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Location of the pineal glandAt the back of the thalamus, underneath it0.1565014347
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Lingual gyrusLies between the calcarine sulcus and the posterior part of the collateral sulcus; behind, it reaches the occipital pole; in front, it is continued on to the tentorial surface of the temporal lobe, and joins the parahippocampal gyrus. Believed to play an important role in dreaming and vision0.01276265186
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Uncus(Hook). The anterior extremity of the parahippocampal gyrus. Separated from the apex of the temporal lobe by a slight fissure, the incisura temporalis.0.3809203224
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Location of cell damage in Parkinson'sDegeneration of the melanin-pigmented dopamine-producing cells in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc)0.3923173057
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Components of the diencephalon (6)thalamus, metathalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus and pretectum0.3069179561
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StriatumPart of the basal ganglia system. Divided by a white matter tract (the internal capsule) into the caudate nucleus and the putamen0.2918905687
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Which sinus drains the deep cerebrum, and where does it lie?The straight sinus. It lies within the junction of the falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli.0.7699460846
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Types of reflex and latencyMonosynaptic (< 20 ms); Polysynaptic (more complicated; involve interneurons)0.2386176565
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Which 2 nerves exit the midbrain just above the pons?Occulomotor (big) and trochlear (small)0.2279419624
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Control loop in the limbic systemAnterior cingulate cortex => Ventral striatum => Ventral pallidum => Medial dorsal nucleus0.411038844
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Branches of the vertebral arteriesPICAs come off first; Then the anterior spinal artery down the middle; Then they fuse to form the basillar artery0.6997609604
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PFC location and definitionAnterior part of the frontal lobes of the brain, lying in front of the motor and premotor areas. That part of the frontal cortex whose electrical stimulation does not evoke movements / The projection zone of the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus0.9816655369
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Functional division of the cerebellumMedial sector (spinocerebellum); Larger lateral sector (cerebrocerebellum). A narrow strip of protruding tissue along the midline is called the vermis.0.7954112969
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Which sinus drains the cerebellumThe occipital sinus. It lies within the dura mater at base of falx cerebelli, inferior to the straight sinus0.3314629765
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Location of the subthalamic nucleus + what does it lean against?Lens-shaped structure below the thalamus, leaning against the internal capsule0.3727966109
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Which nerve uses the same foramen as the VIIIth in its course, and where does it exit the skull?Facial. Both cross into the internal acoustic meatus. The facial nerve exits the skull through the stylomastoid foramen.0.626141517
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Stylomastoid foramen In temporal bone. Stylomastoid artery and facial nerve pass through0.8837974123
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Significance of the calcarine sulcusWhere the primary visual cortex is concentrated. The central visual field is located in posterior portion of the calcarine sulcus and the peripheral visual field in the anterior portion.0.6993076574
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Which 3 nerves exit through the jugular foramen In temporal bone. Inferior petrosal sinus, sigmoid sinus pass through, along with glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), vagus nerve (X) and accessory nerve (XI)0.4692151721
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Function of the ponsContains white matter tracts that conduct signals from the cerebrum down to the cerebellum and medulla, and tracts that carry the sensory signals up into the thalamus. Also contains the pneumotaxic center and CN V, VI, VII, VIII roots.0.3734566865
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What meets at the pterion?4 bones of the skull. (Parietal, Sphenoid, Temporal, Frontal)0.3713077934
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Where does the ICA enter the subarachnoid space?Medial to the anterior clinoid process0.3807539192
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Which nerves exit through the superior orbital fissure in the sphenoid bone, via the cavernous sinus?The oculomotor nerve (CN III), the trochlear nerve (CN IV), the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve (CN V1) and the abducens nerve (CN VI)0.7514326436
