | ||||||||||||
288 | Total Pounds CO2 for hand-written letter: | 0.100 | Omits driving to buy stamps, paper & envelope; benefits of recycling paper | |||||||||||
289 | Total Pounds CO2 for email letter: | 20 | total minutes/page to read and write on computer screen | |||||||||||
290 | Desktop & CRT | 0.488 | lb CO2 to type, email & read, without printing | |||||||||||
291 | Desktop & LCD | 0.381 | excludes internet servers, backbones, repeaters, routers, etc. | |||||||||||
292 | Laptop | 0.107 | ||||||||||||
293 | Apparent conclusion: an emailed letter emits more CO2 than a handwritten letter | |||||||||||||
294 | ||||||||||||||
295 | Commercially printed document (both sides), mailed through US mail | |||||||||||||
296 | Length of document, in pages | 1 | 2 | 6 | 25 | 50 | Greeting card | Economist magazine | ||||||
297 | Weight of paper & envelope (pounds) | 0.022 | 0.022 | 0.044 | 0.154 | 0.287 | 0.031 | 0.364 | ||||||
298 | ounces | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 2.5 | 4.6 | 0.5 | 5.8 | ||||||
299 | grams | 10 | 10 | 20 | 70 | 130 | 14 | 165 | ||||||
300 | Pounds CO2 for paper | 0.025 | 0.025 | 0.050 | 0.175 | 0.324 | 0.035 | 0.676 | ||||||
301 | Pounds CO2 for printing | 0.009 | 0.018 | 0.035 | 0.123 | 0.229 | 0.025 | 0.291 | high estimate (Denmark) on pp.16-17 of http://www.postinsight.pb.com/files/Environ_Impact_Mail_.pdf | |||||
302 | Pounds CO2 for USPS, methodology above | 0.075 | 0.075 | 0.091 | 0.169 | 0.264 | 0.082 | 0.319 | ||||||
303 | ounces | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 2.7 | 4.2 | 1.3 | 5.1 | ||||||
304 | grams | 34 | 34 | 41 | 77 | 120 | 37 | 145 | ||||||
305 | Total Pounds CO2 for paper, printing & US mail | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.18 | 0.47 | 0.82 | 0.14 | 1.29 | ||||||
306 | ounces | 1.7 | 1.9 | 2.8 | 7.5 | 13.1 | 2.3 | 20.6 | ||||||
307 | grams | 49 | 53 | 80 | 212 | 371 | 64 | 583 | ||||||
308 | Pounds CO2 per page | 0.109 | 0.059 | 0.029 | 0.019 | 0.016 | ||||||||
309 | grams CO2 per document | 49 | 53 | 80 | 212 | 371 | 64 | 583 | ||||||
310 | ||||||||||||||
311 | Recipient options if emailed: | |||||||||||||
312 | Read with Desktop & CRT | 0.37 | 0.73 | 2.20 | 9.16 | 18.32 | lb CO2, after email is received | |||||||
313 | Read with Desktop & LCD | 0.29 | 0.57 | 1.71 | 7.14 | 14.28 | excludes internet servers, backbones, repeaters, routers, etc. | |||||||
314 | Read with Laptop | 0.08 | 0.16 | 0.48 | 2.00 | 3.99 | Blue indicates US mail would emit less CO2 | |||||||
315 | Print on Laser Monochrome | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.11 | 0.47 | 0.94 | White indicates email would emit less CO2 | |||||||
316 | Print on Laser Color | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.14 | 0.58 | 1.17 | If laser monochrome can print both sides, it is comparable to commercial printing | |||||||
317 | Print on Inkjet Personal | 0.34 | 0.67 | 2.01 | 8.39 | 16.77 | ||||||||
318 | Print on Inkjet Workgroup | 0.10 | 0.20 | 0.60 | 2.49 | 4.98 | ||||||||
319 | Computer time needed to write the document would be the same, whether it is then emailed or commercially printed | |||||||||||||
320 | Apparent conclusion: documents, if read by the average recipient, are better mailed or printed on laser monochrome printer | |||||||||||||
321 | ||||||||||||||
322 | study for Hewlett-Packard: | http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/newsroom/press_kits/2009/HPSMBEvent/InfoTrendsReportHPOJPro8X00.pdf | ||||||||||||
323 | hard to follow, but seems to be cost of supplies & purchase & exclude electricity costs, both printing & standby; no data on CO2 | |||||||||||||
324 | ||||||||||||||
325 | Graph of Alternative Ways to Read a Document, per Page | Manufacturing estimated by weight | Manufacturing estimated by price | |||||||||||
326 | minutes on screen | 0 | 30 | 0 | 30 | |||||||||
327 | Onscreen with Desktop & CRT | 0.000 | 0.733 | 0.000 | 0.372 | |||||||||
328 | Onscreen with Desktop & LCD | 0.000 | 0.571 | 0.000 | 0.269 | |||||||||
329 | Onscreen with Laptop | 0.000 | 0.160 | 0.000 | 0.096 | |||||||||
330 | Laser B/W high volume or get 25 pages by mail | 0.019 | 0.019 | 0.015 | 0.015 | |||||||||
331 | Laser B/W 75p/w | 0.095 | 0.095 | 0.025 | 0.025 | |||||||||
332 | Laser Color High Volume | 0.023 | 0.023 | 0.017 | 0.017 | |||||||||
333 | Laser Color 75p/w (pages per week) | 0.166 | 0.166 | 0.034 | 0.034 | |||||||||
334 | Inkjet 4ppd | 0.335 | 0.335 | 0.063 | 0.063 | |||||||||
335 | Inkjet 75p/w, 4 years | 0.100 | 0.100 | 0.027 | 0.027 | |||||||||
336 | Inkjet 75p/w | 0.052 | 0.052 | 0.023 | 0.023 | |||||||||
337 | Get 2-page letter by mail | 0.059 | 0.059 | 0.059 | 0.059 | |||||||||
338 | Get 25-page document by mail | 0.019 | 0.019 | 0.019 | 0.019 | |||||||||
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373 | Onscreen choices are angled. Inkjets are dashed. Laser are solid (black or colored). | |||||||||||||
374 | Apparent Conclusion? | |||||||||||||
375 | Save CO2 by printing documents when you can access a high volume laser, or when you use a desktop. | |||||||||||||
376 | CO2 from manufacturing has more effect the fewer the number of pages printed. | |||||||||||||
377 | Results are approximate, since all data are subject to error, revision, and improved manufacturing. Improvements welcome! | |||||||||||||
378 | Sources are an EU study of printers and Energy Star data on computers ("Services" tab of xls.CO2List.org) | |||||||||||||
379 | Includes power, manufacture, supplies, downtime | |||||||||||||
380 | Assumes 61 lb CO2 per lb of equipment for manufacture & delivery (EPA). Using 0.3 lb per dollar would be far less (Carnegie-Mellon) | Assumes 0.3 lb CO2 per dollar retail purchase price (Carnegie-Mellon). NOT converted to 1997 $ as it should be | ||||||||||||
381 | Assumes 2.3 lb CO2 per lb of toner for manufacture & delivery (same as plastic, which is estimated by EPA) | Printers are lowered more than computers, since manufacturing is larger fraction of their CO2 | ||||||||||||
382 | Assumes 1.1 lb CO2 per lb of paper for manufacture & delivery (EPA) | |||||||||||||
383 | Assumes 1.7 lb CO2 per kWh national average (Battelle for DOE) | |||||||||||||
384 | Assumes 40% of desktops and 80% of monitors+laptops are off or asleep at night (Lawrence Berkeley surveys) | |||||||||||||
385 | Uses averages, not marginal effect of each additional page |
1 | CARS | CO2List.org | (CO2 from Building Cars & Roads is Lower on This Page, below Row 135) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3 | GAS CONSUMPTION, BY SPEED | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
4 | Car Speed | Gallons Fuel per hour | MPG | text below header: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
5 | feet/sec | mph | ciera | celica | mustang-r | corsica | subaru | chev | jeep | villager | Olds | Cutlass | Geo | ciera | celica | mustang-r | corsica | subaru | chev | jeep | villager, Mercury van | Olds 88 | Cutlass | Geo | Manufacturers optimize cars for 46-58 mph, since most of the EPA Highway test and 6% of the City test are at these speeds. The 1990s pattern graphed below has probably not changed much, since the EPA test has not changed. The best efficiency was usually between 46 and 53 mph. One car's best speed was below this range, and one was above. (Spreadsheet & other data at CO2List.org Full study at Fuel.NumbersInstitute.com ) | |||||
6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ciera | celica | mustang-r | corsica | subaru | chev | jeep | villager | Olds | Cutlass | Geo | ||||||||
7 | Max: | 24.7 | 54.0 | 21.2 | 31.5 | 39.8 | 28.1 | 27.8 | 32.6 | 35.2 | 24.7 | 45.0 | ||||||||||||||||||
8 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
9 | 0 | 0.0 | 0.61 | 0.26 | 0.97 | 0.54 | 0.29 | 0.54 | 0.61 | 0.38 | 0.42 | 0.69 | 0.28 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | ||||||
10 | 1 | 0.7 | 0.61 | 0.26 | 0.97 | 0.57 | 0.29 | 0.55 | 0.61 | 0.38 | 0.42 | 0.7 | 0.28 | 1.1 | 2.6 | 0.7 | 1.2 | 2.4 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.8 | 1.6 | 1.0 | 2.4 | ||||||
11 | 2 | 1.4 | 0.59 | 0.24 | 0.97 | 0.57 | 0.3 | 0.56 | 0.61 | 0.37 | 0.42 | 0.72 | 0.28 | 2.3 | 5.7 | 1.4 | 2.4 | 4.5 | 2.4 | 2.2 | 3.7 | 3.2 | 1.9 | 4.9 | ||||||
12 | 3 | 2.0 | 0.58 | 0.24 | 0.91 | 0.58 | 0.31 | 0.58 | 0.61 | 0.36 | 0.42 | 0.75 | 0.28 | 3.5 | 8.5 | 2.2 | 3.5 | 6.6 | 3.5 | 3.4 | 5.7 | 4.9 | 2.7 | 7.3 | ||||||
13 | 4 | 2.7 | 0.57 | 0.23 | 0.84 | 0.57 | 0.31 | 0.58 | 0.61 | 0.35 | 0.43 | 0.79 | 0.28 | 4.8 | 11.9 | 3.2 | 4.8 | 8.8 | 4.7 | 4.5 | 7.8 | 6.3 | 3.5 | 9.7 | ||||||
14 | 5 | 3.4 | 0.56 | 0.23 | 0.84 | 0.56 | 0.32 | 0.6 | 0.61 | 0.35 | 0.43 | 0.84 | 0.28 | 6.1 | 14.8 | 4.1 | 6.1 | 10.7 | 5.7 | 5.6 | 9.7 | 7.9 | 4.1 | 12.2 | ||||||
15 | 6 | 4.1 | 0.55 | 0.24 | 0.79 | 0.54 | 0.33 | 0.62 | 0.61 | 0.36 | 0.45 | 0.89 | 0.28 | 7.4 | 17.0 | 5.2 | 7.6 | 12.4 | 6.6 | 6.7 | 11.4 | 9.1 | 4.6 | 14.6 | ||||||
16 | 7 | 4.8 | 0.56 | 0.25 | 0.79 | 0.52 | 0.34 | 0.62 | 0.61 | 0.37 | 0.46 | 0.94 | 0.28 | 8.5 | 19.1 | 6.0 | 9.2 | 14.0 | 7.7 | 7.8 | 12.9 | 10.4 | 5.1 | 17.0 | ||||||
17 | 8 | 5.5 | 0.57 | 0.27 | 0.79 | 0.51 | 0.35 | 0.61 | 0.61 | 0.41 | 0.49 | 1.01 | 0.28 | 9.6 | 20.2 | 6.9 | 10.7 | 15.6 | 8.9 | 8.9 | 13.3 | 11.1 | 5.4 | 19.5 | ||||||
18 | 9 | 6.1 | 0.59 | 0.29 | 0.84 | 0.5 | 0.37 | 0.66 | 0.63 | 0.46 | 0.52 | 1.08 | 0.27 | 10.4 | 21.2 | 7.3 | 12.3 | 16.6 | 9.3 | 9.7 | 13.3 | 11.8 | 5.7 | 22.7 | ||||||
19 | 10 | 6.8 | 0.61 | 0.32 | 0.84 | 0.49 | 0.38 | 0.72 | 0.66 | 0.53 | 0.55 | 1.15 | 0.3 | 11.2 | 21.3 | 8.1 | 13.9 | 17.9 | 9.5 | 10.3 | 12.9 | 12.4 | 5.9 | 22.7 | ||||||
20 | 11 | 7.5 | 0.63 | 0.33 | 0.97 | 0.5 | 0.39 | 0.76 | 0.73 | 0.56 | 0.59 | 1.2 | 0.35 | 11.9 | 22.7 | 7.7 | 15.0 | 19.2 | 9.9 | 10.3 | 13.4 | 12.7 | 6.2 | 21.4 | ||||||
21 | 12 | 8.2 | 0.65 | 0.34 | 1.03 | 0.51 | 0.39 | 0.62 | 0.78 | 0.56 | 0.62 | 1.24 | 0.4 | 12.6 | 24.1 | 7.9 | 16.0 | 21.0 | 13.2 | 10.5 | 14.6 | 13.2 | 6.6 | 20.5 | ||||||
22 | 13 | 8.9 | 0.67 | 0.33 | 1.08 | 0.53 | 0.39 | 0.57 | 0.85 | 0.53 | 0.65 | 1.26 | 0.43 | 13.2 | 26.9 | 8.2 | 16.7 | 22.7 | 15.6 | 10.4 | 16.7 | 13.6 | 7.0 | 20.6 | ||||||
23 | 14 | 9.5 | 0.68 | 0.32 | 1.07 | 0.56 | 0.39 | 0.58 | 0.87 | 0.5 | 0.66 | 1.27 | 0.44 | 14.0 | 29.8 | 8.9 | 17.0 | 24.5 | 16.5 | 11.0 | 19.1 | 14.5 | 7.5 | 21.7 | ||||||
24 | 15 | 10.2 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 1.12 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.61 | 0.92 | 0.5 | 0.68 | 1.26 | 0.45 | 14.6 | 34.1 | 9.1 | 17.0 | 25.6 | 16.8 | 11.1 | 20.5 | 15.0 | 8.1 | 22.7 | ||||||
25 | 16 | 10.9 | 0.71 | 0.3 | 1.18 | 0.64 | 0.41 | 0.65 | 0.92 | 0.51 | 0.68 | 1.25 | 0.44 | 15.4 | 36.4 | 9.2 | 17.0 | 26.6 | 16.8 | 11.9 | 21.4 | 16.0 | 8.7 | 24.8 | ||||||
26 | 17 | 11.6 | 0.72 | 0.32 | 1.14 | 0.68 | 0.42 | 0.67 | 0.92 | 0.54 | 0.68 | 1.24 | 0.41 | 16.1 | 36.2 | 10.2 | 17.0 | 27.6 | 17.3 | 12.6 | 21.5 | 17.0 | 9.3 | 28.3 | ||||||
27 | 18 | 12.3 | 0.73 | 0.34 | 1.2 | 0.72 | 0.44 | 0.71 | 0.9 | 0.57 | 0.67 | 1.23 | 0.39 | 16.8 | 36.1 | 10.2 | 17.0 | 27.9 | 17.3 | 13.6 | 21.5 | 18.3 | 10.0 | 31.5 | ||||||
28 | 19 | 13.0 | 0.74 | 0.36 | 1.27 | 0.75 | 0.46 | 0.76 | 0.89 | 0.59 | 0.67 | 1.24 | 0.37 | 17.5 | 36.0 | 10.2 | 17.3 | 28.2 | 17.0 | 14.6 | 22.0 | 19.3 | 10.4 | 35.0 | ||||||
29 | 20 | 13.6 | 0.75 | 0.36 | 1.43 | 0.79 | 0.47 | 0.79 | 0.87 | 0.61 | 0.67 | 1.25 | 0.35 | 18.2 | 37.9 | 9.5 | 17.3 | 29.0 | 17.3 | 15.7 | 22.4 | 20.4 | 10.9 | 39.0 | ||||||
30 | 21 | 14.3 | 0.77 | 0.36 | 1.4 | 0.82 | 0.47 | 0.85 | 0.86 | 0.64 | 0.67 | 1.28 | 0.35 | 18.6 | 39.8 | 10.2 | 17.5 | 30.5 | 16.8 | 16.6 | 22.4 | 21.4 | 11.2 | 40.9 | ||||||
31 | 22 | 15.0 | 0.78 | 0.36 | 1.61 | 0.85 | 0.47 | 0.9 | 0.86 | 0.67 | 0.67 | 1.31 | 0.37 | 19.2 | 41.7 | 9.3 | 17.6 | 31.9 | 16.7 | 17.4 | 22.4 | 22.4 | 11.5 | 40.5 | ||||||
32 | 23 | 15.7 | 0.8 | 0.35 | 1.58 | 0.88 | 0.47 | 1 | 0.86 | 0.71 | 0.68 | 1.35 | 0.4 | 19.6 | 44.8 | 9.9 | 17.8 | 33.4 | 15.7 | 18.2 | 22.1 | 23.1 | 11.6 | 39.2 | ||||||
33 | 24 | 16.4 | 0.82 | 0.36 | 1.58 | 0.9 | 0.47 | 1.09 | 0.84 | 0.72 | 0.69 | 1.4 | 0.47 | 20.0 | 45.5 | 10.4 | 18.2 | 34.8 | 15.0 | 19.5 | 22.7 | 23.7 | 11.7 | 34.8 | ||||||
34 | 25 | 17.0 | 0.83 | 0.37 | 1.69 | 0.91 | 0.47 | 1.13 | 0.81 | 0.72 | 0.7 | 1.46 | 0.5 | 20.5 | 46.1 | 10.1 | 18.7 | 36.3 | 15.1 | 21.0 | 23.7 | 24.4 | 11.7 | 34.1 | ||||||
35 | 26 | 17.7 | 0.85 | 0.38 | 1.69 | 0.91 | 0.49 | 1.13 | 0.79 | 0.72 | 0.72 | 1.53 | 0.5 | 20.9 | 46.7 | 10.5 | 19.5 | 36.2 | 15.7 | 22.4 | 24.6 | 24.6 | 11.6 | 35.5 | ||||||
36 | 27 | 18.4 | 0.86 | 0.4 | 1.69 | 0.91 | 0.51 | 1.08 | 0.79 | 0.74 | 0.73 | 1.59 | 0.47 | 21.4 | 46.0 | 10.9 | 20.2 | 36.1 | 17.0 | 23.3 | 24.9 | 25.2 | 11.6 | 39.2 | ||||||
37 | 28 | 19.1 | 0.88 | 0.42 | 1.69 | 0.91 | 0.55 | 1 | 0.79 | 0.76 | 0.74 | 1.65 | 0.47 | 21.7 | 45.5 | 11.3 | 21.0 | 34.7 | 19.1 | 24.2 | 25.1 | 25.8 | 11.6 | 40.6 | ||||||
38 | 29 | 19.8 | 0.89 | 0.43 | 1.85 | 0.91 | 0.58 | 0.96 | 0.79 | 0.78 | 0.75 | 1.71 | 0.49 | 22.2 | 46.0 | 10.7 | 21.7 | 34.1 | 20.6 | 25.0 | 25.3 | 26.4 | 11.6 | 40.4 | ||||||
39 | 30 | 20.5 | 0.9 | 0.44 | 1.98 | 0.91 | 0.61 | 0.96 | 0.8 | 0.78 | 0.76 | 1.75 | 0.53 | 22.7 | 46.5 | 10.3 | 22.5 | 33.5 | 21.3 | 25.6 | 26.2 | 26.9 | 11.7 | 38.6 | http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/fe_test_schedules.shtml | |||||
40 | 31 | 21.1 | 0.91 | 0.46 | 1.98 | 0.91 | 0.63 | 0.98 | 0.83 | 0.77 | 0.78 | 1.79 | 0.55 | 23.2 | 45.9 | 10.7 | 23.2 | 33.5 | 21.6 | 25.5 | 27.4 | 27.1 | 11.8 | 38.4 | EPA requires specific tests to generate MPG ratings for consumers. Most of the Highway test and 6% of the City test are at 46-58mph, so manufacturers optimize cars for these speeds. | |||||
41 | 32 | 21.8 | 0.92 | 0.49 | 1.98 | 0.92 | 0.64 | 0.96 | 0.88 | 0.77 | 0.79 | 1.8 | 0.57 | 23.7 | 44.5 | 11.0 | 23.7 | 34.1 | 22.7 | 24.8 | 28.3 | 27.6 | 12.1 | 38.3 | Highway MPG: Test is mostly at 46-58mph, plus one start and one stop, so average is 48. Lab adjusts resistance on wheels to reflect wind resistance and weight. EPA reports 78% of lab mpg to adjust for hills, etc., which are not measured in lab. | |||||
42 | 33 | 22.5 | 0.94 | 0.51 | 1.98 | 0.94 | 0.65 | 0.97 | 0.96 | 0.77 | 0.81 | 1.81 | 0.59 | 23.9 | 44.1 | 11.4 | 23.9 | 34.6 | 23.2 | 23.4 | 29.2 | 27.8 | 12.4 | 38.1 | City MPG: Test has frequent acceleration & deceleration between 0 and 30. 6% of the test time is cruising at 55. EPA reports 90% of lab mpg to adjust for hills, potholes, etc., not measured in lab. | |||||
43 | 34 | 23.2 | 0.96 | 0.52 | 2.1 | 0.97 | 0.65 | 1.02 | 1.02 | 0.78 | 0.83 | 1.82 | 0.59 | 24.1 | 44.6 | 11.0 | 23.9 | 35.7 | 22.7 | 22.7 | 29.7 | 27.9 | 12.7 | 39.3 | ||||||
44 | 35 | 23.9 | 0.98 | 0.51 | 1.98 | 0.99 | 0.65 | 1.05 | 1.07 | 0.79 | 0.85 | 1.83 | 0.59 | 24.4 | 46.8 | 12.1 | 24.1 | 36.7 | 22.7 | 22.3 | 30.2 | 28.1 | 13.0 | 40.4 | http://www.epa.gov/otaq/cert/dearmfr/gasmgdc.pdf | |||||
45 | 36 | 24.5 | 1.01 | 0.49 | 1.98 | 1.03 | 0.66 | 1.08 | 1.13 | 0.8 | 0.87 | 1.84 | 0.58 | 24.3 | 50.1 | 12.4 | 23.8 | 37.2 | 22.7 | 21.7 | 30.7 | 28.2 | 13.3 | 42.3 | Enforcement of MPG limits on manufacturers (CAFE) uses weighted average of city test (55%), and highway test (45%), without the percentage adjustments. Thus actual MPG is | |||||
46 | 37 | 25.2 | 1.03 | 0.48 | 1.98 | 1.06 | 0.67 | 1.12 | 1.16 | 0.81 | 0.89 | 1.85 | 0.6 | 24.5 | 52.6 | 12.7 | 23.8 | 37.7 | 22.5 | 21.7 | 31.1 | 28.3 | 13.6 | 42.0 | 15% | lower than published CAFÉ standard (average of 10% & 22%). | ||||
47 | 38 | 25.9 | 1.06 | 0.48 | 1.98 | 1.09 | 0.68 | 1.14 | 1.22 | 0.83 | 0.91 | 1.85 | 0.62 | 24.4 | 54.0 | 13.1 | 23.8 | 38.1 | 22.7 | 21.2 | 31.2 | 28.5 | 14.0 | 41.8 | ||||||
48 | 39 | 26.6 | 1.08 | 0.51 | 1.98 | 1.1 | 0.7 | 1.14 | 1.28 | 0.86 | 0.94 | 1.84 | 0.65 | 24.6 | 52.1 | 13.4 | 24.2 | 38.0 | 23.3 | 20.8 | 30.9 | 28.3 | 14.5 | 40.9 | ||||||
49 | 40 | 27.3 | 1.11 | 0.54 | 1.85 | 1.11 | 0.71 | 1.12 | 1.34 | 0.88 | 0.96 | 1.82 | 0.64 | 24.6 | 50.5 | 14.7 | 24.6 | 38.4 | 24.4 | 20.4 | 31.0 | 28.4 | 15.0 | 42.6 | ||||||
50 | 41 | 28.0 | 1.13 | 0.57 | 1.85 | 1.1 | 0.72 | 1.09 | 1.39 | 0.9 | 0.98 | 1.81 | 0.67 | 24.7 | 49.0 | 15.1 | 25.4 | 38.8 | 25.6 | 20.1 | 31.1 | 28.5 | 15.4 | 41.7 | ||||||
51 | 42 | 28.6 | 1.16 | 0.58 | 1.85 | 1.09 | 0.73 | 1.09 | 1.39 | 0.92 | 1 | 1.8 | 0.7 | 24.7 | 49.4 | 15.5 | 26.3 | 39.2 | 26.3 | 20.6 | 31.1 | 28.6 | 15.9 | 40.9 | ||||||
52 | 43 | 29.3 | 1.19 | 0.58 | 1.85 | 1.07 | 0.74 | 1.12 | 1.39 | 0.94 | 1.02 | 1.8 | 0.72 | 24.6 | 50.5 | 15.8 | 27.4 | 39.6 | 26.2 | 21.1 | 31.2 | 28.7 | 16.3 | 40.7 | ||||||
53 | 44 | 30.0 | 1.22 | 0.59 | 1.85 | 1.05 | 0.76 | 1.14 | 1.4 | 0.97 | 1.04 | 1.81 | 0.73 | 24.6 | 50.8 | 16.2 | 28.6 | 39.5 | 26.3 | 21.4 | 30.9 | 28.8 | 16.6 | 41.1 | ||||||
54 | 45 | 30.7 | 1.25 | 0.61 | 1.85 | 1.05 | 0.77 | 1.16 | 1.41 | 1.02 | 1.05 | 1.83 | 0.76 | 24.5 | 50.3 | 16.6 | 29.2 | 39.8 | 26.4 | 21.8 | 30.1 | 29.2 | 16.8 | 40.4 | ||||||
55 | 46 | 31.4 | 1.28 | 0.63 | 2.04 | 1.06 | 0.79 | 1.19 | 1.41 | 1.08 | 1.07 | 1.86 | 0.83 | 24.5 | 49.8 | 15.4 | 29.6 | 39.7 | 26.4 | 22.2 | 29.0 | 29.3 | 16.9 | 37.8 | ||||||
56 | 47 | 32.0 | 1.32 | 0.65 | 2.04 | 1.08 | 0.82 | 1.26 | 1.41 | 1.15 | 1.08 | 1.89 | 0.9 | 24.3 | 49.3 | 15.7 | 29.7 | 39.1 | 25.4 | 22.7 | 27.9 | 29.7 | 17.0 | 35.6 | ||||||
57 | 48 | 32.7 | 1.35 | 0.67 | 2.04 | 1.12 | 0.84 | 1.33 | 1.41 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.92 | 0.94 | 24.2 | 48.8 | 16.0 | 29.2 | 39.0 | 24.6 | 23.2 | 27.3 | 29.8 | 17.0 | 34.8 | ||||||
58 | 49 | 33.4 | 1.38 | 0.69 | 1.9 | 1.16 | 0.87 | 1.41 | 1.37 | 1.23 | 1.11 | 1.94 | 0.93 | 24.2 | 48.4 | 17.6 | 28.8 | 38.4 | 23.7 | 24.4 | 27.2 | 30.1 | 17.2 | 35.9 | ||||||
59 | 50 | 34.1 | 1.4 | 0.71 | 1.9 | 1.2 | 0.89 | 1.48 | 1.37 | 1.26 | 1.12 | 1.95 | 0.92 | 24.4 | 48.0 | 17.9 | 28.4 | 38.3 | 23.0 | 24.9 | 27.1 | 30.4 | 17.5 | 37.1 | ||||||
60 | 51 | 34.8 | 1.43 | 0.73 | 1.9 | 1.23 | 0.91 | 1.42 | 1.37 | 1.34 | 1.13 | 1.95 | 0.9 | 24.3 | 47.6 | 18.3 | 28.3 | 38.2 | 24.5 | 25.4 | 25.9 | 30.8 | 17.8 | 38.6 | ||||||
61 | 52 | 35.5 | 1.45 | 0.76 | 1.9 | 1.25 | 0.93 | 1.45 | 1.42 | 1.43 | 1.14 | 1.93 | 0.88 | 24.5 | 46.7 | 18.7 | 28.4 | 38.1 | 24.5 | 25.0 | 24.8 | 31.1 | 18.4 | 40.3 | ||||||
62 | 53 | 36.1 | 1.48 | 0.8 | 1.77 | 1.26 | 0.96 | 1.45 | 1.43 | 1.46 | 1.15 | 1.91 | 0.88 | 24.4 | 45.2 | 20.4 | 28.7 | 37.6 | 24.9 | 25.3 | 24.8 | 31.4 | 18.9 | 41.1 | ||||||
63 | 54 | 36.8 | 1.51 | 0.86 | 1.77 | 1.27 | 0.98 | 1.46 | 1.45 | 1.38 | 1.16 | 1.91 | 0.89 | 24.4 | 42.8 | 20.8 | 29.0 | 37.6 | 25.2 | 25.4 | 26.7 | 31.7 | 19.3 | 41.4 | ||||||
64 | 55 | 37.5 | 1.54 | 0.94 | 1.77 | 1.27 | 1 | 1.55 | 1.46 | 1.28 | 1.17 | 1.91 | 0.92 | 24.4 | 39.9 | 21.2 | 29.5 | 37.5 | 24.2 | 25.7 | 29.3 | 32.1 | 19.6 | 40.8 | ||||||
65 | 56 | 38.2 | 1.59 | 1.03 | 1.9 | 1.29 | 1.01 | 1.56 | 1.47 | 1.26 | 1.17 | 1.93 | 0.96 | 24.0 | 37.1 | 20.1 | 29.6 | 37.8 | 24.5 | 26.0 | 30.3 | 32.6 | 19.8 | 39.8 | ||||||
66 | 57 | 38.9 | 1.64 | 1.1 | 2.08 | 1.31 | 1.03 | 1.55 | 1.5 | 1.32 | 1.18 | 1.95 | 1 | 23.7 | 35.3 | 18.7 | 29.7 | 37.7 | 25.1 | 25.9 | 29.4 | 32.9 | 19.9 | 38.9 | ||||||
67 | 58 | 39.5 | 1.7 | 1.13 | 2.08 | 1.34 | 1.06 | 1.5 | 1.55 | 1.35 | 1.19 | 1.96 | 1.02 | 23.3 | 35.0 | 19.0 | 29.5 | 37.3 | 26.4 | 25.5 | 29.3 | 33.2 | 20.2 | 38.8 | ||||||
68 | 59 | 40.2 | 1.76 | 1.11 | 2.08 | 1.37 | 1.09 | 1.49 | 1.6 | 1.39 | 1.21 | 1.97 | 1.03 | 22.9 | 36.2 | 19.3 | 29.4 | 36.9 | 27.0 | 25.1 | 28.9 | 33.2 | 20.4 | 39.1 | ||||||
69 | 60 | 40.9 | 1.84 | 1.05 | 2.23 | 1.41 | 1.12 | 1.49 | 1.62 | 1.41 | 1.23 | 1.98 | 1.05 | 22.2 | 39.0 | 18.3 | 29.0 | 36.5 | 27.5 | 25.3 | 29.0 | 33.3 | 20.7 | 39.0 | ||||||
70 | 61 | 41.6 | 1.92 | 0.99 | 2.23 | 1.45 | 1.14 | 1.51 | 1.62 | 1.47 | 1.25 | 1.99 | 1.07 | 21.7 | 42.0 | 18.7 | 28.7 | 36.5 | 27.5 | 25.7 | 28.3 | 33.3 | 20.9 | 38.9 | ||||||
71 | 62 | 42.3 | 2.01 | 0.95 | 2.38 | 1.49 | 1.16 | 1.53 | 1.65 | 1.49 | 1.28 | 2.01 | 1.07 | 21.0 | 44.5 | 17.8 | 28.4 | 36.4 | 27.6 | 25.6 | 28.4 | 33.0 | 21.0 | 39.5 | ||||||
72 | 63 | 43.0 | 2.11 | 0.94 | 2.58 | 1.52 | 1.18 | 1.59 | 1.73 | 1.51 | 1.3 | 2.03 | 1.05 | 20.4 | 45.7 | 16.6 | 28.3 | 36.4 | 27.0 | 24.8 | 28.4 | 33.0 | 21.2 | 40.9 | ||||||
73 | 64 | 43.6 | 2.21 | 0.95 | 2.73 | 1.55 | 1.21 | 1.63 | 1.81 | 1.52 | 1.33 | 2.04 | 1.05 | 19.7 | 45.9 | 16.0 | 28.2 | 36.1 | 26.8 | 24.1 | 28.7 | 32.8 | 21.4 | 41.6 | ||||||
74 | 65 | 44.3 | 2.32 | 0.98 | 2.87 | 1.56 | 1.26 | 1.64 | 1.86 | 1.53 | 1.36 | 2.05 | 1.08 | 19.1 | 45.2 | 15.4 | 28.4 | 35.2 | 27.0 | 23.8 | 29.0 | 32.6 | 21.6 | 41.0 | ||||||
75 | 66 | 45.0 | 2.42 | 1.02 | 2.87 | 1.57 | 1.33 | 1.66 | 1.81 | 1.58 | 1.39 | 2.07 | 1.09 | 18.6 | 44.1 | 15.7 | 28.7 | 33.8 | 27.1 | 24.9 | 28.5 | 32.4 | 21.7 | 41.3 | ||||||
76 | 67 | 45.7 | 2.51 | 1.05 | 2.87 | 1.57 | 1.41 | 1.66 | 1.73 | 1.68 | 1.42 | 2.1 | 1.07 | 18.2 | 43.5 | 15.9 | 29.1 | 32.4 | 27.5 | 26.4 | 27.2 | 32.2 | 21.8 | 42.7 | ||||||
77 | 68 | 46.4 | 2.6 | 1.08 | 3.23 | 1.56 | 1.5 | 1.65 | 1.67 | 1.79 | 1.44 | 2.13 | 1.03 | 17.8 | 42.9 | 14.4 | 29.7 | 30.9 | 28.1 | 27.8 | 25.9 | 32.2 | 21.8 | 45.0 | ||||||
78 | 69 | 47.0 | 2.67 | 1.08 | 3.23 | 1.56 | 1.56 | 1.75 | 1.7 | 1.87 | 1.46 | 2.18 | 1.06 | 17.6 | 43.6 | 14.6 | 30.2 | 30.2 | 26.9 | 27.7 | 25.2 | 32.2 | 21.6 | 44.4 | ||||||
79 | 70 | 47.7 | 2.73 | 1.07 | 3.23 | 1.55 | 1.59 | 1.81 | 1.76 | 1.89 | 1.46 | 2.23 | 1.13 | 17.5 | 44.6 | 14.8 | 30.8 | 30.0 | 26.4 | 27.1 | 25.3 | 32.7 | 21.4 | 42.2 | ||||||
80 | 71 | 48.4 | 2.78 | 1.07 | 3.23 | 1.55 | 1.57 | 1.84 | 1.79 | 1.84 | 1.46 | 2.27 | 1.23 | 17.4 | 45.2 | 15.0 | 31.2 | 30.8 | 26.3 | 27.0 | 26.3 | 33.2 | 21.3 | 39.4 | ||||||
81 | 72 | 49.1 | 2.83 | 1.08 | 3.63 | 1.56 | 1.52 | 1.82 | 1.9 | 1.72 | 1.46 | 2.29 | 1.28 | 17.3 | 45.5 | 13.5 | 31.5 | 32.3 | 27.0 | 25.8 | 28.5 | 33.6 | 21.4 | 38.4 | ||||||
82 | 73 | 49.8 | 2.87 | 1.11 | 3.63 | 1.58 | 1.47 | 1.85 | 2.04 | 1.6 | 1.46 | 2.3 | 1.29 | 17.3 | 44.8 | 13.7 | 31.5 | 33.9 | 26.9 | 24.4 | 31.1 | 34.1 | 21.6 | 38.6 | ||||||
83 | 74 | 50.5 | 2.91 | 1.14 | 3.63 | 1.61 | 1.45 | 1.9 | 2.2 | 1.55 | 1.46 | 2.3 | 1.28 | 17.3 | 44.3 | 13.9 | 31.3 | 34.8 | 26.6 | 22.9 | 32.6 | 34.6 | 21.9 | 39.4 | ||||||
84 | 75 | 51.1 | 2.96 | 1.17 | 3.89 | 1.65 | 1.45 | 1.99 | 2.17 | 1.61 | 1.46 | 2.3 | 1.29 | 17.3 | 43.7 | 13.1 | 31.0 | 35.3 | 25.7 | 23.6 | 31.8 | 35.0 | 22.2 | 39.6 | ||||||
85 | 76 | 51.8 | 3.01 | 1.17 | 3.89 | 1.69 | 1.47 | 2.06 | 2.06 | 1.7 | 1.48 | 2.32 | 1.33 | 17.2 | 44.3 | 13.3 | 30.7 | 35.3 | 25.2 | 25.2 | 30.5 | 35.0 | 22.3 | 39.0 | ||||||
86 | 77 | 52.5 | 3.06 | 1.17 | 4.06 | 1.73 | 1.48 | 2.07 | 1.99 | 1.75 | 1.49 | 2.35 | 1.35 | 17.2 | 44.9 | 12.9 | 30.3 | 35.5 | 25.4 | 26.4 | 30.0 | 35.2 | 22.3 | 38.9 | ||||||
87 | 78 | 53.2 | 3.11 | 1.18 | 4.32 | 1.78 | 1.48 | 2.11 | 2.04 | 1.74 | 1.51 | 2.39 | 1.38 | 17.1 | 45.1 | 12.3 | 29.9 | 35.9 | 25.2 | 26.1 | 30.6 | 35.2 | 22.3 | 38.5 | ||||||
88 | 79 | 53.9 | 3.17 | 1.22 | 4.47 | 1.82 | 1.48 | 2.08 | 2.19 | 1.7 | 1.54 | 2.42 | 1.41 | 17.0 | 44.2 | 12.1 | 29.6 | 36.4 | 25.9 | 24.6 | 31.7 | 35.0 | 22.3 | 38.2 | ||||||
89 | 80 | 54.5 | 3.24 | 1.27 | 4.47 | 1.86 | 1.47 | 2.12 | 2.28 | 1.68 | 1.56 | 2.42 | 1.47 | 16.8 | 42.9 | 12.2 | 29.3 | 37.1 | 25.7 | 23.9 | 32.5 | 35.0 | 22.5 | 37.1 | ||||||
90 | 81 | 55.2 | 3.32 | 1.3 | 4.6 | 1.9 | 1.45 | 2.17 | 2.33 | 1.7 | 1.59 | 2.41 | 1.49 | 16.6 | 42.5 | 12.0 | 29.1 | 38.1 | 25.5 | 23.7 | 32.5 | 34.7 | 22.9 | 37.1 | ||||||
91 | 82 | 55.9 | 3.4 | 1.31 | 4.6 | 1.93 | 1.45 | 2.26 | 2.34 | 1.77 | 1.63 | 2.38 | 1.49 | 16.4 | 42.7 | 12.2 | 29.0 | 38.6 | 24.7 | 23.9 | 31.6 | 34.3 | 23.5 | 37.5 | ||||||
92 | 83 | 56.6 | 3.49 | 1.27 | 4.72 | 1.97 | 1.47 | 2.4 | 2.35 | 1.86 | 1.66 | 2.35 | 1.46 | 16.2 | 44.6 | 12.0 | 28.7 | 38.5 | 23.6 | 24.1 | 30.4 | 34.1 | 24.1 | 38.8 | ||||||
93 | 84 | 57.3 | 3.59 | 1.22 | 4.93 | 2.01 | 1.5 | 2.42 | 2.34 | 1.94 | 1.7 | 2.34 | 1.47 | 16.0 | 46.9 | 11.6 | 28.5 | 38.2 | 23.7 | 24.5 | 29.5 | 33.7 | 24.5 | 39.0 | ||||||
94 | 85 | 58.0 | 3.68 | 1.17 | 4.93 | 2.05 | 1.55 | 2.45 | 2.37 | 2 | 1.73 | 2.37 | 1.5 | 15.7 | 49.5 | 11.8 | 28.3 | 37.4 | 23.7 | 24.5 | 29.0 | 33.5 | 24.5 | 38.6 | ||||||
95 | 86 | 58.6 | 3.78 | 1.15 | 5.05 | 2.09 | 1.6 | 2.51 | 2.43 | 2.05 | 1.77 | 2.42 | 1.56 | 15.5 | 51.0 | 11.6 | 28.1 | 36.6 | 23.4 | 24.1 | 28.6 | 33.1 | 24.2 | 37.6 | ||||||
96 | 87 | 59.3 | 3.88 | 1.18 | 5.05 | 2.12 | 1.64 | 2.66 | 2.55 | 2.13 | 1.82 | 2.47 | 1.61 | 15.3 | 50.3 | 11.7 | 28.0 | 36.2 | 22.3 | 23.3 | 27.8 | 32.6 | 24.0 | 36.8 | ||||||
