A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Location of the pineal gland | At the back of the thalamus, underneath it | 0.1565014347 | |||||||||||||
2 | Lingual gyrus | Lies between the calcarine sulcus and the posterior part of the collateral sulcus; behind, it reaches the occipital pole; in front, it is continued on to the tentorial surface of the temporal lobe, and joins the parahippocampal gyrus. Believed to play an important role in dreaming and vision | 0.01276265186 | |||||||||||||
3 | Uncus | (Hook). The anterior extremity of the parahippocampal gyrus. Separated from the apex of the temporal lobe by a slight fissure, the incisura temporalis. | 0.3809203224 | |||||||||||||
4 | Location of cell damage in Parkinson's | Degeneration of the melanin-pigmented dopamine-producing cells in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) | 0.3923173057 | |||||||||||||
5 | Components of the diencephalon (6) | thalamus, metathalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus and pretectum | 0.3069179561 | |||||||||||||
6 | Striatum | Part of the basal ganglia system. Divided by a white matter tract (the internal capsule) into the caudate nucleus and the putamen | 0.2918905687 | |||||||||||||
7 | Which sinus drains the deep cerebrum, and where does it lie? | The straight sinus. It lies within the junction of the falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli. | 0.7699460846 | |||||||||||||
8 | Types of reflex and latency | Monosynaptic (< 20 ms); Polysynaptic (more complicated; involve interneurons) | 0.2386176565 | |||||||||||||
9 | Which 2 nerves exit the midbrain just above the pons? | Occulomotor (big) and trochlear (small) | 0.2279419624 | |||||||||||||
10 | Control loop in the limbic system | Anterior cingulate cortex => Ventral striatum => Ventral pallidum => Medial dorsal nucleus | 0.411038844 | |||||||||||||
11 | Branches of the vertebral arteries | PICAs come off first; Then the anterior spinal artery down the middle; Then they fuse to form the basillar artery | 0.6997609604 | |||||||||||||
12 | PFC location and definition | Anterior part of the frontal lobes of the brain, lying in front of the motor and premotor areas. That part of the frontal cortex whose electrical stimulation does not evoke movements / The projection zone of the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus | 0.9816655369 | |||||||||||||
13 | Functional division of the cerebellum | Medial sector (spinocerebellum); Larger lateral sector (cerebrocerebellum). A narrow strip of protruding tissue along the midline is called the vermis. | 0.7954112969 | |||||||||||||
14 | Which sinus drains the cerebellum | The occipital sinus. It lies within the dura mater at base of falx cerebelli, inferior to the straight sinus | 0.3314629765 | |||||||||||||
15 | Location of the subthalamic nucleus + what does it lean against? | Lens-shaped structure below the thalamus, leaning against the internal capsule | 0.3727966109 | |||||||||||||
16 | Which nerve uses the same foramen as the VIIIth in its course, and where does it exit the skull? | Facial. Both cross into the internal acoustic meatus. The facial nerve exits the skull through the stylomastoid foramen. | 0.626141517 | |||||||||||||
17 | Stylomastoid foramen | In temporal bone. Stylomastoid artery and facial nerve pass through | 0.8837974123 | |||||||||||||
18 | Significance of the calcarine sulcus | Where the primary visual cortex is concentrated. The central visual field is located in posterior portion of the calcarine sulcus and the peripheral visual field in the anterior portion. | 0.6993076574 | |||||||||||||
19 | Which 3 nerves exit through the jugular foramen | In temporal bone. Inferior petrosal sinus, sigmoid sinus pass through, along with glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), vagus nerve (X) and accessory nerve (XI) | 0.4692151721 | |||||||||||||
