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Space Exploration and Astronautics

Aerospace Technology and Astronautics

Chapter 1. Pioneering a New World Through Science.- Chapter 2. Transportation Architectures.- Chapter 3. The Private Sector in Space.- Chapter 4. A JOINING OF NATIONS: Internationalism in Space.- Chapter 5.    Building a Strategically Proactive U.S. Space Force: The Key for a Free and Open Cis-Lunar Region.- chapter 6.    Power Hungry in Space.- Chapter 7. In Situ Resource Utilization: Living Off the Land.- Chapter 8. Long Duration Life Support: A Condensed Overview.- Chapter 9.    Space Food.- Chapter 10. No Cows on Mars.- Chapter 11. The Future of Medicine, Health and Wellness in Space.- Chapter 12. The Gravity of Gravity.- Chapter 13. Deep Space Communications.- Chapter 14. umans, AI, and Robots oh my!.- Chapter 15.    Synthetic Biology.- Chapter 16.    Advanced Computing and Space Exploration.- Chapter 17. Faster Than Light Communication… Through Music.- Chapter 18. Planetary Surface Construction Supporting Infrastructure & Human Habitation.- Chapter 19. Producing Mega-Power for Future Space Settlement.- Chapter 20. A Martian Education: Martians in Mind, Designing Educational Theory for the Red Planet.- Chapter 21. Space Law 20 to 40 years hence (2040 to 2060).- Chapter 22. Expanding Conviviality and Human Culture into Space: An Essay.- Chapter 23. Reproduction in Space: In Context to Mars Travel and Deep Space Exploration.- Chapter 24. The Gravity of Sports in Space.- Chapter 25. Lunatics and Martians Make Beautiful Music.- Chapter 26. Will Settling Space Lead to the Evolution of a New Human Species?.

Humanity has entered a new age of space exploration. By the end of this decade, astronauts will be back on the Moon, and plans are already underway to send future crewed missions to Mars. A Future Spacefaring Society assembles renowned researchers and professionals from the space industry to discuss the major milestones ahead. Together, they take us through the wide-ranging innovations, technologies, and capabilities that will be required for any sustainable presence in space. The book is divided into three key sections. It begins with Entering the Golden Age of Space Exploration, outlining current plans to return to the Moon and send humans to Mars, as well as our science objectives, the role of commercial space efforts, and national security. The second section on Creating Sustainability in Space discusses the technologies necessary to make human life self-sufficient beyond Earth, and ongoing experiments that are aiding this effort. Finally, the third section on Achieving Civilization in Space examines such topics as tourism and hospitality, commerce, art and music, human reproduction, education, design and aesthetics, law, sports and entertainment, and many other elements necessary for a stable society off Earth. With wide-ranging contributions from experts across these topics, A Future Spacefaring Society provides an overview of the extraordinary steps and people required to make sustained life in space a reality.  

Aerospace Technology and Astronautics

Competition Over Three Generations of Jet Airliners.- Seamless Air Traffic Compatibility and Operations Worldwide.- Evolution of the Chinese Aircraft Industry.- Boeing Middle of the Market Aircraft Prospects.- Comparison Pre- and Post-Covid Pandemic Airline Operations.- Effects of Covid-19 on Airlines, Industry, and Aeronautical Services.- Strategies and Economics of Decarbonization of Aviation by 2050.- Attracting Young Talent to Aeronautics Versus Other Employers.- Women and the Broadening of Skills and Workspace in Aerospace.- Key Findings and Actions as Challenges for Future Aviation.

Accelerating Sustainable Aviation Initiatives: Markets, Economics, and Social Issues examines the twin challenges of clean aviation and the industry’s ongoing recovery from the COVID-19 crisis. The book looks at integrated technologies and societal issues driving aircraft design, certification, operational performance, maintenance, and safety. Coverage includes emerging technologies for low emissions and the evolution of aircraft fleets toward zero environmental impact, the effects of COVID-19, and economic efficiency and market implications of renewing current fleets to meet environmental targets. The book will be of keen interest to professionals and researchers interested in emerging technologies for clean aviation and the industry’s emergence from the COVID-19 crisis.

Aerospace Technology and Astronautics

Engineering Mechanics

Overview of Subproject VitAM-Gust.- High-Fidelity Simulation for Identification of Steady and Dynamic Transport Aircraft Derivatives.- Robustness Improvements for a Differential Reynolds Stress Modeling using a Logarithmic Formulation.- Aeroelastic AIC-based Reduced Order Model with CFD-Corrections for Gust Encounter Simulations.- System Identification from Virtual Flight Test Data for a Flexible Transport Aircraft Changes Company.- Numerical Studies on the Impact of Atmospheric Turbulence on Aircraft Loads.- Spalart-Allmaras Turbulence Model Conditioning For Leading-Edge Vortex Flows.- Bayesian Calibration of Extended Menter-SST Turbulence Model for Vortical Flows.- VitAM-Flex - Modelling and Simulation to Study the Effects of Elastic Aircraft Structures on the Flight Physics.

This book reports on the results of a four-year collaborative project between the German Aerospace Center (DLR), three German universities and the aircraft industry. The project was funded by the Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action. In the book, different subprojects are presented, with their corresponding case studies. Readers will find extensive information on simulation strategies required for virtual flight testing, and verification and validation aspects. All in all, this book offers a timely update on the state-of-the-art in flow simulation techniques, flight mechanics methods, integrated multidisciplinary simulation, reduced-order models, and  on the development of processes for automated generation of aerodynamic databases. It addresses both researchers and professionals in the field of aviation engineering.

Aerospace Technology and Astronautics

1. Introduction to Optical Sensors in Aerospace Engineering.- 2. Basic Concepts of Light and Optics for Aerospace Sector.- 3. Optical Sensors for Structural Health Monitoring.- 4. FBG Sensor Applications in Aerospace Engineering.- 5. Optical Sensors for Aircraft Structural Health Monitoring.

This book presents the intricate world of advanced optical sensors specifically tailored for aerospace applications. Starting with the fundamental principles of optical sensing technology, it navigates through the latest innovations and advancements that have shaped the industry. Readers will discover how optical sensors play a pivotal role in avionics, remote sensing, and structural health monitoring, enhancing both safety and efficiency. The book also addresses the challenges and limitations of currently available technologies while exploring future trends, including the integration of artificial intelligence. In addition to theoretical insights, the book includes case studies that showcase successful implementations, providing practical examples of how optical sensors are transforming aerospace operations. Ultimately, this book serves as a resource for engineers, researchers, and industry professionals looking to understand and advance the application of optical sensor technology in the aerospace sector.

Aerospace Technology and Astronautics

Biomechanical Analysis and Modeling

Chapter 1. Historical Review.- Chapter 2. Determination of Tandem Wing Aircraft Aerodynamic Characteristics.- Chapter 3. Effect of Geometric Parameters on Aerodynamic Characteristics.- Chapter 4. Recommendations Regarding Aerodynamic Design of Tandem Wing Aircraft.- Conclusions.

This updated, second edition adds more reviews of modern four-winged aircraft belonging to convertiplanes, Medium Altitude Long Endurance UAVs, and solar planes. As in the first edition, different analytical, numerical, and experimental methods are discussed in detail.  The book presents new sections on unsteady aerodynamic characteristics of tandem wings and specifics of their aerodynamic loading for stress analysis and structural design. Also, dependencies between key geometric parameters and aerodynamic characteristics were updated with new studies that helped to understand the physics more deeply and even reinterpret previous experimental results. Accordingly, practical recommendations in development and optimizing of tandem wing aircraft were updated to provide high endurance, wide range of flight velocities, stability, and controllability. This is an ideal book for graduate students, researchers, and engineers working in fields of aerodynamics and conceptual design of the aircraft especially UAVs and light piloted airplanes.