97 | 88 | 60.0 | 3.97 | 1.24 | 5.05 | 2.13 | 1.68 | 2.83 | 2.63 | 2.25 | 1.86 | 2.52 | 1.66 | 15.1 | 48.4 | 11.9 | 28.2 | 35.7 | 21.2 | 22.8 | 26.7 | 32.3 | 23.8 | 36.1 | ||||||
98 | 89 | 60.7 | 4.08 | 1.31 | 5.22 | 2.14 | 1.73 | 2.82 | 2.7 | 2.35 | 1.9 | 2.55 | 1.69 | 14.9 | 46.3 | 11.6 | 28.4 | 35.1 | 21.5 | 22.5 | 25.8 | 31.9 | 23.8 | 35.9 | ||||||
99 | 90 | 61.4 | 4.18 | 1.36 | 5.22 | 2.15 | 1.77 | 2.59 | 2.8 | 2.38 | 1.95 | 2.55 | 1.74 | 14.7 | 45.1 | 11.8 | 28.5 | 34.7 | 23.7 | 21.9 | 25.8 | 31.5 | 24.1 | 35.3 | ||||||
100 | 91 | 62.0 | 4.28 | 1.37 | 5.5 | 2.16 | 1.8 | 2.66 | 2.9 | 2.35 | 1.99 | 2.54 | 1.78 | 14.5 | 45.3 | 11.3 | 28.7 | 34.5 | 23.3 | 21.4 | 26.4 | 31.2 | 24.4 | 34.9 | ||||||
101 | 92 | 62.7 | 4.39 | 1.37 | 5.5 | 2.17 | 1.82 | 2.92 | 3 | 2.35 | 2.03 | 2.55 | 1.82 | 14.3 | 45.8 | 11.4 | 28.9 | 34.5 | 21.5 | 20.9 | 26.7 | 30.9 | 24.6 | 34.5 | ||||||
102 | 93 | 63.4 | 4.51 | 1.39 | 5.77 | 2.19 | 1.85 | 2.9 | 3 | 2.41 | 2.07 | 2.57 | 1.84 | 14.1 | 45.6 | 11.0 | 29.0 | 34.3 | 21.9 | 21.1 | 26.3 | 30.6 | 24.7 | 34.5 | ||||||
103 | 94 | 64.1 | 4.63 | 1.43 | 5.93 | 2.21 | 1.89 | 2.89 | 3.02 | 2.47 | 2.11 | 2.61 | 1.83 | 13.8 | 44.8 | 10.8 | 29.0 | 33.9 | 22.2 | 21.2 | 25.9 | 30.4 | 24.6 | 35.0 | ||||||
104 | 95 | 64.8 | 4.77 | 1.49 | 6.05 | 2.25 | 1.93 | 2.99 | 3.07 | 2.52 | 2.15 | 2.64 | 1.84 | 13.6 | 43.5 | 10.7 | 28.8 | 33.6 | 21.7 | 21.1 | 25.7 | 30.1 | 24.5 | 35.2 | ||||||
105 | 96 | 65.5 | 4.93 | 1.56 | 6.22 | 2.28 | 1.97 | 3.09 | 3.09 | 2.63 | 2.19 | 2.67 | 1.9 | 13.3 | 42.0 | 10.5 | 28.7 | 33.2 | 21.2 | 21.2 | 24.9 | 29.9 | 24.5 | 34.4 | ||||||
106 | 97 | 66.1 | 5.1 | 1.61 | 6.53 | 2.33 | 2.01 | 3.07 | 3.06 | 2.71 | 2.24 | 2.69 | 2.01 | 13.0 | 41.1 | 10.1 | 28.4 | 32.9 | 21.5 | 21.6 | 24.4 | 29.5 | 24.6 | 32.9 | ||||||
107 | 98 | 66.8 | 5.27 | 1.65 | 6.53 | 2.37 | 2.05 | 3 | 3.06 | 2.75 | 2.29 | 2.71 | 2.06 | 12.7 | 40.5 | 10.2 | 28.2 | 32.6 | 22.3 | 21.8 | 24.3 | 29.2 | 24.7 | 32.4 | ||||||
108 | 99 | 67.5 | 5.42 | 1.67 | 6.71 | 2.43 | 2.1 | 2.92 | 3.21 | 2.75 | 2.35 | 2.75 | 2.02 | 12.5 | 40.4 | 10.1 | 27.8 | 32.1 | 23.1 | 21.0 | 24.5 | 28.7 | 24.5 | 33.4 | ||||||
109 | 100 | 68.2 | 5.56 | 1.68 | 6.71 | 2.49 | 2.15 | 3.08 | 3.41 | 2.81 | 2.42 | 2.82 | 2.01 | 12.3 | 40.6 | 10.2 | 27.4 | 31.7 | 22.1 | 20.0 | 24.3 | 28.2 | 24.2 | 33.9 | ||||||
110 | 101 | 68.9 | 5.66 | 1.7 | 6.89 | 2.55 | 2.2 | 3.42 | 3.51 | 2.86 | 2.49 | 2.93 | 2.08 | 12.2 | 40.5 | 10.0 | 27.0 | 31.3 | 20.1 | 19.6 | 24.1 | 27.7 | 23.5 | 33.1 | ||||||
111 | 102 | 69.5 | 5.72 | 1.73 | 6.89 | 2.63 | 2.24 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 2.84 | 2.57 | 3.04 | 2.2 | 12.2 | 40.2 | 10.1 | 26.4 | 31.0 | 19.3 | 19.9 | 24.5 | 27.1 | 22.9 | 31.6 | ||||||
112 | 103 | 70.2 | 5.74 | 1.79 | 7.08 | 2.72 | 2.28 | 3.62 | 3.48 | 2.85 | 2.66 | 3.13 | 2.27 | 12.2 | 39.2 | 9.9 | 25.8 | 30.8 | 19.4 | 20.2 | 24.6 | 26.4 | 22.4 | 30.9 | ||||||
113 | 104 | 70.9 | 5.74 | 1.86 | 7.08 | 2.8 | 2.31 | 3.65 | 3.52 | 3.01 | 2.75 | 3.18 | 2.32 | 12.4 | 38.1 | 10.0 | 25.3 | 30.7 | 19.4 | 20.1 | 23.6 | 25.8 | 22.3 | 30.6 | ||||||
114 | 105 | 71.6 | 5.73 | 1.94 | 7.28 | 2.89 | 2.36 | 3.6 | 3.55 | 3.16 | 2.85 | 3.22 | 2.39 | 12.5 | 36.9 | 9.8 | 24.8 | 30.3 | 19.9 | 20.2 | 22.7 | 25.1 | 22.2 | 30.0 | ||||||
115 | 106 | 72.3 | 5.71 | 2 | 7.28 | 2.96 | 2.42 | 3.64 | 3.57 | 3.22 | 2.93 | 3.27 | 2.46 | 12.7 | 36.1 | 9.9 | 24.4 | 29.9 | 19.9 | 20.2 | 22.4 | 24.7 | 22.1 | 29.4 | ||||||
116 | 107 | 73.0 | 5.7 | 2.05 | 7.48 | 3.03 | 2.49 | 3.67 | 3.64 | 3.19 | 3 | 3.33 | 2.55 | 12.8 | 35.6 | 9.8 | 24.1 | 29.3 | 19.9 | 20.0 | 22.9 | 24.3 | 21.9 | 28.6 | ||||||
117 | 108 | 73.6 | 5.69 | 2.06 | 7.48 | 3.08 | 2.55 | 3.78 | 3.77 | 3.22 | 3.06 | 3.39 | 2.59 | 12.9 | 35.7 | 9.8 | 23.9 | 28.9 | 19.5 | 19.5 | 22.9 | 24.1 | 21.7 | 28.4 | ||||||
118 | 109 | 74.3 | 5.68 | 2.05 | 7.32 | 3.13 | 2.59 | 4.19 | 3.92 | 3.32 | 3.1 | 3.45 | 2.64 | 13.1 | 36.3 | 10.2 | 23.7 | 28.7 | 17.7 | 19.0 | 22.4 | 24.0 | 21.5 | 28.2 | ||||||
119 | 110 | 75.0 | 5.68 | 2.04 | 7.5 | 3.18 | 2.61 | 4.37 | 3.97 | 3.4 | 3.12 | 3.5 | 2.65 | 13.2 | 36.8 | 10.0 | 23.6 | 28.7 | 17.2 | 18.9 | 22.1 | 24.0 | 21.4 | 28.3 | ||||||
120 | avg | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
121 | gas savied cutting 65mph to 52mph | 21% | 2% | 20% | 6% | 5% | 14% | 16% | 16% | 14% | -10% | 10% | 10% | |||||||||||||||||
122 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
123 | Speed, mph | Extra driving minutes per hour if cut back to 52 mph | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
124 | 60 | 9 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
125 | 65 | 15 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
126 | 70 | 21 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
127 | 75 | 27 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
128 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
129 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
130 | Miles to Recoup Car CO2 if Switch to Efficient New Car | Pounds CO2 saved in rest of | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
131 | Gain in MPG by Getting New Car | 150000 | miles life of car | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
132 | Assumptions: | 5 | 10 | 15 | 20 | 5 | 10 | 15 | 20 | |||||||||||||||||||||
133 | 22,046 | lb CO2/new car | MPG of Old Car: | 15 | 57,000 | 35,000 | 28,000 | 25,000 | 36,000 | 72,000 | 95,000 | 111,000 | ||||||||||||||||||
134 | 23 | lb CO2/gallon | 20 | 94,000 | 57,000 | 44,000 | 38,000 | 13,000 | 36,000 | 53,000 | 65,000 | |||||||||||||||||||
135 | 25 | 142,000 | 83,000 | 63,000 | 53,000 | 1,000 | 18,000 | 30,000 | 40,000 | |||||||||||||||||||||
136 | 30 | 198,000 | 113,000 | 85,000 | 71,000 | 7,000 | 17,000 | 25,000 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
137 | 35 | 264000 | 149,000 | 110,000 | 91,000 | 8,000 | 14,000 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
138 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
139 | Components of CO2 in Using 2 Hypothetical Cars, with Different MPG | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
140 | 28 | 17 | miles per gallon | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
141 | 19.6 | pounds CO2 in each gallon of gasoline | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
142 | 24.1 | pounds CO2 in each gallon of gasoline & its production | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
143 | 0.6987142857 | 1.150823529 | pounds CO2 per mile (from fuel) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
144 | 0.8599038159 | 1.416312167 | pounds CO2 per mile (from fuel & its production) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
145 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
146 | Refrigerant leaks | p. 52 of http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/FTPROOT/environment/057398.pdf | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
147 | 2 | pounds 1,2,2,2-Tetrafluoroethane (HFC134a) refrigerant per car | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
148 | 10% | leakage per year | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
149 | 0.2 | pounds leagage per year | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
150 | 1,300 | pounds CO2 equivalent per pound HFC 134a | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
151 | 260 | pounds CO2 equivalent per year | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
152 | 10,000 | miles per year | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
153 | 0.026 | pounds CO2 equivalent from refrigerant, per mile | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
154 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
155 | Oil lost (negligible if there's no oil leak) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
156 | 1 | quart oil & grease consumed during miles shown below | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
157 | 22.4 | pounds CO2 per gallon | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
158 | 10,000 | miles | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
159 | 0.0005596 | pounds CO2 equivalent from oil, per mile | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
160 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
161 | CO2 released in manufacturing car | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
162 | 18,000 | pounds CO2 released during manufacture | p.5 of http://www.sightline.org/research/energy/res_pubs/analysis-ghg-roads | see Argonne study at bottom for same result | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
163 | 152,000 | miles average life of cars | http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/pdf/nrd-30/NCSA/Rpts/2006/809952.pdf | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
164 | 0.1184210526 | pounds manufacturing CO2, per mile | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
165 | 2 columns based on miles per gallon above | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
166 | 3.3 | 2.0 | pounds CO2 per gallon | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
167 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
168 | CO2 released in manufacturing tires | Initial tires are included in car, but need frequent replacement | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
169 | 20 | pounds per tire, typical | http://www.miata.net/faq/tire_weights.html | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
170 | 80 | weight of 4 tires, in pounds (spare tire does not wear out until used) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
171 | 4.4 | pounds of CO2 per pound of tire | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
172 | 352.3461333 | CO2 in 4 tires | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
173 | 3 | full sets of 4 replacement tires | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
174 | 0.0069542 | pounds tire CO2, per mile | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
175 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
176 | 0.1519348526 | Total of above, other than fuel. Also need maintenance | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
177 | 1.011838669 | Total of above, including fuel. Also need maintenance | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
178 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
179 | CO2 released in building highways | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
180 | 3,500 | tons CO2 released in building & maintaining 1 lane mile for 50 years | http://www.sightline.org/research/energy/res_pubs/analysis-ghg-roads | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
181 | 7.0 | millions of pounds CO2 per lane mile | They're in the middle of the following 2 studies, from Australia & Korea. We show USA data after the 2 studies they cite. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
182 | 20,000 | typical trips per day per lane | http://www.sightline.org/research/energy/res_pubs/analysis-ghg-roads | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
183 | 365 | millions of trips per lane in 50 years | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
184 | 0.01917808219 | pounds CO2 per vehicle mile | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
185 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
186 | Roads in Australia | http://www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk/sustainable/refs/lca/Treloar.pdf | see also http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au/adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20041209.161722/ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
187 | GJ/ 5km, 2lanes | Yrs | Road type | Abbrev. | Million Lb CO2/ Lane Mile, Part | Cubic Meters 32MPa Concrete per Meter Road | Cubic Meters 5MPa Concrete per Meter Road | Pound CO2 Calcining per meter road | Million Lb CO2 per Lane Mile, All | Lb CO2/ Vehicle Mile | Their direct estimates are much higher than their IO analysis. | |||||||||||||||||||
188 | 135,987 | 40 | Continuously reinforced concrete | CRC | 2.9 | 2.09 | 1.39 | 1,261 | 3.9 | 0.054 | ||||||||||||||||||||
189 | 100,028 | 40 | Plain concrete | PC | 2.1 | 2.42 | 1.39 | 1,441 | 3.3 | 0.045 | ||||||||||||||||||||
190 | 194,980 | 40 | Full-depth asphalt | FDA | 4.2 | 1.70 | 145 | 4.3 | 0.058 | |||||||||||||||||||||
191 | 149,759 | 40 | Composite, asphalt, and concrete | Comp | 3.2 | 1.41 | 120 | 3.3 | 0.045 | |||||||||||||||||||||
192 | 135,419 | 40 | Deep-strength asphalt | DSA | 2.9 | 0 | 2.9 | 0.039 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
193 | 42,204 | 20 | Granular | G | 0.9 | 0 | 0.9 | 0.025 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
194 | 128,799 | 40 | Deep-strength asphalt on bounded subbase | DSAB | 2.7 | 2.28 | 195 | 2.9 | 0.040 | |||||||||||||||||||||
195 | 78,271 | 20 | Asphaltic concrete on bounded subbase | ACB | 1.7 | 3.28 | 280 | 1.9 | 0.052 | |||||||||||||||||||||
196 | 60 | kg CO2 per GJ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
197 | 0.1322772 | pounds CO2 per MJ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
198 | 5,000 | typical trips per day per lane | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
199 | 133 | kg rebar/cu.meter concrete | CRC | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
200 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
201 | Roads in Korea | http://www.lcarc.re.kr/Korean/staff%20list/papers/ASCE_2003.pdf | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
202 | tonnes oil equivalent (TOE) | tonnes carbon equivalent | 4 lane-kilometers | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
203 | 1,410 | 1,286 | cement | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
204 | 1,526 | 1,391 | all materials | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
205 | 47 | 42 | construction (mostly dump trucks) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
206 | 1,069 | 977 | maintenance & repair | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
207 | 35 | 29 | demolition | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
208 | 2,677 | 2,439 | total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
209 | 1,153 | except cement | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
210 | 9,317 | thousands of pounds CO2 equivalent | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
211 | 0.06619 | TOE/tonne cement | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
212 | 21,298 | tonnes cement | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
213 | 802 | pounds CO2 per tonne cement (includes quarrying, construction, calcining, delivery, etc.) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
214 | 17,088 | thousands of pounds CO2 equivalent | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
215 | 26,405 | Total thousands of pounds CO2 equivalent | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
216 | 11 | millions of pounds CO2 per lane mile | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
217 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
218 | Roads in USA, Berkeley study | http://repositories.cdlib.org/its/ds/UCB-ITS-DS-2008-1/ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
219 | metric tonnes CO2e / mile (App.B) | Widths in feet (p.37) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
220 | Pavement | Sub-Base | excludes calcining, if concrete is used | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
221 | Lanes | Material | Deliver Material | Equip-ment | Material | Deliver Material | Equip-ment | Total | million pounds CO2e per lane mile | Travel | Shoulders | kg CO2e / sf | ||||||||||||||||||
222 | Interstate | 4 | 2980 | 206 | 5 | 284 | 74 | 13 | 3562 | 2.0 | 48 | 28 | 8.9 | |||||||||||||||||
223 | Arterial | 2 | 1099 | 76 | 2 | 142 | 37 | 6 | 1362 | 1.5 | 23 | 12 | 7.4 | |||||||||||||||||
224 | Collector Streets | 2 | 853 | 59 | 1 | 131 | 34 | 6 | 1084 | 1.2 | 22 | 10 | 6.4 | |||||||||||||||||
225 | Local Streets, urban | 2 | 670 | 46 | 1 | 90 | 23 | 4 | 834 | 0.9 | 22 | 4 | 6.1 | |||||||||||||||||
226 | Local Streets, rural | 2 | 541 | 37 | 1 | 73 | 19 | 3 | 674 | 0.7 | 21 | 10 | 4.1 | |||||||||||||||||
227 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
228 | Summary CO2 emissions as % of total without roads | Berkeley | Striking similarities from different studies | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
229 | Toyota | EDF | Above | car | suv | pu | bus | Toyota from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3012/is_2_185/ai_n12937459 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
230 | 72% | 68% | Driving | 69% | 72% | 72% | 74% | 76% | similar data in graphs on p. 25 of http://www.toyota.co.jp/en/environmental_rep/04/download/pdf/e_s_report_2004.pdf | |||||||||||||||||||||
231 | 8% | 21% | Fuel production | 16% | 12% | 15% | 13% | 12% | non-production CO2 is .18 million tons, compared to 1.40 in production, according to: | |||||||||||||||||||||
232 | 6% | Vehicle production | 12% | 9% | 11% | 6% | 10% | p.27 of http://www.toyota.co.jp/en/csr/report/08/download/pdf/sr08_p20_p29.pdf | ||||||||||||||||||||||
233 | 12% | Material production | in vehicle production | EDF from p.3 of http://www.edf.org/documents/3986_CAAutoCarbonBurden.pdf | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
234 | 2% | Other | 3% | 6% | 5% | 4% | 4% | Berkeley data below | ||||||||||||||||||||||
235 | 11% | Production & other | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
236 | 1.39 | 1.47 | Total w/o roads, as multiple of driving | 1.45 | 1.39 | 1.39 | 1.34 | 1.32 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
237 | Total w/roads, as multiple of driving | 1.58 | 1.54 | 1.46 | 1.35 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
238 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
239 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
240 | Grand total | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
241 | 2 columns based on miles per gallon above | Total as multiple of driving | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
242 | 0.9896145901 | 1.617544095 | pounds CO2 per mile (Toyota total plus highway) | 142% | 141% | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
243 | 1.046699091 | 1.711565625 | pounds CO2 per mile (EDF total plus highway) | 150% | 149% | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
244 | 1.03 | 1.59 | pounds CO2 per mile (total above items) | 147% | 138% | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
245 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
246 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
247 | 28.85280022 | 26.97671354 | pounds CO2 per gallon (total above items) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
248 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
249 | Estimated Average Material Content in U.S.-Built Passenger Cars, 1994 | http://www.transportation.anl.gov/pdfs/TA/106.pdf | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
250 | Material | Mass (kg) | Energy (MJ /kg) | Energy (MJ /kg) | Coal | Oil | Natural Gas | Non-fossil | Pounds CO2 | |||||||||||||||||||||
251 | pounds CO2 per 1000Btu | 0.205 | 0.055 | 0.032 | 0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
252 | pounds CO2 per MJ | 0.194 | 0.052 | 0.030 | MJ smaller than 1,000BTU, so emits less CO2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
253 | End use energy as fraction of total, including production | 0.980 | 0.900 | 0.880 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
254 | pounds CO2 per MJ, including production of energy | 0.198 | 0.058 | 0.034 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
255 | Mild steel | 631 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
256 | High-strength steel | 120 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
257 | Stainless steel | 20 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
258 | Other steels | 19 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
259 | Total steel | 790 | 65 | 52 | 0.7 | 0.03 | 0.23 | 0.02 | 7,823 | 4.492 | pounds CO2 per pound of steel | |||||||||||||||||||
260 | Cast iron | 185 | 37 | 37 | 1.0 | 1,357 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
261 | Total ferrous | 975 | 0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
262 | Wrought aluminum | 231 | 52 | 0.5 | 0.08 | 0.27 | 0.16 | 2,167 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
263 | Cast aluminum | 44 | 44 | 1 | 0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
264 | Aluminum Total | 83 | 0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
265 | Reinforced plastic | 56 | 37 | 0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
266 | Unreinforced plastic | 79 | 14 | 0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
267 | Plastics/composites Total | 112 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.02 | 425 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
268 | Copper | 19 | 140 | 35 | 0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
269 | Zinc die castings | 7 | 112 | 8 | 0 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
270 | Copper, zinc | 26 | 132 | 0.3 | 0.03 | 0.52 | 0.09 | 286 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
271 | Glass | 40 | 13 | 0.3 | 0.05 | 0.62 | 0.09 | 37 | glass MJ from Products tab | |||||||||||||||||||||
272 | Powder metal | 12 | 93 | 0.7 | 0.03 | 0.23 | 0.02 | 170 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
273 | Rubber | 61 | 88 | 0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
274 | Other materials | 45 | 88 | 0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
275 | Rubber and other | 106 | 88 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.02 | 633 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
276 | Fluids/lubricants | 86 | 88 | 1 | 440 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
277 | Process | 0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
278 | Automobile assembly | 0.7 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.23 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
279 | Automobile shredding | 0.7 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.23 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
280 | Total | 1,440 | 13,338 | 4.202 | lb CO2/lb of car materials | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
281 | Total omits CO2 from assembly. Toyota says it's half as much as materials, so: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
282 | 20,007 | 6.304 | lb CO2/lb of car | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
283 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
284 | Berkeley Analysis | http://repositories.cdlib.org/its/ds/UCB-ITS-DS-2008-1/ | http://escholarship.org/uc/item/7n29n303 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
285 | Road vehicles | Units shown at left | g CO2e/vehicle mile | lb CO2e per vehicle mile | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
286 | Toyota Camry sedan | Chevy Trail-blazer SUV | Ford F-series pickup | 40' Bus | Toyota Camry sedan | Chevy Trail-blazer SUV | Ford F-series pickup | 40' Bus/ passenger mile | Toyota Camry sedan | Chevy Trail-blazer SUV | Ford F-series pickup | 40' Bus/ passen-ger mile | Berkeley study provides total pounds of CO2 (fuel, car & roads) per mile for 2 levels of MPG, from Camry & SUV (Pickup is nearly same as SUV). The following calculation derives an estimate for ANY level of MPG: | Constants | Camry | SUV | vary MPG in next cell, to see resulting CO2 /mile below | |||||||||||||
287 | Vehicle weight, pounds, p.21 | 3,200 | 4,600 | 5,200 | 25,000 | MPG: miles per gallon of direct fuel (independent variable, from right hand section) | 28 | 17 | 40 | |||||||||||||||||||||
288 | Vehicle lifetime, years, p.21 | 16.9 | 15.5 | 15.5 | 12 | total CO2 /mile, using EIA, not EPA (include fuel, car, road, from right hand section) | 1.247 | 1.791 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
289 | Vehicle Miles/year, p.21 | 11,000 | 11,000 | 11,000 | 42,000 | "Total lb CO2/gallon" from multiplying "total co2/mile" by MPG | 34.9 | 30.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
290 | Average passengers per vehicle, p.21 | 1.58 | 1.74 | 1.46 | 10.5 | slope of Equation for "total lb CO2/gallon" as function of MPG | 0.4074 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
291 | Passenger miles/year, p.21 | 17,000 | 19,000 | 16,000 | 440000 | constant of Equation for "total lb CO2/gallon" as function of MPG | 23.5221 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
