BCE


1						15,000 Before Common Era	10,000 BCE	9000 BCE	8000 BCE	7000 BCE	6000 BCE	5000 BCE	4000 BCE	3500 BCE	3000 BCE	2500 BCE	2000 BCE	1750 BCE	1500 BCE	1250 BCE	1000 BCE	750 BCE	650 BCE	600 BCE	550 BCE	500 BCE	450 BCE	400 BCE	350 BCE	300 BCE	250 BCE	200 BCE	150 BCE	100 BCE	50 BCE	1 Common Era	50 CE	100 CE	( ... )

2		legend				Pleistocene	Holocene	Holocene	Holocene	Holocene	Holocene	Holocene	Holocene	Holocene	Holocene	Holocene	Holocene	Holocene	Holocene	Holocene	Holocene	Holocene	Holocene	Holocene	Holocene	Holocene	Holocene	Holocene	Holocene	Holocene	Holocene	Holocene	Holocene	Holocene	Holocene	Holocene	Holocene	Holocene	Holocene	to present
3							Preboreal	Preboreal / Boreal	Boreal	Atlantic	Atlantic	Atlantic	Subboreal	Subboreal	Subboreal	Subboreal	Subatlantic	Subatlantic	Subatlantic	Subatlantic	Subatlantic	Subatlantic	Subatlantic	Subatlantic	Subatlantic	Subatlantic	Subatlantic	Subatlantic	Subatlantic	Subatlantic	Subatlantic	Subatlantic	Subatlantic	Subatlantic	Subatlantic	Subatlantic	Subatlantic	Subatlantic	Subatlantic	to present
4	Climate	Myths, Religions	Architectural wonders	Writing, Law					Lake Agassiz drainage - Worldwide Flood (sea level up to +1.5 meters in 1 year)	Storegga Slide (Norway)							Mount Tai earthquake (China)	Minoan Eruption(Santorini)									Maliakos Gulf tsunami (Greece) (c.426 BCE)	Helike destroyed by Tsunami (Greece) Possible inspiration for Plato's Atlantide (c.373 BCE)				Rhodes Earthquake, Colossus Destroyed (226 BCE)						Vesuvius Eruption, Pompeii destruction (79 CE)
5
6	Migrations	Discoveries	Wars, Conquests & Related Events	Disasters					Earthen barrier breached between Mediterranean & Black seas, extensive flooding of shoreline	25m high Tsunami avancing up to 80 (Eighty) km inland in Scotland								Worldwide Climate Cooling Event from Volcanic Plumes		West: «Bronze Age Collapse» / Sea People Invasions	West: «Bronze Age Collapse» / Sea People Invasions						Sparta Earthquake Precipitates Peloponesian War (464 BCE)
7
8	Metallurgy	Sports & Games	Animal Husbandry, Agricultural products	Arts									Feng-Shui (Asterism)			Sumerian Flood Myth	Eridu Genesis Tablet		Zoroastrianism	Goliath the Phillistine (Sea People Invasion)	Old Testament Writing	Old Testament Writing	Old Testament Writing	Old Testament Writing	Old Testament Writing	Early Buddhism		Mahabharata			Spread of Buddhism						New Testament Writing	New Testament Writing
9
10	LEADERS															Sumerian Gilgamesh Epic	Akkadian Atra-Hasis				End of Abrahamic Monolatrism	Abrahamic Monotheism	Taoism
11																Brahmanism, Early Hinduism		Sama Veda	Rig Veda	Yajur Veda	Jainism	Iliad and Odyssey
12	terminology	notes			Chris Turney's Agassiz Agricultural Trigger Theory:
13	"migration" = outbound	Indo-European migration model ⇨	Kurgan hypothesis		estimated 145,000 neolithic Black Sea shoreline farmers displacing inland hunter-gatherers and quickstarting agricultural revolution.											YELLOW EMPEROR (c. 2696–2598)	YU THE GREAT (c. 2205)	Xia Dynasty Possibly Ended because of Climate Cooling				Spring and Autumn Period					Warring States Period				QIN SHI HUANG (259 - 210 BCE)
14	"migrant" = inbound							CHINA →	Zhenpiyan culture	Pengtoushan & Peiligang culture	Cishan culture	Baijia culture		Three Sovereigns Period			Xia Dynasty		Shang Dynasty			Zhou Dynasty					Zhou Dynasty				Qin Dinasty	Han Dynasty