Aerospace Technology and Astronautics

Introduction.- Part 1: Regulatory environment.- ICAO and the aviation authorities.- The story of airworthiness approvals and certifications.- Continuing airworthiness management – organization and amp requirements.- Instructions for continuing airworthiness (ICA).- Part 2: Aircraft maintenance programs: Content and management.- AMP content & maintenance planning document (MPD).- AMP primary sources.- AMP secondary sources: Ageing aircraft.- AMP secondary sources: MCAI, modifications & repairs and non-mandatory recommendations.- AMP secondary sources: Operational requirements and changes to the operation type.- Components maintenance program.- AMP task interval management.- AMP evolution / optimization.- Maintenance checks and bridge programs.- Aircraft induction.- Critical maintenance tasks / required inspection items.- Part 3: The reliability program.- Reliability program regulatory requirements.- Reliability program process.- AMP task effectiveness.- Reliability analysis results.- Part 4: The AMP in the engineering & maintenance organization context.- The engineering & maintenance organization.- Interface of the maintenance program with other functions.- Impact of the AMP revision on the organization.- Part 5: Safety management.- Hazards and safety risks.- Human factors.- Organizational factors.- Safety programs.- Part 6: Information security management.- Threats, vulnerabilities, and information security risks.- Aircraft information security ecosystem.- Airworthiness of aircraft information systems, networks, and equipment.- Information security programs.- Part 7: Improvement tools and methods.- Audits.- Continuous improvement methodologies.- Process mapping & analysis.- Tools for continuous improvement.- Problem-solving.- Efficiency & visual management.- Data-driven decisions.- Part 8: The future of aircraft maintenance.- Condition-based maintenance (CBM).- MSG-4: The future of aircraft maintenance.- Automation.- Paperless aircraft operations & blockchain.

This book, now in an updated and expanded second edition, provides the only comprehensive comparison of the Aircraft Maintenance Program (AMP) requirements of the world’s leading aviation regulators today: the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). It offers an in-depth examination of the elements of an AMP, explaining the aircraft accident investigations and events that have shaped and informed the current rules. By introducing the Triangle of Airworthiness model (Reliability, Quality, and Safety), this book enables easier understanding of the processes by which an aircraft and its components are deemed to be in a safe condition for operation, from a cost-effective and optimization perspective. It compares the best practices used by top airlines and compiles a series of tools and techniques to improve AMP standards. This book’s updated coverage introduces key enhancements, including updates to the MSG-3 methodology with Aircraft Health Monitoring, an explanation of the forthcoming MSG-4 standard with Condition-Based Maintenance concepts, the inclusion of Aircraft Cyber Security for Continuing Airworthiness, and a review of emerging technologies in the Innovation chapter.

Aerospace Technology and Astronautics

Materials Engineering

Aerospace Grade Aluminum Alloys.- Aluminum-Lithium Alloys in Aircraft Structures.- Superplastic Aluminum Alloys in Aerospace Industry.- Retrogression and Reageing Treated Aluminum Alloys in Aircraft Applications.- Aluminum Foams in Aerospace Applications.- Functionally Graded Aluminum Alloys in Aerospace Applications.- Aluminum Matrix Composites in Aerospace Sector.- Aluminum Based Sandwich Structures in Aircraft.- Additive Manufacturing of Aluminum Alloys for Aerospace Applications.

This book presents cutting-edge developments and applications of aluminum alloys in the aerospace industry, offering  a detailed exploration of the material science and engineering innovations behind aluminum technologies. It examines the properties and advancements of aerospace-grade aluminum alloys while highlighting transformative developments such as aluminum matrix composites, aluminum-based fiber metal laminates, and grain refinement techniques. The book also discusses emerging manufacturing processes, including friction stir welding, and additive friction stir deposition, which open new frontiers for designing and fabricating aerospace components. By bridging material science and practical engineering, this book provides an integrated understanding of how aluminum technologies are shaping the future of aerospace. Aluminum Technologies in Aerospace Applications is a key resource for engineers and researchers looking to stay current on advancements in the field. It highlights the potential of aluminum alloys for innovative aerospace solutions and provides the knowledge and tools needed to address challenges in this fast-evolving industry.

Aerospace Technology and Astronautics

Engineering Mechanics

Introduction.- Analytical Methods for Periodic Motions.- Periodic Solutions for Buckled Nonlinear Jeffcott Rotors.- Semi-analytic Solutions of Periodic Motions in Nonlinear Jeffcott Rotors.- Modeling for Journal Bearing Rotors.

This book is a monograph about the analytical dynamics of nonlinear rotor systems. The analytical solutions of periodic motions in nonlinear rotor systems are presented in this book. To help one understand the analytical solutions, the generalized harmonic balance method for periodic motions in polynomial nonlinear systems is briefly reviewed first, and then the semi-analytical method for periodic motions in any nonlinear systems is presented briefly too, which is also called the implicit mapping method. Such two analytical methods are employed to determine the solutions of periodic motions in nonlinear rotor systems. The analytical expressions of periodic motions to chaos for nonlinear rotor systems are presented, and the frequency-amplitude characteristics of nonlinear rotor systems are discussed. In addition, the accurate modeling of nonlinear rotors with oil films is presented, and the periodic motions of such fully nonlinear oil-film rotor systems are developed through the semi-analytical method. This book provides a better understanding of frequency-amplitude characteristics in nonlinear rotor systems. The methodology presented in this book can help one study complicated nonlinear rotor systems.

Aerospace Technology and Astronautics

Mathematical and Computational Engineering Applications

Reconstruction of Apollo Ground-based Targeting and On-board Guidance for Powered Descent.- Introduction.- Apollo Descent and Landing Maneuver.- Apollo Lunar Descent and Landing Guidance.- Mathematical Preliminaries.- Approach-Phase Ground-based Targeting.- Braking-Phase Targeting.- P63 Ignition Algorithm.- P63-64 Powered Descent Guidance.- P66 Lunar-landing Guidance.- Simulations and Comparison Analyses.- Integrated Apollo-Class Real-Time Targeting and Guidance for Powered Descent.- Extension and Enhancement of Apollo Guidance.- Optimal Control Problem and Extremals.- Extension of Braking-phase Targeting.- Simulations of Braking Phase using Analytical Solutions.- Real-time Targeting and Re-targeting.- Landing Accuracy.- Conclusions.

This book explores the reconstruction, extension, and enhancement of the Apollo targeting and guidance algorithms, integrating original guidance concepts with new analytical solutions. It details the Apollo ground-based and on-board algorithms, their iterative targeting procedures, and their performance in post-flight mission reconstructions. The book further introduces advanced real-time targeting methods that improve landing accuracy and autonomy, supporting future robotic and human lunar landing missions. By eliminating iterative computations, these solutions enable real-time re-targeting during powered descent, ensuring safer and more precise landings. This work bridges past Apollo-era methods with modern advancements, making it essential for undergraduate and graduate students, aerospace engineers, researchers, and mission designers.

Space Exploration and Astronautics

Astronomy, Cosmology and Space Sciences

1 The World Next Door: What’s So Great About the Moon?.- 2 Where to Settle? What to Study?.- 3 Geopolitics and History.- 4 Moon Rockets Past to Future, New Breeds of Launchers.- 5 Sending the Voyagers.- 6 Sticking the Landing.- 7 Gateways to Distant Worlds.- 8 Phobos, Deimos, and Other Small Moons.- 9 The Galileans: Planet-Sized Moons at Jupiter.- 10 Saturn and Beyond: New Frontiers.- 11 More than Conquerors: Treating Our New Worlds with Reason and Respect.