292 | raw co2/gallon | 19.5640 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
293 | extra emissions per gallon | 3.9581 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
294 | grams | lb | Derived "total lb co2/gallon". Note this matches data above where available, and allows projection to other MPG | 34.9 | 30.4 | 39.8 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
295 | Miles per gallon, p.52 | 24 | 28 | 17 | 16 | Total Lb CO2/mile, from dividing co2/gallon by MPG | 1.247 | 1.791 | 0.995 | |||||||||||||||||||||
296 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
297 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
298 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
299 | Miles per gallon, p.23 and errata 5/5/09 | 28 | 17 | 16 | 4.3 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
300 | Lifetime miles, p.52 | 190,000 | 170,000 | 170,000 | 500,000 | fuel-efficient cars use same amount of road | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
301 | Lifetime gallons, p.52 | 6,700 | 10,000 | 11,000 | 120,000 | fuel-efficient cars are smaller & take slightly less maintenance | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
302 | lifetime mpg | 28.358 | 17.0 | 15.5 | 4.2 | extra co2/mile more noticeable on fuel-efficient car, since added to lower CO2/mile from fuel | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
303 | 8874.03476 | 19.564 | fuel co2/mile (EIA) | 317 | 522 | 555 | 197 | 0.699 | 1.151 | 1.223 | 0.433 | extra constant more noticeable per mile on fuel-efficient car, since amortized over fewer gallons per mile from fuel | ||||||||||||||||||
304 | fuel co2/mile (p.24, citing EPA Mobile software) | 367 | 478 | 618 | 226 | 0.809 | 1.054 | 1.363 | 0.498 | |||||||||||||||||||||
305 | EPA / EIA | 116% | 92% | 111% | 115% | Another approach is to separate CO2 in the fuel from CO2 in the cars & road, and this gives almost the same result as the lines above: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
306 | Manufacture, metric tonnes CO2e/vehicle, p.56, pp.29-32 | 10 | 9 | 12 | 129 | 45 | 71 | 48 | 31 | 0.099 | 0.157 | 0.106 | 0.068 | "other CO2/mile" (I.e. cars & road, from right hand section) | 0.407 | 0.415 | ||||||||||||||
307 | calc from lifetime miles above | 53 | 53 | 71 | 25 | 0.116 | 0.117 | 0.156 | 0.054 | slope of Equation for "other CO2/mile" as function of MPG | -0.0007 | |||||||||||||||||||
308 | pounds CO2e/vehicle | 22,046 | 19,842 | 26,455 | 284,396 | constant of Equation for "other CO2/mile" as function of MPG | 0.4269 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
309 | pounds CO2e/pound of vehicle | 6.9 | 4.3 | 5.1 | 11.4 | Derived "other co2 /mile". Note this matches data above where available, and allows projection to other MPG | 0.407 | 0.415 | 0.399 | |||||||||||||||||||||
310 | Operation (running) pp.29-32 | 370 | 480 | 620 | 230 | 0.816 | 1.058 | 1.367 | 0.507 | |||||||||||||||||||||
311 | Refining & distribution, p.54 | 61 | 100 | 110 | 36 | 0.135 | 0.221 | 0.243 | 0.079 | total pounds CO2 /mile, using EIA, not EPA (include fuel, car, road, from left hand section) | 1.247 | 1.791 | ||||||||||||||||||
312 | as % of EIA fuel | 19.2% | 19.2% | 19.8% | 18% | lb co2/mile from gas (include production & distribution) by subtraction | 0.84 | 1.38 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
313 | 16% | as % of EPA fuel | 16.5% | 20.8% | 17.7% | 15.7% | lb CO2/gallon (only fuel, production & distribution) from multiplying co2/mile by MPG | 23.454585 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
314 | Refining & distribution, fraction of fuel, p.52 | lb co2/mile from gas (include production & distribution) from dividing co2/gallon by MPG | 0.84 | 1.38 | 0.59 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
315 | 9% | direct energy to produce & deliver fuel | Total lb co2 /mile (addition) | 1.247 | 1.791 | 0.986 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
316 | 7% | additional energy in fuel supply chain | Total CO2/gallon of direct fuel (fuel, car & roads) from multiplying co2/mile times MPG | 34.9 | 30.4 | 39.4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
317 | Auto repair | 0.00078 | 0.00064 | 0.00065 | 0.000027 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | Total Lb CO2/mile, from dividing co2/gallon by MPG | 1.247 | 1.791 | 0.986 | |||||||||||||||||
318 | Idling, g/hour | 4614 | 7.6 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.017 | % from gas | 67% | 77% | 59% | |||||||||||||||||||
319 | Tire production, g/USD$ | 1090 | 7.2 | 7.2 | 7.2 | 0.24 | 0.016 | 0.016 | 0.016 | 0.001 | ||||||||||||||||||||
320 | Other vehicle maintenance, g/USD$ | 423 | 17 | 19 | 19 | 4.2 | 0.037 | 0.042 | 0.042 | 0.009 | ||||||||||||||||||||
321 | Fixed costs/insurance per year | 900 | 920 | 930 | 8500 | 5.6 | 5.7 | 5.8 | 1.3 | 0.012 | 0.013 | 0.013 | 0.003 | |||||||||||||||||
322 | 84 | 0.18522 | per USD $ | 0.15092 | 0.1502755435 | 0.1512677419 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
323 | 6,000 | 13.23 | Road construction, per square foot | 73 | 73 | 73 | 6.4 | 0.161 | 0.161 | 0.161 | 0.014 | |||||||||||||||||||
324 | 614 | 1.35387 | Road maintenance, per square foot | 9.5 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
325 | Herbicides/salting | 0.37 | 0.41 | 0.41 | 0.036 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.000 | |||||||||||||||||||||
326 | Road lights | 13 | 14 | 14 | 0.47 | 0.029 | 0.031 | 0.031 | 0.001 | |||||||||||||||||||||
327 | 7,100 | 15.6555 | Parking, per square foot on surface | 16 | 16 | 16 | 0.035 | 0.035 | 0.035 | 0.000 | ||||||||||||||||||||
328 | 53,000 | 116.865 | per square foot in garage | Car & pickup averages below: | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
329 | Total CO2e per mile | 616 | 768 | 936 | 320 | 1.358 | 1.694 | 2.064 | 0.706 | 1.705 | ||||||||||||||||||||
330 | per passenger mile with passenger count above | 390 | 442 | 641 | 320 | 0.859 | 0.974 | 1.414 | 0.706 | 1.082 | ||||||||||||||||||||
331 | Total using EIA (more reliable) instead of EPA | 566 | 812 | 873 | 291 | 1.247 | 1.791 | 1.924 | 0.641 | |||||||||||||||||||||
332 | per passenger if bus nearly full (40 passengers p.20) | 0.168 | 42 passengers capacity at http://www.dot.state.co.us/CommuterChoice/files/TRANDIR_Transit.pdf | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
333 | Total without running, refining, distribution | 185 | 188 | 206 | 54 | 0.407 | 0.415 | 0.454 | 0.120 | |||||||||||||||||||||
334 | Total without roads | 513 | 665 | 833 | 304 | 1.132 | 1.466 | 1.836 | 0.670 | |||||||||||||||||||||
335 | They report buses in peak & off-peak hours, but assume full buses in peak hours, though outer parts of route not full | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
336 | We provide the total with full buses, as a simple estimate of inter-city buses which are usually full, though they are also larger buses | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
337 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
338 | Rail vehicles | BART | Caltrain, commuter | San Francisco Muni | Boston Green Line | BART | Caltrain, commuter | San Francisco Muni | Boston Green Line | http://repositories.cdlib.org/its/ds/UCB-ITS-DS-2008-1/ | ||||||||||||||||||||
339 | electric | diesel | electric | electric | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
340 | aerial stations, pp.88-91 | 14 | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
341 | surface stations | 13 | all | 47 | many | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
342 | underground stations | 16 | 9 | some | omits tunnel & bridge construction | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
343 | escalators (use 4.7kW while operating), p.94 | 176 | 3 | 28 | 16 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
344 | concrete, million cubic feet, p.92 | 26 | 0.6 | 6.8 | 5.9 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
345 | steel, thousand pounds, p.92 | 810 | 18 | 210 | 180 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
346 | miles surface track (33.3lb/ft), pp.101-103 | 44 | all | 64 | 37 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
347 | miles aerial track, pp.101-3 | 23 | 2 | underground ignored for Muni & green line | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
348 | miles underground track, pp.101-3 | 21 | BART includes 14 mile tunnel under bay | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
349 | Parking spaces, p.99 | 45890 | 7814 | 0 | 2000 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
350 | Electricity g CO2e/kwh, pp.130-131 | 351 | 351 | 351 | 632 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
351 | combustion emissions g CO2e/kwh, p.121 | 220 | 220 | 220 | 560 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
352 | Electric Pre-combustion emissions g CO2e/kwh, p.121 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 69 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
353 | Total of 2 emissions | 268 | 268 | 268 | 629 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
354 | Total including transmission losses | 290.512 | 290.512 | 290.512 | 689.384 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
355 | pre-combustion as% of direct | 13.7% | 13.7% | 13.7% | 10.9% | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
356 | Electric transmission losses, p.121 | 8.40% | 8.40% | 8.40% | 9.60% | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
357 | Concrete production, kg CO2e/cu.yd, p.131 | 609 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
358 | Concrete placement, kg CO2e/cu.yd, p.131 | 35 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
359 | g CO2e/ passenger mile | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
360 | Train manufacture | 2.3 | 9.6 | 1.9 | 1.1 | 0.005 | 0.021 | 0.004 | 0.002 | |||||||||||||||||||||
361 | Train operation, active | 39 | 62 | 41 | 74 | 0.086 | 0.137 | 0.090 | 0.163 | |||||||||||||||||||||
362 | Train operation, idling | 20 | 8.4 | 21 | 38 | 0.044 | 0.019 | 0.046 | 0.084 | |||||||||||||||||||||
363 | Train operation, HVAC | 5.4 | 3.3 | 7.1 | 11 | 0.012 | 0.007 | 0.016 | 0.024 | |||||||||||||||||||||
364 | Train maintenance, not elsewhere classified | 1.4 | 5.9 | 0.36 | 0.2 | 0.003 | 0.013 | 0.001 | 0.000 | |||||||||||||||||||||
365 | Train cleaning | 0.014 | 0.023 | 0.022 | 0.02 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |||||||||||||||||||||
366 | Train maintenance, flooring | 0.6 | 0.39 | 0.089 | 0.042 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |||||||||||||||||||||
367 | Insurance, employees | 0.077 | 0.19 | 1.6 | 2.5 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.004 | 0.006 | |||||||||||||||||||||
368 | Insurance, vehicles | 0.17 | 0.41 | 1.9 | 1.5 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.003 | |||||||||||||||||||||
369 | Station construction | 21 | 2.7 | 31 | 14 | 0.046 | 0.006 | 0.068 | 0.031 | excludes calcining | ||||||||||||||||||||
370 | Station lighting | 0.42 | 4 | 12 | 9 | 0.001 | 0.009 | 0.026 | 0.020 | |||||||||||||||||||||
371 | Station escalators | 0.1 | 0.077 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.003 | |||||||||||||||||||||
372 | Station train control | 0.18 | 7.3 | 7.3 | 5.8 | 0.000 | 0.016 | 0.016 | 0.013 | |||||||||||||||||||||
373 | Station parking lighting | 2.5 | 2.5 | 1.6 | 0.006 | 0.006 | 0.000 | 0.004 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
374 | Station miscellaneous electricity | 0.044 | 0.92 | 10 | 20 | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.022 | 0.044 | |||||||||||||||||||||
375 | Station maintenance, not elsewhere classified | 14 | 0.8 | 1.8 | 4.3 | 0.031 | 0.002 | 0.004 | 0.009 | |||||||||||||||||||||
376 | Station cleaning | 0.014 | 0.022 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
377 | Station parking | 8 | 7.8 | 1.6 | 0.018 | 0.017 | 0.000 | 0.004 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
378 | Track & power station construction | 16 | 22 | 15 | 13 | 0.035 | 0.049 | 0.033 | 0.029 | Excludes calcining. Omits bridge & tunnel construction, though total not likely to be large | ||||||||||||||||||||
379 | Track maintenance | 0.37 | 2.1 | 4.6 | 1.5 | 0.001 | 0.005 | 0.010 | 0.003 | |||||||||||||||||||||
380 | Insurance, employees | 0.21 | 1.3 | 3.7 | 9.2 | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.008 | 0.020 | |||||||||||||||||||||
381 | Insurance, facilities | 1.3 | 0.74 | 6.9 | 5.8 | 0.003 | 0.002 | 0.015 | 0.013 | |||||||||||||||||||||
382 | Refining & distribution, fuel for vehicles | 2.2 | 13 | 2.4 | 5.4 | 0.005 | 0.029 | 0.005 | 0.012 | |||||||||||||||||||||
383 | Transmission losses, fuel for vehicles | 0.62 | 0.67 | 1.4 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.003 | why green t&d so much smaller than supply chain? | |||||||||||||||||||||
384 | Refining & distribution, fuel for infrastrcture | 0.11 | 0.51 | 1 | 1.6 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.004 | |||||||||||||||||||||
385 | Transmission losses, fuel for infrastructure | 0.031 | 0.14 | 0.3 | 0.42 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.001 | Average | ||||||||||||||||||||
386 | RAIL TOTAL PER PASSENGER MILE | 136.06 | 156.1 | 172.863 | 224.182 | 0.300 | 0.344 | 0.381 | 0.494 | 0.380 | ||||||||||||||||||||
387 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
388 | refine & distrib as % of vehicle fuel | 3% | 18% | 3% | 4% | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
389 | transmission loss as % of vehicle fuel | 1% | 0% | 1% | 1% | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
390 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
391 | Airplane data from the same study are on the airplane tab |
1 | WORLD CO2 | CO2List.org | See also "Countries" and "Nations" tabs | USA | China | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2 | Recommendation by UN Development Programme | http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_20072008_EN_Complete.pdf | ||||||
3 | World | Note 1 metric tonne = 1.102 short tons = 2204 pounds | ||||||
4 | Sustainable emissions of CO2 equivalent | 14,500 | million tonnes/year | 2007-8 Human Development Report, p.47 | ||||
5 | population 2008 | 6,707 | people | http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/worldpop.html | ||||
6 | population 2020 | 7,659 | people | http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/worldpop.html | 341 | 1,431 | http://www.census.gov/population/www/projections/files/nation/summary/np2008-t1.xls | |
7 | population 2050 | 9,539 | people | http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/worldpop.html | 439 | 1,808 | http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/ranks.html | |
8 | per person 2008 | 2.2 | tonnes/year/person | calc | cv. http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/worldpop.php | |||
9 | per person 2020 | 1.9 | tonnes/year/person | calc | ||||
10 | per person 2050 | 1.5 | tonnes/year/person | calc | ||||
11 | per person 2008 | 4,800 | pounds/year/person | calc | ||||
12 | per person 2020 | 4,200 | tons/year/person | calc | ||||
13 | per person 2050 | 3,400 | tons/year/person | calc | ||||
14 | ||||||||
15 | 2004 | |||||||
16 | CO2 emissions from fossil fuels+gas flaring+cement | 28,983 | million tonnes/year | 2004 | 2007-8 Human Development Report, T.24 | 6,046 | 5,007 | |
17 | CO2 emissions from change in forest biomass | 4,038 | million tonnes/year | 1990-2004 | 2007-8 Human Development Report, T.24 | -500 | -335 | |
18 | Total CO2 emissions from sources above | 33,021 | million tonnes/year | 2004 | calc | 5,546 | 4,672 | |
19 | All Greenhouse gases (CO2 equivalent) | 48,000 | million tonnes/year | 2004 | 2007-8 Human Development Report, p.33 | |||
20 | ||||||||
21 | Population | 6,392 | millions of people | 2004 | http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/worldpop.html | 293 | 1,318 | http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-ds_name=PEP_2007_EST&-mt_name=PEP_2007_EST_G2007_T001 |
22 | Per person: | http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/ranks.html | ||||||
23 | CO2 emissions from fossil fuels+gas flaring+cement | 4.5 | tonnes/year/person | 2004 | 2007-8 Human Development Report, T.24 | 20.6 | 3.8 | |
24 | CO2 emissions from change in forest biomass | 0.6 | tonnes/year/person | 1990-2004 | calc | -1.7 | -0.3 | |
25 | Total CO2 emissions from sources above | 5.1 | tonnes/year/person | 2004 | calc | 18.9 | 3.5 | |
26 | converted from metric to short tons | 5.7 | tons/year/person | 2004 | calc | 20.8 | 3.9 | |
27 | converted to pounds | 11,300 | pounds/year/person | 41,600 | 7,800 | |||
28 | Gross Domestic Product per person (2005 US$@PPP) | $9,543 | $41,890 | $6,757 | ||||
29 | Total CO2 emissions per dollar of GDP | 1.2 | 1.0 | 1.2 | ||||
30 | HDR (p.199) says cooling by human aerosols balances heating by other greenhouse gases: "Anthropogenic contributions to aerosols (mainly sulphate, organic carbon, black carbon, nitrates and dust) produce a cooling effect by blocking solar radiation.The radiative forcing value for non-CO2 long-lived greenhouse gases is 0.98 [Watts/sq.m] and the cooling effect of aerosols is 1.2 [Watts/sq.m]." | They are quoting IPCC, Climate Change 2007— The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.Cambridge University Press | ||||||
31 | ||||||||
32 | OTHER SOURCES, FOR COMPARISON | |||||||
33 | 2007 | |||||||
34 | Carbon emissions from fossil fuels+gas flaring+cement | 8,471 | million tons/year | http://cdiac.ornl.gov/ftp/trends/emissions/Preliminary_CO2_Emissions_2006_2007.xls | 1,586 | 1,802 | ||
35 | Carbon converted to CO2: | 31,060 | million tons/year | 5,816 | 6,607 | |||
36 | Population | 6,628 | millions of people | http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/worldpop.html | 302 | 1,322 | http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-ds_name=PEP_2007_EST&-mt_name=PEP_2007_EST_G2007_T001 | |
37 | per person | 4.7 | tons/year/person | 19.3 | 5.0 | |||
38 | 2006 | |||||||
39 | Carbon emissions from fossil fuels+gas flaring+cement | 8,400 | million tonnes/year | p. 242 of MacKay's book: Sustainable Energy: http://www.withouthotair.com/download.html | ||||
40 | Carbon converted to CO2: | 30,800 | million tonnes/year | calc | ||||
41 | ||||||||
42 | Actual emissions of CO2 equivalent, 2005 | |||||||
43 | All Greenhouse gases (CO2 equivalent) Excludes aerosols & change in forest biomass | 39,685 | million tons/year | 2,005 | http://cait.wri.org/cait.php?page=yearly&mode=view&sort=val-desc&pHints=shut&url=form&year=2005§or=natl&co2=1&ch4=1&n2o=1&pfc=1&hfc=1&sf6=1&update=Update | 7,098 | 7,250 | |
44 | CO2 emissions from change in forest biomass | 4,038 | million tonnes/year | 1990-2004 | 2007-8 Human Development Report, T.24 | -500 | -335 | |
45 | Total of the above | 43,723 | million tons/year | 2,005 | calc | 6,599 | 6,915 | |
46 | population 2005 | 6,470 | people | 2,005 | http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/worldpop.html | 296 | 1,295 | |
47 | per person | 6.8 | tons/year/person | 2005 | calc | 22.3 | 5.3 |
1 | COUNTRIES | See also "Nations" tab for electricity and currencies | CO2 Emissions | footnotes in source: | http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_20072008_EN_Complete.pdf | Development Measures | ..=no data | Population | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2 | CO2List.org | Pounds CO2 per US$, incl. defores-tation & trade | Pounds CO2 per US$, incl. defores-tation, excl. trade | Difference in CO2 of exports & imports as % of domestic CO2 | Pounds CO2 per US$, excl. defores-tation, excl. trade | Pounds CO2 per person per year, incl. defores-tation & trade | Pounds CO2 per person per year, incl. defores-tation, excl. trade | Pounds CO2 per person per year, excluding defores-tation & trade | Tonnes CO2e per person per year, excl. defores-tation, incl. trade | Pounds CO2e per person per year, incl. defores-tation & trade | Total (Mt CO2) excl. deforest. & trade | Annual change (%) | Share of world total (%) | Per capita (tonnes CO2) | CO2 per energy use (kt of CO2 per kt of oil equivalent) excl. deforest & trade | CO2 per GDP (kt of CO2 per million 2000 PPP US$) = (kilos CO2 per US$) excl. deforest. & trade | Carbon dioxide emis-sions from forest biomass (Mt CO2 / year) | Carbon stocks in forest biomass (Mt Carbon) | Human develop-ment index (HDI) | Life expec-tancy at birth (yrs) | Adult literacy rate (% aged 15 and above) | School enrol-ment: K-12 & Univ (%) | GDP per capita (PPP US$) | avg CO2/ person in this country & above | Total population (millions) | Population under age 15 (% of total) | Urban population (% of total) | Population under age 15 (% of total) | Population aged 65 and older (% of total) | Total fertility rate (births per woman) | |||||||||||||||||
3 | See also "World" tab | 2004 / 2005 | 2004 / 2005 | 1992-1998 | 2004 / 2005 | 2004 / 2005 | 2004 / 2005 | 2004 / 2005 | 2001 | 2001 | 1990 | 2004 | 1990-2004 | 1990 | 2004 | 1990 | 2004 | 1990 | 2004 | 1990 | 2004 | 1990-2005 | 2,005 | value 2005 | rank 2005 | 2005 | 1995-2005 | 2005 | 2,005 | 2005 | Cum 2005 | Cum 2015 | 1975 | 2005 | 2015 | 1975-2005 | 2005-2015 | 1975 | 2005 | 2015 | 2005 | 2015 | 2005 | 2015 | 1970-1975 | 2000-2005 | |
4 | World | 1.36 | 1.36 | 0.0% | 1.21 | 11,287 | 11,287 | 9,921 | 5.5 | 13,601 | 22,702.5 | 28,982.7 | 2 | 100 | 100 | 4.3 | 4.5 | 2.64 | 2.63 | 0.68 | 0.55 | 4,038.1 | 282,650 | 0.743 | 68.1 | 78.6 | 67.8 | 9,543 | 11287 | 6.515 | 7.295 | 4,076 | 6,515 | 7,295 | 1.6 | 1.1 | 37.2 | 48.6 | 52.8 | 28.3 | 26 | 7.3 | 8.3 | 4.5 | 2.6 | ||
5 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
6 | Developing countries | 1.64 | 1.23 | 7,443 | 5,291 | 6,831.1 | 12,303.3 | 5.7 | 30.1 | 42.5 | 1.7 | 2.4 | 2.34 | 2.59 | 0.64 | 0.56 | 5,091.5 | 190,360 | 0.691 | .. | 66.1 | 76.7 | 64.1 | 5,282 | 2,972 | 5,215 | 5,957 | 1.9 | 1.3 | 26.5 | 42.7 | 47.9 | 30.9 | 28 | 5.5 | 6.4 | 5.4 | 2.9 | |||||||||
7 | Least developed countries | 2.48 | 0.37 | 3,602 | 441 | 74.1 | 146.3 | 7 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.2 | .. | .. | 0.14 | 0.17 | 1,097.8 | 50,811 | 0.488 | .. | 54.5 | 53.9 | 48 | 1,499 | 358 | 766 | 965 | 2.5 | 2.3 | 14.8 | 26.7 | 31.6 | 41.5 | 39.3 | 3.3 | 3.5 | 6.6 | 4.9 | |||||||||
8 | Arab States | 1.94 | 1.90 | 10,233 | 9,921 | 733.6 | 1,348.4 | 6 | 3.2 | 4.7 | 3.4 | 4.5 | 3.02 | 2.94 | 0.75 | 0.86 | 44.4 | 2,393 | 0.699 | .. | 67.5 | 70.3 | 65.5 | 6,716 | 144 | 314 | 380 | 2.6 | 1.9 | 41.8 | 55.1 | 58.8 | 35.2 | 32.1 | 3.9 | 4.4 | 6.7 | 3.6 | |||||||||
9 | East Asia & the Pacific | 1.78 | 1.39 | 10,295 | 7,716 | 3,413.5 | 6,682.0 | 6.8 | 15 | 23.1 | 2.1 | 3.5 | .. | .. | 0.9 | 0.63 | 2,293.8 | 27,223 | 0.771 | .. | 71.7 | 90.7 | 69.4 | 6,604 | 1,312 | 1,961 | 2,111 | 1.3 | 0.7 | 20.5 | 42.8 | 51.1 | 23.8 | 20.6 | 7.1 | 8.8 | 5 | 1.9 | |||||||||
10 | Latin America & the Caribbean | 1.58 | 0.79 | 12,335 | 5,732 | 1,087.7 | 1,422.6 | 2.2 | 4.8 | 4.9 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 2.25 | 2.19 | 0.4 | 0.36 | 1,667.0 | 97,557 | 0.803 | .. | 72.8 | 90.3 | 81.2 | 8,417 | 324 | 557 | 627 | 1.8 | 1.2 | 61.1 | 77.3 | 80.6 | 29.8 | 26.3 | 6.3 | 7.7 | 5 | 2.5 | |||||||||
11 | South Asia | 0.99 | 1.01 | 2,798 | 2,866 | 990.7 | 1,954.6 | 7 | 4.4 | 6.7 | 0.8 | 1.3 | 1.94 | 2.34 | 0.49 | 0.46 | -49.3 | 3,844 | 0.611 | .. | 63.8 | 59.5 | 60.3 | 3,416 | 835 | 1,587 | 1,842 | 2.1 | 1.5 | 21.2 | 30.2 | 33.8 | 33.6 | 29.5 | 4.7 | 5.4 | 5.5 | 3.2 | |||||||||
12 | Sub-Saharan Africa | 3.02 | 1.26 | 5,724 | 2,205 | 454.8 | 663.1 | 3.3 | 2 | 2.3 | 1 | 1 | .. | .. | 0.55 | 0.57 | 1,153.6 | 58,523 | 0.493 | .. | 49.6 | 60.3 | 50.6 | 1,998 | 314 | 723 | 913 | 2.8 | 2.3 | 21.2 | 34.9 | 39.6 | 43.6 | 41.7 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 6.8 | 5.5 | |||||||||
13 | Central & Eastern Europe & CIS | 2.04 | 2.14 | 16,514 | 17,416 | 4,182.0 | 3,168.0 | -2 | 18.4 | 10.9 | 10.3 | 7.9 | 2.71 | 2.51 | 1.49 | 0.97 | -165.9 | 37,592 | 0.808 | .. | 68.6 | 99 | 83.5 | 9,527 | 367 | 405 | 399 | 0.3 | -0.2 | 57.7 | 63.2 | 63.9 | 18.1 | 17.4 | 12.8 | 12.9 | 2.5 | 1.5 | |||||||||