15					Published in Quaternary Science Reviews				Cereal Grinding Tools		Jiahu script	Kui (Beer-like Substance)	Banpo script	Sericulture (Silk Production)				Chinese Script		Early Compass (not navigational)	Pewter	Early Naval Fleet Building		"Go", Board Game	First parts of the "Great Wall"			Quench-hardened steel	"Cuju", Ball Game		Terracotta Army (c. 210)	Lou Chuan, Floating Fortress with trebuchet
16					Bones, Rocks and Stars: The Science of When Things Happened				Pig, Chicken, Oxen, Sheep, Rice, Millet													Stern mounted rudders			Ramming Ships, Naval Warfare Theory						Compass	Large Naval Fleet
17																															Travels of Xu Fu	Negative Numbers
18																														Alexander invasion leaves power vacuum filled by Maurya Empire
19														Indus Valley Pre-Aryan Cultural Legacy :																CHANDRAGUPTA MAURYA (c. 340 - 298)	ASHOKA THE GREAT (c.274 - 232)
20														Ahimsa (non-agression) // Karma and Reincarnation // Yoga						BENGAL →							↑			↑
21														Great Goddess // Cults of trees, waters, animals				JARASANDHA (c. 1700 BCE)		WEST BENGAL →		↑				Magadha Kingdom	↑			↑
22														Phallus worship // Village deities // Third Eye			EAST INDIA →	Magadha Kingdom				Magadha Kingdom				Magadha Kingdom	Nanda Dynasty	Nanda Dynasty	Nanda Dynasty	Maurya Empire
23																Dravidian Speakers						NORTH INDIA →		Mahajanapadas					NORTH INDIA →	↓
24															SOUTH INDIA →	Neolithic Tamil Nadu	Tamil Nadu	Tamil Nadu	Tamil Nadu										SOUTH INDIA →	↓
25							AFGHANISTAN, PAKISTAN, NORTHWEST INDIA →	Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka	Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka	Mehrgarh I (Farming Village)	Mehrgarh II	Mehrgarh II / III	Mehrgarh III	Indus Valley Civilization				Frequent and disastrous floodings broke the unity of the Indus valley Civ.	Swāt culture / Vedic Period										NORTHWEST INDIA, AFGHANISTAN, PAKISTAN →	↓
26										Dentistry (drilling)		Copper Smelting		Indo-European migrants	Applied Mathematics	Harappan Script	Tadoori oven	Indo-Aryan (Iranian) Migrants	Vedic Sanskrit	Large Numbers (10^12)	Invention of Zero	Square Root	1st verbalization of Pythagorean-type theorems			Darius?				Alexandria Eschate founded 329, Beginnings of Silk Road	Edicts of Ashoka	Negative Numbers	Chaitya-Hall at Karle		Massive Maritime Trade with Rome (up to 300.000 tons moved / yr)
27										Wheat, Barley, Cattle, Sheep, Goat				Egalitarian Architecture	Angles, Obtuse Triangles, Lengths, Areas, Volumes	Mohenjo-daro Complex (c. 2600 BCE)			First Republics											Indian Seafaring	Pillars of Ashoka
28														No Monuments, Fortifications, Palaces or Temples	Uniform weigths and measures	Urban Planning, Municipal Government			Ayurvedic medicine											Crucible steel (Wootz steel)	'Great Stupa' at Sanchi
29														Anatomically detailed figurines	Sophisticated irrigation and storage systems	Hydraulic Engineering			Palm Leaves Manuscripts												Large Buddhist Construction Program
30														Dice games	Multi-stringed instruments	Sewage, Flush toilets
31													Migrations, Horse Diffusion					Migrations, Chariot Diffusion