The Moon offers humanity a site from which to understand our origins, and a springboard—both technologically and strategically—for exploration of the moons of Mars and beyond. This book takes you on the journey of peering into one of humanity's most significant missions to space; the Artemis project. Taking humans back to the Moon and beyond, NASA's Artemis mission promises to provide a beach head for ventures to the small but scientifically important celestial worlds. The icy Galilean satellites of Jupiter display varied and exotic landscapes foundational to our understanding of the icy worlds in the outer system. Further sites of exploration and study include Saturn’s moons Titan, Enceladus, Iapetus and others; all of which are discussed! This book will take you beyond the gas giants by getting a chance to see how hot spots for scientists and tourist encompass ice volcanoes, vast glacial flows, and the tallest cliffs in the solar system.

Aerospace Technology and Astronautics

Engineering Mechanics

Graduate/advanced undergraduate textbook

Background and basic concepts.- Finite element static analysis.- Dynamic analysis.- Aerodynamics.- Fluid structure interaction and related tools.- Static aeroelasticity.- Dynamic aeroelasticity.- Aeroelastic design.

This book comprehensively covers the topic of computational aeroelasticity, which is one of the main aerospace engineering disciplines. The book highlights advanced numerical techniques for practical aircraft models rather than fundamental 2D wings. It starts with gathering numerical and mathematical background required for the subject, followed by the static and dynamic finite element analyses for aircraft structural modelling using the equations of motion for rigid-body and flexible aircraft. The book subsequently outlines subsonic aerodynamic techniques which includes a steady vortex lattice/ring method, an unsteady vortex ring method, and a doublet lattice method, with the ideas for further improvement of the methods. The following chapters deal with numerical tools for fluid-structure interaction, e.g., displacement estimation using several numerical techniques, normal-wash calculation of rigid-body and flexible aircraft, and estimation of generalized aerodynamic forces matrices. The next two chapters are concerned with static and dynamic aeroelastic analyses of fixed cantilever wings and restrained and unrestrained aircraft. Static aeroelasticity includes lift and control effectiveness (trim conditions for a fixed cantilever wing), divergence, and trim conditions for rigid-body and flexible aircraft. Dynamic aeroelasticity includes flutter modelling and solution techniques, discrete and continuous gust response, and dynamic modelling of an unrestrained flexible aircraft for aeroelastic response simulation. The final chapter demonstrates design optimization related to aeroelasticity including deterministic design with single- and multi-objective optimization and design with uncertainty. This book is suitable for senior undergraduate and graduate mechanical and aerospace engineering students as well as aerospace researchers and engineers.

Control, Robotics, Automation

Aerospace Technology and Astronautics

Review of Soft Manipulator Research, Applications and Opportunities.- Design and Development of an Elephant Trunk-like Soft Robotic Manipulator.- Design and Optimization of a Pneumatic Soft Actuator.- Experimental Validation of a Composite Soft Actuator.

This book investigates the soft robotic manipulators in detail, including a systematic review of soft manipulators, integrated designs of structure and actuation, modeling and implementation of soft manipulators, structural optimizations, and experimental validations. The soft robotic manipulator, which has advantages of low-weight, flexibility, safe physical interaction, shows a wide prospect in both industry and family applications. In the Web of Science database, the search terms or search scopes including “soft manipulator”, “soft robot arm” and “soft arm” show a booming trend. Usually, the soft manipulator is a kind of special manipulator that uses soft material or flexible structure to perform manipulation tasks through continuous motion control. This book provides a comprehensive presentation from design, simulation to experiment validations of soft manipulators, revealing a deep insight for fine control and suitable application. This book is intended for graduate students, researchers and engineers interested in robotics, intelligent control, soft materials, mechanism design, Bionics, etc.

Aerospace Technology and Astronautics

Engineering Fluid Dynamics

Introduction.- Flow control equations and DES series methods.- High fidelity numerical method for compressor flow field based on DES.- Data mining methods for massive high fidelity flow field data.- Application for capturing largescale corner separation within compressor blade hub region.- Application for capturing leakage flow within compressor blade tip region.- Application for capturing dynamic distortion within a compressor inlet distortion generator.

This book concentrates on high-fidelity numerical methods for predicting internal flows within aeroengines’ compressors. A distinctive features of this work is the establishment of a comprehensive research framework. Specifically, it starts with engineering application requirements and integrates high-performance parallel algorithms to develop detached eddy simulation (DES)-series methods tailored to the needs of compressor design. Additionally, it encompasses the development of data analysis methods suitable for handling the "vast" amounts of high-fidelity unsteady flow data in compressors and the high spatial resolution experimental results. This book takes us from making the intricate details of compressor flow field structures "visible" to “explainable”. Another noteworthy aspect of this book is its practical orientation, seamlessly intergrating theoretical concepts with practical applications. Herein, it addresses three major engineering problems in detail and elucidates the technical approaches involving advanced numerical methods and data analysis techniques for solving these physical problems. The book highlights the challenging issues associated with complex internal flows in compressors, the governing equations for DES-series methods, and the implementation strategies for numerical simulations of internal compressor flows. They also delve into data-driven analysis methods for unsteady flow field data, high-fidelity numerical simulations of flow in the blade root region of compressors, dynamic flow capture methods in the tip region of compressor blades, and simulation and analysis of flow fields in inlet distortion generators. This book serves as a valuable reference for researchers and engineering professionals in the aerospace, computational fluid dynamics, and high-performance turbomachinery fields. Additionally, it can be used as a specialized textbook for doctoral and master's students in disciplines such as aerospace science and technology, power engineering, and engineering thermophysics.  

Aerospace Technology and Astronautics

Computer-Aided Engineering (CAD, CAE) and Design

From the drawing board to the Digital Twin: the last 40 years of aerospace engineering.- Structural Optimization of a Wing for Wind Tunnel Testing Through Mesh Morphing.- A mixed intrusive and non-intrusive approximation technique for efficient robust aerodynamic shape design.- Induced Drag and Vorticity in Viscous and Inviscid Flows.- An interactive design tool for NACA intakes based on high fidelity CFD simulations and Reduced Order Models.- The role of high-fidelity Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) multi-physics design within the research institutes of the National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF).

This book presents a curated collection of works addressing topics on aerodynamic and structural design of aerospace systems, with a particular emphasis on technologies that enhance the design process. A set of case studies illustrate how Digital Twins are used in supporting analyses and design of complex systems. Works developed within research environments, academia and industries contributes to provide an overview on the status of Digital Twins technology for aerospace applications. Examples in which the adoption of Reduced Order Models (ROM) support the generation of models that provide real time feedback on performance are provided. Aspects related to the accuracy of numerical models, and the efficiency of optimisation techniques, are also covered.

Aerospace Technology and Astronautics

Graduate/advanced undergraduate textbook

Chapter 1 Introduction to Drone and UAV Technology.- Chapter 2 UAV Components and Ecosystem.- Chapter 3 Survey on Drone and UAV Forensics.- Chapter 4 Conceptual Drone Forensics Framework.- Chapter 5 Setting Up a Drone Forensics Laboratory.- Chapter 6 Data Acquisition from Drone and UAV.- Chapter 7 Understanding a Drone and UAV Forensic Image and its Artifacts.- Chapter 8 Forensic Analysis of Drone and UAV Flight Data.- Chapter 9 Forensic Investigation of UAV Faults and Anomalies.- Chapter 10 Forensic Analysis of Drone and UAV Telemetry Logs.- Chapter 11 Building a Forensic Timeline from Drones and UAV.- Chapter 12 Bringing Natural Language Processing to Drone and UAV Forensics.

