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Stakeholders E-Consultation: Inputs to Interactive Dialogue - Enhancing the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their resources by implementing international law, as reflected in the United Nations Convention in the Law of the Sea
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This file compiles inputs from from non-governmental organizations, civil society organizations, academic institutions, the scientific community, the private sector, philanthropic organizations, major groups and other stakeholders on elements for the concept papers of the 2020 UN Ocean Conference interactive dialogues. Outcomes may contain advice, opinions and statements of various information providers. The United Nations does not represent or endorse the accuracy or reliability of any advice, opinion, statement or other information provided through this e-consultation. Our office reserves the right to delete any content/input that is not aligned with the United Nations Charter and/or the principles and purposes of the 2020 United Nations Conference to support the implementation of Sustainable Development Goal 14.
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Name of OrganizationCountryWhat are the main challenges and opportunities related to enhancing the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their resources by implementing international law, as reflected in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea?What measures should be promoted to address current gaps and challenges related to enhancing the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their resources by implementing international law, as reflected in the United Nations Convention in the Law of the Sea?Please, list examples of impactful existing partnerships related to enhancing the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their resources by implementing international law, as reflected in the United Nations Convention in the Law of the Sea, especially scientific and technological innovation-based partnerships.Please, list key recommendations for enhancing the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their resources by implementing international law, as reflected in the United Nations Convention in the Law of the Sea that could be discussed during this interactive dialogue.By submitting this form, I agree to have my inputs made publicly available. I understand that my name and contact details will not be publicized. Sector
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Leave it in the Ground Initiative (LINGO)GermanyForeclosing additional greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel extraction in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction is an opportunity to get one step closer to the goals for the Paris Agreement.Extractive industries by definition can not be a sustainable use and should therefore be banned from most areas. UNCLOS should limit offshore oil & gas development for climate reasons and a prohibition of such activities in Area Beyond National Jurisdictions could be a good first step.The Madrid Protocol which banned mining in Antarctica is a useful precedent on a similar topic.The implementation of the Paris Agreement requires parties to reduce emissions and - as has recently been shown by UNEP's "Production Gap Report" we still need many more mitigation measures that reduce or avoide fossil fuel extraction. The high seas can be a good place to start the momentum for climate change mitigation by leaving fossil fuels in the ground - and countries could follow this up with non-extraction commitments in their EEZs, particularly in marine protected areas.YesCivil society organization
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club ohada thiesSénégal
The law of the sea is a little known legal instrument of the general public but also of the practitioners of the sea. However, it is necessary to make a wide popularization of this instrument for the document to be known.
To maximize the opportunities relating to the conservation of the ocean and its resources, it is urgent to increase the meetings for training and popularization of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea in addition to national laws and regulations.