14 | OECD | 0.98 | 0.93 | -4.8% | 0.99 | 24,789 | 23,572 | 25,353 | 11,205.2 | 13,318.6 | 1.3 | 49.4 | 46 | 10.8 | 11.5 | 2.47 | 2.42 | 0.54 | 0.45 | -999.7 | 59,957 | 0.916 | .. | 78.3 | .. | 88.6 | 29,197 | 1,173 | 1,237 | 1 | 0.5 | 66.9 | 75.6 | 78.2 | 19.4 | 17.8 | 13.8 | 16.1 | 2.6 | 1.7 | |||||||
15 | High-income OECD | 0.92 | 0.99 | 26,783 | 29,101 | 10,055.4 | 12,137.5 | 1.5 | 44.3 | 41.9 | 12 | 13.2 | 2.42 | 2.39 | 0.52 | 0.45 | -979.6 | 45,489 | 0.947 | .. | 79.4 | .. | 93.5 | 33,831 | 767 | 932 | 977 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 69.3 | 77 | 79.4 | 17.6 | 16.5 | 15.3 | 18 | 2.2 | 1.7 | |||||||||
16 | High human development | 1.06 | 1.06 | 22,386 | 22,267 | 14,495.5 | 16,615.8 | 1 | 63.9 | 57.3 | 9.8 | 10.1 | 2.45 | 2.4 | 0.6 | 0.48 | 89.8 | 152,467 | 0.897 | .. | 76.2 | .. | 88.4 | 23,986 | 1,281 | 1,659 | 1,751 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 66.4 | 76.8 | 79.4 | 20.2 | 18.8 | 12.7 | 14.5 | 2.7 | 1.8 | |||||||||
17 | Medium human development | 1.67 | 1.34 | 7,085 | 5,512 | 5,944.4 | 10,215.2 | 5.1 | 26.2 | 35.2 | 1.8 | 2.5 | 2.39 | 2.76 | 0.83 | 0.61 | 3,026.5 | 86,534 | 0.698 | .. | 67.5 | 78 | 65.3 | 4,876 | 2,515 | 4,240 | 4,760 | 1.7 | 1.2 | 23.8 | 39.3 | 44.9 | 29.3 | 26 | 5.8 | 6.8 | 5.3 | 2.6 | |||||||||
18 | Low human development | 4.14 | 0.79 | 4,380 | 661 | 77.6 | 161.7 | 7.7 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.3 | .. | .. | 0.24 | 0.36 | 858.0 | 41,254 | 0.436 | .. | 48.5 | 54.4 | 45.8 | 1,112 | 219 | 509 | 653 | 2.8 | 2.5 | 18.6 | 33.2 | 38.6 | 44.9 | 43 | 2.9 | 3 | 6.9 | 6 | |||||||||
19 | High income | 0.95 | 1.01 | 27,237 | 29,321 | 10,572.1 | 12,975.1 | 1.6 | 46.6 | 44.8 | 12.1 | 13.3 | 2.44 | 2.4 | 0.53 | 0.46 | -937.4 | 54,215 | 0.936 | .. | 79.2 | .. | 92.3 | 33,082 | 793 | 992 | 1,047 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 69.4 | 77.6 | 80 | 18.1 | 17 | 14.8 | 17.3 | 2.3 | 1.7 | |||||||||
20 | Middle income | 1.79 | 1.43 | 11,458 | 8,818 | 8,971.5 | 12,162.9 | 2.5 | 39.5 | 42 | 3.4 | 4 | 2.57 | 2.76 | 0.95 | 0.65 | 3,693.1 | 170,736 | 0.776 | .. | 70.9 | 89.9 | 73.3 | 7,416 | 2,054 | 3,085 | 3,340 | 1.4 | 0.8 | 34.7 | 53.9 | 60.3 | 25.1 | 22.5 | 7.3 | 8.6 | 4.6 | 2.1 | |||||||||
21 | Low income | 1.41 | 0.95 | 3,143 | 1,984 | 1,323.4 | 2,083.9 | 4.1 | 5.8 | 7.2 | 0.8 | 0.9 | .. | .. | 0.47 | 0.43 | 1,275.1 | 56,686 | 0.57 | .. | 60 | 60.2 | 56.3 | 2,531 | 1,218 | 2,426 | 2,895 | 2.3 | 1.8 | 20.5 | 30 | 34.2 | 36.6 | 33.3 | 4.2 | 4.7 | 5.9 | 3.8 | |||||||||
22 | #DIV/0! | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
23 | Qatar | .. | nd | .. | 174,826 | 174,826 | 12.2 | 52.9 | 23.9 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 24.9 | 79.3 | 1.76 | 2.93 | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.875 | 35 | 75 | 89 | 77.7 | 27,664 | 186301 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 5.1 | 1.9 | 88.9 | 95.4 | 96.2 | 21.7 | 20.6 | 1.3 | 2.1 | 6.8 | 2.9 | |||||
24 | Kuwait | nf | 3.99 | 81,791 | 81,791 | 43.4 | 99.3 | 9.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 20.3 | 37.1 | 5.13 | 3.95 | .. | 1.81 | .. | .. | 0.891 | 33 | 77.3 | 93.3 | 74.9 | 26,321 | 109820 | 0.004 | 0.004 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3.3 | 2.2 | 89.4 | 98.3 | 98.5 | 23.8 | 22.5 | 1.8 | 3.1 | 6.9 | 2.3 | ||||||
25 | United Arab Emirates | 3.45 | 3.46 | 74,801 | 75,178 | 54.7 | 149.1 | 12.3 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 27.2 | 34.1 | 2.43 | 3.4 | 1.19 | 1.57 | -0.7 | 17 | 0.868 | 39 | 78.3 | 88.7 | 59.9 | 25,514 | 93577 | 0.008 | 0.010 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 6.8 | 2.5 | 83.6 | 76.7 | 77.4 | 19.8 | 19.7 | 1.1 | 1.6 | 6.4 | 2.5 | ||||||
26 | Brunei Darussalam | .. | nd | .. | 59,525 | 52,911 | 5.8 | 8.8 | 3.7 | 0 | 0 | 23 | 24 | 3.2 | 3.27 | .. | .. | 1.2 | 39 | 0.894 | 30 | 76.7 | 92.7 | 77.7 | 28,161 | 92070 | 0.008 | 0.010 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2.8 | 1.9 | 62 | 73.5 | 77.6 | 29.6 | 25.8 | 3.2 | 4.3 | 5.4 | 2.5 | |||||
27 | Trinidad and Tobago | 4.54 | 4.52 | 55,234 | 54,895 | 16.9 | 32.5 | 6.6 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 13.9 | 24.9 | 2.8 | 2.88 | 1.98 | 2.05 | 0.2 | 24 | 0.814 | 59 | 69.2 | 98.4 | 64.9 | 14,603 | 87427 | 0.009 | 0.012 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 11.4 | 12.2 | 15.8 | 22.2 | 20.8 | 6.5 | 8.2 | 3.5 | 1.6 | ||||||
28 | Luxembourg | 1.02 | 1.06 | 52,911 | 55,116 | 33.8 | 72,312 | 9.9 | 11.3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 25.9 | 25 | 2.77 | 2.37 | 0.78 | 0.48 | -0.5 | 9 | 0.944 | 18 | 78.4 | .. | 84.7 | 60,228 | 85843 | 0.010 | 0.012 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 77.3 | 82.8 | 82.1 | 18.5 | 17 | 14.2 | 14.6 | 1.7 | 1.7 | ||||
29 | Bahrain | nf | 2.87 | 52,690 | 52,690 | 11.7 | 16.9 | 3.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 24.2 | 23.9 | 2.43 | 2.26 | 1.92 | 1.3 | .. | .. | 0.866 | 41 | 75.2 | 86.5 | 86.1 | 21,482 | 83864 | 0.011 | 0.013 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3.3 | 1.7 | 85 | 96.5 | 98.2 | 26.3 | 22.2 | 3.1 | 4.2 | 5.9 | 2.5 | ||||||
30 | Canada | 1.36 | nf | 10.9% | 1.52 | 39,286 | 44,092 | 44,092 | 19.6 | 43,211 | 415.8 | 639.0 | 3.8 | 1.8 | 2.2 | 15 | 20 | 1.99 | 2.38 | 0.66 | 0.69 | .. | .. | 0.961 | 4 | 80.3 | .. | 99.2 | 33,375 | 56033 | 0.044 | 0.049 | 23 | 32 | 35 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 75.6 | 80.1 | 81.4 | 17.6 | 15.6 | 13.1 | 16.1 | 2 | 1.5 | |
31 | United States | 1.21 | 1.15 | -4.9% | 1.23 | 43,967 | 41,742 | 45,415 | 28.6 | 59,379 | 4,818.3 | 6,045.8 | 1.8 | 21.2 | 20.9 | 19.3 | 20.6 | 2.5 | 2.6 | 0.68 | 0.56 | -499.5 | 18,964 | 0.951 | 12 | 77.9 | .. | 93.3 | 41,890 | 45925 | 0.348 | 0.384 | 220 | 300 | 329 | 1 | 0.9 | 73.7 | 80.8 | 83.7 | 20.8 | 19.8 | 12.3 | 14.1 | 2 | 2 | |
32 | Equatorial Guinea | 5.65 | 3.46 | 40,345 | 23,149 | 0.1 | 5.4 | .. | 0 | 0 | 0.3 | 10.5 | .. | .. | 0.28 | 1.57 | 3.9 | 115 | 0.642 | 127 | 50.4 | 87 | 58.1 | 7,874 | 45921 | 0.349 | 0.385 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2.6 | 2.4 | 27.4 | 38.9 | 41.1 | 42.4 | 41.3 | 4.1 | 3.9 | 5.7 | 5.6 | ||||||
33 | Australia | 1.21 | nf | 5.7% | 1.28 | 33,679 | 35,715 | 35,715 | 20.6 | 45,415 | 278.5 | 326.6 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 16.3 | 16.2 | 3.18 | 2.82 | 0.81 | 0.58 | .. | 8,339 | 0.962 | 3 | 80.9 | .. | 113 | 31,794 | 45481 | 0.370 | 0.408 | 14 | 20 | 22 | 1.3 | 1 | 85.9 | 88.2 | 89.9 | 19.5 | 17.9 | 13.1 | 16.1 | 2.5 | 1.8 | |
34 | Norway | 0.95 | 0.99 | 3.3% | 1.17 | 33,242 | 34,632 | 42,108 | 14.9 | 25,372 | 33.2 | 87.5 | 11.7 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 7.8 | 19.1 | 1.54 | 3.17 | 0.31 | 0.53 | -15.6 | 344 | 0.968 | 2 | 79.8 | .. | 99.2 | 41,420 | 45374 | 0.374 | 0.413 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 68.2 | 77.4 | 78.6 | 19.6 | 17.7 | 14.7 | 17 | 2.2 | 1.8 | |
35 | Estonia | nf | 2.47 | 30,865 | 30,865 | 12.4 | 27,337 | 24.9 | 18.9 | -2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 16.1 | 14 | 3.96 | 3.66 | 2.46 | 1.12 | .. | 167 | 0.86 | 44 | 71.2 | 99.8 | 92.4 | 15,478 | 45330 | 0.376 | 0.414 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -0.2 | -0.3 | 67.6 | 69.1 | 70.1 | 15.2 | 16 | 16.6 | 17.3 | 2.2 | 1.4 | ||||
36 | Oman | nf | 1.94 | 29,983 | 29,983 | 10.3 | 30.9 | 14.3 | 0 | 0.1 | 6.3 | 13.6 | 2.25 | 2.61 | 0.52 | 0.88 | .. | .. | 0.814 | 58 | 75 | 81.4 | 67.1 | 15,602 | 45240 | 0.378 | 0.417 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3.4 | 2 | 34.1 | 71.5 | 72.3 | 33.8 | 28.6 | 2.6 | 3.6 | 7.2 | 3.7 | ||||||
37 | Saudi Arabia | 2.25 | 2.25 | 29,983 | 29,983 | 254.8 | 308.2 | 1.5 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 15.9 | 13.6 | 3.78 | 2.19 | 1.18 | 1.02 | 0.0 | 18 | 0.812 | 61 | 72.2 | 82.9 | 76 | 15,711 | 44447 | 0.402 | 0.447 | 7 | 24 | 29 | 3.9 | 2.1 | 58.3 | 81 | 83.2 | 34.5 | 30.7 | 2.8 | 3.3 | 7.3 | 3.8 | ||||||
38 | Kazakhstan | 4.57 | 4.56 | 29,350 | 29,321 | 259.2 | 200.2 | -1.9 | 1.1 | 0.7 | 15.7 | 13.3 | 3.25 | 3.65 | 3.3 | 2.07 | 0.2 | 137 | 0.794 | 73 | 65.9 | 99.5 | 93.8 | 7,857 | 43959 | 0.418 | 0.464 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 52.6 | 57.3 | 60.3 | 24.2 | 24.9 | 8 | 7.5 | 3.5 | 2 | ||||||
39 | Singapore | nf | 1.06 | 27,117 | 27,117 | 24.1 | 53,131 | 45.1 | 52.2 | 1.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 14.9 | 12.3 | 3.37 | 2.04 | 0.99 | 0.48 | .. | .. | 0.922 | 25 | 79.4 | 92.5 | 87.3 | 29,663 | 43803 | 0.422 | 0.468 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 2.2 | 1.1 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 19.5 | 12.8 | 8.5 | 13.5 | 2.6 | 1.4 | ||||
40 | Indonesia | 6.93 | 1.17 | 25,896 | 3,748 | 1.9 | 26,337 | 213.8 | 378.0 | 5.5 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.7 | 2.19 | 2.17 | 0.54 | 0.53 | 2,271.5 | 5,897 | 0.728 | 107 | 69.7 | 90.4 | 68.2 | 3,843 | 38087 | 0.652 | 0.725 | 135 | 226 | 252 | 1.7 | 1.1 | 19.3 | 48.1 | 58.5 | 28.4 | 24.9 | 5.5 | 6.6 | 5.3 | 2.4 | ||||
41 | Russian Federation | 2.27 | 2.68 | 16.1% | 2.58 | 20,706 | 24,468 | 23,369 | 10.1 | 23,366 | 1,984.1 | 1,524.1 | -1.9 | 8.8 | 5.3 | 13.4 | 10.6 | 2.56 | 2.38 | 1.61 | 1.17 | 71.8 | 32,210 | 0.802 | 67 | 65 | 99.4 | 88.9 | 10,845 | 35883 | 0.798 | 0.864 | 134 | 144 | 137 | 0.2 | -0.5 | 66.9 | 73 | 72.6 | 15.1 | 15.9 | 13.8 | 13.1 | 2 | 1.3 | |
42 | Bolivia | 8.28 | 0.68 | 23,187 | 1,764 | 5.5 | 7.0 | 1.9 | 0 | 0 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 1.98 | 1.4 | 0.4 | 0.31 | 89.4 | 5,296 | 0.695 | 117 | 64.7 | 86.7 | 86 | 2,819 | 35754 | 0.808 | 0.875 | 5 | 9 | 11 | 2.2 | 1.7 | 41.3 | 64.2 | 68.8 | 38.1 | 33.5 | 4.5 | 5.2 | 6.5 | 4 | ||||||
43 | Israel | nf | 1.04 | 22,928 | 22,928 | 33.1 | 71.2 | 8.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 6.9 | 10.4 | 2.74 | 3.43 | 0.39 | 0.47 | .. | .. | 0.932 | 23 | 80.3 | 97.1 | 89.6 | 25,864 | 35659 | 0.815 | 0.883 | 3 | 7 | 8 | 2.3 | 1.5 | 86.6 | 91.6 | 91.9 | 27.9 | 26.2 | 10.1 | 11.5 | 3.8 | 2.9 | ||||||
44 | Ireland | 0.67 | 0.68 | 22,611 | 23,149 | 16 | 34,736 | 30.6 | 42.3 | 2.7 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 8.8 | 10.5 | 2.94 | 2.78 | 0.55 | 0.31 | -1.0 | 20 | 0.959 | 5 | 78.4 | .. | 99.9 | 38,505 | 35600 | 0.819 | 0.888 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 0.9 | 1.5 | 53.6 | 60.5 | 63.8 | 20.7 | 21.1 | 11.1 | 12.4 | 3.8 | 2 | ||||
45 | Czech Republic | 1.03 | 1.32 | 20.1% | 1.46 | 17,358 | 22,409 | 25,133 | 10.8 | 21,087 | 138.4 | 116.9 | -1.3 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 13.4 | 11.4 | 3.2 | 2.57 | 1.03 | 0.66 | -12.6 | 326 | 0.891 | 32 | 75.9 | .. | 82.9 | 20,538 | 35453 | 0.829 | 0.898 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 0.1 | -0.1 | 63.7 | 73.5 | 74 | 14.8 | 13.8 | 14.2 | 18.2 | 2.2 | 1.2 | |
46 | South Africa | 2.18 | 2.18 | 21,605 | 21,605 | 6 | 13,228 | 331.8 | 436.8 | 2.3 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 9.1 | 9.8 | 3.64 | 3.33 | 1.03 | 0.99 | 0.0 | 824 | 0.674 | 121 | 50.8 | 82.4 | 77 | 11,110 | 34763 | 0.878 | 0.949 | 26 | 48 | 50 | 2.1 | 0.5 | 48.1 | 59.3 | 64.1 | 32.1 | 30.2 | 4.2 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 2.8 | ||||
47 | United Kingdom | 0.76 | 0.74 | -2.4% | 0.75 | 21,970 | 21,451 | 21,605 | 15.4 | 33,797 | 579.4 | 586.9 | 0.1 | 2.6 | 2 | 10 | 9.8 | 2.73 | 2.51 | 0.47 | 0.34 | -4.2 | 112 | 0.946 | 16 | 79 | .. | 93 | 33,238 | 33987 | 0.939 | 1.013 | 56 | 60 | 63 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 82.7 | 89.7 | 90.6 | 18 | 17.2 | 16.1 | 18.1 | 2 | 1.7 | |
48 | Denmark | 0.71 | 0.72 | 1.3% | 0.73 | 20,916 | 21,197 | 21,605 | 15.2 | 33,102 | 49.8 | 52.9 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 9.7 | 9.8 | 2.78 | 2.64 | 0.42 | 0.33 | -1.0 | 26 | 0.949 | 14 | 77.9 | .. | 102.7 | 33,973 | 33921 | 0.945 | 1.019 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 82.1 | 85.6 | 86.9 | 18.8 | 17 | 15.1 | 18.8 | 2 | 1.8 | |
49 | Mongolia | 10.99 | 4.19 | 21,164 | 6,834 | 10.0 | 8.5 | -1 | 0 | 0 | 4.7 | 3.1 | .. | .. | 2.71 | 1.9 | 16.9 | 574 | 0.7 | 114 | 65.9 | 97.8 | 77.4 | 2,107 | 33889 | 0.947 | 1.022 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 1.9 | 1 | 48.7 | 56.7 | 58.8 | 28.9 | 24.3 | 3.9 | 4.3 | 7.3 | 2.1 | ||||||
50 | Belgium | 0.73 | 0.75 | 20,600 | 21,385 | 16.5 | 35,592 | 100.6 | 100.7 | 0 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 10.1 | 9.7 | 2.05 | 1.74 | 0.45 | 0.34 | -3.7 | 65 | 0.946 | 17 | 78.8 | .. | 95.1 | 32,119 | 33757 | 0.958 | 1.033 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 94.5 | 97.2 | 97.5 | 17 | 15.8 | 17.3 | 19 | 2 | 1.6 | ||||
51 | Libyan Arab Jamahiriya | .. | nd | .. | 20,503 | 20,503 | 37.8 | 59.9 | 4.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 9.1 | 9.3 | 3.27 | 3.29 | .. | .. | 0.0 | 6 | 0.818 | 56 | 73.4 | 84.2 | 94.1 | 10,335 | 33683 | 0.964 | 1.040 | 3 | 6 | 7 | 2.9 | 1.9 | 57.3 | 84.8 | 87.4 | 30.3 | 29.4 | 3.8 | 4.9 | 7.6 | 3 | |||||
52 | Cyprus | 0.98 | 0.99 | 20,007 | 20,283 | 15.9 | 34,778 | 4.6 | 6.7 | 3.2 | 0 | 0 | 6.8 | 9.2 | 3.02 | 2.58 | 0.52 | 0.45 | -0.1 | 3 | 0.903 | 28 | 79 | 96.8 | 77.6 | 22,699 | 33673 | 0.965 | 1.041 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1.1 | 1 | 47.3 | 69.3 | 71.5 | 19.9 | 17.3 | 12.1 | 14.2 | 2.5 | 1.6 | ||||
53 | Korea (Republic of) | 1.17 | 1.06 | -10.4% | 1.12 | 22,127 | 19,903 | 21,385 | 9.2 | 18,800 | 241.2 | 465.4 | 6.6 | 1.1 | 1.6 | 5.6 | 9.7 | 2.6 | 2.18 | 0.57 | 0.51 | -32.2 | 258 | 0.921 | 26 | 77.9 | .. | 96 | 22,029 | 33074 | 1.013 | 1.091 | 35 | 48 | 49 | 1 | 0.3 | 48 | 80.8 | 83.1 | 18.6 | 13.7 | 9.4 | 13.3 | 4.3 | 1.2 | |
54 | Japan | 0.86 | 0.73 | -17.0% | 0.79 | 23,494 | 19,783 | 21,826 | 13.8 | 28,381 | 1,070.7 | 1,257.2 | 1.2 | 4.7 | 4.3 | 8.7 | 9.9 | 2.4 | 2.36 | 0.37 | 0.36 | -118.5 | 1,892 | 0.953 | 8 | 82.3 | .. | 85.9 | 31,267 | 31709 | 1.144 | 1.220 | 112 | 128 | 127 | 0.5 | -0.1 | 56.8 | 65.8 | 68.2 | 13.9 | 12.5 | 19.7 | 26.2 | 2.1 | 1.3 | |
55 | Nicaragua | 5.48 | 0.53 | 19,741 | 1,543 | 2.6 | 4.0 | 3.7 | 0 | 0 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 1.25 | 1.22 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 45.4 | 716 | 0.71 | 110 | 71.9 | 76.7 | 70.6 | 3,674 | 31657 | 1.149 | 1.226 | 3 | 6 | 6 | 2.2 | 1.4 | 48.9 | 59 | 63 | 37.9 | 32 | 4 | 4.8 | 6.8 | 3 | ||||||
56 | Germany | 0.83 | 0.77 | -7.1% | 0.84 | 21,143 | 19,609 | 21,605 | 15.1 | 31,293 | 980.4 | 808.3 | -1.3 | 4.3 | 2.8 | 12.3 | 9.8 | 2.75 | 2.32 | 0.58 | 0.38 | -74.9 | 1,303 | 0.935 | 22 | 79.1 | .. | 88 | 29,461 | 30923 | 1.233 | 1.309 | 79 | 83 | 82 | 0.2 | -0.1 | 72.7 | 75.2 | 76.3 | 14.4 | 12.9 | 18.8 | 20.9 | 1.6 | 1.3 | |
57 | Turkmenistan | .. | nd | .. | 19,309 | 19,401 | 28.0 | 41.7 | 4.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 7 | 8.8 | 2.48 | 2.68 | 1.54 | .. | -0.2 | 17 | 0.713 | 109 | 62.6 | 98.8 | .. | 3,838 | 30882 | 1.238 | 1.315 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 2.2 | 1.3 | 47.6 | 46.2 | 50.8 | 31.8 | 27 | 4.7 | 4.4 | 6.2 | 2.8 | |||||
58 | Greece | 0.97 | 0.93 | -3.6% | 0.95 | 19,761 | 19,063 | 19,401 | 13.7 | 29,866 | 72.4 | 96.6 | 2.4 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 7.1 | 8.8 | 3.26 | 3.17 | 0.49 | 0.43 | -1.7 | 59 | 0.926 | 24 | 78.9 | 96 | 99 | 23,381 | 30787 | 1.249 | 1.326 | 9 | 11 | 11 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 55.3 | 59 | 61 | 14.3 | 13.7 | 18.3 | 19.9 | 2.3 | 1.3 | |
59 | Netherlands | 0.58 | 0.66 | 11.2% | 0.66 | 16,870 | 19,018 | 19,180 | 16.7 | 36,655 | 141.0 | 142.0 | 0 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 9.4 | 8.7 | 2.11 | 1.73 | 0.41 | 0.3 | -1.2 | 25 | 0.953 | 9 | 79.2 | .. | 98.4 | 32,684 | 30649 | 1.266 | 1.343 | 14 | 16 | 17 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 63.2 | 80.2 | 84.9 | 18.4 | 16.5 | 14.2 | 18 | 2.1 | 1.7 | |
60 | Austria | nf | 0.64 | 18,960 | 18,960 | 13.8 | 30,424 | 57.6 | 69.8 | 1.5 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 7.4 | 8.6 | 2.3 | 2.1 | 0.32 | 0.29 | .. | .. | 0.948 | 15 | 79.4 | .. | 91.9 | 33,700 | 30580 | 1.274 | 1.352 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 65.6 | 66 | 67.7 | 15.8 | 14.1 | 16.2 | 18.6 | 2 | 1.4 | ||||
61 | Finland | 0.65 | 0.70 | 4.3% | 0.99 | 17,045 | 18,239 | 27,778 | 18 | 30,144 | 51.2 | 65.8 | 2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 10.3 | 12.6 | 1.76 | 1.73 | 0.46 | 0.45 | -22.5 | 816 | 0.952 | 11 | 78.9 | .. | 101 | 32,153 | 30534 | 1.280 | 1.358 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 58.3 | 61.1 | 62.7 | 17.4 | 16.5 | 15.9 | 20.1 | 1.6 | 1.8 | |
62 | Brazil | 2.11 | 2.09 | -3.0% | 0.53 | 17,204 | 17,085 | 3,968 | 4.1 | 22,156 | 209.5 | 331.6 | 4.2 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 1.4 | 1.8 | 1.56 | 1.62 | 0.22 | 0.24 | 1,111.4 | 49,335 | 0.8 | 70 | 71.7 | 88.6 | 87.5 | 8,402 | 28940 | 1.470 | 1.571 | 108 | 187 | 210 | 1.8 | 1.2 | 61.7 | 84.2 | 88.2 | 27.8 | 25.4 | 6.1 | 7.7 | 4.7 | 2.3 | |
63 | New Zealand | 0.84 | nf | -8.7% | 0.77 | 18,452 | 16,976 | 16,976 | 11.4 | 25,133 | 22.6 | 31.6 | 2.8 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 6.7 | 7.7 | 1.65 | 1.79 | 0.39 | 0.35 | .. | .. | 0.943 | 19 | 79.8 | .. | 108.4 | 24,996 | 28910 | 1.474 | 1.576 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 82.8 | 86.2 | 87.4 | 21.5 | 19.4 | 12.2 | 14.7 | 2.8 | 2 | |
64 | Malaysia | 1.70 | 1.68 | 16,826 | 16,535 | 4.2 | 9,551 | 55.3 | 177.5 | 15.8 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 3 | 7.5 | 2.44 | 3.13 | 0.56 | 0.76 | 3.4 | 3,510 | 0.811 | 63 | 73.7 | 88.7 | 74.3 | 10,882 | 28718 | 1.500 | 1.607 | 12 | 26 | 30 | 2.5 | 1.6 | 37.7 | 67.3 | 75.4 | 31.4 | 27.3 | 4.4 | 5.8 | 5.2 | 2.9 | ||||
65 | Iceland | 0.51 | 0.53 | 16,020 | 16,755 | 2.0 | 2.2 | 0.7 | 0 | 0 | 7.9 | 7.6 | 0.93 | 0.64 | 0.32 | 0.24 | -0.1 | 2 | 0.968 | 1 | 81.5 | .. | 95.4 | 36,510 | 28716 | 1.500 | 1.607 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.8 | 86.7 | 92.8 | 93.6 | 22.1 | 20 | 11.7 | 14.2 | 2.8 | 2 | ||||||
66 | Spain | 0.73 | 0.67 | -7.2% | 0.73 | 16,524 | 15,318 | 16,755 | 10.9 | 22,593 | 212.1 | 330.3 | 4 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 5.5 | 7.6 | 2.33 | 2.32 | 0.31 | 0.33 | -28.3 | 392 | 0.949 | 13 | 80.5 | .. | 98 | 27,169 | 28362 | 1.544 | 1.654 | 36 | 43 | 46 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 69.6 | 76.7 | 78.3 | 14.4 | 15.4 | 16.8 | 18.3 | 2.9 | 1.3 | |
67 | Italy | 0.67 | 0.59 | -11.9% | 0.66 | 17,290 | 15,243 | 17,196 | 11.7 | 23,841 | 389.7 | 449.7 | 1.1 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 6.9 | 7.8 | 2.63 | 2.44 | 0.32 | 0.3 | -51.9 | 636 | 0.941 | 20 | 80.3 | 98.4 | 90.6 | 28,529 | 27911 | 1.604 | 1.714 | 55 | 59 | 59 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 65.6 | 67.6 | 69.5 | 14 | 13.5 | 19.7 | 22.1 | 2.3 | 1.3 | |
68 | Poland | 1.12 | 1.32 | 12.7% | 1.50 | 12,852 | 15,092 | 17,637 | 8.7 | 16,635 | 347.6 | 307.1 | -0.8 | 1.5 | 1.1 | 9.1 | 8 | 3.48 | 3.35 | 1.24 | 0.68 | -44.1 | 896 | 0.87 | 37 | 75.2 | .. | 87.2 | 13,847 | 27632 | 1.643 | 1.752 | 34 | 38 | 38 | 0.4 | -0.2 | 55.3 | 62.1 | 64 | 16.3 | 14.2 | 13.3 | 15.5 | 2.3 | 1.3 | |
69 | Argentina | 1.17 | 0.68 | 15,084 | 8,157 | 6.5 | 21,257 | 109.7 | 141.7 | 2.1 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 3.4 | 3.7 | 2.38 | 2.22 | 0.38 | 0.31 | 121.6 | 2,411 | 0.869 | 38 | 74.8 | 97.2 | 89.7 | 14,280 | 27361 | 1.682 | 1.796 | 26 | 39 | 43 | 1.3 | 1 | 81 | 90.1 | 91.6 | 26.4 | 23.9 | 10.2 | 11.1 | 3.1 | 2.4 | ||||
70 | Bahamas | .. | nd | .. | 14,771 | 14,771 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 7.6 | 6.7 | .. | .. | 0.46 | .. | .. | .. | 0.845 | 49 | 72.3 | .. | 70.8 | 18,380 | 27359 | 1.683 | 1.796 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.8 | 1.2 | 71.5 | 90.4 | 92.2 | 27.6 | 23 | 6.2 | 8.2 | 3.4 | 2.1 | |||||
71 | Seychelles | 0.97 | 0.97 | 14,771 | 14,771 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 27.2 | 0 | 0 | 1.6 | 6.7 | .. | .. | 0.13 | 0.44 | 0.0 | 4 | 0.843 | 50 | 72.7 | 91.8 | 82.2 | 16,106 | 27358 | 1.683 | 1.796 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.1 | 0.4 | 46.3 | 52.9 | 58.2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ||||||
72 | Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) | nf | 2.65 | 14,550 | 14,550 | 8.1 | 17,857 | 117.4 | 172.5 | 3.4 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 6 | 6.6 | 2.67 | 3.07 | 1.03 | 1.2 | .. | .. | 0.792 | 74 | 73.2 | 93 | 75.5 | 6,632 | 27170 | 1.710 | 1.828 | 13 | 27 | 31 | 2.5 | 1.6 | 75.8 | 93.4 | 95.9 | 31.3 | 27.9 | 5 | 6.6 | 4.9 | 2.7 | ||||
73 | Iran (Islamic Republic of) | 2.04 | 2.05 | 14,056 | 14,110 | 218.3 | 433.3 | 7 | 1 | 1.5 | 4 | 6.4 | 3.17 | 2.97 | 0.85 | 0.93 | -1.7 | 334 | 0.759 | 94 | 70.2 | 82.4 | 72.8 | 7,968 | 26687 | 1.780 | 1.909 | 33 | 69 | 79 | 2.4 | 1.3 | 45.7 | 66.9 | 71.9 | 28.8 | 25.6 | 4.5 | 4.9 | 6.4 | 2.1 | ||||||
74 | Malta | 0.79 | 0.79 | 13,448 | 13,448 | 13 | 28,660 | 2.2 | 2.5 | 0.7 | 0 | 0 | 6.3 | 6.1 | 2.88 | 2.7 | 0.53 | 0.36 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.878 | 34 | 79.1 | 87.9 | 80.9 | 19,189 | 26684 | 1.781 | 1.909 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 89.7 | 95.3 | 97.2 | 17.4 | 14.6 | 13.2 | 17.7 | 2.1 | 1.5 | ||||
75 | Antigua and Barbuda | nf | 1.01 | 13,228 | 13,228 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 2.7 | 0 | 0 | 4.8 | 6 | .. | .. | 0.54 | 0.46 | .. | .. | 0.815 | 57 | 73.9 | 85.8 | .. | 12,500 | 26683 | 1.781 | 1.909 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.3 | 1.1 | 34.2 | 39.1 | 44.7 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ||||||
76 | Cambodia | 4.70 | 0.04 | 12,692 | 0 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 1.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | .. | .. | .. | 0.02 | 80.6 | 1,266 | 0.598 | 131 | 58 | 73.6 | 60 | 2,727 | 26579 | 1.795 | 1.926 | 7 | 14 | 17 | 2.3 | 1.8 | 10.3 | 19.7 | 26.1 | 37.6 | 32.1 | 3.1 | 4 | 5.5 | 3.6 | ||||||
77 | Ukraine | 2.19 | 2.60 | 12,588 | 15,432 | 600.0 | 329.8 | -3.8 | 2.6 | 1.1 | 11.5 | 7 | 2.86 | 2.35 | 1.59 | 1.18 | -60.5 | 745 | 0.788 | 76 | 67.7 | 99.4 | 86.5 | 6,848 | 26238 | 1.843 | 1.971 | 49 | 47 | 43 | -0.1 | -0.8 | 58.4 | 67.8 | 70.2 | 14.7 | 13.9 | 16.1 | 15.9 | 2.2 | 1.2 | ||||||
78 | Gabon | 1.79 | 0.35 | 12,210 | 2,205 | 6.0 | 1.4 | -5.5 | 0 | 0 | 6.4 | 1 | 4.82 | 0.81 | 0.96 | 0.16 | 5.9 | 3,643 | 0.677 | 119 | 56.2 | 84 | 72.4 | 6,954 | 26228 | 1.844 | 1.972 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2.6 | 1.5 | 43 | 83.6 | 87.7 | 35.9 | 31.8 | 4.7 | 4.8 | 5 | 3.4 | ||||||
79 | Hong Kong, China (SAR) | nf | 0.42 | 12,125 | 12,125 | 29 | 63,934 | 26.2 | 37.4 | 3.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 4.6 | 5.5 | 2.46 | 2.18 | 0.23 | 0.19 | .. | .. | 0.937 | 21 | 81.9 | .. | 76.3 | 34,833 | 26177 | 1.851 | 1.980 | 4 | 7 | 8 | 1.6 | 0.9 | 89.7 | 100 | 100 | 15.1 | 12.3 | 12 | 14.5 | 2.9 | 0.9 | ||||
80 | Algeria | 2.13 | 2.18 | 11,723 | 12,125 | 77.0 | 193.9 | 10.8 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 3 | 5.5 | 3.23 | 5.89 | 0.56 | 0.99 | -6.0 | 114 | 0.733 | 104 | 71.7 | 69.9 | 73.7 | 7,062 | 25934 | 1.885 | 2.019 | 16 | 33 | 38 | 2.4 | 1.5 | 40.3 | 63.3 | 69.3 | 29.6 | 26.7 | 4.5 | 5 | 7.4 | 2.5 | ||||||
81 | France | 0.53 | 0.45 | -15.1% | 0.51 | 13,628 | 11,630 | 13,228 | 13.1 | 27,283 | 363.8 | 373.5 | 0.2 | 1.6 | 1.3 | 6.4 | 6 | 1.6 | 1.36 | 0.29 | 0.23 | -44.2 | 1,165 | 0.952 | 10 | 80.2 | .. | 96.5 | 30,386 | 25502 | 1.947 | 2.084 | 53 | 61 | 64 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 72.9 | 76.7 | 79 | 18.4 | 17.8 | 16.3 | 18.5 | 2.3 | 1.9 | |
82 | Namibia | 1.60 | 0.42 | 11,574 | 2,646 | 0.0 | 2.5 | .. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.2 | 0.02 | 1.85 | 0 | 0.19 | 8.1 | 231 | 0.65 | 125 | 51.6 | 85 | 64.7 | 7,586 | 25488 | 1.949 | 2.086 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2.7 | 1.2 | 23.7 | 35.1 | 41.1 | 39.1 | 33.2 | 3.5 | 4 | 6.6 | 3.6 | ||||||
83 | Uzbekistan | 6.70 | 6.77 | 11,544 | 11,684 | 118.1 | 137.8 | 1.4 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 5.5 | 5.3 | 2.62 | 2.55 | 3.55 | 3.07 | -1.7 | 12 | 0.702 | 113 | 66.8 | .. | 73.8 | 2,063 | 25308 | 1.976 | 2.117 | 14 | 27 | 31 | 2.1 | 1.4 | 39.1 | 36.7 | 38 | 33.2 | 28.3 | 4.7 | 4.4 | 6.3 | 2.7 | ||||||
84 | Botswana | 1.01 | 0.51 | 11,538 | 5,291 | 5.1 | 17,490 | 2.2 | 4.3 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 1.7 | 2.4 | 1.71 | 2.3 | 0.27 | 0.23 | 5.1 | 142 | 0.654 | 124 | 48.1 | 81.2 | 69.5 | 12,387 | 25296 | 1.978 | 2.119 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2.7 | 1.2 | 11.8 | 57.4 | 64.6 | 35.6 | 32.1 | 3.4 | 3.8 | 6.5 | 3.2 | ||||