This textbook is designed to introduce and deepen the understanding of drone technology in the field of forensic science. It is tailored for university-level courses, blending theoretical knowledge with practical application. This makes it an ideal resource for advanced-level students in digital forensics, computer science, criminal justice, and related fields.  Real-world case studies are designed throughout the text, providing practical insights, and demonstrating how the principles and techniques discussed can be applied in actual forensic investigations. This hands-on approach not only aids in understanding theoretical concepts but also provides valuable practical experience.  This textbook not only focuses on current practices in drone forensics, but also discusses the future challenges and advancements expected in the field. This forward-thinking approach ensures that readers are not only well-versed in current methodologies but are also prepared for emerging technologies and evolving legal landscapes. This aspect makes the textbook a long-term resource for students and researchers interested in or working in drone forensics.

Aerospace Technology and Astronautics

Certifying electric aircraft.- Electric oriented aircraft supercapacitors.- Energy storage components fuel Cells.- Preliminary performance modelling of a turbofan engine.- Electrical aircraft engine systems and an economic cost benefit analysis.- Lithium ion battery hazard identification and safety risk management in aircraft with electric propulsion.- Energy storage components batteries.- Energy storage components fuel cells.- Unmanned aero vehicle uav technologies.- New generation aero vehicle design procedures.- Effects of electric oriented aviation on airports and airlines.

This book provides readers with a comprehensive understanding of electric-oriented aviation, its underlying technologies, and its potential impact on the future of air travel. It encourages readers to envision a more sustainable future and become aware of the transformative potential of sustainable aviation and its positive impact on the environment. Coverage highlights the environmental benefits of electric aviation, such as reduced greenhouse gas emissions, noise pollution, and improved air quality. It also explores market trends, potential business opportunities, and investment prospects and offers a glimpse into a future where electric aviation becomes commonplace.  Electric-Oriented Aviation provides readers with the knowledge, inspiration, awareness, and opportunities in electric aviation technology, empowering them to be informed and engaged participants in shaping the future of sustainable air travel. Unique Selling Point:  Examines the underlying technologies associated with electric aviation; Explores real-world applications; Offers the latest insights from a team of global experts.

Aerospace Technology and Astronautics

Engineering Thermodynamics, Heat and Mass Transfer

Introduction.- Basic Considerations of Hypersonic Airbreather Design.- Aerothermodynamic Features of the External Flow Path.- Basics of Ramjet and Scramjet Propulsion.- Issues of Airframe-Propulsion Integration.- Structure and Materials Aspects.- Issues of Technology Development and Verification.- The SÄNGER Hypersonics Technology Development and Verification Concept.- Closing Notes.- Solution Guide and Solutions of the Problems.

This book sketches key design, development, and engineering issues. To think up an airbreathing hypersonic aircraft is one thing; to design, develop, and produce it is another one. Airframe-propulsion integration plays a central role, with six integration types identified. Most demanding is that of a large aircraft with both lift and propulsion located at its lower side—an approach exemplified early by the US National Aerospace Plane. Topics treated are the flight environment, design sensitivities, fuel considerations, aerothermodynamics, scramjet propulsion, airframe-propulsion integration, structural and materials issues, and aerothermoelasticity. Persistent challenges include laminar-turbulent transition and joint modelling. Capabilities and shortcomings of experimental, computational, and in-flight simulation are considered. The second wave of mathematization—culminating in the concept of the virtual product—has fundamentally transformed flight vehicle design, enabling integrated, high-fidelity simulation across disciplines. In this book, students, design engineers, and technical managers will find ample insight and practical knowledge regarding hypersonic airbreather design.

Celebrating And Applying Lessons Learned From The Apollo Expeditions

Space Exploration and Astronautics

Chapter 1: Overview: The Apollo Lunar Surface Expedi-tionary Approach.- Chapter 2: The Challenge: Constraints and Requirements of Extreme Exploration.- Chapter 3: The Context: Robotic Precursors Ranger, Surveyor, Orbiter.- Chapter 4: The Preparation: Planning, Selecting, Training.- Chapter 5: Field Work Approach.- Chapter 6: Field Work Tools.- Chapter 7: Surface Deployed Experiments.- Chapter 8: Apollo Surface Missions.- Chapter 9: Beyond Apollo: Applying Lessons Learned.

This book describes a relatively unsung triumph of the Apollo program. The extreme limitation of resources available for exploring the lunar surface required the creation of an altogether new approach to science and exploration— the “Apollo Approach,” also known as the “Extreme Science Approach.”  This book analyses the record of Apollo and essential pre-Apollo precursor (Ranger, Surveyor, Lunar Orbiter) programs, including firsthand interviews with the people involved; recently archived training, simulation, planning documentation; and the Apollo Lunar Surface Log, to show how the missions to the Moon created a novel baseline for field exploration. As we approach the new series of Artemis missions, the book looks forward, applying what Apollo taught us to the scientific exploration that will be conducted in the future.    With each breakthrough, Apollo created the foundations not only for lunar missions, but for any space exploration activity that followed. This book will show you how it did so, and what’s next.  

Control, Robotics, Automation

Aerospace Technology and Astronautics

Introduction.- Preliminary Method of Prescribed Performance Control.- Extended State Observer-based Prescribed Performance Control with Velocity Information Loss.- Adaptive Fault-tolerant Prescribed Performance Control with Actuator Saturation and Faults.- Robust Prescribed Performance Control with External Disturbances.- Event-triggered Prescribed Performance Control with Low-frequency Communication.- Appointed-time Prescribed Performance Control with Guaranteed Convergence.- Cooperative Prescribed Performance Control with Collision Avoidance and Connectivity Assurance.- Reinforcement Learning based Prescribed Performance Control.

This book systematically presents the state of the art in prescribed performance control theory in terms of incomplete state information, actuator saturation and faults, constrained communication bandwidth and task time window, as well as collision avoidance, and more. It provides a thorough presentation of fundamental structure, controller design, and analysis, as well as simulation studies of aerospace applications. The book aims to offer a valuable guide for researchers and aerospace engineers to address the theoretical and technical difficulties in different aerospace craft applications, ranging from spacecraft attitude and orbital control to space robotic operations. Meanwhile, it can also work as a professional reference book for senior undergraduate students and postgraduate students in fields such as automation and aerospace engineering.

Aerospace Technology and Astronautics

Space Exploration and Astronautics

Chapter 1: Introduction to space life sciences.- Chapter 2: Space biology.- Chapter 3: The neuro-sensory system in space.- Chapter 4: The cardio-vascular system in space.- Chapter 5: The musculo-skeletal system in space.- Chapter 6: The brain in space.- Chapter 7: Psychological issues of spaceflight.- Chapter 8: Operational space medicine.- Chapter 9: Life support systems.- Chapter 10: An investigator’s guide.

This fundamental 3rd Edition offers a comprehensive overview of performance declines observed in astronauts and cosmonauts throughout various space missions, spanning from Gagarin's flight to the Apollo lunar surface activities, as well as Space Shuttle landings and long-duration stays on board the International Space Station. This evidence forms the basis for identifying risks to crew health and performance during extended space missions, as well as for developing countermeasures to mitigate these risks. In this edition, you'll read how space agencies are currently gearing up for human missions beyond low-Earth orbit, which necessitates addressing numerous physiological, psychological, operational, and scientific challenges prior to establishing bases on the surface of Moon and Mars. The emerging commercial sub-orbital and orbital flight capabilities have captivated both the public and the scientific community. This book also identifies the anticipated hurdles, or "showstoppers," for these space missions and what must be understood to grasp fully the implications and risks for space explorers. Over 650 astronauts from various nations have collectively spent over 184 years in space. Currently, the 72nd expedition crew resides on the International Space Station, maintaining a continuous human presence since 2000. Investigations during this time have explored issues like bone and muscle health, space motion sickness, immune function changes, crew dynamics, and medical challenges such as visual impairment and radiation effects. These studies, including those led by Gilles Clément, have provided valuable insights into human adaptation to space.