32								Neolithic Revolution					⇧		⇧			⇧										KING ATEAS (429-339 BCE)
33						Dog Domestication (dating unclear)	First Fishing Ships	Human Sedentarization					Pit Grave Culture			Pit Grave Culture							NORTH OF BLACK SEA →	Scythia						Disintegration of Scythia
34								Cat Self-Domestication				NORTH OF BLACK SEA →	Indo-European migrations			Indo-European migrations			Indo-European migrations							Darius unsuccessfully campaigns in Scythia (512 BCE)			Philip II Of Macedon Defeats and kills Ateas (339 BCE)
35													Horse Domestication		⇩		Chariot
36													⇩				⇩		⇩						Conquest of Ionia, Ionian revolt	Greco-Persian Wars (c. 500 - 450 BCE)
37												KHAZAKSTAN →	Botai Culture	Botai Culture			Migrations, Chariot Diffusion		Migrations, Chariot Diffusion					CYRUS THE GREAT (c. 600 - 530 BCE)	DARIUS THE GREAT (c. 550 - 486)		XERXES THE FIRST (c. 519 - 465 BCE)		Alexander the Great Invasion (330 BCE)
38						Zarzian Culture							Horse Domestication	⇩							IRAN →	Median Empire			Achaemenid Empire				Fall of Achaemenid Empire		Parthian Empire (247 BCE - 224 CE)
39													Indo-European migrations	Migrations									Cyrus Cylinder (Akkadian Cuneiform)	Aramaic alphabet adopted from Phoenicia	Persepolis	First Modern Taxation System			Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
40																	Prossible Akkadian Incursions (c.2240)	Aryan Migration to India								First Courrier Post
41										IRAN →	Zayandeh River Culture			Proto-Elamite		Old Elamite period			Middle Elamite period		Neo-Elamite period			Neo-Elamite period		First Staple (Fastener)
42											Irrigation	Invention of Wine				First Banking System (Natural Disasters Related Loans)	Code of Ur-Nammu, oldest surviving Code of Law	Linear Elamite	Game of Backgammon	Under Assyrian Influence		Under Median Influence				Game of Polo
43											First Modern Bricks	Invention of Tar (Precursor to Guitar)				Origin of the Legal "Check"	Peaches					Tepe Sialk				Spinach
44																										Introduction of Chicken to Europe
45																Oldest Known Written Music (Hurrian Hymns)	Longitude and Latitude				Sea People Invasions theory
46															Bronze Artifacts	SARGON OF AKKAD (c. 2270 – 2215 BCE)	Circle divided in 360°	Siege Excavations			ASHURNASIRPAL II (883 - 859)
47														Semitic Migrants (Akkadians, c. 3600)	GILGAMESH King of Uruk (circa 2700)	Akkadian Empire	Assyrian Empire			Assyrian resurgence	Assyrian Dark Ages	Assyrian Resurgence	Fall of Assyrian Empire
48											Uruk		Uruk (pop: 14,000)		Uruk (pop: 40,000)	Uruk (pop: 80,000)			Babylonian Domination Period		Nimrud Palace (ca. 860)	Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III (825 BCE)
49							IRAQ →	Sumerian Cities			Eridu, "the first Babylon"		Eridu (pop: 6,000 - 10,000)	Ziggurats at Eridu conform with legend of Babel	Eridu		Eridu		⇧	⇩
50																	Ur (pop: 65,000)		Babylonian Domination	Assyrian Domination
51								Copper Pendant, estimated c. 8700			Irrigation		Pictographs	First Monumental Public Architecture	Cuneiform script		"House at Ur" also known as "House of Abraham"		⇧	⇩
52											Fermentation, Yeast			Ziggurats	Arithmetic			HAMMURABI (c. 1800-1750 BCE)	First Sun Dials (save for Egyptian Obelisks)	Assyrian Domination Period			NEBUCHAD- NEZZAR II		Achaemenid Conquest of Babylon (540 BCE)					Conquered by Alexander The Great