85 | Suriname | 1.72 | 1.72 | 11,464 | 11,464 | 1.8 | 2.3 | 1.9 | 0 | 0 | 4.5 | 5.2 | .. | .. | 0.81 | 0.78 | 0.0 | 5,692 | 0.774 | 85 | 69.6 | 89.6 | 77.1 | 7,722 | 25292 | 1.978 | 2.120 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 49.5 | 73.9 | 77.4 | 29.8 | 26.2 | 6.3 | 7.3 | 5.3 | 2.6 | ||||||
86 | Macedonia (TFYR) | 1.83 | 1.83 | 11,244 | 11,244 | 10.6 | 10.4 | -0.2 | 0 | 0 | 5.2 | 5.1 | 3.63 | 3.86 | 0.91 | 0.83 | 0.0 | 20 | 0.801 | 69 | 73.8 | 96.1 | 70.1 | 7,200 | 25279 | 1.980 | 2.122 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.6 | 0 | 50.6 | 68.9 | 75.1 | 19.7 | 16.2 | 11.1 | 13 | 3 | 1.6 | ||||||
87 | Congo (Democratic Republic of the) | 15.55 | 0.13 | 11,008 | 0 | 4.0 | 2.1 | -3.4 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.33 | 0.13 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 293.1 | 23,173 | 0.411 | 168 | 45.8 | 67.2 | 33.7 | 714 | 24882 | 2.040 | 2.204 | 24 | 59 | 81 | 3 | 3.2 | 29.5 | 32.1 | 38.6 | 47.2 | 47.8 | 2.6 | 2.5 | 6.5 | 6.7 | ||||||
88 | Hungary | 0.74 | 0.74 | 0.1% | 0.82 | 10,980 | 10,993 | 12,346 | 9.5 | 19,591 | 60.1 | 57.1 | -0.4 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 5.8 | 5.6 | 2.1 | 2.17 | 0.5 | 0.37 | -6.2 | 173 | 0.874 | 36 | 72.9 | .. | 89.3 | 17,887 | 24816 | 2.050 | 2.214 | 11 | 10 | 10 | -0.1 | -0.3 | 62.2 | 66.3 | 70.3 | 15.8 | 14.2 | 15.2 | 17.3 | 2.1 | 1.3 | |
89 | Congo | 8.79 | 1.90 | 10,901 | 2,205 | 1.2 | 3.5 | 14.4 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 | 1 | 1.11 | 3.33 | 0.38 | 0.86 | 14.2 | 5,181 | 0.548 | 139 | 54 | 84.7 | 51.4 | 1,262 | 24793 | 2.054 | 2.218 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 2.8 | 2.1 | 43.3 | 60.2 | 64.2 | 41.9 | 39.8 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 6.3 | 4.8 | ||||||
90 | Slovakia | 0.87 | 1.12 | 10,770 | 14,771 | 8 | 13,636 | 44.3 | 36.3 | -1.5 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 8.4 | 6.7 | 2.45 | 1.98 | 0.96 | 0.51 | -9.8 | 203 | 0.863 | 42 | 74.2 | .. | 78.3 | 15,871 | 24757 | 2.060 | 2.224 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 0.4 | 0 | 46.3 | 56.2 | 58 | 16.8 | 14.6 | 11.7 | 13.8 | 2.5 | 1.2 | ||||
91 | Panama | 1.51 | 0.62 | 10,720 | 3,968 | 3.1 | 5.7 | 5.8 | 0 | 0 | 1.3 | 1.8 | 2.1 | 2.22 | 0.29 | 0.28 | 9.8 | 620 | 0.812 | 62 | 75.1 | 91.9 | 79.5 | 7,605 | 24736 | 2.063 | 2.228 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 2.1 | 1.6 | 49 | 70.8 | 77.9 | 30.4 | 27.2 | 6 | 7.5 | 4.9 | 2.7 | ||||||
92 | Lao People's Democratic Republic | 5.29 | 0.29 | 10,652 | 441 | 0.2 | 1.3 | 32.4 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | .. | .. | 0.05 | 0.13 | 26.4 | 1,487 | 0.601 | 130 | 63.2 | 68.7 | 61.5 | 2,039 | 24699 | 2.069 | 2.235 | 3 | 6 | 7 | 2.2 | 1.7 | 11.1 | 20.6 | 24.9 | 39.8 | 32.8 | 3.5 | 3.4 | 6.4 | 3.6 | ||||||
93 | Portugal | 0.59 | 0.68 | 10,477 | 12,346 | 10.8 | 21,941 | 42.3 | 58.9 | 2.8 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 4.3 | 5.6 | 2.39 | 2.22 | 0.3 | 0.31 | -8.9 | 114 | 0.897 | 29 | 77.7 | 93.8 | 89.8 | 20,410 | 24629 | 2.079 | 2.246 | 9 | 11 | 11 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 40.8 | 57.6 | 63.6 | 15.7 | 15.3 | 16.9 | 18.5 | 2.7 | 1.5 | ||||
94 | Barbados | .. | nd | .. | 10,362 | 10,362 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 0 | 0 | 4.1 | 4.7 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.892 | 31 | 76.6 | .. | 88.9 | 17,297 | 24627 | 2.080 | 2.246 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 40.8 | 52.7 | 58.8 | 18.9 | 16.1 | 9.2 | 11.6 | 2.7 | 1.5 | |||||
95 | Switzerland | 0.32 | 0.37 | 10,088 | 11,905 | 18.4 | 38,748 | 42.7 | 40.4 | -0.4 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 6.2 | 5.4 | 1.71 | 1.49 | 0.21 | 0.17 | -6.1 | 154 | 0.955 | 7 | 81.3 | .. | 85.7 | 35,633 | 24577 | 2.087 | 2.254 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 55.7 | 75.2 | 78.7 | 16.7 | 14.5 | 15.4 | 18.7 | 1.8 | 1.4 | ||||
96 | Belarus | 1.70 | 2.27 | 10,051 | 14,550 | 94.6 | 64.9 | -2.6 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 9.2 | 6.6 | 2.43 | 2.42 | 1.96 | 1.03 | -20.0 | 539 | 0.804 | 64 | 68.7 | 99.6 | 88.7 | 7,918 | 24511 | 2.097 | 2.263 | 9 | 10 | 9 | 0.1 | -0.6 | 50.6 | 72.2 | 76.7 | 15.7 | 14.4 | 14.4 | 13.7 | 2.3 | 1.2 | ||||||
97 | Thailand | 1.31 | 1.23 | 9,882 | 9,259 | 3.2 | 7,678 | 95.7 | 267.9 | 12.8 | 0.4 | 0.9 | 1.7 | 4.2 | 2.18 | 2.76 | 0.38 | 0.56 | 17.8 | 716 | 0.781 | 78 | 69.6 | 92.6 | 71.2 | 8,677 | 24097 | 2.161 | 2.331 | 42 | 63 | 67 | 1.3 | 0.6 | 23.8 | 32.3 | 36.2 | 21.7 | 19.7 | 7.8 | 10.2 | 5 | 1.8 | ||||
98 | Tanzania (United Republic of) | 13.27 | 0.40 | 9,801 | 220 | 1.2 | 12,226 | 2.3 | 4.3 | 6.2 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.24 | 0.23 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 167.3 | 2,254 | 0.467 | 159 | 51 | 69.4 | 50.4 | 744 | 23854 | 2.200 | 2.381 | 16 | 39 | 49 | 2.9 | 2.4 | 11.1 | 24.2 | 28.9 | 44.4 | 42.8 | 3 | 3.2 | 6.8 | 5.7 | ||||
99 | Cameroon | 4.15 | 0.26 | 9,591 | 661 | 1.6 | 3.8 | 9.9 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.32 | 0.55 | 0.07 | 0.12 | 72.1 | 1,902 | 0.532 | 144 | 49.8 | 67.9 | 62.3 | 2,299 | 23742 | 2.218 | 2.403 | 8 | 18 | 22 | 2.7 | 1.9 | 27.3 | 54.6 | 62.7 | 41.8 | 38.4 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 6.3 | 4.9 | ||||||
100 | Mexico | nf | 1.01 | 9,259 | 9,259 | 5.6 | 12,346 | 413.3 | 437.8 | 0.4 | 1.8 | 1.5 | 5 | 4.2 | 3.32 | 2.65 | 0.65 | 0.46 | .. | .. | 0.829 | 52 | 75.6 | 91.6 | 75.6 | 10,751 | 23109 | 2.325 | 2.521 | 61 | 104 | 116 | 1.8 | 1 | 62.8 | 76 | 78.7 | 30.8 | 25.6 | 5.8 | 7.5 | 6.5 | 2.4 | ||||
101 | Romania | 1.19 | 1.19 | 9,259 | 9,259 | 5.2 | 11,464 | 155.1 | 90.4 | -3 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 6.7 | 4.2 | 2.48 | 2.34 | 0.99 | 0.54 | 0.0 | 567 | 0.813 | 60 | 71.9 | 97.3 | 76.8 | 9,060 | 22985 | 2.347 | 2.542 | 21 | 22 | 21 | 0.1 | -0.5 | 42.8 | 53.7 | 56.1 | 15.7 | 14.7 | 14.8 | 15.7 | 2.6 | 1.3 | ||||
102 | Lebanon | nf | 2.03 | 9,259 | 9,259 | 9.1 | 16.3 | 5.6 | 0 | 0.1 | 3.3 | 4.2 | 3.94 | 3.01 | 1.24 | 0.92 | .. | 2 | 0.772 | 88 | 71.5 | .. | 84.6 | 5,584 | 22962 | 2.351 | 2.547 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 1.3 | 1 | 67 | 86.6 | 87.9 | 28.6 | 24.6 | 7.2 | 7.6 | 4.8 | 2.3 | ||||||
103 | Jamaica | 2.37 | 2.34 | 8,982 | 8,818 | 8.0 | 10.6 | 2.4 | 0 | 0 | 3.3 | 4 | 2.7 | 2.6 | 1.04 | 1.06 | 0.2 | 34 | 0.736 | 101 | 72.2 | 79.9 | 77.9 | 4,291 | 22947 | 2.353 | 2.549 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 0.5 | 44.1 | 53.1 | 56.7 | 31.7 | 27.9 | 7.5 | 7.9 | 5 | 2.6 | ||||||
104 | Zambia | 8.83 | 0.51 | 8,953 | 441 | 2.1 | 13,141 | 2.4 | 2.3 | -0.5 | 0 | 0 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.45 | 0.33 | 0.31 | 0.23 | 44.4 | 1,156 | 0.434 | 165 | 40.5 | 68 | 60.5 | 1,023 | 22881 | 2.365 | 2.563 | 5 | 12 | 14 | 2.7 | 1.9 | 34.9 | 35 | 37 | 45.7 | 43.4 | 2.9 | 3 | 7.4 | 5.6 | ||||
105 | Slovenia | 0.53 | 0.95 | 8,488 | 17,857 | 11.9 | 16,865 | 12.3 | 16.2 | 2.6 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 6.2 | 8.1 | 2.46 | 2.26 | 0.51 | 0.43 | -8.5 | 147 | 0.917 | 27 | 77.4 | 99.7 | 94.3 | 22,273 | 22869 | 2.367 | 2.565 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.5 | 0 | 42.4 | 51 | 53.3 | 14.1 | 13.4 | 15.6 | 18.2 | 2.2 | 1.2 | ||||
106 | Azerbaijan | 2.34 | 2.34 | 8,378 | 8,378 | 49.8 | 31.3 | -3.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 6.9 | 3.8 | 2.99 | 2.42 | 1.92 | 1.06 | 0.0 | 58 | 0.746 | 98 | 67.1 | 98.8 | 67.1 | 5,016 | 22818 | 2.376 | 2.575 | 6 | 8 | 9 | 1.3 | 0.8 | 51.9 | 51.5 | 52.8 | 25.3 | 20.6 | 7.2 | 6.8 | 4.3 | 1.7 | ||||||
107 | Syrian Arab Republic | nf | 2.45 | 8,378 | 8,378 | 35.9 | 68.4 | 6.5 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 3 | 3.8 | 3.08 | 3.71 | 1.11 | 1.11 | .. | .. | 0.724 | 108 | 73.6 | 80.8 | 64.8 | 3,808 | 22707 | 2.395 | 2.599 | 8 | 19 | 24 | 3.1 | 2.2 | 45.1 | 50.6 | 53.4 | 36.6 | 33 | 3.2 | 3.6 | 7.5 | 3.5 | ||||||
108 | China | 1.28 | 1.46 | 11.7% | 1.54 | 6,835 | 7,815 | 8,378 | 3.1 | 6,272 | 2,398.9 | 5,007.1 | 7.8 | 10.6 | 17.3 | 2.1 | 3.8 | 2.77 | 3.11 | 1.3 | 0.7 | -334.9 | 6,096 | 0.777 | 81 | 72.5 | 90.9 | 69.1 | 6,757 | 17559 | 3.730 | 4.013 | 928 | 1,313 | 1,389 | 1.2 | 0.6 | 17.4 | 40.4 | 49.2 | 21.6 | 18.5 | 7.7 | 9.6 | 4.9 | 1.7 | |
109 | Myanmar | .. | nd | .. | 7,633 | 441 | 4.3 | 9.8 | 9.2 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.69 | .. | .. | 156.6 | 3,168 | 0.583 | 132 | 60.8 | 89.9 | 49.5 | 1,027 | 17437 | 3.779 | 4.066 | 30 | 48 | 52 | 1.6 | 0.8 | 23.9 | 30.6 | 37.4 | 27.3 | 23.1 | 5.6 | 6.3 | 5.9 | 2.2 | |||||
110 | Zimbabwe | 3.75 | 0.93 | 7,519 | 1,764 | 2 | 10,165 | 16.6 | 10.6 | -2.6 | 0.1 | 0 | 1.6 | 0.8 | 1.77 | 1.13 | 0.58 | 0.42 | 34.2 | 535 | 0.513 | 151 | 40.9 | 89.4 | 52.4 | 2,038 | 17404 | 3.793 | 4.081 | 6 | 13 | 15 | 2.5 | 1 | 19.9 | 35.9 | 40.9 | 39.5 | 35.2 | 3.5 | 3.7 | 7.4 | 3.6 | ||||
111 | Central African Republic | 6.01 | 0.13 | 7,412 | 220 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | .. | .. | 0.05 | 0.06 | 13.7 | 2,801 | 0.384 | 171 | 43.7 | 48.6 | 29.8 | 1,224 | 17394 | 3.797 | 4.086 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 2.4 | 1.8 | 32 | 38 | 40.4 | 42.7 | 39.9 | 3.9 | 3.7 | 5.7 | 5 | ||||||
112 | Saint Kitts and Nevis | nf | 0.49 | 7,055 | 7,055 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 6.3 | 0 | 0 | 1.5 | 3.2 | .. | .. | 0.2 | 0.22 | .. | .. | 0.821 | 54 | 70 | 97.8 | 73.1 | 13,307 | 17394 | 3.797 | 4.086 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.3 | 1.2 | 35 | 32.2 | 33.5 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ||||||
113 | Bulgaria | 1.01 | 1.59 | 6,886 | 12,125 | 6.1 | 8,209 | 75.3 | 42.5 | -3.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 8.4 | 5.5 | 2.61 | 2.25 | 1.29 | 0.72 | -18.3 | 263 | 0.824 | 53 | 72.7 | 98.2 | 81.5 | 9,032 | 17373 | 3.805 | 4.093 | 9 | 8 | 7 | -0.4 | -0.8 | 57.6 | 70 | 72.8 | 13.8 | 13.5 | 17.2 | 19.2 | 2.2 | 1.3 | ||||
114 | Angola | 2.84 | 0.64 | 6,692 | 1,543 | 4.6 | 7.9 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.74 | 0.83 | 0.25 | 0.29 | 37.6 | 4,829 | 0.446 | 162 | 41.7 | 67.4 | 25.6 | 2,335 | 17329 | 3.821 | 4.115 | 7 | 16 | 21 | 2.9 | 2.8 | 19.1 | 53.3 | 59.7 | 46.4 | 45.3 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 7.2 | 6.8 | ||||||
115 | Guatemala | 1.50 | 0.55 | 6,544 | 2,205 | 5.1 | 12.2 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0.6 | 1 | 1.14 | 1.61 | 0.17 | 0.25 | 25.0 | 498 | 0.689 | 118 | 69.7 | 69.1 | 67.3 | 4,568 | 17294 | 3.834 | 4.131 | 6 | 13 | 16 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 36.7 | 47.2 | 52 | 43.1 | 39.5 | 4.3 | 4.7 | 6.2 | 4.6 | ||||||
116 | Turkey | 0.93 | 0.99 | 6,511 | 7,055 | 4.6 | 9,598 | 146.2 | 226.0 | 3.9 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 2.6 | 3.2 | 2.76 | 2.76 | 0.48 | 0.45 | -18.0 | 817 | 0.775 | 84 | 71.4 | 87.4 | 68.7 | 8,407 | 17097 | 3.908 | 4.215 | 41 | 73 | 82 | 1.9 | 1.2 | 41.6 | 67.3 | 71.9 | 28.3 | 24.4 | 5.6 | 6.5 | 5.3 | 2.2 | ||||
117 | Croatia | 0.66 | 1.06 | 6,508 | 11,684 | 6.9 | 10,036 | 17.4 | 23.5 | 2.9 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 3.9 | 5.3 | 2.59 | 2.66 | 0.52 | 0.48 | -10.8 | 192 | 0.85 | 47 | 75.3 | 98.1 | 73.5 | 13,042 | 17085 | 3.913 | 4.220 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 0.2 | -0.2 | 45.1 | 56.5 | 59.5 | 15.5 | 13.9 | 17.2 | 18.7 | 2 | 1.3 | ||||
118 | Belize | 0.97 | 0.97 | 6,393 | 6,393 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 1.6 | 2.9 | .. | .. | 0.39 | 0.44 | 0.0 | 59 | 0.778 | 80 | 75.9 | 75.1 | 81.8 | 7,109 | 17084 | 3.913 | 4.220 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.4 | 2 | 50.2 | 48.3 | 51.2 | 37.6 | 32 | 4.2 | 4.6 | 6.3 | 3.4 | ||||||
119 | Jordan | 1.46 | 1.46 | 6,393 | 6,393 | 10.2 | 16.5 | 4.4 | 0 | 0.1 | 3.1 | 2.9 | 2.91 | 2.52 | 0.84 | 0.66 | 0.0 | 2 | 0.773 | 86 | 71.9 | 91.1 | 78.1 | 5,530 | 17070 | 3.919 | 4.227 | 2 | 6 | 7 | 3.5 | 2.2 | 57.7 | 82.3 | 85.3 | 37.2 | 32.2 | 3.2 | 3.9 | 7.8 | 3.5 | ||||||
120 | Madagascar | 6.94 | 0.42 | 6,242 | 220 | 1.5 | 9,328 | 0.9 | 2.7 | 13.6 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | .. | .. | 0.08 | 0.19 | 50.8 | 3,130 | 0.533 | 143 | 58.4 | 70.7 | 59.7 | 923 | 17020 | 3.938 | 4.251 | 8 | 19 | 24 | 2.9 | 2.6 | 16.3 | 26.8 | 30.1 | 43.8 | 40.4 | 3.1 | 3.3 | 6.7 | 5.3 | ||||
121 | Grenada | nf | 0.64 | 5,952 | 5,952 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 5.6 | 0 | 0 | 1.3 | 2.7 | .. | .. | 0.23 | 0.29 | .. | .. | 0.777 | 82 | 68.2 | 96 | 73.1 | 7,843 | 17019 | 3.938 | 4.252 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 32.6 | 30.6 | 32.2 | 34.2 | 26.7 | 6.8 | 6 | 4.6 | 2.4 | ||||||
122 | Mauritius | 0.53 | 0.53 | 5,732 | 5,732 | 1.5 | 3.2 | 8.5 | 0 | 0 | 1.4 | 2.6 | .. | .. | 0.21 | 0.24 | 0.0 | 4 | 0.804 | 65 | 72.4 | 84.3 | 75.3 | 12,715 | 17016 | 3.939 | 4.253 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1.1 | 0.7 | 43.4 | 42.4 | 44.1 | 24.4 | 20.9 | 6.6 | 8.3 | 3.2 | 1.9 | ||||||
123 | Sweden | 0.30 | 0.24 | -13.5% | 0.46 | 7,366 | 5,610 | 13,007 | 10.5 | 15,751 | 49.5 | 53.0 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 5.8 | 5.9 | 1.04 | 0.98 | 0.26 | 0.21 | -30.2 | 1,170 | 0.956 | 6 | 80.5 | .. | 95.3 | 32,525 | 16990 | 3.948 | 4.262 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 82.7 | 84.2 | 85.1 | 17.4 | 16.7 | 17.2 | 20.2 | 1.9 | 1.7 | |
124 | Maldives | .. | nd | .. | 5,512 | 5,512 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 26.5 | 0 | 0 | 0.7 | 2.5 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.741 | 100 | 67 | 96.3 | 65.8 | 5,261 | 16989 | 3.948 | 4.263 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.6 | 1.8 | 17.3 | 29.6 | 34.8 | 34 | 29 | 3.8 | 3.9 | 7 | 2.8 | |||||
125 | Philippines | 1.05 | 0.49 | 5,102 | 2,205 | 1.9 | 7,087 | 43.9 | 80.5 | 5.9 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 1 | 1.68 | 1.82 | 0.19 | 0.22 | 111.2 | 971 | 0.771 | 90 | 71 | 92.6 | 81.1 | 5,137 | 16743 | 4.035 | 4.366 | 42 | 85 | 101 | 2.3 | 1.8 | 35.6 | 62.7 | 69.6 | 36.2 | 32.5 | 3.8 | 4.7 | 6 | 3.5 | ||||
126 | Egypt | 1.27 | 1.28 | 5,052 | 5,071 | 75.4 | 158.1 | 7.8 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 1.5 | 2.3 | 2.37 | 2.78 | 0.48 | 0.58 | -0.6 | 7 | 0.708 | 112 | 70.7 | 71.4 | 76.9 | 4,337 | 16538 | 4.109 | 4.454 | 39 | 73 | 86 | 2.1 | 1.7 | 43.5 | 42.8 | 45.4 | 33.3 | 30.7 | 4.8 | 5.6 | 5.9 | 3.2 | ||||||
127 | Costa Rica | 0.55 | 0.37 | 5,050 | 3,307 | 2.9 | 6.4 | 8.5 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1.5 | 1.44 | 1.73 | 0.15 | 0.17 | 3.4 | 193 | 0.846 | 48 | 78.5 | 94.9 | 73 | 10,180 | 16527 | 4.113 | 4.459 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 2.5 | 1.4 | 41.3 | 61.7 | 66.9 | 28.4 | 23.8 | 5.8 | 7.4 | 4.3 | 2.3 | ||||||
128 | Tunisia | 0.68 | 0.71 | 4,874 | 5,071 | 3 | 6,417 | 13.3 | 22.9 | 5.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 1.6 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.63 | 0.35 | 0.32 | -0.9 | 10 | 0.766 | 91 | 73.5 | 74.3 | 76.3 | 8,371 | 16498 | 4.123 | 4.470 | 6 | 10 | 11 | 1.9 | 1 | 49.9 | 65.3 | 69.1 | 26 | 22.5 | 6.3 | 6.7 | 6.2 | 2 | ||||
129 | Saint Lucia | nf | 0.84 | 4,850 | 4,850 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 9.1 | 0 | 0 | 1.2 | 2.2 | .. | .. | 0.24 | 0.38 | .. | .. | 0.795 | 72 | 73.1 | 94.8 | 74.8 | 6,707 | 16498 | 4.123 | 4.470 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.3 | 1.1 | 25.2 | 27.6 | 29 | 27.9 | 25.4 | 7.2 | 7.3 | 5.7 | 2.2 | ||||||
130 | Dominican Republic | 0.73 | 0.73 | 4,850 | 4,850 | 9.6 | 19.6 | 7.5 | 0 | 0.1 | 1.3 | 2.2 | 2.31 | 2.56 | 0.31 | 0.33 | 0.0 | 82 | 0.779 | 79 | 71.5 | 87 | 74.1 | 8,217 | 16471 | 4.133 | 4.481 | 5 | 10 | 11 | 2 | 1.4 | 45.7 | 66.8 | 73.6 | 33.5 | 30.5 | 5.6 | 6.7 | 5.7 | 3 | ||||||
131 | Ecuador | nf | 1.32 | 4,850 | 4,850 | 16.7 | 29.3 | 5.4 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 1.6 | 2.2 | 2.73 | 2.9 | 0.5 | 0.6 | .. | .. | 0.772 | 89 | 74.7 | 91 | .. | 4,341 | 16435 | 4.146 | 4.496 | 7 | 13 | 15 | 2.1 | 1.1 | 42.4 | 62.8 | 67.6 | 32.6 | 28.2 | 5.9 | 7.5 | 6 | 2.8 | ||||||
132 | Nigeria | 4.54 | 2.03 | 4,816 | 1,984 | 45.3 | 114.0 | 10.8 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 0.64 | 1.15 | 0.59 | 0.92 | 181.6 | 1,402 | 0.47 | 158 | 46.5 | 69.1 | 56.2 | 1,128 | 16056 | 4.290 | 4.675 | 61 | 141 | 176 | 2.8 | 2.2 | 23.4 | 48.2 | 55.9 | 44.3 | 41.3 | 2.9 | 3 | 6.9 | 5.8 | ||||||
133 | Ghana | 1.97 | 0.35 | 4,669 | 661 | 3.8 | 7.2 | 6.5 | 0 | 0 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.71 | 0.86 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 40.9 | 496 | 0.553 | 135 | 59.1 | 57.9 | 50.7 | 2,480 | 15997 | 4.313 | 4.703 | 10 | 23 | 27 | 2.6 | 1.9 | 30.1 | 47.8 | 55.1 | 39 | 35.1 | 3.6 | 4.3 | 6.7 | 4.4 | ||||||
134 | Lithuania | 0.42 | 0.71 | 4,293 | 8,378 | 5.9 | 8,922 | 21.4 | 13.3 | -3.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 5.7 | 3.8 | 1.92 | 1.45 | 0.67 | 0.32 | -6.3 | 129 | 0.862 | 43 | 72.5 | 99.6 | 91.4 | 14,494 | 15988 | 4.317 | 4.706 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 0.1 | -0.5 | 55.7 | 66.6 | 66.8 | 16.8 | 14 | 15.3 | 16.8 | 2.3 | 1.3 | ||||
135 | Guyana | nf | 1.04 | 4,189 | 4,189 | 1.1 | 1.4 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1.5 | 1.9 | .. | .. | 0.63 | 0.47 | .. | 1,722 | 0.75 | 97 | 65.2 | .. | 85 | 4,508 | 15986 | 4.317 | 4.707 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | -0.3 | 30 | 28.2 | 29.4 | 31.1 | 25.3 | 5.7 | 8.2 | 4.9 | 2.4 | ||||||
136 | Guinea | 1.84 | 0.15 | 4,115 | 220 | 1.0 | 1.3 | 2.3 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | 0.1 | .. | .. | 0.09 | 0.07 | 15.9 | 636 | 0.456 | 160 | 54.8 | 29.5 | 45.1 | 2,316 | 15962 | 4.326 | 4.719 | 4 | 9 | 11 | 2.7 | 2.4 | 19.5 | 33 | 38.1 | 43.4 | 41.5 | 3.1 | 3.4 | 7 | 5.8 | ||||||
137 | Colombia | 0.58 | 0.42 | 3,814 | 2,646 | 3.4 | 8,664 | 58.0 | 53.6 | -0.5 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 1.6 | 1.2 | 2.32 | 1.94 | 0.3 | 0.19 | 23.8 | 8,062 | 0.791 | 75 | 72.3 | 92.8 | 75.1 | 7,304 | 15837 | 4.372 | 4.770 | 25 | 45 | 51 | 1.9 | 1.2 | 60 | 72.7 | 75.7 | 30.3 | 25.4 | 5.1 | 6.8 | 5 | 2.5 | ||||
138 | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | nf | 0.64 | 3,748 | 3,748 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 10.4 | 0 | 0 | 0.8 | 1.7 | .. | .. | 0.16 | 0.29 | .. | .. | 0.761 | 93 | 71.1 | 88.1 | 68.9 | 6,568 | 15837 | 4.372 | 4.770 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 27 | 45.9 | 50 | 29.3 | 26.8 | 6.5 | 7 | 5.5 | 2.3 | ||||||
139 | Sudan | 1.78 | 0.37 | 3,583 | 661 | 5.4 | 10.4 | 6.6 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.51 | 0.59 | 0.19 | 0.17 | 48.9 | 1,531 | 0.526 | 147 | 57.4 | 60.9 | 37.3 | 2,083 | 15735 | 4.410 | 4.817 | 17 | 37 | 46 | 2.6 | 2.1 | 18.9 | 40.8 | 49.4 | 40.7 | 36.4 | 3.5 | 4.1 | 6.6 | 4.8 | ||||||
140 | Moldova | 2.13 | 2.31 | 3,573 | 3,968 | 20.9 | 7.7 | -5.3 | 0.1 | 0 | 4.8 | 1.8 | 3.03 | 2.27 | 2.23 | 1.05 | -0.7 | 13 | 0.708 | 111 | 68.4 | 99.1 | 69.7 | 2,100 | 15724 | 4.414 | 4.821 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0 | -0.6 | 36.2 | 46.7 | 50 | 20 | 17.2 | 11.1 | 11.8 | 2.6 | 1.5 | ||||||
141 | Uruguay | nf | 0.42 | 3,527 | 3,527 | 6.8 | 14,991 | 3.9 | 5.5 | 2.9 | 0 | 0 | 1.2 | 1.6 | 1.74 | 1.91 | 0.18 | 0.19 | .. | .. | 0.852 | 46 | 75.9 | 96.8 | 88.9 | 9,962 | 15715 | 4.417 | 4.824 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 83.4 | 92 | 93.1 | 23.8 | 21.4 | 13.5 | 14.4 | 3 | 2.2 | ||||
142 | Dominica | nf | 0.57 | 3,307 | 3,307 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 5.8 | 0 | 0 | 0.8 | 1.5 | .. | .. | 0.17 | 0.26 | .. | .. | 0.798 | 71 | 75.6 | 88 | 81 | 6,393 | 15715 | 4.417 | 4.824 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | -0.1 | 55.3 | 72.9 | 76.4 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | ||||||
143 | Burkina Faso | 2.67 | 0.18 | 3,250 | 220 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 0.7 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | .. | .. | 0.13 | 0.08 | 19.1 | 298 | 0.37 | 176 | 51.4 | 23.6 | 29.3 | 1,213 | 15676 | 4.431 | 4.843 | 6 | 14 | 19 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 6.4 | 18.3 | 22.8 | 46.2 | 44.2 | 3.1 | 2.6 | 7.8 | 6.4 | ||||||
144 | Armenia | 0.74 | 0.68 | 2,939 | 2,646 | 3.7 | 3.6 | -0.1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1.2 | 0.86 | 1.71 | 0.65 | 0.31 | 0.4 | 18 | 0.775 | 83 | 71.7 | 99.4 | 70.8 | 4,945 | 15667 | 4.434 | 4.846 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 0.2 | -0.1 | 63.6 | 64.1 | 64.1 | 20.8 | 17.5 | 12.1 | 11 | 3 | 1.3 | ||||||
145 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | .. | nd | .. | 2,657 | 8,818 | 4.7 | 15.6 | 19.2 | 0 | 0.1 | 1.1 | 4 | 1.06 | 3.31 | .. | .. | -10.9 | 176 | 0.803 | 66 | 74.5 | 96.7 | 69 | 7,032 | 15655 | 4.438 | 4.850 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0.1 | 0 | 31.3 | 45.7 | 51.8 | 17.6 | 13.9 | 13.7 | 16.3 | 2.6 | 1.3 | |||||
146 | Fiji | nf | 0.53 | 2,646 | 2,646 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 2.3 | 0 | 0 | 1.1 | 1.2 | .. | .. | 0.22 | 0.24 | .. | .. | 0.762 | 92 | 68.3 | .. | 74.8 | 6,049 | 15653 | 4.439 | 4.851 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1.2 | 0.5 | 36.7 | 50.8 | 56.1 | 32.9 | 28.7 | 4.2 | 6 | 4.2 | 3 | ||||||
147 | India | 0.88 | 0.95 | 7.4% | 0.97 | 2,370 | 2,566 | 2,646 | 1.8 | 3,889 | 681.7 | 1,342.1 | 6.9 | 3 | 4.6 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 1.89 | 2.34 | 0.48 | 0.44 | -40.8 | 2,343 | 0.619 | 128 | 63.7 | 61 | 63.8 | 3,452 | 12988 | 5.593 | 6.178 | 614 | 1,134 | 1,303 | 2 | 1.4 | 21.3 | 28.7 | 32 | 33 | 28.7 | 5 | 5.8 | 5.3 | 3.1 | |
148 | Tonga | nf | 0.35 | 2,425 | 2,425 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 3.7 | 0 | 0 | 0.8 | 1.1 | .. | .. | 0.15 | 0.16 | .. | .. | 0.819 | 55 | 72.8 | 98.9 | 80.1 | 8,177 | 12988 | 5.593 | 6.178 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 20.3 | 24 | 27.4 | 37.5 | 33.9 | 6.4 | 6.8 | 5.5 | 3.7 | ||||||
149 | Peru | nf | 0.49 | 2,425 | 2,425 | 2.6 | 5,732 | 21.0 | 31.5 | 3.5 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 1 | 1.1 | 2.11 | 2.38 | 0.25 | 0.22 | .. | .. | 0.773 | 87 | 70.7 | 87.9 | 85.8 | 6,039 | 12936 | 5.621 | 6.209 | 15 | 27 | 31 | 2 | 1.2 | 61.5 | 72.6 | 74.9 | 31.8 | 27.4 | 5.6 | 6.7 | 6 | 2.7 | ||||
150 | Honduras | nf | 0.79 | 2,425 | 2,425 | 1.9 | 4,189 | 2.6 | 7.6 | 13.8 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 | 1.1 | 1.07 | 1.97 | 0.19 | 0.36 | .. | .. | 0.7 | 115 | 69.4 | 80 | 71.2 | 3,430 | 12924 | 5.628 | 6.218 | 3 | 7 | 8 | 2.6 | 1.9 | 32.1 | 46.5 | 51.4 | 40 | 34.3 | 4.1 | 4.6 | 7.1 | 3.7 | ||||
151 | Mauritania | 1.27 | 0.97 | 2,425 | 1,764 | 2.6 | 2.6 | -0.2 | 0 | 0 | 1.3 | 0.8 | .. | .. | 0.7 | 0.44 | 0.9 | 7 | 0.55 | 137 | 63.2 | 51.2 | 45.6 | 2,234 | 12918 | 5.631 | 6.221 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 2.7 | 2.4 | 20.6 | 40.4 | 43.1 | 40.3 | 36.9 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 6.6 | 4.8 | ||||||
152 | Morocco | 0.60 | 0.75 | 2,400 | 3,086 | 1.9 | 3,502 | 23.5 | 41.1 | 5.4 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 1 | 1.4 | 3.49 | 3.59 | 0.29 | 0.34 | -9.5 | 240 | 0.646 | 126 | 70.4 | 52.3 | 58.5 | 4,555 | 12861 | 5.662 | 6.256 | 17 | 31 | 34 | 1.9 | 1.2 | 37.8 | 58.7 | 65 | 30.3 | 26.8 | 5.2 | 5.9 | 6.9 | 2.5 | ||||
153 | Yemen | 2.76 | 2.76 | 2,205 | 2,205 | 10.1 | 21.1 | 8.3 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.9 | 1 | 3.25 | 3.31 | 1.15 | 1.25 | 0.0 | 5 | 0.508 | 153 | 61.5 | 54.1 | 55.2 | 930 | 12822 | 5.683 | 6.285 | 7 | 21 | 28 | 3.6 | 2.9 | 14.8 | 27.3 | 31.9 | 45.9 | 42.4 | 2.3 | 2.5 | 8.7 | 6 | ||||||
154 | Swaziland | 0.52 | 0.44 | 2,165 | 1,764 | 0.4 | 1.0 | 8.9 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 | 0.8 | .. | .. | 0.13 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 23 | 0.547 | 141 | 40.9 | 79.6 | 59.8 | 4,824 | 12819 | 5.684 | 6.286 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2.5 | 0.6 | 14 | 24.1 | 27.5 | 39.8 | 36.5 | 3.2 | 3.8 | 6.9 | 3.9 | ||||||
155 | Albania | 0.48 | 0.57 | 2,163 | 2,646 | 2.5 | 5,029 | 7.3 | 3.7 | -3.5 | 0 | 0 | 2.2 | 1.2 | 2.73 | 1.55 | 0.73 | 0.26 | -0.7 | 52 | 0.801 | 68 | 76.2 | 98.7 | 68.6 | 5,316 | 12813 | 5.688 | 6.290 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 32.7 | 45.4 | 52.8 | 26.3 | 22.3 | 8.4 | 10.6 | 4.7 | 2.2 | ||||