Geographical Information System

Aerospace Technology and Astronautics

Chapter 1 Introduction.- Chapter 2 Basics of GNSS Signals.- Chapter 3 Characteristics of GNSS Reflected Signals.- Chapter 4 Ground-based GNSS Multipath Reflectometry.- Chapter 5 Interference Technology and Delay Doppler Map.- Chapter 6 GNSS Altimetry Theory and Methods.- Chapter 7 Space-based GNSS Reflectometry Theory.- Chapter 8 Sea Surface Height and Significant Wave Height Estimation.- Chapter 9 Sea Surface Wind Estimation.- Chapter 10 Soil Moisture Remote Sensing.- Chapter 11 Vegetation Remote Sensing.- Chapter 12 Snow and Ice Remote Sensing.- Chapter 13 Monitoring Surface Freeze-Thaw Status.- Chapter 14 Conclusion and Prospects.

This book gives comprehensive introduction to the fundamentals, methods and applications of GNSS-Reflectometry (GNSS-R), including GNSS-R history, GNSS reflection signal characteristics, ground-based GNSS multipath reflectometry, interference pattern technology, delay Doppler map, space-based GNSS-R theory, ocean altimetry, hydrological remote sensing, vegetation monitoring and cryosphere remote sensing, etc. It well presents the current status and the latest application progress in this field. The authors have been engaged in the research and application of GNSS-R for many years with achieving lots of original theoretical and application progress, such as GNSS-R scattering mechanism and new applications, which reflect the forefront trends and cutting-edge dynamics in this discipline. It has important reference value and application prospect for marine monitoring, environment remote sensing, global change monitoring, glacier and permafrost monitoring, meteorological and agricultural application and so on. This book is suitable for professionals, graduate students, and researchers engaged in satellite navigation, remote sensing, space geodesy, marine environment, meteorological services, and global change, and as well as technical support for engineers and transformation applications, especially those engaged in satellite navigation development and environmental remote sensing applications. The basis of English translation of this book, originally in Chinese, was facilitated by artificial intelligence. The content was later revised completely by the authors for accuracy.

Space Exploration and Astronautics

Law of the Sea, Air and Outer Space

Accession to international space law instruments and organizations.- Impetus gained from the involvement in regional EU space initiatives.- Competent State and non State Greek authorities.- Greek legislation on space activities.

This book provides an overview of the Greek legislation applying to space activity under the responsibility of the Greek State, as in line with international space law. Greece is not an established space-faring country; however, it is showing particular dynamism, making the most of its participation in international and EU space endeavors. Indeed, along with outstanding achievements in space science Greece took legislative action both at the international and national levels (proposals at the UNCOPUOS; Greek space law; signing of the Artemis Accords). Hence, the time has come to refer to – and present aspects of – the Greek space legislation. After an introductory section, the book provides information first on the national laws providing for the Greek participation in international space systems and in EU activities, which could be regarded as being the initial steps of Greece in the context of space. Thereafter, the rules applying to Greek space activity per se are presented, focusing on the authorities competent to decide on space matters, then on the substantial law rules allowing for – and clarifying – the application of international space law to domestic space operations. This book presents an overall view and analysis of the Greek space legislation, adding valuable information to the existing bibliography. Included as an appendix is a scholarly translation of the 2017 Greek space law.

Aerospace Technology and Astronautics

Regulation and Industrial Policy

The function of NOTAM (Notice to Airman).- GRF Global Reporting Format.- Raising the Runway Condition Code (RWYCC).- Communication path RCR (airport operator).- SNOWTAM (New).- NOTAM to AIP publications and Trigger NOTAM.- NOTAM navigation structure.- Implementation of the EASA Regulation 2148/2020 in Connection with the EU Regulation 139/2014.- NOTAM, SNOWTAM, and GRF/RCC Test.

The book deals with the publication and creation of NOTAMs and SNOWTAMs as well as the Global Reporting Format (GRF) from a flight operations perspective. It is primarily aimed at airport employees working in the field of flight operations (e.g. flight dispatchers) and flight crews whose task it is to use this information to ensure safe flight operations. The work contains a comprehensive presentation of all relevant information for airport staff to write and publish NOTAMs in accordance with the requirements of the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) and the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). It also provides relevant added value for all other participants in the aviation industry who need to read and understand NOTAMs. This includes in particular students in the field of air traffic management.

With Mission Applications for Cislunar Space, the Moon, and Mars

Space Exploration and Astronautics

Computational Physics and Simulations

ChapterMulti Body Dynamics and Periodic Orbits.- Fundamentals of Space Situational Awareness.- Fundamentals of Select Space Missions.- Heuristic Search Methods and Genetic Algorithms.- Genetic Algorithm Variant The Categorical Form.- Space Based Cislunar SSA.- Lunar Surface SSA.- Mars System SSA.- Optimization Framework for Select Mission Types.

This book provides a comprehensive introduction to, and application of, heuristic search methods, specifically the genetic algorithm, for use with mission sets operating in multi-body gravitational systems. Detailed dynamical and mission models, as well as accompanying space-focused scenarios will allow the reader to implement different forms of the genetic algorithm to find Pareto optimal architectures within a multi-objective optimization problem. This book covers the Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) and delivers the first treatment of a scalable genetic algorithm employing a categorical chromosome form in book format. Although the book focuses on the space situational awareness (SSA) mission with space-based and lunar surface architectures, the heuristic techniques contained herein can be applied to other mission sets, such as positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT), communications, and space logistics. This book gives the reader a singular reference for space domain architecture analysis and optimal search as the focus of mission development and planning continues to expand into cislunar space, low lunar orbit, and the lunar surface. It is meant for the beginning researcher and expert astronautical engineer alike, with detailed mathematical algorithms and application scenarios allowing for a wide range of skill-sets and acclimation to heuristic search methods to use genetic algorithms in order to solve complex multi-objective optimization problems. The book provides a go-to source for students, teachers, engineers, and mission planners for investigating space system architecture design for space-based and lunar surface applications in the Earth-Moon and Mars-Phobos-Deimos systems, and anywhere else in the Solar System required for a given mission.

Aerospace Technology and Astronautics

Carbon Fiber Based Laminates in Fuselage Components.- Fiberglass Composites in Radome Applications.- Aramid Reinforced Polymers in Structural Parts.- Fiber Metal Laminates in Aircraft Structures.- Foam Core Sandwich Structures in Aircraft.- Honeycomb Core Laminates in Wing Structures.- Cork Based Composites for Aircraft Flooring.- Laminates With Metallic Mesh for Lightning Protection.

This book explores the design, analysis, and performance of laminated composite materials specifically tailored for the aerospace industry. It discusses the critical role these materials play in enhancing the performance, safety, and efficiency of modern aircraft. The coverage includes advanced topics such as fiber-based composites, fiber-metal laminates, and sandwich structures with various core materials. Special attention is given to case studies, in addition to theoretical analysis. Laminated Composites in Aircraft Applications is an important resource for aerospace engineers, researchers, and materials scientists seeking to deepen their understanding of laminated composites in aircraft design and applications.

Aerospace Technology and Astronautics

Machinery and Machine Elements

Introduction.- Basis of MDO Theory.- MDO-oriented Modeling and Verification.- Traditional Surrogate Methods.- Deep Learning-based Surrogate Methods.- Sequential Surrogate Modeling Methods.- Sensitivity Analysis Methods.- Search Strategy for Design Space.- Multidisciplinary Design Optimization Process.- Uncertainty Multidisciplinary Design Optimization Process.- Topology Optimization of Flight Vehicle Structure.- Design Optimization of Heat Source Layout in the Satellite Cabin.- General Design Optimization of Satellite.- Comprehensive Optimization of Satellite On-orbit Refueling Mission.- Integrated Optimization of Overall Missile and Engine.- Multidisciplinary Design Optimization of Aircraft and Wing.