53											Invention of Beer, Bread				Shekel (Monetary Unit in Grain)	IRAQ →	1st Babylonian Dynasty						Babylon Resugence					Babylon
54															Almonds		Babylon founded near Akkad in homage to ancient city Babylon-Eridu	Code of Hammurabi	Babylon sacked by Hittites c. 1600 BCE	Conscience of Pythagorean-type theorems			Hanging Gardens	Etemenanki (600 BCE)	Israelites Liberation					Destruction Of Etemenanki
55																	Arithmetic, Algebra							Ishtar Gate
56															Bronze Artifacts				QUEEN HATSHEPSUT (1479–1458 BCE)	RAMESSES II (1303 - 1213 BCE)				Imago Mundi (First Known Map)						Conquered by Alexander The Great
57															Hyeroglyphs (Sumerian Origin Probable)				AKHENATEN (1353-1336 BCE)	At war with: Sea People, Syria, Hittite Empire	Pewter									PTOLEMY I (367 - 283)					Julius Caesar Egyptian campaign
58										EGYPT →	Nabta Playa	Fayum A	Naqada I	Naqada II	Naqada III	Old Kingdom	1st Intermediate Period / Middle Kingdom	Middle Kingdom / 2nd Intermediate Period	2nd Intermediate Period / New Kingdom	New Kingdom	Third Intermediate Period		Late Period				First Persian Period	Late Dynastic Period	Second Persian Period	Ptolemaic Period					Roman/Byzantine Period
59											Irrigation		Earliest linen industry	"Senet", Board Game	Hieratic writing	Gizah Pyramids and Great Sphinx			Mortuary Temple of Queen Hatshepsut	Abu Simbel	Merneptah Stele			Circumnavigation of Africa						Alexandria Founded 331		Menphis Decree Stele ("Rosetta Stone")			Temple of Kalabsha
60											Beer, Bread			Obelisks	Early Taxation System	Megalithic geometry			Karnak Temple Complex	Ramesseum										Lighthouse of Alexandria
61											Lettuce, Celery, Cucumber, Melon, Onions, Garlic				1st paper-like material (papyrus)	Medicine														Great Library of Alexandria
62															Sounding Reed	Khufu ship				TROJAN WAR (1260-1250)
63															First Hull Ships					Mycenaeans conquer anatolian coast ...
64																	Probable Akkadian Incursions (c.2240)	Destructed by Kussara	Iron Metallurgy spreads into Middle East (Hittites, Egypt...)	... from Hittite Empire
65											Hattusa Settlement						Hattusa made Capital of Hittite Empire			Burnt to the ground after combined wars (1180 BC)
66										Ain Ghazal (pop: 3000)		Ain Ghazal			Hattians	Hattians	Hittite Empire			Assyria inherits Amorite
67						TURKEY →	Göbekli Tepe	→	Çatalhöyük (pop: 5,000 - 8,000)		Çatalhöyük (pop: 5,000 - 8,000)					Indo-European migrants	Assyrian Cuneiform Adapted	HATTUSILI I (ca. 1586–1556 BC)	SUPPILULIUMA I (1344-1322 BCE)	Battle of Kadesh against Ramesses II (1274 BCE)
68									Wall Paintings										Hittite Expansion
69									Obsidian Trade								Probable Akkadian Incursions (c.2240)					Assyrian Invasion
70							LEVANT →	Jericho (pop: 400 - 2,000)			Jericho								Jericho											Jericho					Jericho
71										1st Known Portraitures in Art History		Semitic Language People	Canaanites						Canaanites				Nabatean Culture		Petra	Nabatean Culture				Nabatean Culture					Nabatean Culture
72																		World's First Alphabet (proto-Canaanite)	12 Tribes Of Israel		Unified Kingdom of Israel (1020 - 930 BCE)	Kingdom of Israel