156 | Senegal | 1.33 | 0.62 | 2,152 | 882 | 3.1 | 5.0 | 4.2 | 0 | 0 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 1.4 | 1.81 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 6.8 | 371 | 0.499 | 156 | 62.3 | 39.3 | 39.6 | 1,792 | 12791 | 5.700 | 6.305 | 5 | 12 | 15 | 2.8 | 2.3 | 33.7 | 41.6 | 44.7 | 42.2 | 39 | 4.2 | 4.4 | 7 | 5.2 | ||||||
157 | Kyrgyzstan | 1.26 | 1.43 | 2,086 | 2,425 | 11.0 | 5.7 | -4 | 0 | 0 | 2.4 | 1.1 | 2.18 | 2.06 | 1.26 | 0.65 | -0.8 | 13 | 0.696 | 116 | 65.6 | 98.7 | 77.7 | 1,927 | 12781 | 5.705 | 6.311 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 1.5 | 1.1 | 38.2 | 35.8 | 38.1 | 31 | 27.3 | 5.9 | 5.1 | 4.7 | 2.5 | ||||||
158 | Pakistan | 1.03 | 0.90 | 2,073 | 1,764 | 68.0 | 125.6 | 6 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 1.57 | 1.69 | 0.39 | 0.41 | 22.2 | 259 | 0.551 | 136 | 64.6 | 49.9 | 40 | 2,370 | 12492 | 5.866 | 6.505 | 68 | 158 | 191 | 2.8 | 1.9 | 26.3 | 34.9 | 39.6 | 37.2 | 32.1 | 3.9 | 4.3 | 6.6 | 4 | ||||||
159 | El Salvador | nf | 0.44 | 1,984 | 1,984 | 2.6 | 6.2 | 9.7 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 1.03 | 1.37 | 0.14 | 0.2 | .. | .. | 0.735 | 103 | 71.3 | 80.6 | 70.4 | 5,255 | 12480 | 5.873 | 6.513 | 4 | 7 | 8 | 1.6 | 1.3 | 41.5 | 59.8 | 63.2 | 34.1 | 29.7 | 5.5 | 6.5 | 6.1 | 2.9 | ||||||
160 | Tajikistan | 1.52 | 1.50 | 1,797 | 1,764 | 20.6 | 5.0 | -6.3 | 0.1 | 0 | 3.7 | 0.8 | 2.26 | 1.5 | 2.38 | 0.68 | 0.1 | 3 | 0.673 | 122 | 66.3 | 99.5 | 70.8 | 1,356 | 12468 | 5.879 | 6.521 | 3 | 7 | 8 | 2.1 | 1.6 | 35.5 | 24.7 | 24.6 | 39.4 | 33.6 | 3.9 | 3.5 | 6.8 | 3.8 | ||||||
161 | Samoa | nf | 0.35 | 1,764 | 1,764 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 1.5 | 0 | 0 | 0.8 | 0.8 | .. | .. | 0.19 | 0.16 | .. | .. | 0.785 | 77 | 70.8 | 98.6 | 73.7 | 6,170 | 12467 | 5.880 | 6.521 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 21 | 22.4 | 24.9 | 40.8 | 33.8 | 4.6 | 4.8 | 5.7 | 4.4 | ||||||
162 | Sri Lanka | 0.41 | 0.33 | 1,692 | 1,323 | 1.4 | 3,456 | 3.8 | 11.5 | 14.8 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.68 | 1.22 | 0.09 | 0.15 | 3.2 | 40 | 0.743 | 99 | 71.6 | 90.7 | 62.7 | 4,595 | 12432 | 5.899 | 6.541 | 14 | 19 | 20 | 1.1 | 0.4 | 19.5 | 15.1 | 15.7 | 24.2 | 21.4 | 6.5 | 9.3 | 4.1 | 2 | ||||
163 | Paraguay | nf | 0.40 | 1,543 | 1,543 | 2.3 | 4.2 | 6.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.73 | 1.04 | 0.12 | 0.18 | .. | .. | 0.755 | 95 | 71.3 | 93.5 | 69.1 | 4,642 | 12421 | 5.905 | 6.548 | 3 | 6 | 7 | 2.5 | 1.7 | 39 | 58.5 | 64.4 | 35.8 | 31.4 | 4.8 | 5.8 | 5.4 | 3.5 | ||||||
164 | Mali | 1.42 | 0.11 | 1,349 | 0 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 2.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | .. | .. | 0.07 | 0.05 | 7.1 | 242 | 0.38 | 173 | 53.1 | 24 | 36.7 | 1,033 | 12399 | 5.917 | 6.564 | 5 | 12 | 16 | 2.5 | 3 | 16.2 | 30.5 | 36.5 | 47.7 | 46.4 | 3.6 | 3 | 7.6 | 6.7 | ||||||
165 | Chad | 0.88 | 0.02 | 1,222 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | -0.9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | .. | .. | 0.03 | 0.01 | 5.6 | 236 | 0.388 | 170 | 50.4 | 25.7 | 37.5 | 1,427 | 12380 | 5.927 | 6.578 | 4 | 10 | 13 | 3 | 2.8 | 15.6 | 25.3 | 30.5 | 46.2 | 45.2 | 3 | 2.8 | 6.6 | 6.5 | ||||||
166 | Malawi | 1.71 | 0.31 | 1,156 | 220 | 0.7 | 2,479 | 0.6 | 1.0 | 5.3 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | .. | .. | 0.13 | 0.14 | 5.6 | 161 | 0.437 | 164 | 46.3 | 64.1 | 63.1 | 667 | 12355 | 5.941 | 6.595 | 5 | 13 | 17 | 3.1 | 2.5 | 7.7 | 17.2 | 22.1 | 47.1 | 44.6 | 3 | 3.1 | 7.4 | 6 | ||||
167 | Uganda | 0.75 | 0.11 | 1,144 | 220 | 1.1 | 3,348 | 0.8 | 1.8 | 8.9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | .. | .. | 0.06 | 0.05 | 12.1 | 138 | 0.505 | 154 | 49.7 | 66.8 | 63 | 1,454 | 12300 | 5.970 | 6.636 | 11 | 29 | 40 | 3.3 | 3.2 | 7 | 12.6 | 14.5 | 49.4 | 48 | 2.5 | 2.3 | 7.1 | 6.7 | ||||
168 | Guinea-Bissau | 1.36 | 0.53 | 1,130 | 441 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 2.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | 0.2 | .. | .. | 0.21 | 0.24 | 0.5 | 61 | 0.374 | 175 | 45.8 | .. | 36.7 | 827 | 12297 | 5.972 | 6.638 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 16 | 29.6 | 31.1 | 47.4 | 47.9 | 3 | 2.7 | 7.1 | 7.1 | ||||||
169 | Sao Tome and Principe | 0.68 | 0.68 | 1,102 | 1,102 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 2.8 | 0 | 0 | 0.6 | 0.5 | .. | .. | 0.32 | 0.31 | 0.0 | 5 | 0.654 | 123 | 64.9 | 84.9 | 65.2 | 2,178 | 12297 | 5.972 | 6.639 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.1 | 1.6 | 31.6 | 58 | 65.8 | 41.6 | 38.1 | 4.4 | 3.5 | 6.5 | 4.3 | ||||||
170 | Djibouti | 0.55 | 0.55 | 1,102 | 1,102 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.5 | .. | .. | 0.22 | 0.25 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.516 | 149 | 53.9 | .. | 25.3 | 2,178 | 12295 | 5.973 | 6.640 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4.3 | 1.7 | 67.1 | 86.1 | 89.6 | 38.5 | 33.5 | 3 | 3.7 | 7.2 | 4.5 | ||||||
171 | Kenya | 0.94 | 0.66 | 1,002 | 661 | 5.8 | 10.6 | 5.8 | 0 | 0 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.47 | 0.63 | 0.22 | 0.3 | 5.5 | 335 | 0.521 | 148 | 52.1 | 73.6 | 60.6 | 1,240 | 12227 | 6.009 | 6.687 | 14 | 36 | 46 | 3.2 | 2.6 | 12.9 | 20.7 | 24.1 | 42.6 | 42.5 | 2.7 | 2.6 | 8 | 5 | ||||||
172 | Vanuatu | nf | 0.33 | 882 | 882 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 2.4 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 | 0.4 | .. | .. | 0.16 | 0.15 | .. | .. | 0.674 | 120 | 69.3 | 74 | 63.4 | 3,225 | 12227 | 6.009 | 6.687 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.5 | 2.3 | 13.4 | 23.5 | 28.1 | 39.8 | 35.1 | 3.3 | 3.8 | 6.1 | 4.2 | ||||||
173 | Papua New Guinea | nf | 0.42 | 882 | 882 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.7 | 0.4 | .. | .. | 0.31 | 0.19 | .. | .. | 0.53 | 145 | 56.9 | 57.3 | 40.7 | 2,563 | 12215 | 6.015 | 6.694 | 3 | 6 | 7 | 2.5 | 1.9 | 11.9 | 13.4 | 15 | 40.6 | 35.8 | 2.4 | 2.7 | 6.1 | 4.3 | ||||||
174 | Togo | nf | 0.64 | 882 | 882 | 0.8 | 2.3 | 14.8 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.52 | 0.86 | 0.13 | 0.29 | .. | .. | 0.512 | 152 | 57.8 | 53.2 | 55 | 1,506 | 12204 | 6.021 | 6.702 | 2 | 6 | 8 | 3.1 | 2.5 | 22.8 | 40.1 | 47.4 | 43.3 | 40 | 3.1 | 3.3 | 7.1 | 5.4 | ||||||
175 | Mozambique | 0.74 | 0.24 | 833 | 220 | 1.1 | 3,038 | 1.0 | 2.2 | 8.4 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.14 | 0.25 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 5.7 | 606 | 0.384 | 172 | 42.8 | 38.7 | 52.9 | 1,242 | 12164 | 6.042 | 6.728 | 11 | 21 | 25 | 2.2 | 1.8 | 8.7 | 34.5 | 42.4 | 44.2 | 43.2 | 3.2 | 3.4 | 6.6 | 5.5 | ||||
176 | Comoros | 0.47 | 0.20 | 772 | 220 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 2.4 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | .. | .. | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.2 | 1 | 0.561 | 134 | 64.1 | .. | 46.4 | 1,993 | 12163 | 6.043 | 6.729 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3.1 | 2.3 | 21.2 | 37 | 44 | 42 | 38.5 | 2.7 | 3.1 | 7.1 | 4.9 | ||||||
177 | Viet Nam | 0.42 | 1.04 | 765 | 2,646 | 1.7 | 1,867 | 21.4 | 98.6 | 25.8 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 1.2 | 0.88 | 1.96 | 0.28 | 0.47 | -72.5 | 1,174 | 0.733 | 105 | 73.7 | 90.3 | 63.9 | 3,071 | 12003 | 6.130 | 6.827 | 48 | 85 | 97 | 1.9 | 1.3 | 18.8 | 26.4 | 31.6 | 29.6 | 25 | 5.6 | 5.8 | 6.7 | 2.3 | ||||
178 | Bangladesh | 0.34 | 0.33 | 679 | 661 | 1.1 | 2,442 | 15.4 | 37.1 | 10.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 1.2 | 1.63 | 0.12 | 0.15 | 1.2 | 31 | 0.547 | 140 | 63.1 | 47.5 | 56 | 2,053 | 11723 | 6.286 | 7.010 | 79 | 153 | 180 | 2.2 | 1.6 | 9.9 | 25.1 | 29.9 | 35.2 | 31.1 | 3.5 | 4.3 | 6.2 | 3.2 | ||||
179 | Solomon Islands | nf | 0.46 | 661 | 661 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 | 0.3 | .. | .. | 0.23 | 0.21 | .. | .. | 0.602 | 129 | 63 | 76.6 | 47.6 | 2,031 | 11722 | 6.286 | 7.011 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 2.2 | 9.1 | 17 | 20.5 | 40.5 | 35.9 | 2.9 | 3.3 | 7.2 | 4.4 | ||||||
180 | Benin | nf | 0.64 | 661 | 661 | 0.7 | 2.4 | 16.7 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.43 | 0.96 | 0.16 | 0.29 | .. | .. | 0.437 | 163 | 55.4 | 34.7 | 50.7 | 1,141 | 11707 | 6.295 | 7.023 | 3 | 9 | 11 | 3.2 | 2.9 | 21.9 | 40.1 | 44.6 | 44.2 | 41.9 | 2.7 | 2.9 | 7.1 | 5.9 | ||||||
181 | Ethiopia | 0.64 | 0.29 | 594 | 220 | 3.0 | 8.0 | 12.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.38 | 0.07 | 0.13 | 13.4 | 252 | 0.406 | 169 | 51.8 | 35.9 | 42.1 | 1,055 | 11567 | 6.375 | 7.125 | 34 | 79 | 101 | 2.8 | 2.5 | 9.5 | 16 | 19.1 | 44.5 | 41 | 2.9 | 3.1 | 6.8 | 5.8 | ||||||
182 | Niger | 0.65 | 0.29 | 502 | 220 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | .. | .. | 0.16 | 0.13 | 1.7 | 13 | 0.374 | 174 | 55.8 | 28.7 | 22.7 | 781 | 11544 | 6.389 | 7.145 | 5 | 13 | 19 | 3.3 | 3.5 | 11.4 | 16.8 | 19.3 | 48 | 47.3 | 3.1 | 3.4 | 8.1 | 7.4 | ||||||
183 | Haiti | 0.34 | 0.31 | 488 | 441 | 1.0 | 1.8 | 5.5 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.63 | 0.8 | 0.07 | 0.14 | 0.2 | 8 | 0.529 | 146 | 59.5 | .. | .. | 1,663 | 11528 | 6.398 | 7.156 | 5 | 9 | 11 | 2 | 1.5 | 21.7 | 38.8 | 45.5 | 38 | 34.1 | 4.1 | 4.6 | 5.6 | 4 | ||||||
184 | Occupied Palestinian Territories | .. | nd | .. | 441 | 441 | .. | 0.6 | .. | .. | 0 | .. | 0.2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.731 | 106 | 72.9 | 92.4 | 82.4 | .. | 11521 | 6.402 | 7.161 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 3.7 | 3 | 59.6 | 71.6 | 72.9 | 45.9 | 41.9 | 3.1 | 3 | 7.7 | 5.6 | |||||
185 | Timor-Leste | .. | nd | .. | 441 | 441 | .. | 0.2 | .. | .. | 0 | .. | 0.2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.514 | 150 | 59.7 | 50.1 | 72 | .. | 11519 | 6.403 | 7.162 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1.5 | 3.4 | 14.6 | 26.5 | 31.2 | 45 | 44 | 2.7 | 3 | 6.2 | 7 | |||||
186 | Eritrea | nf | 0.37 | 441 | 441 | .. | 0.8 | .. | .. | 0 | .. | 0.2 | .. | .. | .. | 0.17 | .. | .. | 0.483 | 157 | 56.6 | .. | 35.3 | 1,109 | 11511 | 6.408 | 7.169 | 2 | 5 | 6 | 2.5 | 3.1 | 13.5 | 19.4 | 24.3 | 43 | 42.6 | 2.3 | 2.5 | 6.5 | 5.5 | ||||||
187 | Sierra Leone | nf | 0.60 | 441 | 441 | 0.3 | 1.0 | 14.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | .. | .. | 0.1 | 0.27 | .. | .. | 0.336 | 177 | 41.8 | 34.8 | 44.6 | 806 | 11501 | 6.413 | 7.176 | 3 | 6 | 7 | 2.1 | 2.2 | 21.2 | 40.7 | 48.2 | 42.8 | 42.8 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 6.5 | 6.5 | ||||||
188 | Burundi | nf | 0.11 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | .. | .. | 0.04 | 0.05 | .. | .. | 0.413 | 167 | 48.5 | 59.3 | 37.9 | 699 | 11487 | 6.421 | 7.187 | 4 | 8 | 11 | 2.5 | 3.6 | 3.2 | 10 | 13.5 | 45.1 | 45.9 | 2.6 | 2.4 | 6.8 | 6.8 | ||||||
189 | Gambia | -0.09 | 0.26 | -248 | 441 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 3.6 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | 0.2 | .. | .. | 0.12 | 0.12 | -0.5 | 33 | 0.502 | 155 | 58.8 | .. | 50.1 | 1,921 | 11484 | 6.423 | 7.189 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3.5 | 2.5 | 24.4 | 53.9 | 61.8 | 41.2 | 38.3 | 3.7 | 4.5 | 6.6 | 5.2 | ||||||
190 | Rwanda | -0.28 | 0.13 | -283 | 220 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | .. | .. | 0.07 | 0.06 | -2.1 | 44 | 0.452 | 161 | 45.2 | 64.9 | 50.9 | 1,206 | 11467 | 6.432 | 7.201 | 4 | 9 | 12 | 2.5 | 2.7 | 4 | 19.3 | 28.7 | 43.5 | 43.7 | 2.5 | 2.2 | 8.3 | 6 | ||||||
191 | Côte d'Ivoire | -0.21 | 0.44 | -405 | 661 | 5.4 | 5.2 | -0.3 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 1.22 | 0.74 | 0.26 | 0.2 | -9.0 | 1,864 | 0.432 | 166 | 47.4 | 48.7 | 39.6 | 1,648 | 11432 | 6.451 | 7.224 | 7 | 19 | 22 | 3.5 | 1.8 | 32.2 | 45 | 49.8 | 41.7 | 37.9 | 3.2 | 3.5 | 7.4 | 5.1 | ||||||
192 | Georgia | 0.04 | 0.71 | -490 | 1,764 | 15.1 | 3.9 | -6.2 | 0.1 | 0 | 2.8 | 0.8 | 1.73 | 1.38 | 1.39 | 0.32 | -4.6 | 210 | 0.754 | 96 | 70.7 | 100 | 76.3 | 3,365 | 11424 | 6.456 | 7.228 | 5 | 5 | 4 | -0.3 | -0.7 | 49.5 | 52.2 | 53.8 | 18.9 | 15.9 | 14.3 | 14.4 | 2.6 | 1.5 | ||||||
193 | Cape Verde | -0.21 | 0.24 | -1,102 | 1,543 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 15.2 | 0 | 0 | 0.3 | 0.7 | .. | .. | 0.08 | 0.11 | -0.6 | 8 | 0.736 | 102 | 71 | 81.2 | 66.4 | 5,803 | 11423 | 6.456 | 7.229 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2.1 | 21.4 | 57.3 | 64.3 | 39.5 | 35.6 | 4.3 | 3.3 | 7 | 3.8 | ||||||
194 | Cuba | .. | nd | .. | -1,699 | 5,071 | 32.0 | 25.8 | -1.4 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 3 | 2.3 | 1.91 | 2.41 | .. | .. | -34.7 | 347 | 0.838 | 51 | 77.7 | 99.8 | 87.6 | 6,000 | 11399 | 6.468 | 7.241 | 9 | 11 | 11 | 0.6 | 0 | 64.2 | 75.5 | 74.7 | 19.2 | 15.7 | 11.2 | 14.3 | 3.6 | 1.6 | |||||
195 | Nepal | -1.24 | 0.18 | -1,968 | 220 | 0.6 | 3.0 | 27.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.11 | 0.34 | 0.03 | 0.08 | -26.9 | 485 | 0.534 | 142 | 62.6 | 48.6 | 58.1 | 1,550 | 11342 | 6.495 | 7.274 | 14 | 27 | 33 | 2.3 | 1.9 | 4.8 | 15.8 | 20.9 | 39 | 34.1 | 3.7 | 4.2 | 5.8 | 3.7 | ||||||
196 | Chile | -0.35 | 0.84 | -5,725 | 8,598 | 4.9 | (3,521) | 35.6 | 62.4 | 5.4 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 2.7 | 3.9 | 2.53 | 2.23 | 0.47 | 0.38 | -105.9 | 1,946 | 0.867 | 40 | 78.3 | 95.7 | 82.9 | 12,027 | 11297 | 6.512 | 7.292 | 10 | 16 | 18 | 1.5 | 1 | 78.4 | 87.6 | 90.1 | 24.9 | 20.9 | 8.1 | 10.5 | 3.6 | 2 | ||||
197 | Latvia | -0.36 | 0.62 | -6,710 | 6,614 | 6.7 | 1,447 | 12.7 | 7.1 | -3.7 | 0.1 | 0 | 4.8 | 3 | 2.15 | 1.54 | 0.85 | 0.28 | -13.9 | 231 | 0.855 | 45 | 72 | 99.7 | 90.2 | 13,646 | 11291 | 6.514 | 7.294 | 3 | 2 | 2 | -0.2 | -0.5 | 64.2 | 67.8 | 68.9 | 14.4 | 14.2 | 16.6 | 17.7 | 2 | 1.2 | ||||
198 | Bhutan | .. | nd | .. | -26,382 | 441 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 15.9 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | .. | .. | .. | .. | -7.3 | 345 | 0.579 | 133 | 64.7 | 47 | .. | .. | 11287 | 6.515 | 7.295 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1.9 | 1.5 | 4.6 | 11.1 | 14.8 | 33 | 24.9 | 4.6 | 5.4 | 6.7 | 2.9 | |||||
199 | Lesotho | .. | nd | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 0.549 | 138 | 42.6 | 82.2 | 66 | 3,335 | 6.517 | 7.297 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1.8 | 0.6 | 10.8 | 18.7 | 22 | 40.4 | 37.4 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 5.8 | 3.8 | ||||||||
200 | Ahmad+Wyckoff, OECD 2003 "Carbon Dioxide Emissions Embodied in International Trade in Goods" p.21 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/421482436815 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
201 | Hertwich+Peters, IO study based on GTAP, 2009 "Carbon Footprint of Nations: A Global, Trade-Linked Analysis" in http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es803496a | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
202 | Newer trade data, older domestic production data, so not used elsewhere on this site. Size of discrepancies invites more investigation | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
203 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
204 | Industry & ISIC code | Pounds CO2 per US $ (1997 PPP) | http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/es0629110 | Grams CO2 per US $ (1997 PPP) | CO2List.org, using data from Weber & Matthews (Carnegie-Mellon), 2007, "Embodied Environmental Emissions in US International Trade: 1997-2004." Environmental Science & Technology, 41 (14), 4875-4881 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
205 | ISIC at http://www.esds.ac.uk/international/support/user_guides/unido/isics_3digit.asp | Canada | Mexico | China | Japan | Korea | UK | Germany | USA | Canada | Mexico | China | Japan | Korea | UK | Germany | USA | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
206 | 25 Electricity Supply 40 | 11.1 | 13.3 | 15.1 | 9.2 | 6.5 | 7.1 | 14.5 | 20.2 | 5,013 | 6,049 | 6,860 | 4,173 | 2,964 | 3,221 | 6,586 | 9,144 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
207 | 32 Water Transport 61 | 6.7 | 7.0 | 4.8 | 6.7 | 2.1 | 5.3 | 1.0 | 5.3 | 3,023 | 3,182 | 2,162 | 3,059 | 954 | 2,382 | 440 | 2,420 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
208 | 11 Other Non-Metallic Mineral Products 26 | 6.8 | 2.8 | 5.3 | 4.3 | 1.8 | 2.3 | 3.8 | 4.5 | 3,094 | 1,279 | 2,404 | 1,942 | 800 | 1,053 | 1,732 | 2,044 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
209 | 33 Air Transport 62 | 4.6 | 7.0 | 2.6 | 4.5 | 1.7 | 4.4 | 4.1 | 4.2 | 2,106 | 3,182 | 1,182 | 2,029 | 752 | 2,004 | 1,876 | 1,921 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
210 | 30 Land Transport (Vehicle) 601 | 3.6 | 7.4 | 2.2 | 2.5 | 3.8 | 1.4 | 1.7 | 4.0 | 1,647 | 3,374 | 975 | 1,144 | 1,703 | 614 | 785 | 1,812 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
211 | 12 Iron & Steel 271 2731 | 5.7 | 6.4 | 7.2 | 7.8 | 1.0 | 5.9 | 6.9 | 3.6 | 2,595 | 2,883 | 3,253 | 3,533 | 472 | 2,682 | 3,117 | 1,623 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
212 | 07 Coke, Ref.Petroleum Prod.+Nuclear Fuel 23 | 5.4 | 4.2 | 3.0 | 2.8 | 0.5 | 2.3 | 6.6 | 3.5 | 2,462 | 1,920 | 1,342 | 1,251 | 210 | 1,027 | 2,972 | 1,584 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
213 | 08 Chemicals Exc.Pharmaceuticals 24ex2423 | 5.1 | 2.8 | 3.7 | 2.7 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 1.9 | 3.0 | 2,314 | 1,249 | 1,666 | 1,234 | 454 | 412 | 853 | 1,355 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
214 | 26 Gas And Water Supply 41 | 1.0 | 11.6 | 3.6 | 1.2 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 2.7 | 459 | 5,262 | 1,648 | 552 | 421 | 336 | 462 | 1,224 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
215 | 31 Rail Transport 602 | 3.1 | 7.0 | 2.4 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 1.3 | 2.5 | 1,410 | 3,182 | 1,074 | 342 | 295 | 223 | 588 | 1,138 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
216 | 13 Non-Ferrous Metals 272 2732 | 5.7 | 8.3 | 3.5 | 1.8 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 3.6 | 2.2 | 2,563 | 3,744 | 1,598 | 821 | 304 | 399 | 1,630 | 987 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
217 | 34 Other Transport And Storage 60-63 | 1.7 | 7.0 | 1.5 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.9 | 2.0 | 749 | 3,182 | 675 | 217 | 120 | 72 | 428 | 895 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
218 | 01 Agriculture, Hunting, Forestry And Fishing 01-05 | 2.7 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 1.2 | 1.9 | 1,223 | 430 | 417 | 465 | 152 | 199 | 555 | 868 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
219 | 10 Rubber And Plastics Products 25 | 2.3 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 1.4 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 1.2 | 1.7 | 1,052 | 992 | 1,039 | 642 | 372 | 263 | 544 | 753 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
220 | 02 Mining And Quarrying 10-14 | 3.5 | 1.0 | 2.6 | 3.1 | 0.1 | 1.2 | 3.7 | 1.7 | 1,603 | 473 | 1,179 | 1,406 | 42 | 525 | 1,662 | 753 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
221 | 05 Wood And Products Of Wood And Cork 20 | 1.8 | 0.7 | 1.7 | 0.9 | 0.3 | 1.6 | 1.0 | 1.6 | 836 | 305 | 750 | 407 | 114 | 744 | 463 | 718 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
222 | 04 Textiles, Textile Prod, Leather+Footwear 17-19 | 1.4 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 616 | 424 | 579 | 440 | 209 | 177 | 544 | 684 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
223 | 03 Food Products, Beverages And Tobacco 15-16 | 1.7 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 774 | 463 | 534 | 376 | 155 | 213 | 529 | 677 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
224 | 06 Pulp, Paper, Paper Prod, Printing+Publish. 21-22 | 2.8 | 1.3 | 2.1 | 1.2 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 1,259 | 600 | 944 | 544 | 246 | 153 | 457 | 674 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
225 | 23 Railroad Equip.+Transport Equip. NEC 352, 359 | 1.6 | 1.1 | 2.5 | 1.3 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 1.4 | 727 | 511 | 1,151 | 582 | 95 | 39 | 39 | 622 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
226 | 14 Fabricated Metal, Exc.Machinery+Equip. 28 | 2.1 | 1.2 | 3.7 | 2.1 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 1.6 | 1.4 | 974 | 540 | 1,690 | 957 | 136 | 333 | 745 | 619 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
227 | 27 Construction 45 | 1.6 | 1.8 | 2.9 | 1.1 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 722 | 799 | 1,312 | 485 | 173 | 150 | 423 | 590 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
228 | 20 Motor Vehicles, Trailers And Semi-Trailers 34 | 1.6 | 1.4 | 2.4 | 1.4 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 742 | 619 | 1,096 | 618 | 143 | 177 | 599 | 557 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
229 | Industry & ISIC code | Pounds CO2 per US $ (1997 PPP) | http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/es0629110 | Grams CO2 per US $ (1997 PPP) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
230 | ISIC at http://www.esds.ac.uk/international/support/user_guides/unido/isics_3digit.asp | Canada | Mexico | China | Japan | Korea | UK | Germany | USA | Canada | Mexico | China | Japan | Korea | UK | Germany | USA | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
231 | 24 Manufacturing Nec; Recycling 36-37 | 1.4 | 2.2 | 1.6 | 1.2 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 626 | 981 | 720 | 553 | 341 | 323 | 433 | 524 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
232 | 21 Building And Repairing Of Ships And Boats 351 | 1.8 | 1.1 | 2.7 | 2.1 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 808 | 511 | 1,216 | 943 | 119 | 113 | 526 | 514 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
233 | 17 Electrical Machinery And Apparatus, Nec 31 | 1.9 | 1.6 | 3.2 | 1.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 875 | 736 | 1,457 | 513 | 71 | 136 | 397 | 496 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
234 | 15 Machinery And Equipment, N.E.C. 29 | 1.5 | 1.3 | 2.7 | 1.3 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 700 | 573 | 1,206 | 599 | 82 | 198 | 425 | 488 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
235 | 29 Hotels And Restaurants 55 | 1.0 | 0.3 | 1.0 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 462 | 122 | 458 | 303 | 89 | 118 | 378 | 466 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
236 | 22 Aircraft And Spacecraft 353 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 1.6 | 1.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.9 | 424 | 7 | 735 | 522 | 46 | 39 | 39 | 417 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
237 | 45 Other Community, Social+Personal Svcs 90-93 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 1.5 | 0.9 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.9 | 415 | 193 | 684 | 394 | 116 | 116 | 152 | 407 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
238 | 09 Pharmaceuticals 2423 | 1.1 | 1.5 | 1.7 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 487 | 666 | 753 | 375 | 419 | 51 | 120 | 384 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
239 | 37 Real Estate Activities 70 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.8 | 198 | 89 | 342 | 56 | 60 | 29 | 57 | 379 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
240 | 19 Medic,Precis+Optical Instrum 33 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 919 | 887 | 350 | 264 | 73 | 332 | 346 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
241 | 16 Office, Accounting And Computing Machinery 30 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.8 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 419 | 473 | 820 | 348 | 65 | 44 | 299 | 322 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
242 | 28 Wholesale And Retail Trade; Repairs 50-52 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 1.1 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 406 | 174 | 519 | 178 | 380 | 143 | 262 | 295 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
243 | 43 Education 80 | 0.7 | 1.5 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 302 | 693 | 156 | 54 | 134 | 165 | 285 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