This book systematically introduced the theory and application of Multidisciplinary Design Optimization (MDO) of flight vehicles. The MDO theory part includes the background, theoretical fundamentals, MDO-oriented modeling, traditional machine learning methods and deep learning-based approximation, sequential approximation modeling, sensitivity analysis, optimization search strategies, MDO optimization procedure, and uncertainty-based MDO. The MDO application covers both subsystem and system examples, including MDO of satellite inner instrument layout design, structural topology optimization, satellite system design, on-orbit servicing task optimization, and MDO of missile and aircraft. This book is characterized by the novelty and practicality with abundant contents, and it is written in an easy way for new learners. It is used by researchers and engineering designers who are engaged in design of flight vehicles or other complex industrial systems. And it is also used as textbook for graduate or undergraduate students majoring in flight vehicle design or related disciplines.

Aerospace Technology and Astronautics

Ultrasonic Inspection for Laminated Composites.- Radiographic Inspection for Aerospace Alloys.- Eddy Current Testing of Superalloys.- Thermographic Inspection of Composite Materials.- Shearography in Aircraft Structures.- Electromechanical Impedance Inspection for Structural Health.- Fiber Optic Inspection for Aerospace Structures.- Computed Tomography Scanning for Additively Manufactured Materials.

This book offers an exploration of nondestructive inspection (NDI) techniques specifically designed for materials used in aerospace applications. It thoroughly examines NDI methods applicable to metallic alloys, composites, and advanced materials, covering both traditional and innovative technologies. Case studies discuss the principles, applications, and limitations of recent NDI methods, including ultrasonic testing, eddy current testing, shearography, and thermography. Additionally, the book highlights emerging trends, including the use of laser ultrasonic wavefield imaging, fiber optic inspection, and vibration-based damage detection techniques. Nondestructive Inspection for Aircraft Materials is an essential resource for aerospace professionals, engineers, and researchers. It provides valuable insights into ensuring material integrity and safety in modern aircraft manufacturing and maintenance.

Numerical Methods and Experimental Means for the Integration of Future Propulsion Systems

A Resumé of the Achievements Made within the CleanSky 2 XDC Demonstrator

Aerospace Technology and Astronautics

Engineering Fluid Dynamics

Introduction.- The XDC - an Overview on the CleanSky 2 Demonstrator on Common Numerical Methods and Experimental Means.- Numerical Methods.- Hybrid wing body as a low-noise aircraft from a multidisciplinary point of view.- Fast prediction of fan broadband noise with an analytical aerodynamic model suited for transonic rotor blades.- Design and Integration of UHBR Propulsion Systems - An Overview of DLR Activities within the Clean Sky 2 ASPIRE and SA²FIR Projects.- Structural Design of a Generic High Bypass Ratio Fan.- Parametric Structural Modelling for Aeroelastic and Aeroacoustic Analyses of an Aircraft Fuselage.- Flutter Assessment of a Passenger Aircraft with Standard and UHBR Engines.- Experimental Means.- Temperature-Sensitive Paint Method for the Investigation of Stationary Crossflow Instability Induced Boundary Layer Transition.- Improving source localization with SODIX for far-field measurements in static engine noise tests.- Experimental Vibroacoustic Characterization of an A320 Wing Utilizing a Controlled Shaker System for Artificial Engine-Vibration Excitation.- Full Scale Particle Image Velocimetry in Aircraft Related Flows Under Open-Air Conditions.- 3D Lagrangian Particle Tracking with Shake-The-Box Applied to Large-Volume Measurements.

This book provides the latest achievements of numerical methods and experimental means developed and demonstrated by the DLR researchers for the CleanSky 2 LPA Cross Capability Demonstrator (XDC). These developments have been made in order to establish design processes and tools for the prediction, assessment, and measurement of the integration of future propulsion systems for large passenger aircrafts. The XDC thus provided high-fidelity CFD and CAA tools as well as further developed prediction tools for noise and aero-elastics and advanced testing means. For each of the methods a short introduction is given and their applicability is described using examples from the project helping to find the right method supporting future design and integration work.

Space Exploration and Astronautics

Signal, Speech and Image Processing

Chapter 1 Fundamentals of radio wave propagation for a satellite system.- Chapter 2 Clear air effects.- Chapter 3 Hydrometeor effects.- Chapter 4 Earth's surface reflection and local environment effects.- Chapter 5 Ionospheric effects.- Chapter 6 Radio noise and interference coordination.- Chapter 7 Fade mitigation techniques and propagation analysis of Satellite System Design.

This book highlights the fundamental theories and prediction methods of radiowave propagation for the design, building, and operation of contemporary satellite systems. The primary objective of this book is to inquire into whether and how it is possible in a democracy to effectively decrease short-sighted policies. Although the commonplace expression “responsibility to future generations” has become firmly established in public and political vocabulary, its operational meaning and practice are not as well understood and have not yet been systematically evaluated. It still has not been successfully translated into viable ethical and theoretical concepts that can guide public policies and action. How can modes of governance and established priorities compatible with the well-being of future generations be created? This book identifies the conditions, and the obstacles, for such future-oriented governance. To meet the needs of diverse satellite applications, the book covers the main factors that affect radiowave propagation, including the clear-air effects, the hydrometeor effects, the ionospheric effects, the earth's surface reflection, and the local environmental effects. To enhance the prediction of radiowave propagation, the book elaborates on the characteristics of radio meteorological and ionospheric environments. It also summarizes research progress on the prediction methods of radio noise and interference coordination for satellite systems. The fade mitigation techniques and the propagation analysis of satellite system design are discussed. Providing a comprehensive summary of common practices and latest advances, the book is intended for researchers and engineers engaged in the study and practice of satellite systems, radio propagation, and its applications.

Direct Numerical Simulation, Large Eddy Simulation and Experiment

Aerospace Technology and Astronautics

Introduction.- Mathematical theory.- Background.- Experiments.-Direct numerical simulation and large eddy simulation.- Summary.

The book presents a comprehensive summary of experiments and high-fidelity simulations (using Direct Numerical Simulation [DNS] and Large Eddy Simulation [LES]) of rough wall pipe and channel flows, and turbulent boundary layers from subsonic to hypersonic speeds. Although the field of rough wall turbulent boundary layers and rough wall turbulent pipe flow has been studied for nearly 200 years, there is no comprehensive summary of the experiments and high-fidelity simulations (LES and DNS) incorporating example results for each investigation. Dr. Knight further provides background information on turbulent boundary layers and pipe flow, together with a brief introduction to Direct Numerical Simulation and Large Eddy Simulation. A summary chapter describes the knowledge of the roughness function, examines the validity of Townsend’s similarity hypothesis and details the available data of experimental and high-fidelity simulation turbulence statistics and understanding of the rough wall turbulence structure, illustrating the importance of the phenomena in aerodynamics, aerospace, and civil, environmental, and mechanical engineering. Shows the connection to aerodynamic drag on wings; efficiency of propellors, and pollutant dispersion in urban areas Examines high fidelity simulations (LES and DNS) of rough wall turbulent boundary layers, pipe, and channel flows Summarizes over 100 years of experimental results for rough wall turbulent boundary layers and rough wall pipe flow                

Aerospace Technology and Astronautics

Introduction.- Interval-oriented Reduced-order Model for Uncertain Systems.- Convex Model-based Reduced-order Model for Uncertain Control Systems.- Uncertain robust attitude determination based on set theory.- Uncertain optimal attitude control for space power satellite based on interval Riccati equation with non-probabilistic time-dependent reliability.- Uncertain iterative optimal attitude control method for periodic satellite with reliability constraint.- Reliability-constrained uncertain spacecraft sliding mode attitude control with set theory.- Reliability-constrained optimal attitude-vibration control for rigid-flexible coupling satellite using interval dimension-wise analysis.- Bounded model predictive control for rigid-flexible coupling satellite with reliability constraint.- Hybrid-uncertainty-based attitude control for rigid-flexible satellite considering degradation and non-probabilistic reliability.