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What is the path of the ICA?Cervical => Petrous => Lacerum => Cavernous => Clinoid => Opthalmic => Communicating0.613929588
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Components of the basal gangliaStriatum (caudate nucleus + putamen); Globus pallidus; Substantia nigra; Subthalamic nucleus0.7288781447
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Branches of the facial nerveTemporal, Zygomatic, Buccal, Mandibular, Cervical0.06391282011
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Structures supplied by the lenticulo-striate arteriesLentiform nucleus, caudate nucleus, internal capsule0.5486289561
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Optic canal - Site and functionIn sphenoid bone. Ophthalmic artery and optic nerve (II) pass through0.08368666049
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Foramen spinosum In sphenoid bone. Middle meningeal artery and meningeal branch of the mandibular nerve (V3) pass through0.5970158266
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Supraorbital foramen In frontal bone. Supraorbital artery, supraorbital vein and supraorbital nerve pass through0.4840151396
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Rubrospinal tractPart of the lateral indirect extra-pyramidal tract.0.3245224106
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Control loop in the cognitive systemDorsolateral prefontal cortex => Dorsolateral caudate => Medial globus pallidus, internal segment => Medial dorsal and ventral anterior nuclei0.9210574807
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Superior orbital fissure In sphenoid bone. Superior + inferior ophthalmic vein, plus CN III, IV, V1 and VI pass through0.5171508398
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Functional divisions of the prefontal cortexDorsolateral => cognitive. Orbital/medial => behaviour, personality, social conduct0.4114536644
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Foramen magnum In occipital bone. Anterior and posterior spinal arteries, vertebral arteries and medulla oblongata pass through0.2475063848
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internal acoustic meatus In temporal bone. Labyrinthine artery, facial nerve (VII) and vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) pass through0.01837002875
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Which nerves exit the skull through the jugular foramen?The glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), vagus (CN X) and accessory nerve (CN XI)0.9030964549
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Which part of the brain is supported by the middle cranial fossa?The temporal lobes. It is made of the greater wings of the sphenoid and squamous part of the temporal bones laterally and the petrous part of the temporal bones posteriorly. 0.5314927104
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How to find the pre-central gyrusLook for the Eastenders omega. Or follow the superior frontal gyrus back until it turns lateral - that's the puppy. It's quite far back.0.05431653187
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Foramen rotundum In sphenoid bone. Maxillary nerve (V2) passes through0.6324327269
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Broca's areaPars opercularis + triangularis of the inferior gyrus0.4134161488
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Septum pellucidumRuns from the corpus callosum down inbetween the lateral ventricles0.7399677234
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Lobes of the cerebellumAnterior, Posterior, Flocculonodular (vestibulocerebellum)0.5267168058
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Which structure leaves the skull through the foramen ovaleMandibular nerve (branch V3 of the trigeminal nerve)0.6906237815
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Ventro-medial pathwaysVestibulospinal, Tectospinal, Pontine + medullary reticulospinal. All come from brainstem0.1169396977
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Two main parts of the hippocampusAmmon's horn and the dentate gyrus0.1810549535
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Acronym for the layer of the scalpSCALP. Skin, Connective tissue, Aponeurosis, Loose connective tissue, and Pericranium0.585263606
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Which nerves pass through the cavernous sinus?CN III, IV, VI (on their way to the eye). Also V1, V20.6093906635
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Which nerves pass through the inferior orbital fissure?Zygomatic nerve and infraorbital nerve of maxillary nerve (V2), and orbital branches of pterygopalatine ganglion0.2313659564
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Relation of the trigeminal nerve to the cavernous sinusCN V2 passes through => orbital apex through the superior orbital fissure. V2 travels through the lower portion of the sinus => foramen rotundum.