244 | 40 Research And Development 73 | 1.7 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 761 | 348 | 40 | 72 | 200 | 279 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
245 | 18 Radio, TV & Communication Equip. 32 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 429 | 439 | 898 | 385 | 78 | 43 | 464 | 278 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
246 | 35 Post And Telecommunications 64 | 1.0 | 0.4 | 1.3 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 453 | 173 | 581 | 138 | 368 | 80 | 140 | 278 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
247 | 44 Health And Social Work 85 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 1.5 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 246 | 141 | 691 | 257 | 129 | 131 | 188 | 258 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
248 | 38 Renting Of Machinery And Equipment 71 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 326 | 84 | 23 | 112 | 37 | 256 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
249 | 41 Other Business Activities 74 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 1.1 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 342 | 163 | 487 | 162 | 39 | 46 | 98 | 185 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
250 | 39 Computer And Related Activities 72 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 340 | 15 | 56 | 44 | 72 | 139 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
251 | 36 Finance, Insurance 65-67 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 231 | 108 | 348 | 90 | 32 | 80 | 103 | 109 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
252 | 42 Public Admin.+Defence 75 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 1.3 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 366 | 104 | 608 | 208 | 93 | 165 | 218 | 64 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
253 | 46 Other 95-99 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 321 | 86 | 47 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1 | CO2List.org | CO2 per Unit of Currency | CO2 per KWH of Electricity Delivered | Sources of | Pounds CO2 per US$, 2000 PPP | National Currency per US Dollar | Codes | |||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2 | Notes on bottom of columns | Electricity | incl. trade | excl. trade | excl. trade | |||||||||||||||||||||||
3 | Much more information on "Countries" tab | Pounds | Kilos | Pounds | Kilos | Kilos if Hydro Reservoirs are in Forests | Pounds CO2 per Megawatt Hour of Electricity (Combustion Only) | % nuclear | % hydro | % other renewable | Electricity Lost in Distribution (estimates shown negative) | GDP per capita (PPP US$) | incl. defores-tation, if available | incl. defores-tation, if available | excl. defores-tation | Market Exchange Rate | Equal Prices (PPP) | Market Exchange Rate | Equal Prices (PPP) | Alpha-2 | Alpha-3 | Numeric | Average Latitude | Average Longitude | ||||
4 | 2009 Prices (PPP) | 2011 | 2011 | 2011 | 2011 | 2000 | 2005 | 2004 - 2005 | 2004 - 2005 | 2004 | 2009 | 2009 | 2000 | 2000 | ||||||||||||||
5 | Afghanistan | Afghani | 1.25 | 0.57 | 1.77 | 375 | 0% | 71% | 0% | -12.1% | 48.74 | 18.8 | 61.6 | 24.3 | AF | AFG | 4 | 33.0 | 65.0 | |||||||||
6 | Albania | 0.0090 | 0.0041 | Lek | 1.13 | 0.51 | 1.99 | 37 | 0% | 98% | 0% | -13.0% | 5,316 | 0.48 | 0.57 | 95.81 | 53.3 | 143.7 | 53.4 | AL | ALB | 8 | 41.0 | 20.0 | ||||
7 | Algeria | 0.0428 | 0.0194 | Algerian Dinar | 1.28 | 0.58 | 0.61 | 989 | 0% | 2% | 3% | -12.7% | 7,062 | 2.13 | 2.18 | 72.73 | 49.8 | 75.3 | 34.6 | DZ | DZA | 12 | 28.0 | 3.0 | ||||
8 | American Samoa | - | - | - | -12.1% | AS | ASM | 16 | -14.3 | -170.0 | ||||||||||||||||||
9 | Andorra | - | - | - | - | 0% | 0% | 0% | -12.1% | AD | AND | 20 | 42.5 | 1.6 | ||||||||||||||
10 | Angola | 0.0349 | 0.0158 | Kwanza | 1.25 | 0.57 | 2.26 | 330 | 0% | 75% | 0% | -13.6% | 2,335 | 2.84 | 0.64 | 89.4 | 81.3 | 10.0 | 4.2 | AO | AGO | 24 | -12.5 | 18.5 | ||||
11 | Anguilla | - | - | - | -12.1% | AI | AIA | 660 | 18.3 | -63.2 | ||||||||||||||||||
12 | Antarctica | 0.49 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 304 | 0% | 0% | 82% | -12.1% | AQ | ATA | 10 | -90.0 | 0.0 | ||||||||||||||
13 | Antigua and Barbuda | 0.4834 | 0.2193 | East Caribbean Dollar | 1.51 | 0.69 | 0.69 | 1,200 | 0% | 0% | 0% | -11.8% | 12,500 | nf | 1.01 | 2.7 | 2.1 | 2.7 | 2.0 | AG | ATG | 28 | 17.1 | -61.8 | ||||
14 | Argentina | 0.5689 | 0.2580 | Argentine Peso | 1.21 | 0.55 | 1.05 | 679 | 7% | 30% | 1% | -11.4% | 14,280 | 1.17 | 0.68 | 3.78 | 2.1 | 1.0 | 0.9 | AR | ARG | 32 | -34.0 | -64.0 | ||||
15 | Armenia | 0.0040 | 0.0018 | Armenian Dram | 0.81 | 0.37 | 0.82 | 266 | 42% | 29% | 0% | -13.1% | 4,945 | 0.74 | 0.68 | 377.89 | 185.0 | 539.5 | 158.9 | AM | ARM | 51 | 40.0 | 45.0 | ||||
16 | Aruba | - | - | - | -12.1% | AW | ABW | 533 | 12.5 | -70.0 | ||||||||||||||||||
17 | Australia | 0.9804 | 0.4447 | Australian Dollar | 2.46 | 1.11 | 1.24 | 1,966 | 0% | 7% | 2% | -8.3% | 31,794 | 1.21 | nf | 1.28 | 1.11 | 1.3 | 1.7 | 1.3 | AU | AUS | 36 | -27.0 | 133.0 | |||
18 | Austria | 0.7865 | 0.3568 | Euro | 1.23 | 0.56 | 1.28 | 531 | 0% | 59% | 7% | 5.3% | 33,700 | nf | 0.64 | 0.718 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 0.9 | AT | AUT | 40 | 47.3 | 13.3 | ||||
19 | Azerbaijan | 6.1056 | 2.7695 | Azerbaijanian Manat | 1.24 | 0.56 | 0.76 | 858 | 0% | 13% | 0% | -13.1% | 5,016 | 2.34 | 2.34 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 0.9 | 0.2 | AZ | AZE | 31 | 40.5 | 47.5 | ||||
20 | Bahamas | Bahamian Dollar | 1.12 | 0.51 | 0.51 | 901 | 0% | 0% | 1% | -10.7% | 18,380 | .. | nd | .. | 1 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 0.8 | BS | BHS | 44 | 24.3 | -76.0 | |||||
21 | Bahrain | 11.1579 | 5.0612 | Bahraini Dinar | 1.07 | 0.49 | 0.49 | 851 | 0% | 0% | 17% | -10.1% | 21,482 | nf | 2.87 | 0.376 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.3 | BH | BHR | 48 | 26.0 | 50.6 | ||||
22 | Bangladesh | 0.0133 | 0.0060 | Taka | 1.38 | 0.62 | 0.73 | 1,016 | 0% | 6% | 4% | -13.6% | 2,053 | 0.34 | 0.33 | 69.27 | 25.5 | 52.1 | 20.1 | BD | BGD | 50 | 24.0 | 90.0 | ||||
23 | Barbados | Barbados Dollar | 1.08 | 0.49 | 0.49 | 867 | 0% | 0% | 0% | -10.9% | 17,297 | .. | nd | .. | 2 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 0.9 | BB | BRB | 52 | 13.2 | -59.5 | |||||
24 | Belarus | 0.0017 | 0.0008 | Belarussian Ruble | 1.23 | 0.56 | 0.56 | 966 | 0% | 0% | 0% | -12.6% | 7,918 | 1.70 | 2.27 | 2144.564573 | 1,002.2 | 876.8 | 177.8 | BY | BLR | 112 | 53.0 | 28.0 | ||||
25 | Belgium | 0.8648 | 0.3923 | Euro | 1.00 | 0.45 | 0.46 | 699 | 55% | 0% | 3% | 4.6% | 32,119 | 0.73 | 0.75 | 0.717 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 0.9 | BE | BEL | 56 | 50.8 | 4.0 | ||||
26 | Belize | 1.0690 | 0.4849 | Belize Dollar | 1.21 | 0.55 | 1.49 | 564 | 0% | 44% | 7% | -12.7% | 7,109 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 2 | 0.9 | 2.0 | 0.9 | BZ | BLZ | 84 | 17.3 | -88.8 | ||||
27 | Benin | 0.0028 | 0.0013 | CFA Franc BCEAO | 1.48 | 0.67 | 0.67 | 1,144 | 0% | 0% | 0% | -13.8% | 1,141 | nf | 0.64 | 455.34 | 228.8 | 712.0 | 239.4 | BJ | BEN | 204 | 9.5 | 2.3 | ||||
28 | Bermuda | Bermudian Dollar | 1.18 | 0.54 | 0.54 | 936 | 0% | 0% | 0% | -12.1% | 1 | 1.7 | 1.0 | 1.6 | BM | BMU | 60 | 32.3 | -64.8 | |||||||||
29 | Bhutan | Ngultrum | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1 | 0% | 0% | 0% | -12.1% | .. | nd | .. | 46.68 | 15.7 | 44.9 | 12.4 | BT | BTN | 64 | 27.5 | 90.5 | ||||||
30 | Bolivia | 2.8101 | 1.2747 | Boliviano | 1.24 | 0.56 | 1.65 | 526 | 0% | 51% | 2% | -13.5% | 2,819 | 8.28 | 0.68 | 7.02 | 2.9 | 6.2 | 2.4 | BO | BOL | 68 | -17.0 | -65.0 | ||||
31 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | Convertible Marks | 2.40 | 1.09 | 1.75 | 1,439 | 0% | 45% | 0% | 15.2% | 7,032 | .. | nd | .. | 1.36 | 0.8 | 2.1 | 0.5 | BA | BIH | 70 | 44.0 | 18.0 | |||||
32 | Botswana | 0.2715 | 0.1231 | Pula | 3.42 | 1.55 | 1.55 | 2,712 | 0% | 0% | 0% | -11.8% | 12,387 | 1.01 | 0.51 | 6.67 | 3.7 | 5.1 | 2.3 | BW | BWA | 72 | -22.0 | 24.0 | ||||
33 | Bouvet Island | - | - | - | -12.1% | BV | BVT | 74 | -54.4 | 3.4 | ||||||||||||||||||
34 | Brazil | 1.2337 | 0.5596 | Brazilian Real | 1.07 | 0.48 | 2.40 | 111 | 2% | 83% | 5% | -12.5% | 8,402 | 2.11 | 2.09 | 0.53 | 1.74 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 1.1 | BR | BRA | 76 | -10.0 | -55.0 | |||
35 | British Indian Ocean Territory | - | - | - | -12.1% | IO | IOT | 86 | -6.0 | 71.5 | ||||||||||||||||||
36 | Brunei Darussalam | Brunei Dollar | 1.33 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 1,090 | 0% | 0% | 0% | -8.9% | 28,161 | .. | nd | .. | 1.44 | 0.6 | 1.7 | 0.9 | BN | BRN | 96 | 4.5 | 114.7 | |||||
37 | Bulgaria | 1.3341 | 0.6052 | Bulgarian Lev | 1.81 | 0.82 | 0.99 | 1,214 | 39% | 12% | 0% | -12.4% | 9,032 | 1.01 | 1.59 | 1.36 | 0.8 | 2.1 | 0.6 | BG | BGR | 100 | 43.0 | 25.0 | ||||
38 | Burkina Faso | 0.0112 | 0.0051 | CFA Franc BCEAO | 1.30 | 0.59 | 0.98 | 854 | 0% | 18% | 0% | -13.8% | 1,213 | 2.67 | 0.18 | 455.34 | 238.9 | 712.0 | 225.3 | BF | BFA | 854 | 13.0 | -2.0 | ||||
39 | Burundi | 0.0003 | 0.0001 | Burundi Franc | 1.13 | 0.51 | 2.96 | 35 | 0% | 98% | 0% | -13.9% | 699 | nf | 0.11 | 1230.5 | 393.8 | 720.7 | 294.1 | BI | BDI | 108 | -3.5 | 30.0 | ||||
40 | Cambodia | 0.0028 | 0.0013 | Riel | 1.52 | 0.69 | 1.25 | 963 | 0% | 25% | 0% | -13.5% | 2,727 | 4.70 | 0.04 | 4165 | 1,666.3 | 3,840.8 | 1,219.9 | KH | KHM | 116 | 13.0 | 105.0 | ||||
41 | Cameroon | 0.0153 | 0.0069 | CFA Franc BEAC | 1.13 | 0.51 | 2.78 | 76 | 0% | 93% | 0% | -13.6% | 2,299 | 4.15 | 0.26 | 455.34 | 272.0 | 712.0 | 284.9 | CM | CMR | 120 | 6.0 | 12.0 | ||||
42 | Canada | 1.3343 | 0.6052 | Canadian Dollar | 1.13 | 0.51 | 0.99 | 471 | 12% | 50% | 4% | -8.0% | 33,375 | 1.36 | nf | 1.52 | 1.05 | 1.1 | 1.5 | 1.2 | CA | CAN | 124 | 60.0 | -95.0 | |||
43 | Cape Verde | Cape Verde Escudo | 1.51 | 0.69 | 0.69 | 1,170 | 0% | 0% | 13% | -13.0% | 5,803 | -0.21 | 0.24 | 76.54 | 58.6 | 119.7 | 74.5 | CV | CPV | 132 | 16.0 | -24.0 | ||||||
44 | Cayman Islands | 1.21 | 0.55 | 0.55 | 959 | 0% | 0% | 0% | -12.1% | KY | CYM | 136 | 19.5 | -80.5 | ||||||||||||||
45 | Central African Republic | 0.0223 | 0.0101 | CFA Franc BEAC | 1.22 | 0.55 | 2.52 | 247 | 0% | 81% | 0% | -13.8% | 1,224 | 6.01 | 0.13 | 455.34 | 269.7 | 712.0 | 291.6 | CF | CAF | 140 | 7.0 | 21.0 | ||||
46 | Chad | 0.0041 | 0.0018 | CFA Franc BEAC | 1.62 | 0.73 | 0.73 | 1,253 | 0% | 0% | 0% | -13.7% | 1,427 | 0.88 | 0.02 | 455.34 | 215.9 | 712.0 | 233.0 | TD | TCD | 148 | 15.0 | 19.0 | ||||
47 | Chile | Chilean Peso | 1.67 | 0.76 | 1.60 | 917 | 0% | 47% | 2% | -11.8% | 12,027 | -0.35 | 0.84 | 530.2751169 | 403.0 | 539.6 | 359.3 | CL | CHL | 152 | -30.0 | -71.0 | ||||||
48 | China Version 1 | Yuan Renminbi | - | - | - | -12.1% | 6.83 | 3.3 | 8.3 | 3.0 | ||||||||||||||||||
49 | China | 0.4045 | 0.1835 | Yuan Renminbi | 2.60 | 1.18 | 1.42 | 1,910 | 2% | 15% | 0% | -12.8% | 6,757 | 1.28 | 1.46 | 1.54 | 6.83 | 3.2 | 8.3 | 2.6 | CN | CHN | 156 | 35.0 | 105.0 | |||
50 | Christmas Island | - | - | - | -12.1% | CX | CXR | 162 | -10.5 | 105.7 | ||||||||||||||||||
51 | Cocos (Keeling) Islands | - | - | - | -12.1% | CC | CCK | 166 | -12.5 | 96.8 | ||||||||||||||||||
52 | Colombia | 0.0004 | 0.0002 | Colombian Peso | 1.33 | 0.60 | 2.58 | 352 | 0% | 80% | 1% | -12.7% | 7,304 | 0.58 | 0.42 | 2044.23 | 1,335.1 | 2,087.9 | 1,011.3 | CO | COL | 170 | 4.0 | -72.0 | ||||
53 | Comoros | 0.0019 | 0.0009 | Comoro Franc | 1.61 | 0.73 | 0.73 | 1,252 | 0% | 0% | 0% | -13.6% | 1,993 | 0.47 | 0.20 | 341.5 | 246.0 | 534.0 | 216.7 | KM | COM | 174 | -12.2 | 44.3 | ||||
54 | Congo | 0.0176 | 0.0080 | CFA Franc BEAC | 1.09 | 0.50 | 2.63 | 128 | 0% | 83% | 5% | -13.8% | 1,262 | 8.79 | 1.90 | 417.03 | 498.1 | 712.0 | 411.6 | CG | COG | 178 | -1.0 | 15.0 | ||||
55 | Congo (Democratic Republic of the) | 0.0292 | 0.0133 | Franc Congolais | 1.11 | 0.51 | 3.10 | 4 | 0% | 100% | 0% | -13.9% | 714 | 15.55 | 0.13 | 902.66 | 532.2 | 21.8 | 29.5 | CD | COD | 180 | 0.0 | 25.0 | ||||
56 | Cook Islands | - | - | - | -12.1% | CK | COK | 184 | -21.2 | -159.8 | ||||||||||||||||||
57 | Costa Rica | 0.0018 | 0.0008 | Costa Rican Colon | 0.87 | 0.39 | 2.12 | 16 | 0% | 75% | 23% | -12.2% | 10,180 | 0.55 | 0.37 | 565.24 | 303.8 | 308.2 | 152.0 | CR | CRI | 188 | 10.0 | -84.0 | ||||
58 | Côte d'Ivoire | CFA Franc BCEAO | 1.28 | 0.58 | 1.32 | 725 | 0% | 31% | 0% | -13.7% | 1,648 | -0.21 | 0.44 | 455.34 | 354.3 | 712.0 | 437.5 | CI | CIV | 384 | 8.0 | -5.0 | ||||||
59 | Croatia | 0.1514 | 0.0687 | Croatian Kuna | 1.56 | 0.71 | 1.47 | 702 | 0% | 51% | 2% | 18.2% | 13,042 | 0.66 | 1.06 | 5.09 | 4.4 | 8.3 | 4.1 | HR | HRV | 191 | 45.2 | 15.5 | ||||
60 | Cuba | Cuban Peso | 1.06 | 0.48 | 0.49 | 823 | 0% | 1% | 3% | -12.9% | 6,000 | .. | nd | .. | 1 | 0.4 | 1.0 | 0.4 | CU | CUB | 192 | 21.5 | -80.0 | |||||
61 | Cyprus | 1.3322 | 0.6043 | Euro | 1.05 | 0.47 | 0.47 | 848 | 0% | 0% | 0% | -9.9% | 22,699 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 0.717 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 0.7 | CY | CYP | 196 | 35.0 | 33.0 | ||||
62 | Czech Republic | 0.0709 | 0.0322 | Czech Koruna | 2.14 | 0.97 | 1.01 | 1,637 | 30% | 3% | 1% | 9.0% | 20,538 | 1.03 | 1.32 | 1.46 | 18.37 | 14.5 | 38.6 | 15.4 | CZ | CZE | 203 | 49.8 | 15.5 | |||
63 | Denmark | 0.0878 | 0.0398 | Danish Krone | 1.00 | 0.46 | 0.46 | 826 | 0% | 0% | 18% | 6.6% | 33,973 | 0.71 | 0.72 | 0.73 | 5.19 | 8.1 | 8.1 | 8.5 | DK | DNK | 208 | 56.0 | 10.0 | |||
64 | Djibouti | 0.0081 | 0.0037 | Djibouti Franc | 1.30 | 0.59 | 0.59 | 1,012 | 0% | 0% | 0% | -13.6% | 2,178 | 0.55 | 0.55 | 177.721 | 67.9 | 177.7 | 83.0 | DJ | DJI | 262 | 11.5 | 43.0 | ||||
65 | Dominica | 0.2563 | 0.1163 | East Caribbean Dollar | 1.32 | 0.60 | 1.50 | 675 | 0% | 42% | 0% | -12.8% | 6,393 | nf | 0.57 | 2.7 | 2.2 | 2.7 | 2.3 | DM | DMA | 212 | 15.4 | -61.3 | ||||
66 | Dominican Republic | 0.0464 | 0.0210 | Dominican Peso | 1.37 | 0.62 | 0.95 | 942 | 0% | 16% | 0% | -12.5% | 8,217 | 0.73 | 0.73 | 36.21 | 15.7 | 16.4 | 7.1 | DO | DOM | 214 | 19.0 | -70.7 | ||||
67 | Ecuador | 2.2828 | 1.0355 | US Dollar | 1.19 | 0.54 | 2.03 | 418 | 0% | 59% | 1% | -13.2% | 4,341 | nf | 1.32 | 1 | 0.6 | 1.0 | 0.3 | EC | ECU | 218 | -2.0 | -77.5 | ||||
68 | Egypt | 0.5028 | 0.2281 | Egyptian Pound | 1.19 | 0.54 | 0.76 | 825 | 0% | 12% | 1% | -13.2% | 4,337 | 1.27 | 1.28 | 5.48 | 2.5 | 3.5 | 1.6 | EG | EGY | 818 | 27.0 | 30.0 | ||||
69 | El Salvador | 0.8802 | 0.3993 | US Dollar | 0.78 | 0.35 | 0.98 | 334 | 0% | 28% | 35% | -13.1% | 5,255 | nf | 0.44 | 1 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 0.5 | SV | SLV | 222 | 13.8 | -88.9 | ||||
70 | Equatorial Guinea | 0.0199 | 0.0090 | CFA Franc BEAC | 1.53 | 0.70 | 1.61 | 892 | 0% | 36% | 0% | -12.6% | 7,874 | 5.65 | 3.46 | 455.34 | 283.9 | 712.0 | 467.5 | GQ | GNQ | 226 | 2.0 | 10.0 | ||||
71 | Eritrea | 0.0500 | 0.0227 | Nakfa | 1.28 | 0.58 | 0.58 | 990 | 0% | 0% | 0% | -13.8% | 1,109 | nf | 0.37 | 15.375 | 7.4 | 9.6 | 2.2 | ER | ERI | 232 | 15.0 | 39.0 | ||||
72 | Estonia | 0.2773 | 0.1258 | Kroon | 1.02 | 0.46 | 0.46 | 811 | 0% | 0% | 1% | -11.2% | 15,478 | nf | 2.47 | 10.87 | 8.9 | 17.0 | 7.5 | EE | EST | 233 | 59.0 | 26.0 | ||||
73 | Ethiopia | 0.1333 | 0.0604 | Ethiopian Birr | 1.11 | 0.50 | 2.81 | 29 | 0% | 96% | 1% | -13.8% | 1,055 | 0.64 | 0.29 | 12.64 | 4.8 | 8.2 | 2.5 | ET | ETH | 231 | 8.0 | 38.0 | ||||
74 | Falkland Islands (Malvinas) | - | - | - | -12.1% | FK | FLK | 238 | -51.8 | -59.0 | ||||||||||||||||||
75 | Faroe Islands | 1.21 | 0.55 | 0.85 | 699 | 0% | 30% | 2% | -12.1% | FO | FRO | 234 | 62.0 | -7.0 | ||||||||||||||
76 | Fiji | 0.3626 | 0.1645 | Fiji Dollar | 1.15 | 0.52 | 1.88 | 345 | 0% | 64% | 3% | -12.9% | 6,049 | nf | 0.53 | 1.93 | 1.5 | 2.1 | 1.2 | FJ | FJI | 242 | -18.0 | 175.0 | ||||
77 | Finland | 0.6872 | 0.3117 | Euro | 0.38 | 0.17 | 0.21 | 198 | 7% | 4% | 75% | 3.8% | 32,153 | 0.65 | 0.70 | 0.99 | 0.717 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 1.0 | FI | FIN | 246 | 64.0 | 26.0 | |||
78 | France | 0.6156 | 0.2792 | Euro | 0.59 | 0.27 | 0.39 | 193 | 78% | 9% | 2% | 7.2% | 30,386 | 0.53 | 0.45 | 0.51 | 0.717 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 0.9 | FR | FRA | 250 | 46.0 | 2.0 | |||
79 | French Guiana | - | - | - | -12.1% | GF | GUF | 254 | 4.0 | -53.0 | ||||||||||||||||||
80 | French Polynesia | 1.27 | 0.58 | 0.99 | 843 | 0% | 19% | 0% | -12.1% | PF | PYF | 258 | -15.0 | -140.0 | ||||||||||||||
81 | French Southern Territories | - | - | - | -12.1% | TF | ATF | 260 | -43.0 | 67.0 | ||||||||||||||||||
82 | Gabon | 0.0053 | 0.0024 | CFA Franc BEAC | 1.23 | 0.56 | 1.97 | 485 | 0% | 55% | 0% | -12.7% | 6,954 | 1.79 | 0.35 | 455.34 | 335.7 | 712.0 | 381.3 | GA | GAB | 266 | -1.0 | 11.8 | ||||
83 | Gambia | Dalasi | 1.30 | 0.59 | 0.59 | 1,006 | 0% | 0% | 0% | -13.7% | 1,921 | -0.09 | 0.26 | 28.06585833 | 9.3 | 12.8 | 5.7 | GM | GMB | 270 | 13.5 | -16.6 | ||||||
84 | Georgia | 0.0571 | 0.0259 | Lari | 1.14 | 0.52 | 1.82 | 133 | 0% | 87% | 0% | -13.4% | 3,365 | 0.04 | 0.71 | 1.69 | 0.7 | 2.0 | 0.5 | GE | GEO | 268 | 42.0 | 43.5 | ||||
85 | Germany | 1.0265 | 0.4656 | Euro | 1.70 | 0.77 | 0.81 | 1,351 | 24% | 3% | 7% | 4.9% | 29,461 | 0.83 | 0.77 | 0.84 | 0.717 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 0.9 | DE | DEU | 276 | 51.0 | 9.0 | |||
86 | Ghana | 3.6157 | 1.6401 | Cedi | 1.07 | 0.49 | 2.49 | 104 | 0% | 84% | 4% | -13.6% | 2,480 | 1.97 | 0.35 | 1.42 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.2 | GH | GHA | 288 | 8.0 | -2.0 | ||||
87 | Gibraltar | - | - | - | -12.1% | GI | GIB | 292 | 36.2 | -5.4 | ||||||||||||||||||
88 | Greece | 1.3497 | 0.6122 | Euro | 2.25 | 1.02 | 1.15 | 1,757 | 0% | 9% | 3% | 9.4% | 23,381 | 0.97 | 0.93 | 0.95 | 0.719 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 0.7 | GR | GRC | 300 | 39.0 | 22.0 | |||
89 | Greenland | - | - | - | -12.1% | GL | GRL | 304 | 72.0 | -40.0 | ||||||||||||||||||
90 | Grenada | 0.5455 | 0.2474 | East Caribbean Dollar | 1.29 | 0.58 | 0.58 | 1,011 | 0% | 0% | 0% | -12.6% | 7,843 | nf | 0.64 | 2.7 | 1.2 | 2.7 | 0.9 | GD | GRD | 308 | 12.1 | -61.7 | ||||
91 | Guadeloupe | - | - | - | -12.1% | GP | GLP | 312 | 16.3 | -61.6 | ||||||||||||||||||
92 | Guam | - | - | - | -12.1% | GU | GUM | 316 | 13.5 | 144.8 | ||||||||||||||||||
93 | Guatemala | 0.4576 | 0.2076 | Quetzal | 1.30 | 0.59 | 1.50 | 633 | 0% | 42% | 18% | -13.2% | 4,568 | 1.50 | 0.55 | 8.35 | 3.3 | 7.8 | 2.5 | GT | GTM | 320 | 15.5 | -90.3 | ||||
94 | Guernsey | - | - | - | -12.1% | GG | GGY | 831 | 49.5 | -2.6 | ||||||||||||||||||
95 | Guinea | 0.0008 | 0.0004 | Guinea Franc | 1.24 | 0.56 | 1.71 | 535 | 0% | 50% | 0% | -13.6% | 2,316 | 1.84 | 0.15 | 5228.901097 | 2,384.3 | 1,746.9 | 957.6 | GN | GIN | 324 | 11.0 | -10.0 | ||||
96 | Guinea-Bissau | 0.0043 | 0.0020 | CFA Franc BCEAO | 1.50 | 0.68 | 0.68 | 1,160 | 0% | 0% | 0% | -13.9% | 827 | 1.36 | 0.53 | 522.8901097 | 312.7 | 712.0 | 245.5 | GW | GNB | 624 | 12.0 | -15.0 | ||||
97 | Guyana | 0.0091 | 0.0041 | Guyana Dollar | 1.34 | 0.61 | 0.62 | 1,037 | 0% | 0% | 3% | -13.2% | 4,508 | nf | 1.04 | 203.25 | 113.8 | 182.4 | 87.0 | GY | GUY | 328 | 5.0 | -59.0 | ||||
98 | Haiti | 0.0200 | 0.0091 | Gourde | 1.27 | 0.58 | 1.53 | 591 | 0% | 46% | 0% | -13.7% | 1,663 | 0.34 | 0.31 | 42.02 | 17.0 | 21.2 | 6.5 | HT | HTI | 332 | 19.0 | -72.4 | ||||
99 | Heard Island and McDonald Islands | - | - | - | -12.1% | HM | HMD | 334 | -53.1 | 72.5 | ||||||||||||||||||
100 | Holy See (Vatican City State) | - | - | - | -12.1% | VA | VAT | 336 | 41.9 | 12.5 | ||||||||||||||||||
101 | Honduras | 0.0884 | 0.0401 | Lempira | 1.06 | 0.48 | 1.07 | 593 | 0% | 27% | 2% | -13.4% | 3,430 | nf | 0.79 | 18.9 | 8.9 | 14.8 | 6.0 | HN | HND | 340 | 15.0 | -86.5 | ||||
102 | Hong Kong, China (SAR) | 0.0704 | 0.0319 | Hong Kong Dollar | - | - | - | -7.7% | 34,833 | nf | 0.42 | 7.76 | 6.0 | 7.8 | 7.5 | HK | HKG | 344 | 22.3 | 114.2 | ||||||||
103 | Hungary | 0.0051 | 0.0023 | Forint | 0.97 | 0.44 | 0.45 | 657 | 27% | 0% | 4% | 15.1% | 17,887 | 0.74 | 0.74 | 0.82 | 188.07 | 144.6 | 282.2 | 115.0 | HU | HUN | 348 | 47.0 | 20.0 | |||
104 | Iceland | 0.0042 | 0.0019 | Iceland Krona | 0.74 | 0.34 | 0.98 | 3 | 0% | 68% | 32% | -7.4% | 36,510 | 0.51 | 0.53 | 124.9 | 121.9 | 78.6 | 81.6 | IS | ISL | 352 | 65.0 | -18.0 | ||||
105 | India | 0.0586 | 0.0266 | Indian Rupee | 2.46 | 1.12 | 1.45 | 1,773 | 2% | 16% | 2% | -13.4% | 3,452 | 0.88 | 0.95 | 0.97 | 46.68 | 15.0 | 44.9 | 12.3 | IN | IND | 356 | 20.0 | 77.0 | |||
106 | Indonesia | 0.0013 | 0.0006 | Rupiah | 1.98 | 0.90 | 1.12 | 1,458 | 0% | 9% | 7% | -13.3% | 3,843 | 6.93 | 1.17 | 9400 | 5,433.9 | 8,421.8 | 2,421.0 | ID | IDN | 360 | -5.0 | 120.0 | ||||
107 | Iran (Islamic Republic of) | 0.0005 | 0.0002 | Iranian Rial | 1.14 | 0.52 | 0.70 | 799 | 0% | 10% | 4% | -12.6% | 7,968 | 2.04 | 2.05 | 9984 | 3,977.5 | 1,764.4 | 1,447.2 | IR | IRN | 364 | 32.0 | 53.0 | ||||
108 | Iraq | Iraqi Dinar | 1.09 | 0.50 | 0.52 | 852 | 0% | 1% | 0% | -12.1% | 1170 | 834.6 | 1,930.0 | 470.1 | IQ | IRQ | 368 | 33.0 | 44.0 | |||||||||
109 | Ireland | 0.6929 | 0.3143 | Euro | 1.64 | 0.75 | 0.77 | 1,309 | 0% | 2% | 6% | 9.7% | 38,505 | 0.67 | 0.68 | 0.717 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.0 | IE | IRL | 372 | 53.0 | -8.0 | ||||
110 | Isle Of Man | 1.21 | 0.55 | 0.56 | 935 | 0% | 1% | 12% | -12.1% | IM | IMN | 833 | 54.2 | -4.6 | ||||||||||||||
111 | Israel | 0.2806 | 0.1273 | New Israeli Sheqel | 2.25 | 1.02 | 1.02 | 1,833 | 0% | 0% | 0% | -9.3% | 25,864 | nf | 1.04 | 3.78 | 3.7 | 4.1 | 3.8 | IL | ISR | 376 | 31.5 | 34.8 | ||||
112 | Italy | 0.8229 | 0.3733 | Euro | 1.24 | 0.56 | 0.69 | 947 | 0% | 9% | 7% | 6.9% | 28,529 | 0.67 | 0.59 | 0.66 | 0.717 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 0.8 | IT | ITA | 380 | 42.8 | 12.8 | |||
113 | Jamaica | 0.0601 | 0.0272 | Jamaican Dollar | 1.11 | 0.50 | 0.55 | 841 | 0% | 2% | 2% | -13.2% | 4,291 | 2.37 | 2.34 | 89.33 | 39.5 | 43.0 | 19.2 | JM | JAM | 388 | 18.3 | -77.5 | ||||
114 | Japan | 0.0076 | 0.0035 | Yen | 1.15 | 0.52 | 0.64 | 803 | 28% | 8% | 3% | -8.4% | 31,267 | 0.86 | 0.73 | 0.79 | 92.06 | 112.4 | 107.8 | 149.7 | JP | JPN | 392 | 36.0 | 138.0 | |||
115 | Jersey | - | - | - | -12.1% | JE | JEY | 832 | 49.2 | -2.1 | ||||||||||||||||||
116 | Jordan | 3.1503 | 1.4290 | Jordanian Dinar | 1.23 | 0.56 | 0.57 | 953 | 0% | 1% | 2% | -13.0% | 5,530 | 1.46 | 1.46 | 0.709 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.4 | JO | JOR | 400 | 31.0 | 36.0 | ||||
117 | Kazakhstan | 0.0589 | 0.0267 | Tenge | 2.51 | 1.14 | 1.30 | 1,871 | 0% | 12% | 0% | -12.6% | 7,857 | 4.57 | 4.56 | 148.46 | 77.6 | 142.1 | 38.3 | KZ | KAZ | 398 | 48.0 | 68.0 | ||||
118 | Kenya | 0.0217 | 0.0098 | Kenyan Shilling | 0.92 | 0.42 | 1.91 | 188 | 0% | 58% | 23% | -13.8% | 1,240 | 0.94 | 0.66 | 75.82 | 43.4 | 76.2 | 32.0 | KE | KEN | 404 | 1.0 | 38.0 | ||||
119 | Kiribati | Australian Dollar | 1.69 | 0.77 | 0.77 | 1,335 | 0% | 0% | 0% | -12.1% | 1.11 | 0.4 | 1.7 | 0.4 | KI | KIR | 296 | 1.4 | 173.0 | |||||||||
120 | Korea (Dem. Rep.) | 1.85 | 0.84 | 1.76 | 945 | 0% | 60% | 0% | -12.1% | KP | PRK | 408 | 40.0 | 127.0 | ||||||||||||||
121 | Korea (Republic of) | 0.0014 | 0.0006 | Won | 1.35 | 0.61 | 0.63 | 980 | 36% | 1% | 0% | -10.0% | 22,029 | 1.17 | 1.06 | 1.12 | 1164.5 | 822.9 | 1,131.0 | 742.0 | KR | KOR | 410 | 37.0 | 127.5 | |||
122 | Kuwait | 18.1002 | 8.2102 | Kuwaiti Dinar | 0.94 | 0.43 | 0.43 | 766 | 0% | 0% | 0% | -9.3% | 26,321 | nf | 3.99 | 0.29 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.2 | KW | KWT | 414 | 29.3 | 47.7 | ||||
123 | Kyrgyzstan | 0.0844 | 0.0383 | Som | 1.17 | 0.53 | 1.96 | 105 | 0% | 94% | 0% | -13.7% | 1,927 | 1.26 | 1.43 | 44.09 | 14.9 | 47.7 | 9.2 | KG | KGZ | 417 | 41.0 | 75.0 | ||||
124 | Lao People's Democratic Republic | 0.0021 | 0.0010 | Kip | 1.13 | 0.51 | 2.58 | 38 | 0% | 97% | 0% | -13.6% | 2,039 | 5.29 | 0.29 | 8484.25 | 2,524.3 | 7,887.6 | 1,889.9 | LA | LAO | 418 | 18.0 | 105.0 | ||||
125 | Latvia | Latvian Lats | 1.17 | 0.53 | 1.22 | 375 | 0% | 64% | 2% | -11.5% | 13,646 | -0.36 | 0.62 | 0.49 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.3 | LV | LVA | 428 | 57.0 | 25.0 | ||||||
126 | Lebanon | 0.0024 | 0.0011 | Lebanese Pound | 1.00 | 0.45 | 0.62 | 693 | 0% | 10% | 6% | -13.0% | 5,584 | nf | 2.03 | 1507.5 | 857.1 | 1,507.5 | 829.9 | LB | LBN | 422 | 33.8 | 35.8 | ||||