This book presents a unified set theory-based framework for spacecraft dynamics and control under multi-source uncertainties and data-sparse conditions. First, it develops reduced-order modeling techniques for high-dimensional spacecraft dynamics by introducing interval and convex set-based uncertainty descriptions, enabling efficient model reduction while rigorously quantifying unknown-but-bounded uncertainties without reliance on large-sample statistical assumptions. Second, the book addresses spacecraft attitude determination, attitude dynamics and control problems under uncertainty, establishing interval and convex set-based formulations for attitude dynamics and different control methods, including optimal control, sliding mode control, and periodic control, and systematically integrating non-probabilistic time-dependent reliability analysis into the dynamics and control design process to simultaneously account for performance and safety requirements. Finally, the proposed methodologies are extended to rigid–flexible coupling spacecraft, where attitude motion and structural vibration interact under uncertain conditions, and set theory-based spacecraft dynamics, optimal control and bounded model predictive control strategies are developed to achieve coordinated attitude–vibration suppression with guaranteed reliability and computational efficiency. Overall, the book provides a systematic methodology that links uncertainty dynamics, control synthesis, and reliability-based design optimization, offering both solid theoretical foundations and practical tools for the dynamics and control of advanced spacecraft operating in uncertain and data-limited environments.

Aerospace Technology and Astronautics

Control and Systems Theory

Chapter 1 Introduction.- Chapter 2 Dynamic models and computation methods.- Part I Orbit design and station keeping.

This book focuses on the solar sailing technique and investigates in detail its applications for deep-space explorations focusing on the Earth-Moon, Sun-Earth and Sun-planet systems. Solar sailing is an advanced and propellent-free form of low-thrust propulsion, and therefore, a perfect option for energy-demanding and long-duration space missions. This book covers the topics on non-Keplerian orbit designs, low-thrust station-keeping, and spacecraft formation flying using solar sailing from, in particular, the perspectives of dynamics and control. Given its breadth of coverage, the book offers a valuable reference guide for researchers and engineers who are interested in the solar sailing technique and, in particular, its dynamics and control in deep-space exploration missions.

Space Exploration and Astronautics

Aerospace Technology and Astronautics

A Brief History of the Brazilian Space Program Through its Major Achievements and Governance Cycles.- International Cooperation Strategies to Meet the Objectives of the Brazilian  Space Activities Program.- The Brazilian Space Diplomacy for Economic and Social Development From the Dawn of the Space Age to the Present Day.- A Critical Analysis of Brazil’s Space Activities Act: A Big Leap for NewSpace Commercial Demands?.- Advancing the NewSpace Ecosystem in Brazil: A Strategic Blueprint for Nurturing Innovation and Economic Growth in Emerging Space Markets.- Perspectives of Brazil's Space Program for Lunar Exploration.

This peer-reviewed book provides a comprehensive overview of the role of space exploration and technology in Brazil. The Brazilian space sector is currently experiencing rapid growth, with new participants entering the field and space applications increasingly supporting the country's social, economic, and political development. There is a growing recognition of space as a vital component of Brazil's development agenda. Despite significant progress in recent years that has improved the living conditions of many Brazilians and helped lift people out of poverty, much work remains to be done to meet the basic needs of all citizens and ensure they receive the respect they deserve. Space technology is already being utilized in various sectors to help achieve Brazil's future objectives, and there are still ample opportunities to expand the use of space systems and data. The book will be of interest to researchers, professionals, and students in fields such as space studies, international relations, governance, and social and rural development.

Space Exploration and Astronautics

Chapter 1: The Planets of the Sun.- Chapter 2: Spacecraft that Explored the Outer Planets.- Chapter 3: Launch Vehicles for Spacecraft to Outer Planets.- Chapter 4: Pioneer 10 & 11 Spacecraft.- Chapter 5: Voyager 1 & 2 Spacecraft.- Chapter 6: Cassini-Huygens Spacecraft.- Chapter 7: Galileo Spacecraft.- Chapter 8: New Horizons Spacecraft.- Chapter 9: Juno Spacecraft.- Chapter 10: Future Missions.

This book features eight remarkable spacecraft that ventured to the outer planets—Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune—and the dwarf planet Pluto. It delves into the complex engineering behind each mission, detailing the spacecraft systems and the sophisticated scientific instruments they carried. Tracing the journey of outer planet exploration, the book narrates the evolution of spacecraft technology that helped unveil the long-sought secrets of these distant worlds. The innovative designs reflect the dedication and brilliance of the engineers and scientists who worked with the best technology available at the time. Clever workarounds devised in response to mission-critical failures serve as powerful examples of human ingenuity and perseverance. The book also presents key scientific discoveries from each mission, along with stunning visuals, offering an engaging overview of their achievements. It serves as a companion to Spacecraft that Explored the Inner Planets: Venus and Mercury, published by Springer in 2023.

Aerospace Technology and Astronautics

Chapter 1 Concept and parameter definition of nozzle.- Chapter 2 Design method and flow characteristics research of serpentine nozzle.- Chapter 3 Research on the influence of infrared radiation characteristics of serpentine nozzles.

 This book summarizes the basic achievements  in the research field of serpentine nozzles, three-axis vectoring nozzles, and single expansion ramp nozzles, in order to provide theoretical basis and technical support for the application of special types of nozzles in aviation engines under different task requirements. It is based on the research results of the Jet Propulsion Theory and Engineering Research Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, combined with the latest research status. It is a valuable reference for scientific and technological personnel in related technical fields, and convenient for readers to have a deeper understanding of the basic knowledge and theory related to special-purpose nozzles, and to help carry out relevant design and application research.

Aerospace Technology and Astronautics

Introduction and Objective.- Hypersonic Boundary-Layer Stabilization.- Acoustic Metasurface Modelling.- Acoustic Metasurface Design.- Stabilization Mechanisms.- Other Stabilization Methods.- Conclusions and Prospects.

This book explores the mechanisms and applications of acoustic metasurfaces in the hypersonic transition control area. It begins with an introduction of the concepts of acoustic metasurface and hypersonic boundary-layer stabilization, which also provides a full scene of the research progress in the past two decades. This book then discusses the modeling methods of various acoustic metasurfaces, including the regular and irregular ones, and describes how the models are to be used in theoretical analysis and numerical calculations. The design strategies and optimization methods are presented to promote the applications in the engineering community. The possible stabilization mechanisms are explored, and the proposed analysis methods are used to clarify other flow instabilities. This book delivers valuable insight for aerospace engineers, postgraduate students, and researchers.

Advanced Spacecraft Propulsion through Extreme Aerospace Engineering Design

Aerospace Technology and Astronautics

Space Exploration and Astronautics

1. Introduction.- 2. Interstellar Trajectory.- 3. History of Research.- 4. Laser Fusion Physics.- 5. Inertial Confinement Fusion.- 6. Reactor Engineering.- 7. Principles of Aerospace Design.- 8. Interplanetary Spacecraft Designs.- 9. Interstellar Spacecraft Designs.- 10. Propulsion Power Management.- 11. Large Crewed Vessels.- 12. Massive World Ships.- 13. Fantastic Propulsion Concepts.- 14. The Starship Engineer.- 15. Imagining the Vision.

This book considers the unique method of inertial confinement fusion as a means for propelling a spacecraft on missions, through interplanetary and interstellar space. This has involved combining the two separate fields of knowledge that is advanced propulsion theory and high temperature thermonuclear plasma physics. For the first time, it lays out the theoretical basis for inertial confinement fusion physics and advanced space propulsion, how the engines can be designed, the various physics and engineering parameters calculated through the fundamental equations. The goal of the book is to give readers an overview of the field by introduction of the relevant material, but also to instruct the reader in calculation design examples so that they may be able to reproduce some of this material themselves, or use the material in design calculations of their own as they strive to develop spacecraft concepts. The book is also designed to teach the reader the subject matter of advanced concept spacecraft design for interplanetary and interstellar missions to include world ships, and also consideration of exotic vehicle architectures and advanced propulsion methods to include interstellar ramjets and a black hole engine.