20 | Function of the pons | Contains white matter tracts that conduct signals from the cerebrum down to the cerebellum and medulla, and tracts that carry the sensory signals up into the thalamus. Also contains the pneumotaxic center and CN V, VI, VII, VIII roots. | 0.3734566865 | |||||||||||||
21 | What meets at the pterion? | 4 bones of the skull. (Parietal, Sphenoid, Temporal, Frontal) | 0.3713077934 | |||||||||||||
22 | Where does the ICA enter the subarachnoid space? | Medial to the anterior clinoid process | 0.3807539192 | |||||||||||||
23 | Which nerves exit through the superior orbital fissure in the sphenoid bone, via the cavernous sinus? | The oculomotor nerve (CN III), the trochlear nerve (CN IV), the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve (CN V1) and the abducens nerve (CN VI) | 0.7514326436 | |||||||||||||
24 | What is the path of the ICA? | Cervical => Petrous => Lacerum => Cavernous => Clinoid => Opthalmic => Communicating | 0.613929588 | |||||||||||||
25 | Components of the basal ganglia | Striatum (caudate nucleus + putamen); Globus pallidus; Substantia nigra; Subthalamic nucleus | 0.7288781447 | |||||||||||||
26 | Branches of the facial nerve | Temporal, Zygomatic, Buccal, Mandibular, Cervical | 0.06391282011 | |||||||||||||
27 | Structures supplied by the lenticulo-striate arteries | Lentiform nucleus, caudate nucleus, internal capsule | 0.5486289561 | |||||||||||||
28 | Optic canal - Site and function | In sphenoid bone. Ophthalmic artery and optic nerve (II) pass through | 0.08368666049 | |||||||||||||
29 | Foramen spinosum | In sphenoid bone. Middle meningeal artery and meningeal branch of the mandibular nerve (V3) pass through | 0.5970158266 | |||||||||||||
30 | Supraorbital foramen | In frontal bone. Supraorbital artery, supraorbital vein and supraorbital nerve pass through | 0.4840151396 | |||||||||||||
31 | Rubrospinal tract | Part of the lateral indirect extra-pyramidal tract. | 0.3245224106 | |||||||||||||
32 | Control loop in the cognitive system | Dorsolateral prefontal cortex => Dorsolateral caudate => Medial globus pallidus, internal segment => Medial dorsal and ventral anterior nuclei | 0.9210574807 | |||||||||||||
33 | Superior orbital fissure | In sphenoid bone. Superior + inferior ophthalmic vein, plus CN III, IV, V1 and VI pass through | 0.5171508398 | |||||||||||||
34 | Functional divisions of the prefontal cortex | Dorsolateral => cognitive. Orbital/medial => behaviour, personality, social conduct | 0.4114536644 | |||||||||||||
35 | Foramen magnum | In occipital bone. Anterior and posterior spinal arteries, vertebral arteries and medulla oblongata pass through | 0.2475063848 | |||||||||||||
36 | internal acoustic meatus | In temporal bone. Labyrinthine artery, facial nerve (VII) and vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) pass through | 0.01837002875 | |||||||||||||
37 | Which nerves exit the skull through the jugular foramen? | The glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), vagus (CN X) and accessory nerve (CN XI) | 0.9030964549 | |||||||||||||
38 | Which part of the brain is supported by the middle cranial fossa? | The temporal lobes. It is made of the greater wings of the sphenoid and squamous part of the temporal bones laterally and the petrous part of the temporal bones posteriorly. | 0.5314927104 | |||||||||||||
39 | How to find the pre-central gyrus | Look for the Eastenders omega. Or follow the superior frontal gyrus back until it turns lateral - that's the puppy. It's quite far back. | 0.05431653187 | |||||||||||||
40 | Foramen rotundum | In sphenoid bone. Maxillary nerve (V2) passes through | 0.6324327269 | |||||||||||||
41 | Broca's area | Pars opercularis + triangularis of the inferior gyrus | 0.4134161488 | |||||||||||||
42 | Septum pellucidum | Runs from the corpus callosum down inbetween the lateral ventricles | 0.7399677234 | |||||||||||||
43 | Lobes of the cerebellum | Anterior, Posterior, Flocculonodular (vestibulocerebellum) | 0.5267168058 | |||||||||||||