73																					KING DAVID / KING SOLOMON	Kingdom Of Judah (930 - 586 BCE)													HEROD I (73 - 4 BCE)			⇧
74													"City of David" proto-settlement				Roshlamem (Jerusalem)				Solomon's Temple	Jerusalem	Babylonian Exile, Sack of Jerusalem, Temple Destruction	Israelite Liberation & Repatriation under Cyrus	Jerusalem	Second Temple in Jerusalem				Jerusalem under Ptomelaic Rule		Jerusalem under Seulecid Hellenistic Rule			Herod's Temple, Wailing Wall	Jerusalem as Roman Client State
75																Tyre, founded 2750 BCE						Tyre			Tyre					Conquered by Alexander The Great (332 BCE)	Seulecid Hellenistic Tyre		Tyre regains Independence from Seulecids		Tyre becomes Roman Province
76																Early Galleys		Semitic Language People	Phoenicia			Phoenicia								Seulecid Hellenistic Empire (312-63BCE)							First Jewish–Roman War	⇧
77																			Bireme	Phoenician alphabet	Aramaic alphabet	Triremes, Ram, Naval Warfare
78																			LIBYA →	Leptis Magna founded by Phoenicia			Leptis Magna						Leptis Magna			Essentially independent, Roman Influence		Leptis Magna			Leptis becomes major Roman trading post
79										BALKANS →	Danubian Vinča culture								TUNISIA →			Carthage Founded by Phoenicia (Possibly Earlier)	Carthagenian Republic						Carthagenian Republic					Carthage Conquered by Rome
80												Copper Smelting													Sounding Line	Travels of Hanno the Navigator					HAMILCAR BARCA (275 - 228)	HANNIBAL (247 - 183)						⇧
81																					Phoenician Religious Influence ↓					Greco-Persian Wars (c. 500 - 450)	Sparta Earthquake Precipitates Peloponesian War (464 BCE)	Helike destroyed by Tsunami	League of Corinth (created 338)		First Punic War (264 - 241 BCE)	Second Punic War (218 - 201 BCE)	Third Punic War (149BC-146BC)
82																		Indo-European migrants		TROJAN WAR (1260-1250)	Lefkandi Heroön					Temple of Aphaea	Maliakos Gulf tsunami (c.426 BCE)	PHILIP II OF MACEDON (382 - 336)	ALEXANDER THE GREAT (356 - 324)									⇧
83																		Mycenaean Greece (1600 - 1100 BCE)			Macedonia				Macedonia				Macedonia
84																					Proto-Sparta	Spartan Expansion	Sparta		Sparta				Sparta
85												GREECE →	Proto-Athens						Athenian Recorded History		Athenian Polis				Athenian Democracy				Athenian Democracy
86																		Linear A	Linear B	Dorian Wars Displacing Greek Cultures		Greek Alphabet (from Phoenician alphabet, not from Greek linears)	Sundial Refinement	SOLON (638 – 558)	Direct Democracy	PERICLES (c. 495 – 429)	Peloponnesian War (431 to 404)	Atomism (Molecular Theory)	Travels of Pytheas of Massalia	Colossus of Rhodes		Rhodes Earthquake, Colossus Destroyed (226 BCE)	Antikythera mechanism					⇧
87									CRETE →	Prehistoric Crete						Minoan Civilization / Knossos			Minoan Civilization / Knossos	Greeks forget writing (own alphabets lost to them)				Solonian Constitution	Spherical Earth Theory	Athena Promachos Statue (Phydias)	Statue of Zeus at Olympia (Phydias)	Xenocratic catalogue	"Episkyros", Rugby-type Ball Game
88										Cattle, sheep, goats, pigs				⇧	Celestial Navigation	⇩	1st Knossos Palace	New Knossos Palace						Nautical Charts, Anaximander Map	Temple of Arthemis at Ephesus	Athenian Acropolis	Hippocratic Medicine											⇧