Aerospace Technology and Astronautics

Introduction to Green Aviation Fuel: A Sustainable Driver for Next Generation.- Major Resources for Green Aviation Fuels Production, Challenges, and Opportunities.- Conversion Technologies for Green Aviation Fuel.- Lignocellulosic Biomass to Sustainable Aviation Fuel.- Microalgae: Next-generation Feedstock for Sustainable Aviation Fuel.- Hydroprocessing of Liquid Biomass to Drop-in Green Aviation Fuel.- Fischer-Tropsch Conversion of Agricultural and Municipal Waste Into Alternative Jet Fuel.- Advanced Biorefineries to Produce Sustainable Aviation Fuel.- Renewable Additives for Sustainable Aviation Fuel.- Performance, Combustion, and Emissions From Green Aviation Fuel.- Techno-economic and Life Cycle Assessment of Sustainable Aviation Fuel Production.- Sustainable Aviation Fuel: A Future Outlook.

Sustainable aviation fuels have the potential to make an essential contribution to decarbonizing the aviation sector and play an important role in strengthening the circular bioeconomy. This book presents recent advances and challenges in sustainable aviation fuel, with contributions from a global group of industry experts exploring alternative fuel technologies, feedstocks and conversion processes, combustion performance and emissions, and the technical and environmental challenges of implementing the use of alternative fuels for aviation. The book presents sustainability assessments, including techno-economic analyses and lifecycle assessments on developing sustainable aviation fuels from renewable sources, mainly from second and third-generation biomass feedstocks. Sustainable Aviation Fuels: Recent Advances and Future Challenges provides an excellent overview of the aviation and green energy sectors and is an invaluable resource for researchers and industry practitioners working on commercially viable sustainable aviation fuels. The book will also provide a foundation for graduate and postgraduate students, researchers, and professionals working in the broader fields of sustainable energy.

Space Exploration and Astronautics

Aerospace Technology and Astronautics

Introduction.- Design and construction of the inter-satellite link.- Mseasurement principles of the inter-satellite link.- Principles of the inter-satellite link communications.- Applications of the inter-satellite link.- Development prospects of the satellite link.

This book highlights a comprehensive coverage of the science and technology of multi-orbit inter-satellite links. It describes the fundamental concepts and system requirements, presents the architecture and measurement principles and demonstrates the anti-interference design, access and slot planning, network transmission and routing, calibration and test evaluation, as well as applications for measurement and communication. Recent advances in theoretical research on precision measurement and communication are presented. The book serves as a reference for professionals involved in designing space-based information systems or developing satellite-ground equipment or services based on inter-satellite links. Additionally, it is also a valuable resource for teachers and graduate students in related majors.

Through Optimization of Aerospace Vehicle Trajectories by the Pontryagin Maximum Principle

Aerospace Technology and Astronautics

The Pontryagin Maximum Principle For Trajectory Optimization.- Optimization Of Aerospace Vehicle Trajectories In The Atmosphere Based On The Pontryagin Maximum Principle.- Qualitative Analysis Of The Aerodynamic Forces Effect On The Optimal Ascent Trajectories And Control.- The Through Optimization Of Branching Trajectories  With A Finite Set Of Branches.- The Through Optimization Of Branching Trajectories With A Continuum Of Branches.- Investigation Of Optimal Branching Trajectories Of Various Types Of Space Transportation Systems.- Mathematical Models Of A Spacecraft With An Electric Propulsion For Trajectory Optimization Problems.- Optimization Of Limited-Power Interplanetary Trajectories.- Optimization Of Interplanetary Trajectories For A Limited-Thrust Spacecraft.- Optimization Of Complex Schemes Of Interplanetary Low Thrust Transfers.

This monograph investigates the trajectory optimization problems of low- and finite-thrust aerospace vehicles and spacecraft using an indirect method based on the Pontryagin maximum principle, providing a methodological basis for the construction of numerical techniques that are superior in versatility and accuracy to direct methods. This book provides a theoretical explanation of the approaches used and also an extensive gallery of the results of practical numerical studies. The problem of boundary value problem convergence has been largely overcome, which has made it possible to practically automate the optimization of trajectories and to achieve a qualitative generalization with a number of fundamentally new results. Examples of practical optimization of branching trajectories of complex dynamics systems with finite and continual sets of branches, in deterministic and stochastic statements, with control constraints and phase constraints of various orders are demonstrated. An emphasis is placed on the consistent application of methods of numerical continuation with respect to a parameter to solve various problems in the flight mechanics of spacecraft with an electric propulsion system (EPS). The problems considered include the optimization of direct interplanetary flights of spacecraft with thrusters having limited power or limited thrust, of interplanetary flights of such spacecraft using gravity assisted maneuvers, of multi-orbit interorbital transfers of spacecraft with limited-thrust EPS. As a result, it was possible to develop a set of numerical continuation methods for solving a wide range of optimization problems for spacecraft trajectories with EPS with improved characteristics in terms of convergence and performance. This monograph also contains a description of many pitfalls in solving a wide range of problems of optimizing the trajectories of aerospace vehicles and recipes for effectively overcoming them.

Aerospace Technology and Astronautics

Atmospheric Science

Launch systems.- Ascent trajectories: atmospheric arc.- Ascent trajectories: exo-atmospheric arc.- Reentry Trajectories.- Appendix 1: Necessary conditions for optimal space trajectory.- Appendix 2: Solutions of the exercises.

This book examines ascent trajectories of space launch vehicles and re-entry trajectories of space capsules. The decommissioned SCOUT is used as a reference launcher and the reader will be introduced to various and detailed aspects of a launch vehicle that are not generally available in the literature, since this information is limited to internal industry and agency reports. The SCOUT data are used here as a study case and the reader will be able to generate a complete numerical code using the general equations of flight introduced in different reference systems, including the time-dependent parameters representing the launcher and its environment with a high degree of accuracy. The guidance parameters for injection into orbits of different semiaxes, eccentricities and inclinations are determined by guessed values obtained by original analytical formulae. These formulae allow a fast and sufficiently accurate design of the rocket trajectory within the atmosphere; in the exo-atmospheric flight closed form solutions of the optimal problem of injection into orbit are provided. The second part of the book deals with re-entry trajectories. Basic analytical formulae for ballistic reentry are presented to evaluate the reentry trajectory and the capsule design in terms of critical parameters such as temperature and load peak. Entry corridors for ballistic reentry trajectories are then determined for various planets with atmospheres. The effect of lift is analysed to increase the entry corridors and guide the capsule to a target landing point. Autonomous and real-time guidance algorithms are developed for capsule of low aerodynamic efficiency and winged re-entry vehicles.

Aerospace Technology and Astronautics

 Aerospace Manufacturing and Maintenance.- Aerodynamics and Aeroelasticity.- Applications.- Flight system.

This book collects the selected paper presented at 2024 4th International Conference on Mechanical, Aerospace and Automotive Engineering, which is held in Beijing, China, on November 8–10, 2024. It features the latest breakthroughs and advancements in Aerospace Engineering. The scope of topics encompasses, but is not limited to Aerospace Manufacturing and Maintenance, Aerodynamics & Aeroelasticity, Applications of UAV, UAS and MAV, Flight System, Dynamics and Controls, Aerospace Propulsion, Mechanical and Automotive Engineering on Aerospace, among others. It provides valuable resource for researchers and practitioners in academia and industry