44 | Which structure leaves the skull through the foramen ovale | Mandibular nerve (branch V3 of the trigeminal nerve) | 0.6906237815 | |||||||||||||
45 | Ventro-medial pathways | Vestibulospinal, Tectospinal, Pontine + medullary reticulospinal. All come from brainstem | 0.1169396977 | |||||||||||||
46 | Two main parts of the hippocampus | Ammon's horn and the dentate gyrus | 0.1810549535 | |||||||||||||
47 | Acronym for the layer of the scalp | SCALP. Skin, Connective tissue, Aponeurosis, Loose connective tissue, and Pericranium | 0.585263606 | |||||||||||||
48 | Which nerves pass through the cavernous sinus? | CN III, IV, VI (on their way to the eye). Also V1, V2 | 0.6093906635 | |||||||||||||
49 | Which nerves pass through the inferior orbital fissure? | Zygomatic nerve and infraorbital nerve of maxillary nerve (V2), and orbital branches of pterygopalatine ganglion | 0.2313659564 | |||||||||||||
50 | Relation of the trigeminal nerve to the cavernous sinus | CN V2 passes through => orbital apex through the superior orbital fissure. V2 travels through the lower portion of the sinus => foramen rotundum. | ||||||||||||||
51 | Nerve roots in the pons | V, VI, VII, VIII | ||||||||||||||
52 | Mnemonic for the foramens of the trigeminal nerve | "Standing room only" : V1 passes through the superior orbital fissure, V2 through the foramen rotundum, and V3 through the foramen ovale | ||||||||||||||
53 | Destination of almost all parasympathetic afferents? | Nucleus of the solitary tract, via the vagus | ||||||||||||||
54 | Parts of the dorsal column pathway? | Gracile fasciculus (look like legs - supply the legs); Cuneate fasiculus (don't look like arms - supply the arms) | 0.5611994944 | |||||||||||||
55 | Foramen lacerum | In sphenoid bone. Internal carotid artery, artery of pterygoid canal and nerve of pterygoid canal pass through | 0.345026611 | |||||||||||||
56 | Radiographic significance of the pineal gland | Often seen in plain skull X-rays, as it is often calcified. | 0.728095535 | |||||||||||||
57 | Control loop in the motor system | Motor cortex => Putamen => Lateral globus pallidus, internal segment => Ventral lateral nucleus | 0.7588354496 | |||||||||||||
58 | Which structures provide the lateral walls of the third ventricle? | Thalamus and hypothalamus | 0.8875475839 | |||||||||||||
59 | What is the foramen that's the dot of the exclamation mark? | Foramen spinosum (foramen ovale is the other bit) | 0.4752162152 | |||||||||||||
60 | Motor innervation of the eye | LR6SO4R3 | 0.6535252335 | |||||||||||||
61 | Where does the dorsal column pathway cross over? | Great sensory decussation of the medulla | 0.04255106018 | |||||||||||||
62 | Which nerve exits the midbrain between the pons and the medullary pyramids? | Abducens | 0.7997370104 | |||||||||||||
63 | What are the two parts of the lentiform nucleus? | Putamen; Globus pallidus | 0.8579871497 | |||||||||||||
64 | How much of the internal carotid blood flow goes to the MCA? | 80% | 0.9090172264 | |||||||||||||
65 | Difference between direct and indirect motor control pathways | Direct disinhibits. Indirect inhibits, via the subthalamic nucleus | 0.1249707671 | |||||||||||||
66 | Which muscles raise and lower the adducted eye? | SO and IO | 0.09065703911 | |||||||||||||
67 | What contstitutes the input and output divsions of the basal ganglia? | The input is the striatum (caudate + putamen); The output is the pallidum | 0.8512583933 | |||||||||||||
68 | Gyri of the temporal lobes | Superior, Middle, Inferior. Horizontal fingers | 0.2870358069 | |||||||||||||
69 | What structure enters the skull through the foramen spinosum | Middle meningeal artery | 0.8007908918 | |||||||||||||
70 | "Exclamation Mark" foramens | Foramen ovale and Foramen spinosum | 0.8447973318 | |||||||||||||
71 | What does a pterion fracture commonly cause? | Extradural haemorrhage, from damage to the middle meningeal artery | 0.4262097442 | |||||||||||||