127 | Lesotho | Loti | 1.11 | 0.50 | 2.31 | 4 | 0% | 100% | 0% | -13.4% | 3,335 | .. | nd | .. | 7.38 | 4.5 | 6.9 | 3.3 | LS | LSO | 426 | -29.5 | 28.5 | |||||
128 | Liberia | US Dollar | 1.27 | 0.58 | 0.58 | 1,003 | 0% | 0% | 0% | -12.1% | 1 | 0.6 | 1.0 | 0.5 | LR | LBR | 430 | 6.5 | -9.5 | |||||||||
129 | Libyan Arab Jamahiriya | Libyan Dinar | 1.12 | 0.51 | 0.51 | 889 | 0% | 0% | 0% | -12.1% | 10,335 | .. | nd | .. | 1.23 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.4 | LY | LBY | 434 | 25.0 | 17.0 | |||||
130 | Liechtenstein | 1.16 | 0.53 | 1.79 | 103 | 0% | 95% | 0% | -12.1% | LI | LIE | 438 | 47.2 | 9.5 | ||||||||||||||
131 | Lithuania | 0.2523 | 0.1144 | Lithuanian Litas | 0.54 | 0.24 | 0.28 | 185 | 76% | 3% | 1% | -11.4% | 14,494 | 0.42 | 0.71 | 2.45 | 1.7 | 4.0 | 1.7 | LT | LTU | 440 | 56.0 | 24.0 | ||||
132 | Luxembourg | 1.2294 | 0.5576 | Euro | 1.16 | 0.53 | 0.56 | 933 | 0% | 3% | 4% | 7.5% | 60,228 | 1.02 | 1.06 | 0.7971408333 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 0.9 | LU | LUX | 442 | 49.8 | 6.2 | ||||
133 | Macao | Pataca | - | - | - | -12.1% | 7.99 | 6.0 | 8.0 | 5.7 | MO | MAC | 446 | 22.2 | 113.6 | |||||||||||||
134 | Macedonia (TFYR) | 0.0780 | 0.0354 | Denar | 2.63 | 1.19 | 1.56 | 1,802 | 0% | 24% | 0% | 15.2% | 7,200 | 1.83 | 1.83 | 44.100575 | 23.5 | 65.9 | 20.6 | MK | MKD | 807 | 41.8 | 22.0 | ||||
135 | Madagascar | 0.0074 | 0.0034 | Malagascy Ariary | 1.24 | 0.56 | 1.92 | 399 | 0% | 65% | 0% | -13.8% | 923 | 6.94 | 0.42 | 1954.64 | 939.3 | 1,353.5 | 479.7 | MG | MDG | 450 | -20.0 | 47.0 | ||||
136 | Malawi | 0.0248 | 0.0113 | Kwacha | 1.09 | 0.49 | 2.60 | 28 | 0% | 94% | 4% | -13.9% | 667 | 1.71 | 0.31 | 146 | 68.9 | 59.5 | 26.1 | MW | MWI | 454 | -13.5 | 34.0 | ||||
137 | Malaysia | 0.8960 | 0.4064 | Malaysian Ringgit | 1.82 | 0.83 | 0.98 | 1,379 | 0% | 6% | 7% | -12.0% | 10,882 | 1.70 | 1.68 | 3.42 | 1.9 | 3.8 | 1.9 | MY | MYS | 458 | 2.5 | 112.5 | ||||
138 | Maldives | Rufiyaa | 1.75 | 0.79 | 0.79 | 1,369 | 0% | 0% | 0% | -13.1% | 5,261 | .. | nd | .. | 12.8 | 8.0 | 11.8 | 7.2 | MV | MDV | 462 | 3.3 | 73.0 | |||||
139 | Mali | 0.0052 | 0.0024 | CFA Franc BCEAO | 1.30 | 0.59 | 1.69 | 565 | 0% | 51% | 0% | -13.8% | 1,033 | 1.42 | 0.11 | 455.34 | 270.5 | 712.0 | 260.3 | ML | MLI | 466 | 17.0 | -4.0 | ||||
140 | Malta | 1.3344 | 0.6053 | Euro | 1.03 | 0.47 | 0.47 | 825 | 0% | 0% | 4% | -10.5% | 19,189 | 0.79 | 0.79 | 0.717 | 0.6 | 1.0 | 0.6 | MT | MLT | 470 | 35.8 | 14.6 | ||||
141 | Marshall Islands | US Dollar | 1.73 | 0.79 | 0.79 | 1,369 | 0% | 0% | 0% | -12.1% | 1 | 0.3 | 1.0 | 0.3 | MH | MHL | 584 | 9.0 | 168.0 | |||||||||
142 | Martinique | - | - | - | -12.1% | MQ | MTQ | 474 | 14.7 | -61.0 | ||||||||||||||||||
143 | Mauritania | 0.0097 | 0.0044 | Ouguiya | 1.44 | 0.65 | 0.65 | 1,120 | 0% | 0% | 0% | -13.6% | 2,234 | 1.27 | 0.97 | 261.99 | 130.9 | 238.9 | 94.0 | MR | MRT | 478 | 20.0 | -12.0 | ||||
144 | Mauritius | 0.0246 | 0.0112 | Mauritius Rupee | 1.82 | 0.82 | 0.93 | 1,374 | 0% | 5% | 22% | -11.7% | 12,715 | 0.53 | 0.53 | 30.29 | 21.5 | 26.2 | 14.2 | MU | MUS | 480 | -20.3 | 57.6 | ||||
145 | Mayotte | 1.54 | 0.70 | 0.70 | 1,215 | 0% | 0% | 0% | -12.1% | YT | MYT | 175 | -12.8 | 45.2 | ||||||||||||||
146 | Mexico | 0.1239 | 0.0562 | Mexican Peso | 1.34 | 0.61 | 0.87 | 925 | 5% | 13% | 6% | -12.1% | 10,751 | nf | 1.01 | 13.06 | 8.2 | 9.5 | 6.0 | MX | MEX | 484 | 23.0 | -102.0 | ||||
147 | Micronesia, Fed. Sts. | US Dollar | 1.54 | 0.70 | 1.58 | 900 | 0% | 37% | 0% | -12.1% | 1 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 0.7 | FM | FSM | 583 | 6.9 | 158.3 | |||||||||
148 | Moldova | 0.4223 | 0.1916 | Moldovan Leu | 2.67 | 1.21 | 1.34 | 1,988 | 0% | 10% | 0% | -13.6% | 2,100 | 2.13 | 2.31 | 12.3 | 5.0 | 12.4 | 2.7 | MD | MDA | 498 | 47.0 | 29.0 | ||||
149 | Monaco | 0.22 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 175 | 0% | 0% | 0% | -12.1% | MC | MCO | 492 | 43.7 | 7.4 | ||||||||||||||
150 | Mongolia | 0.0205 | 0.0093 | Tugrik | 3.53 | 1.60 | 1.60 | 2,737 | 0% | 0% | 0% | -13.6% | 2,107 | 10.99 | 4.19 | 1442.84 | 535.8 | 1,076.7 | 271.1 | MN | MNG | 496 | 46.0 | 105.0 | ||||
151 | Montenegro | Euro | 1.76 | 0.80 | 1.86 | 768 | 0% | 73% | 0% | -12.1% | 0.717 | 0.5 | 1.1 | 0.3 | ME | MNE | 499 | 42.0 | 19.0 | |||||||||
152 | Montserrat | - | - | - | -12.1% | MS | MSR | 500 | 16.8 | -62.2 | ||||||||||||||||||
153 | Morocco | 0.0962 | 0.0436 | Moroccan Dirham | 2.51 | 1.14 | 1.31 | 1,871 | 0% | 10% | 1% | -13.2% | 4,555 | 0.60 | 0.75 | 7.86 | 6.2 | 10.6 | 6.3 | MA | MAR | 504 | 32.0 | -5.0 | ||||
154 | Mozambique | 0.0511 | 0.0232 | Metical | 1.11 | 0.50 | 2.61 | 3 | 0% | 99% | 0% | -13.8% | 1,242 | 0.74 | 0.24 | 29.19 | 14.5 | 15.2 | 9.4 | MZ | MOZ | 508 | -18.3 | 35.0 | ||||
155 | Myanmar | 1.55 | 0.70 | 1.54 | 840 | 0% | 41% | 4% | -13.8% | 1,027 | .. | nd | .. | MM | MMR | 104 | 22.0 | 98.0 | ||||||||||
156 | Namibia | 0.2479 | 0.1125 | Namibian Dollar | 1.20 | 0.54 | 2.48 | 109 | 0% | 97% | 0% | -12.6% | 7,586 | 1.60 | 0.42 | 7.38 | 6.5 | 6.9 | 4.3 | NA | NAM | 516 | -22.0 | 17.0 | ||||
157 | Nauru | 1.44 | 0.66 | 0.66 | 1,142 | 0% | 0% | 0% | -12.1% | NR | NRU | 520 | -0.5 | 166.9 | ||||||||||||||
158 | Nepal | Nepalese Rupee | 1.10 | 0.50 | 2.32 | 14 | 0% | 98% | 1% | -13.7% | 1,550 | -1.24 | 0.18 | 74.65 | 26.4 | 71.1 | 18.7 | NP | NPL | 524 | 28.0 | 84.0 | ||||||
159 | Netherlands | 0.6951 | 0.3153 | Euro | 1.48 | 0.67 | 0.67 | 1,210 | 4% | 0% | 10% | 7.5% | 32,684 | 0.58 | 0.66 | 0.66 | 0.717 | 0.8 | 1.1 | 0.9 | NL | NLD | 528 | 52.5 | 5.8 | |||
160 | Netherlands Antilles | - | - | - | -12.1% | AN | ANT | 530 | 12.3 | -68.8 | ||||||||||||||||||
161 | New Caledonia | 1.19 | 0.54 | 0.62 | 903 | 0% | 4% | 2% | -12.1% | NC | NCL | 540 | -21.5 | 165.5 | ||||||||||||||
162 | New Zealand | 0.5369 | 0.2435 | New Zealand Dollar | 1.16 | 0.53 | 1.32 | 454 | 0% | 55% | 17% | -9.5% | 24,996 | 0.84 | nf | 0.77 | 1.39 | 1.4 | 2.2 | 1.5 | NZ | NZL | 554 | -41.0 | 174.0 | |||
163 | Nicaragua | 0.5848 | 0.2653 | Cordoba Oro | 0.96 | 0.44 | 0.72 | 616 | 0% | 13% | 22% | -13.3% | 3,674 | 5.48 | 0.53 | 20.84 | 9.4 | 12.7 | 5.4 | NI | NIC | 558 | 13.0 | -85.0 | ||||
164 | Niger | 0.0023 | 0.0010 | CFA Franc BCEAO | 3.55 | 1.61 | 1.61 | 2,752 | 0% | 0% | 0% | -13.9% | 781 | 0.65 | 0.29 | 455.34 | 285.6 | 712.0 | 258.5 | NE | NER | 562 | 16.0 | 8.0 | ||||
165 | Nigeria | 0.0631 | 0.0286 | Naira | 1.22 | 0.55 | 1.33 | 660 | 0% | 33% | 1% | -13.8% | 1,128 | 4.54 | 2.03 | 128.651979 | 72.0 | 101.7 | 37.2 | NG | NGA | 566 | 10.0 | 8.0 | ||||
166 | Niue | - | - | - | -12.1% | NU | NIU | 570 | -19.0 | -169.9 | ||||||||||||||||||
167 | Norfolk Island | - | - | - | -12.1% | NF | NFK | 574 | -29.0 | 168.0 | ||||||||||||||||||
168 | Northern Mariana Islands | - | - | - | -12.1% | MP | MNP | 580 | 15.2 | 145.8 | ||||||||||||||||||
169 | Norway | 0.1051 | 0.0477 | Norwegian Krone | 1.04 | 0.47 | 1.41 | 12 | 0% | 98% | 1% | 8.2% | 41,420 | 0.95 | 0.99 | 1.17 | 5.78 | 9.0 | 8.8 | 8.8 | NO | NOR | 578 | 62.0 | 10.0 | |||
170 | Oman | 7.3598 | 3.3384 | Rial Omani | 1.28 | 0.58 | 0.58 | 1,014 | 0% | 0% | 6% | -11.2% | 15,602 | nf | 1.94 | 0.3845 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.3 | OM | OMN | 512 | 21.0 | 57.0 | ||||
171 | Pakistan | 0.0348 | 0.0158 | Pakistan Rupee | 1.14 | 0.52 | 1.15 | 574 | 3% | 35% | 4% | -13.6% | 2,370 | 1.03 | 0.90 | 84.26 | 29.6 | 53.6 | 14.8 | PK | PAK | 586 | 30.0 | 70.0 | ||||
172 | Palau | US Dollar | 1.64 | 0.74 | 0.74 | 1,295 | 0% | 0% | 0% | -12.1% | 1 | 0.6 | 1.0 | 0.5 | PW | PLW | 585 | 7.5 | 134.5 | |||||||||
173 | Palestine (Occupied Territories) | 0.98 | 0.45 | 0.45 | 750 | 0% | 0% | 27% | -12.1% | .. | nd | .. | PS | PSE | 275 | 32.0 | 35.3 | |||||||||||
174 | Panama | 2.3480 | 1.0651 | Balboa | 1.04 | 0.47 | 2.02 | 250 | 0% | 66% | 0% | -12.6% | 7,605 | 1.51 | 0.62 | 1 | 0.6 | 1.0 | 0.7 | PA | PAN | 591 | 9.0 | -80.0 | ||||
175 | Papua New Guinea | 0.3960 | 0.1796 | Kina | 1.18 | 0.54 | 1.14 | 700 | 0% | 25% | 7% | -13.5% | 2,563 | nf | 0.42 | 2.7 | 1.1 | 2.8 | 1.0 | PG | PNG | 598 | -6.0 | 147.0 | ||||
176 | Paraguay | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | Guarani | 1.11 | 0.50 | 2.47 | 11 | 0% | 99% | 0% | -13.2% | 4,642 | nf | 0.40 | 4610 | 2,722.9 | 3,486.4 | 1,493.3 | PY | PRY | 600 | -23.0 | -58.0 | ||||
177 | Peru | 0.3007 | 0.1364 | Nuevo Sol | 1.19 | 0.54 | 2.17 | 323 | 0% | 70% | 6% | -12.9% | 6,039 | nf | 0.49 | 2.89 | 1.6 | 3.5 | 1.7 | PE | PER | 604 | -10.0 | -76.0 | ||||
178 | Philippines | 0.0431 | 0.0195 | Philippine Peso | 1.63 | 0.74 | 1.04 | 1,132 | 0% | 14% | 27% | -13.1% | 5,137 | 1.05 | 0.49 | 46.36 | 24.4 | 44.2 | 19.7 | PH | PHL | 608 | 13.0 | 122.0 | ||||
179 | Pitcairn | - | - | - | -12.1% | PN | PCN | 612 | -24.7 | -127.4 | ||||||||||||||||||
180 | Poland | 0.5887 | 0.2670 | Zloty | 2.70 | 1.22 | 1.24 | 2,219 | 0% | 1% | 3% | 7.9% | 13,847 | 1.12 | 1.32 | 1.50 | 2.85 | 1.9 | 4.3 | 1.9 | PL | POL | 616 | 52.0 | 20.0 | |||
181 | Portugal | 0.8397 | 0.3809 | Euro | 1.47 | 0.67 | 0.82 | 1,101 | 0% | 10% | 17% | 8.5% | 20,410 | 0.59 | 0.68 | 0.717 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 0.7 | PT | PRT | 620 | 39.5 | -8.0 | ||||
182 | Puerto Rico | US Dollar | - | - | - | -12.1% | 1 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0.8 | PR | PRI | 630 | 18.3 | -66.5 | |||||||||||||
183 | Qatar | Qatari Rial | 1.21 | 0.55 | 0.55 | 983 | 0% | 0% | 6% | -9.0% | 27,664 | .. | nd | .. | 3.64 | 3.1 | 3.6 | 2.2 | QA | QAT | 634 | 25.5 | 51.3 | |||||
184 | Réunion | - | - | - | -12.1% | RE | REU | 638 | -21.1 | 55.6 | ||||||||||||||||||
185 | Romania | 0.6241 | 0.2831 | New Leu | 1.84 | 0.83 | 1.28 | 1,122 | 17% | 32% | 0% | -12.4% | 9,060 | 1.19 | 1.19 | 2.94 | 1.9 | 2.2 | 0.7 | RO | ROU | 642 | 46.0 | 25.0 | ||||
186 | Russian Federation | 0.1267 | 0.0575 | Russian Ruble | 1.62 | 0.73 | 0.93 | 1,068 | 16% | 20% | 1% | -12.0% | 10,845 | 2.27 | 2.68 | 2.58 | 28.78 | 17.9 | 28.1 | 6.4 | RU | RUS | 643 | 60.0 | 100.0 | |||
187 | Rwanda | Rwanda Franc | 1.07 | 0.48 | 2.92 | 1 | 0% | 96% | 4% | -13.8% | 1,206 | -0.28 | 0.13 | 553.72 | 229.6 | 389.7 | 139.3 | RW | RWA | 646 | -2.0 | 30.0 | ||||||
188 | Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha | - | - | - | -12.1% | SH | SHN | 654 | -15.9 | -5.7 | ||||||||||||||||||
189 | Saint Kitts and Nevis | 0.1893 | 0.0859 | East Caribbean Dollar | 1.33 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 1,056 | 0% | 0% | 0% | -11.6% | 13,307 | nf | 0.49 | 2.7 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.1 | KN | KNA | 659 | 17.3 | -62.8 | ||||
190 | Saint Lucia | 0.7326 | 0.3323 | East Caribbean Dollar | 1.23 | 0.56 | 0.56 | 965 | 0% | 0% | 0% | -12.8% | 6,707 | nf | 0.84 | 2.7 | 1.1 | 2.7 | 1.4 | LC | LCA | 662 | 13.9 | -61.1 | ||||
191 | Saint Pierre and Miquelon | - | - | - | -12.1% | PM | SPM | 666 | 46.8 | -56.3 | ||||||||||||||||||
192 | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 0.3549 | 0.1610 | East Caribbean Dollar | 1.35 | 0.61 | 1.30 | 789 | 0% | 31% | 0% | -12.8% | 6,568 | nf | 0.64 | 2.7 | 1.8 | 2.7 | 2.1 | VC | VCT | 670 | 13.3 | -61.2 | ||||
193 | Samoa | 0.3413 | 0.1548 | Tala | 1.07 | 0.49 | 1.40 | 482 | 0% | 41% | 0% | -12.9% | 6,170 | nf | 0.35 | 2.73077851 | 1.0 | 3.3 | 0.9 | WS | WSM | 882 | -13.6 | -172.3 | ||||
194 | San Marino | - | - | - | -12.1% | SM | SMR | 674 | 43.8 | 12.4 | ||||||||||||||||||
195 | Sao Tome and Principe | 0.0001 | 0.0000 | Dobra | 1.41 | 0.64 | 1.87 | 689 | 0% | 48% | 0% | -13.6% | 2,178 | 0.68 | 0.68 | 16814.5 | 10,320.5 | 7,978.2 | 4,854.8 | ST | STP | 678 | 1.0 | 7.0 | ||||
196 | Saudi Arabia | 1.0084 | 0.4574 | Saudi Riyal | 1.06 | 0.48 | 0.48 | 849 | 0% | 0% | 1% | -11.2% | 15,711 | 2.25 | 2.25 | 3.75 | 2.2 | 3.8 | 2.7 | SA | SAU | 682 | 25.0 | 45.0 | ||||
197 | Senegal | 0.0044 | 0.0020 | CFA Franc BCEAO | 1.25 | 0.57 | 0.57 | 967 | 0% | 0% | 2% | -13.7% | 1,792 | 1.33 | 0.62 | 455.34 | 305.2 | 712.0 | 289.7 | SN | SEN | 686 | 14.0 | -14.0 | ||||
198 | Serbia | Serbian Dinar | 2.52 | 1.14 | 1.50 | 1,693 | 0% | 24% | 0% | 16.3% | 67.14569733 | 40.4 | 63.2 | na | RS | SRB | 688 | 44.0 | 21.0 | |||||||||
199 | Seychelles | 0.2071 | 0.0939 | Seychelles Rupee | 1.29 | 0.58 | 0.58 | 1,028 | 0% | 0% | 0% | -11.1% | 16,106 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 11.25 | 4.7 | 5.7 | 3.0 | SC | SYC | 690 | -4.6 | 55.7 | ||||
200 | Sierra Leone | 0.0004 | 0.0002 | Leone | 1.30 | 0.59 | 0.78 | 942 | 0% | 8% | 0% | -13.9% | 806 | nf | 0.60 | 3855.68 | 1,453.3 | 2,092.1 | 1,096.8 | SL | SLE | 694 | 8.5 | -11.5 | ||||
201 | Singapore | 0.9744 | 0.4420 | Singapore Dollar | 1.07 | 0.48 | 0.48 | 871 | 0% | 0% | 5% | -8.7% | 29,663 | nf | 1.06 | 1.66 | 1.1 | 1.7 | 1.2 | SG | SGP | 702 | 1.4 | 103.8 | ||||
202 | Slovakia | 1.5267 | 0.6925 | Euro | 1.17 | 0.53 | 0.71 | 689 | 55% | 15% | 0% | 7.6% | 15,871 | 0.87 | 1.12 | 0.7170009843 | 0.6 | 1.2 | 0.5 | SK | SVK | 703 | 48.7 | 19.5 | ||||
203 | Slovenia | 0.8453 | 0.3834 | Euro | 1.56 | 0.71 | 1.06 | 863 | 39% | 25% | 1% | 15.2% | 22,273 | 0.53 | 0.95 | 0.7971467945 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 0.5 | SI | SVN | 705 | 46.0 | 15.0 | ||||
204 | Solomon Islands | 0.0822 | 0.0373 | Solomon Islands Dollar | 1.55 | 0.70 | 0.74 | 1,191 | 0% | 2% | 0% | -13.6% | 2,031 | nf | 0.46 | 7.609458333 | 5.6 | 5.1 | 3.1 | SB | SLB | 90 | -8.0 | 159.0 | ||||
205 | Somalia | Somali Shilling | 1.24 | 0.56 | 0.68 | 930 | 0% | 5% | 2% | -12.1% | 14406 | 7,998.8 | 9,571.5 | 6,483.6 | SO | SOM | 706 | 10.0 | 49.0 | |||||||||
206 | South Africa | 0.3814 | 0.1730 | Rand | 2.59 | 1.17 | 1.18 | 2,026 | 6% | 0% | 0% | -12.0% | 11,110 | 2.18 | 2.18 | 8.412 | 5.7 | 6.9 | 4.0 | ZA | ZAF | 710 | -29.0 | 24.0 | ||||
207 | South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | - | - | - | -12.1% | GS | SGS | 239 | -54.5 | -37.0 | ||||||||||||||||||
208 | Spain | 0.9911 | 0.4496 | Euro | 1.47 | 0.67 | 0.77 | 1,072 | 19% | 7% | 9% | 10.0% | 27,169 | 0.73 | 0.67 | 0.73 | 0.717 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 0.7 | ES | ESP | 724 | 40.0 | -4.0 | |||
209 | Sri Lanka | 0.0077 | 0.0035 | Sri Lanka Rupee | 1.10 | 0.50 | 1.55 | 485 | 0% | 44% | 2% | -13.2% | 4,595 | 0.41 | 0.33 | 114.38 | 53.3 | 77.0 | 27.9 | LK | LKA | 144 | 7.0 | 81.0 | ||||
210 | Sudan | 1.4047 | 0.6372 | Sudanese Dinar | 1.12 | 0.51 | 1.08 | 640 | 0% | 26% | 8% | -13.6% | 2,083 | 1.78 | 0.37 | 2.24 | 1.3 | 2.6 | 0.7 | SD | SDN | 736 | 15.0 | 30.0 | ||||
211 | Suriname | 1.1726 | 0.5319 | Surinam Dollar | 1.13 | 0.51 | 2.71 | 121 | 0% | 89% | 0% | -12.6% | 7,722 | 1.72 | 1.72 | 2.745 | 1.5 | 1.3 | 0.4 | SR | SUR | 740 | 4.0 | -56.0 | ||||
212 | Svalbard and Jan Mayen | - | - | - | -12.1% | SJ | SJM | 744 | 78.0 | 20.0 | ||||||||||||||||||
213 | Swaziland | 0.0988 | 0.0448 | Lilangeni | 0.77 | 0.35 | 1.39 | 101 | 0% | 55% | 28% | -13.1% | 4,824 | 0.52 | 0.44 | 7.38 | 5.3 | 6.9 | 3.0 | SZ | SWZ | 748 | -26.5 | 31.5 | ||||
214 | Sweden | 0.0344 | 0.0156 | Swedish Krona | 0.69 | 0.31 | 0.77 | 37 | 45% | 47% | 4% | 8.8% | 32,525 | 0.30 | 0.24 | 0.46 | 7.654 | 8.7 | 9.2 | 9.1 | SE | SWE | 752 | 62.0 | 15.0 | |||
215 | Switzerland | 0.2017 | 0.0915 | Swiss Franc | 0.74 | 0.33 | 1.05 | 11 | 40% | 57% | 0% | 7.5% | 35,633 | 0.32 | 0.37 | 1.086141843 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 1.8 | CH | CHE | 756 | 47.0 | 8.0 | ||||
216 | Syrian Arab Republic | 0.0745 | 0.0338 | Syrian Pound | 1.21 | 0.55 | 0.74 | 845 | 0% | 12% | 1% | -13.3% | 3,808 | nf | 2.45 | 46.58337041 | 32.9 | 46.0 | 20.8 | SY | SYR | 760 | 35.0 | 38.0 | ||||
217 | Taiwan | New Taiwan Dollar | 1.69 | 0.77 | 0.84 | 1,255 | 17% | 4% | 4% | -12.1% | 34.31 | 17.9 | 31.2 | 21.1 | TW | TWN | 158 | 23.5 | 121.0 | |||||||||
218 | Tajikistan | 1.1992 | 0.5439 | Somoni | 1.12 | 0.51 | 2.05 | 24 | 0% | 98% | 0% | -13.8% | 1,356 | 1.52 | 1.50 | 4.37 | 1.3 | 2.1 | 0.3 | TJ | TJK | 762 | 39.0 | 71.0 | ||||
219 | Tanzania (United Republic of) | 0.0230 | 0.0104 | Tanzanian Shilling | 1.13 | 0.51 | 2.66 | 111 | 0% | 88% | 4% | -13.9% | 744 | 13.27 | 0.40 | 1326.83 | 577.8 | 800.4 | 324.5 | TZ | TZA | 834 | -6.0 | 35.0 | ||||
220 | Thailand | 0.0824 | 0.0374 | Baht | 1.62 | 0.74 | 0.84 | 1,237 | 0% | 5% | 3% | -12.4% | 8,677 | 1.31 | 1.23 | 33.32 | 15.9 | 40.1 | 14.9 | TH | THA | 764 | 15.0 | 100.0 | ||||
221 | Timor-Leste | US Dollar | 1.84 | 0.84 | 0.84 | 1,456 | 0% | 0% | 0% | -12.1% | .. | nd | .. | 1 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 0.4 | TL | TLS | 626 | -8.6 | 125.5 | ||||||
222 | Togo | 0.0024 | 0.0011 | CFA Franc BCEAO | 1.30 | 0.59 | 1.56 | 659 | 0% | 41% | 0% | -13.7% | 1,506 | nf | 0.64 | 455.34 | 268.9 | 712.0 | 241.6 | TG | TGO | 768 | 8.0 | 1.2 | ||||
223 | Tokelau | - | - | - | -12.1% | TK | TKL | 772 | -9.0 | -172.0 | ||||||||||||||||||
224 | Tonga | 0.4938 | 0.2240 | Pa'anga | 1.52 | 0.69 | 0.69 | 1,194 | 0% | 0% | 0% | -12.5% | 8,177 | nf | 0.35 | 2.06 | 0.7 | 1.8 | 0.5 | TO | TON | 776 | -20.0 | -175.0 | ||||
225 | Trinidad and Tobago | 1.2383 | 0.5617 | Trinidad and Tobago Dollar | 1.30 | 0.59 | 0.59 | 1,036 | 0% | 0% | 0% | -11.4% | 14,603 | 4.54 | 4.52 | 6.37 | 3.7 | 6.3 | 3.6 | TT | TTO | 780 | 11.0 | -61.0 | ||||
226 | Tunisia | 0.9150 | 0.4150 | Tunisian Dinar | 1.21 | 0.55 | 0.57 | 940 | 0% | 1% | 0% | -12.5% | 8,371 | 0.68 | 0.71 | 1.32 | 0.7 | 1.4 | 0.7 | TN | TUN | 788 | 34.0 | 9.0 | ||||
227 | Turkey | 0.8163 | 0.3703 | New Turkish Lira | 2.02 | 0.91 | 1.34 | 1,352 | 0% | 27% | 0% | -12.5% | 8,407 | 0.93 | 0.99 | 1.49 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 0.3 | TR | TUR | 792 | 39.0 | 35.0 | ||||
228 | Turkmenistan | Manat | 1.25 | 0.57 | 0.57 | 973 | 0% | 0% | 0% | -13.3% | 3,838 | .. | nd | .. | 2.85 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 0.3 | TM | TKM | 795 | 40.0 | 60.0 | |||||
229 | Turks and Caicos Islands | - | - | - | -12.1% | TC | TCA | 796 | 21.8 | -71.6 | ||||||||||||||||||
230 | Tuvalu | 2.12 | 0.96 | 0.96 | 1,678 | 0% | 0% | 0% | -12.1% | TV | TUV | 798 | -8.0 | 178.0 | ||||||||||||||
231 | Uganda | 0.0009 | 0.0004 | Uganda Shilling | 1.10 | 0.50 | 2.98 | 19 | 0% | 96% | 2% | -13.7% | 1,454 | 0.75 | 0.11 | 1903.52 | 870.9 | 1,644.5 | 554.4 | UG | UGA | 800 | 1.0 | 32.0 | ||||
232 | Ukraine | 0.8147 | 0.3696 | Hryvnia | 1.34 | 0.61 | 0.70 | 853 | 48% | 7% | 0% | -12.8% | 6,848 | 2.19 | 2.60 | 7.99 | 2.7 | 5.4 | 1.1 | UA | UKR | 804 | 49.0 | 32.0 | ||||
233 | United Arab Emirates | 1.1925 | 0.5409 | UAE Dirham | 1.08 | 0.49 | 0.49 | 865 | 0% | 0% | 13% | -9.4% | 25,514 | 3.45 | 3.46 | 3.672507009 | 2.9 | 3.7 | 2.5 | AE | ARE | 784 | 24.0 | 54.0 | ||||
234 | United Kingdom | 1.2518 | 0.5678 | Pound Sterling | 1.56 | 0.71 | 0.72 | 1,228 | 20% | 1% | 5% | 7.5% | 33,238 | 0.76 | 0.74 | 0.75 | 0.62 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.6 | GB | GBR | 826 | 54.0 | -2.0 | |||
235 | United States | 1.2100 | 0.5489 | US Dollar | 1.80 | 0.82 | 0.92 | 1,345 | 18% | 7% | 4% | 9.9% | 41,890 | 1.21 | 1.15 | 1.23 | 1 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | US | USA | 840 | 38.0 | -97.0 | |||
236 | United States Minor Outlying Islands | - | - | - | -12.1% | UM | UMI | 581 | 19.3 | 166.6 | ||||||||||||||||||
237 | Uruguay | 0.0241 | 0.0109 | Peso Uruguayo | 1.10 | 0.50 | 2.01 | 103 | 0% | 89% | 0% | -12.2% | 9,962 | nf | 0.42 | 19.63 | 17.4 | 12.1 | 9.8 | UY | URY | 858 | -33.0 | -56.0 | ||||
238 | Uzbekistan | 0.0102 | 0.0046 | Uzbekistan Sum | 1.76 | 0.80 | 0.99 | 1,260 | 0% | 13% | 0% | -13.6% | 2,063 | 6.70 | 6.77 | 1510 | 656.6 | 236.6 | 100.8 | UZ | UZB | 860 | 41.0 | 64.0 | ||||
239 | Vanuatu | 0.0080 | 0.0036 | Vatu | 1.55 | 0.70 | 0.81 | 1,161 | 0% | 5% | 0% | -13.4% | 3,225 | nf | 0.33 | 97.93 | 41.4 | 137.6 | 36.5 | VU | VUT | 548 | -16.0 | 167.0 | ||||
240 | Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) | 1.0123 | 0.4592 | Bolivar Fuerte | 1.13 | 0.51 | 2.28 | 240 | 0% | 75% | 0% | -12.8% | 6,632 | nf | 2.65 | 2.15 | 2.6 | 0.7 | 0.6 | VE | VEN | 862 | 8.0 | -66.0 | ||||
241 | Viet Nam | 0.00007 | 0.00003 | Dong | 1.63 | 0.74 | 1.62 | 908 | 0% | 41% | 6% | -13.4% | 3,071 | 0.42 | 1.04 | 17941 | 5,653.9 | 14,167.8 | 3,750.6 | VN | VNM | 704 | 16.0 | 106.0 | ||||
242 | Virgin Islands, British | - | - | - | -12.1% | VG | VGB | 92 | 18.5 | -64.5 | ||||||||||||||||||
243 | Virgin Islands, U.S. | - | - | - | -12.1% | VI | VIR | 850 | 18.3 | -64.8 | ||||||||||||||||||
244 | Wallis and Futuna | - | - | - | -12.1% | WF | WLF | 876 | -13.3 | -176.2 | ||||||||||||||||||
245 | Western Sahara | - | - | - | -12.1% | EH | ESH | 732 | 24.5 | -13.0 | ||||||||||||||||||
246 | Yemen | 0.0315 | 0.0143 | Yemeni Rial | 1.29 | 0.59 | 0.59 | 1,002 | 0% | 0% | 0% | -13.8% | 930 | 2.76 | 2.76 | 207.32 | 87.6 | 161.7 | 47.9 | YE | YEM | 887 | 15.0 | 48.0 | ||||
247 | Zambia | 0.0040 | 0.0018 | Kwacha | 1.11 | 0.50 | 2.69 | 4 | 0% | 99% | 0% | -13.8% | 1,023 | 8.83 | 0.51 | 4640.56 | 2,187.5 | 3,110.8 | 1,478.3 | ZM | ZMB | 894 | -15.0 | 30.0 | ||||
248 | Zimbabwe | 0.00009 | 0.00004 | Zimbabwe Dollar | 2.12 | 0.96 | 2.03 | 1,200 | 0% | 52% | 3% | -13.6% | 2,038 | 3.75 | 0.93 | 1.40417E+17 | 40,290.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | ZW | ZWE | 716 | -20.0 | 30.0 | ||||
249 | - | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
250 | http://carma.org/api/1.1/searchLocations?limit=300®ion_type=2 | http://blog.stavi.sh/country-list-iso-3166-codes-latitude-longitud | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
251 | Carma seems to omit life-cycles, such as plant construction, fuel extraction, methane from hydro reservoirs, radioactive waste storage, and transmission losses | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
252 | Pre-combustion emissions as % of combustion | 11% | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
253 | Lb CO2 per KWH (The.CO2List.org), excluding transmission losses | 0.31 | 0.96 | 0.11 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
254 | Pre-combustion data from US in http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy07osti/38617.pdf | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
255 | Nuclear emissions based on life cycle analysis, primarily fuel processing and disposal by JW Storm http://www.stormsmith.nl | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
256 | Hydro emissions based on average of 9 reservoirs in Brazil, dominated by scrubland. Study of two reservoirs in Finland had figure 10 times as high, with less methane, but more CO2. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
257 | Santos cited in http://www.up.ethz.ch/education/term_paper/termpaper_hs07/Farrer_rev_termpaper_hs07.pdf | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
258 | Emissions of forest reservoirs vary from 5.9 at the equator to 2.9 at latitudes above 60 (Horvath 2005), though these omit inflow of leaf litter decaying to methane http://repositories.cdlib.org/ucei/devtech/EDT-006 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
259 | "other renewable" actually includes wind, solar, biomass, geothermal, captured heat, and hydrogen energy. Emissions based on wind and solar manufacture | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
260 | trade adjustment from http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/421482436815 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
261 | Ahmad+Wyckoff, OECD 2003 "Carbon Dioxide Emissions Embodied in International Trade in Goods" p.21 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
262 | Actual data for US & Europe, estimated elsewhere from linear regression on GDP/capita if available, or average of other countries. Estimates are shown as negative, but calculate as positive | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
263 | http://www.ecolo.org/documents/documents_in_english/Life-cycle-analysis-PSI-05.pdf | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
264 | http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_20072008_EN_Complete.pdf | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
265 | http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_20072008_EN_Complete.pdf | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
266 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
267 | Alan Heston, Robert Summers and Bettina Aten, Penn World Table Version 7.0, Center for International Comparisons of Production, Income and Prices at the University of Pennsylvania, May 2011. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