89										Cereals, Legumes				Influence		Influence	Egyptian Influence	Earthquake (c. 1700)								Athenian Treasure at Delphi	The Parthenon							POMPEY (106 - 48 BCE)
90														⇧		⇩		Minoan Eruption (c. 1600)	ITALY →	Etruscan Civilization											First Punic War (264 - 241 BCE)	Second Punic War (218 - 201 BCE)	Third Punic War (149BC-146BC)	JULIUS CAESAR (100 - 44 BCE)	AUGUSTUS (63 BCE - 14 CE)	PAX ROMANA PERIOD
91														Cycladic civilization				Santorini Tsunami (35 to 150 meters high)			Old Italic from Greek and Phoenician	Roman Kingdom					Roman Republic			Roman Republic					Roman Empire			Roman Empire
92															Keros Marble Figurines							Roman Forum				Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus	Twelve Tables					House of the Faun at Pompeii		Exploration of the Indian monsoon wind system via egyptian route	Massive Maritime Trade with India - 300 Greek Ships moving up to 300.000 tons / yr	Mausoleum of Augustus		Circus Maximus, Marble Reconstruction
93
94																						CENTRAL EUROPE →	Hallstatt Culture				Thene				Thene
95																																			Battle of Alesia
96
97										Tsunami avancing up to 80 (Eighty) km inland in Scotland		European Megalithic Cultures
98											WESTERN EUROPE →	Orkney Megalithic Complexes (Scotland)	Almendres Cromlech (Portugal)	Carnac Stones (France)	Stonehenge (England)	Avebury (England)
99													Züschen megalithic tomb (Germany)
100
101									«Noah»							IMHOTEP (2655-2600 BCE)			ZOROASTER [ZARATHUSHTRA] (c. 17th/10th Century BCE)	MOSES [MOCHE] / MOCHUS (12/13th BCE)			THALES (624 - 546)	ANAXIMANDER (610 - 546 BCE)	PYTHAGORAS (570-495)	ARISTOTLE (484-422)	THUCYDIDES (460 - 395)	DEMOCRITUS (460-370)	PLATO (428-348)	EUCLID (325 - 265)	ARCHIMEDES (287-212)			VIRGIL (70 - 19 BCE)	LIVY (59 BCE - 17 CE)	JESUS (circa 5-36)	PLUTARCH (c. 46 - 120 CE)	CHRIST (Evangelic Jesus and birth of Christianity)
102																Polymath			Monotheism, Dualism	Natural Philosophy (proto-Atomism)			Deductive reasoning	Geometry	Natural Philosophy	Natural philosophy (Elements)	Historian	Natural Philosophy (Atomism)	Spiritual Philosophy	Euclidian Geometry	Physics, Mathematics			Poet	Historian	Spiritual Philosophy	Historian
103																Architect, Engineer, Physician			Early Spiritual Philosophy	Prophet			Geometry	Astronomy		Zoology		Atheistic Materialism	Episteme							1st century miracle worker
104																			Influcence on Judaism and Platonism				Proto plaque-tectonic	Geography		Knowledge of necessary causes	HIPPOCRATES (460-370)
105																			Prophet			PARSHVA (877 - 777)	"Logos" over "Mythos"	LAO TZU (c. 600 to 400 BCE)	SIDDHARTHA GAUTAMA (c. 563 - 483)	Politics	Physician	ARCHYTAS (428 - 347 BCE)	PYTHEAS OF MASSALIA (4th C. BCE)		XU FU (c. 255 BCE)
106																						Spiritual Philosophy		Spiritual Philosophy	Spiritual Philosophy			Mathematical mechanics	Explorer		Explorer
107																						Jainist Leader				PHIDIAS (480-430)			Cartographer
108																									CONFUCIUS (551 - 479 BCE)	Sculptor		HERODOTUS (c. 440)
109																									Ethics	Painter		Historian
110																										Architect
111
112																										HANNO THE NAVIGATOR (c. 500 BCE)
113																										Explorer