72 | The diaphragma sellae | Piece of dura mater which forms the roof of the pituitary fossa; it is pierced by the stalk of the pituitary | 0.2151654775 | |||||||||||||
73 | Foramina of cribriform plate | In ethmoid bone. Olfactory nerve bundles (I) pass through | 0.4268848311 | |||||||||||||
74 | What is the name for the group of small arteries which arise at the commencement of the middle cerebral artery? | Lenticulo-striate arteries | 0.8620632851 | |||||||||||||
75 | Where does the hypoglossal nerve leave the skull? | Passes through the hypoglossal canal, which is in the occipital bone and the posterior cranial fossa | 0.07218596252 | |||||||||||||
76 | Foramen ovale | In sphenoid bone. Accessory meningeal artery, mandibular nerve (V3) and (occasionally) lesser petrosal nerve pass through | 0.2628714383 | |||||||||||||
77 | Gyri which make up the limbic lobe | Cingulate, Parahippocampal | 0.8765563138 | |||||||||||||
78 | In the cerebral peduncles, what lies anterior to the substantia nigra? | The crus cerebri | 0.680442177 | |||||||||||||
79 | What vessel passes under the pterion? | Middle meningeal artery | 0.640059155 | |||||||||||||
80 | Branches of the basillar artery | First the AICA; Then the pontine arteries; Then superior cerebellar artery; Then the posterior cerebral arteries (from which come the posterior communicating arteries) | 0.6400099431 | |||||||||||||
81 | Which thalamic nucleus communicates to the primary somatosensory cortex? | Ventral posterior nucleus | 0.5069124836 | |||||||||||||
82 | Where are the cell bodies of first order sensory neurons located? | Dorsal root ganglia | 0.5626636928 | |||||||||||||
83 | Which nerve could be damaged by an aneurysm of the superior cerebellar artery? | The oculomotor nerve - passes between the posterior cerebral artery and the superior cerebellar artery. | 0.229671058 | |||||||||||||
84 | What is the relationship between the ICA and Horner's syndrome? | The sympathetic chain hugs the ICA on its way up | 0.167953718 | |||||||||||||
85 | Hypoglossal canal | In occipital bone. Hypoglossal nerve (XII) passes through | 0.6458568288 | |||||||||||||
86 | What is the striatum? | The caudate and the putamen | 0.2700049442 | |||||||||||||
87 | Why are watershed infarcts common in MI? | These areas are the most poorly perfused | 0.8177967727 | |||||||||||||
88 | Which nerve runs along the wall of the internal carotid in the cavernous sinus? | Abducens | 0.7403310543 | |||||||||||||
89 | Which nerve comes out of the middle of the pons? | Trigeminal (V-shaped) | 0.8991478131 | |||||||||||||
90 | Striatum structure | Divided by the internal capsule into two sectors called the caudate nucleus and putamen | 0.310648642 | |||||||||||||
91 | What eye movements does SO produce? | Down + Out. Also intorsion | 0.5701418071 | |||||||||||||
92 | Which muscles raise and lower the abducted eye? | SR and IR | 0.7327594786 | |||||||||||||
93 | Function of the inferior oblique muscle | Elevation of the adducted eye | 0.5281635101 | |||||||||||||
94 | Types of movement | Rhythmical, Ballistic, Balance + posture, Reflex | 0.620510574 | |||||||||||||
95 | Function of the superior oblique muscle | Depression of the adducted eye | 0.6842048025 | |||||||||||||
96 | Meaning of 'clinoid' | "Sloped/Inclined". e.g. clinoid process. Hence angled/lying; hence clinical medicine. | 0.1695880044 | |||||||||||||
97 | Which three structures border the internal capsule in transverse section | Caudate nucleus and thalamus medially; Lentiform nucleus laterally | 0.2554592028 | |||||||||||||
98 | Foramen cecum | In frontal bone. Emissary veins to superior sagittal sinus pass through | 0.3112106187 | |||||||||||||
99 | Infraorbital foramen | In maxilla. Infraorbital artery, vein and nerve pass through | 0.1694086842 | |||||||||||||
100 | Lesser palatine foramina | In palatine/maxilla. Lesser palatine artery, vein and nerve pass through | 0.7105446071 |