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Nerve roots in the ponsV, VI, VII, VIII
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Mnemonic for the foramens of the trigeminal nerve"Standing room only" : V1 passes through the superior orbital fissure, V2 through the foramen rotundum, and V3 through the foramen ovale
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Destination of almost all parasympathetic afferents?Nucleus of the solitary tract, via the vagus
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Parts of the dorsal column pathway?Gracile fasciculus (look like legs - supply the legs); Cuneate fasiculus (don't look like arms - supply the arms)0.5611994944
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Foramen lacerum In sphenoid bone. Internal carotid artery, artery of pterygoid canal and nerve of pterygoid canal pass through0.345026611
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Radiographic significance of the pineal glandOften seen in plain skull X-rays, as it is often calcified.0.728095535
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Control loop in the motor systemMotor cortex => Putamen => Lateral globus pallidus, internal segment => Ventral lateral nucleus0.7588354496
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Which structures provide the lateral walls of the third ventricle?Thalamus and hypothalamus0.8875475839
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What is the foramen that's the dot of the exclamation mark?Foramen spinosum (foramen ovale is the other bit)0.4752162152
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Motor innervation of the eyeLR6SO4R30.6535252335
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Where does the dorsal column pathway cross over?Great sensory decussation of the medulla0.04255106018
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Which nerve exits the midbrain between the pons and the medullary pyramids?Abducens0.7997370104
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What are the two parts of the lentiform nucleus?Putamen; Globus pallidus0.8579871497
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How much of the internal carotid blood flow goes to the MCA?80%0.9090172264
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Difference between direct and indirect motor control pathwaysDirect disinhibits. Indirect inhibits, via the subthalamic nucleus0.1249707671
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Which muscles raise and lower the adducted eye?SO and IO0.09065703911
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What contstitutes the input and output divsions of the basal ganglia?The input is the striatum (caudate + putamen); The output is the pallidum0.8512583933
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Gyri of the temporal lobesSuperior, Middle, Inferior. Horizontal fingers0.2870358069
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What structure enters the skull through the foramen spinosumMiddle meningeal artery0.8007908918
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"Exclamation Mark" foramensForamen ovale and Foramen spinosum0.8447973318
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What does a pterion fracture commonly cause?Extradural haemorrhage, from damage to the middle meningeal artery0.4262097442
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The diaphragma sellaePiece of dura mater which forms the roof of the pituitary fossa; it is pierced by the stalk of the pituitary0.2151654775
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Foramina of cribriform plate In ethmoid bone. Olfactory nerve bundles (I) pass through0.4268848311
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What is the name for the group of small arteries which arise at the commencement of the middle cerebral artery?Lenticulo-striate arteries0.8620632851
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Where does the hypoglossal nerve leave the skull?Passes through the hypoglossal canal, which is in the occipital bone and the posterior cranial fossa0.07218596252
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Foramen ovale In sphenoid bone. Accessory meningeal artery, mandibular nerve (V3) and (occasionally) lesser petrosal nerve pass through0.2628714383
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Gyri which make up the limbic lobeCingulate, Parahippocampal0.8765563138
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In the cerebral peduncles, what lies anterior to the substantia nigra?The crus cerebri0.680442177
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What vessel passes under the pterion?Middle meningeal artery0.640059155
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Branches of the basillar arteryFirst the AICA; Then the pontine arteries; Then superior cerebellar artery; Then the posterior cerebral arteries (from which come the posterior communicating arteries)0.6400099431
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Which thalamic nucleus communicates to the primary somatosensory cortex?Ventral posterior nucleus0.5069124836
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Where are the cell bodies of first order sensory neurons located?Dorsal root ganglia0.5626636928
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Which nerve could be damaged by an aneurysm of the superior cerebellar artery? The oculomotor nerve - passes between the posterior cerebral artery and the superior cerebellar artery.0.229671058
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What is the relationship between the ICA and Horner's syndrome?The sympathetic chain hugs the ICA on its way up 0.167953718
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Hypoglossal canal In occipital bone. Hypoglossal nerve (XII) passes through0.6458568288
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What is the striatum?The caudate and the putamen0.2700049442
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Why are watershed infarcts common in MI?These areas are the most poorly perfused0.8177967727
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Which nerve runs along the wall of the internal carotid in the cavernous sinus?Abducens0.7403310543
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Which nerve comes out of the middle of the pons?Trigeminal (V-shaped)0.8991478131
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Striatum structureDivided by the internal capsule into two sectors called the caudate nucleus and putamen0.310648642
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What eye movements does SO produce?Down + Out. Also intorsion0.5701418071
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Which muscles raise and lower the abducted eye?SR and IR0.7327594786
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Function of the inferior oblique muscleElevation of the adducted eye0.5281635101
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Types of movementRhythmical, Ballistic, Balance + posture, Reflex0.620510574
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Function of the superior oblique muscleDepression of the adducted eye0.6842048025
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Meaning of 'clinoid'"Sloped/Inclined". e.g. clinoid process. Hence angled/lying; hence clinical medicine.0.1695880044
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Which three structures border the internal capsule in transverse sectionCaudate nucleus and thalamus medially; Lentiform nucleus laterally0.2554592028
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Foramen cecum In frontal bone. Emissary veins to superior sagittal sinus pass through0.3112106187
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Infraorbital foramen In maxilla. Infraorbital artery, vein and nerve pass through0.1694086842
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Lesser palatine foramina In palatine/maxilla. Lesser palatine artery, vein and nerve pass through0.7105446071