Among the measures to be taken to fill the gaps, a very important aspect must be emphasized, the involvement of Civil Society by the State in the training and information process.Parnership Civil Society and Professional associationCollaboration between different civil society organizations to carry out conservation activitiesYesCivil society organization
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HUMANUS Canada Anthropogenic pressures on marine ecosystems, such as marine pollution, overexploitation of marine living resources, coastal degradation, climate change and ocean acidification, are challenging the resilience of the oceans and their resources, as well as their continued ability to provide important ecosystem goods and services to humankind.It is worth recalling that the importance of oceans for sustainable development is widely recognized by the international community and is an integral part of the core commitments that Member States of UN have made in that regard.An effective program of conservation of biodiversity must be able to include within its purview all relevant activities in all ecologically relevant zones, regardless of jurisdictional fragmentation, in line with the inherently integrative logic of the ecosystem approach.YesPhilanthropic organization
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University of the West Indies, BarbadosBarbadosThe perception by many that governing arrangements for the global ocean commons are fragmented and dysfunctional may be an unnecessary barrier to tangible progress aimed at sustainably reaping the benefits of the ‘Blue Economy’. A recent review of the governance of the global ocean identified 191 governance arrangements for issues affecting transboundary marine resources. We suggest that instead of simply bemoaning the status quo as being fragmented, the opportunity exists to put in place a holistic multilevel global framework for governing the world’s ocean, building on the strengths of existing arrangements. The United Nations could lead with the mechanism and resources needed to facilitate this.Focusing first on the regional level, there is evidence in 16 of the 20 ocean regions that several of the agencies operating in the region see the need for an integrated approach to ocean ecosystem based management (EBM) and are making efforts to establish integration mechanisms to address fragmentation at the regional level. Best practices for integration mechanisms, based on regional experiences are there to be compiled, analysed and tested, but there is no formal global mechanism to support this process.
The suites of regional intergovernmental arrangements for the 20 ocean regions provide a rich basis for researching best practices and for sharing the findings. This will require structured long-term support for strengthening intergovernmental agencies, especially indigenous regional ones, in putting best practices to work. There is no formal global mechanism for this.		Partnerships among regional integration mechanisms, regional organisations and bodies that are promoting improved ocean governance architecture, such as IWLEARN and the Marine Regions Forum can be key in promoting understanding of ocean governance architecture and sharing best practices for architecture and process.Reaping the benefits of Blue Economies by the world’s developing countries while ensuring attention is paid to the global intergenerational environment and social justice issues demands we move beyond repackaging decades old rhetoric to implementing meaningful action. We suggest a tangible way forward is to put in place a lead UN Oceans agency with the mandate and resources needed to ensure the ocean commons is governed as a single interconnected system, with vertical and lateral linkages spread across the 20 global ocean regions. This has the advantage of using and strengthening these existing regional level arrangements to achieve related SDGs as well as providing programmatic guidance needed to minimize fragmentation at global and regional levels.YesAcademic institution
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High Seas AllianceUSAWhile UNCLOS is recognized as the ‘constitution’ for global ocean governance, it is a framework convention. As such, its scope is broad and does not contain the detailed provisions necessary to address specific activities, nor does it establish a mechanism that enables its Parties to implement their obligation to cooperate on the protection of the marine environment and living resources. Indeed, since its adoption in 1982, there have been two subsequent implementing agreements to address gaps and other areas that were not sufficiently covered under UNCLOS4. UNCLOS gives States rights to sustainably use our ocean and, correspondingly, contains the duty to conserve it. However, under UNCLOS there is currently no global framework setting out a management mechanism and rules for biodiversity protection in the high seas. The high seas comprise 2/3 of the global ocean -- almost half the planet, yet its current governance is fragmented. There are many gaps in the current ocean governance regime that could be addressed by a new, legally binding treaty, including the following:
• There is no mandate or framework for the establishment, monitoring and enforcement of MPAs, including reserves, in ABNJ;
• There is no coordinating decision and reporting mechanism for the conducting and review of comprehensive EIAs in ABNJ;
• There is no global institutional mechanism for the operationalization of modern principles of environmental management;
• There are few regional ocean management organizations with a broad mandate for environmental management and protection, and no global mandate for the establishment of such organizations. In addition, there is no framework for global coordination and cooperation among existing regional and global competent organizations;
In December 2017, UN GA Resolution 72/249 established an intergovernmental conference (IGC) to negotiate the new treaty through a series of four two-week sessions, with only one more session remaining. After almost 20 years of discussions and negotiations at the United Nations, it is critical that these treaty negotiations are concluded in 2020 with robust conservation provisions. This treaty has broad ramifications for implementation of many of the SDG14 targets.
YesCivil society organization
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Gatef organizationEgypt Ocean pollution of all kinds seriously damages marine ecosystems. The decline in biodiversity will have severe consequences for the ecosystem and humankind. The fish and marine animals that we consume may be exposed to pollution, which will lead to a decline in the income of the five hundred and forty million people who depend on fishing and damaging their boats and installations in the long term. Therefore, the new sustainable development goal on the seas and oceans calls for the conservation of the oceans, the reduction of pollution and the restoration of fish stocks, and the practice of sustainable fishing, in accordance with the framework established by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, that is, the Montego Bay Convention.Conservation and sustainable use of oceans, seas and marine resources
Oceans, seas and coastal areas provide the world with many commodities for human well-being and global food security.
Fisheries and aquaculture offer great opportunities to reduce hunger, improve nutrition, reduce poverty, generate economic growth, and ensure better use of natural resources. The aquaculture sector is the fastest growing food sector and has the potential to produce the fish needed to help meet the needs of the growing population.

However, overfishing threatens livelihoods, unregulated expansion of aquaculture can lead to pollution, and high levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere contribute to ocean acidification.

FAO's initiatives focus on promoting good governance, participatory decision-making processes and best practices in fisheries. The organization's Blue Growth Initiative aims to align the environmental, social and economic aspects of living water resources to ensure equitable benefits for local communities.		Ocean pollution of all kinds seriously damages marine ecosystems. The decline in biodiversity will have severe consequences for the ecosystem and humankind. The fish and marine animals that we consume may be exposed to pollution, which will lead to a decline in the income of the five hundred and forty million people who depend on fishing and damaging their boats and installations in the long term. Therefore, the new sustainable development goal on the seas and oceans calls for the conservation of the oceans, the reduction of pollution and the restoration of fish stocks, and the practice of sustainable fishing, in accordance with the framework established by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, that is, the Montego Bay Convention.YesCivil society organization
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Deep Ocean Stewardship Initiative and Deep Ocean Observing StrategyUSA, Japan, France, Germany, Trinidad&TobagoChallenges:
The separation (silo) of responsibilities into different management sectors (climate, fisheries, minerals, shipping, biodiversity agencies) in areas beyond national jurisdiction. This creates areas of conflict, overlapping, or divergent interests (e.g., among fisheries and mining sectors).

Lack of climate-responsibility for the 60% of the ocean in areas beyond national jurisdiction. There is no NDC addressing mitigation and adaptation for more than half the ocean which falls in ABNJ.

Dumping regulations/conventions allow terrestrial waste inputs to the ocean via pipe.

Enforcement difficulties in vast, remote areas

Lack of climate projections at sufficient resolution to characterize most seafloor areas

Limited baseline knowledge and understanding of most deep-ocean ecosystems, . compounded by slow growth and potentially long recovery times of many deep-sea organisms.
Development of economic models evaluating how ecosystem services will change in the future

Convene special report or workshop to incentivize raising conservation and restoration awareness and increasing mitigation ambitions.

Support training and capacity development to create a network of experts that could cover relevant scientific knowledge and develop monitoring strategies in areas in needs of impact assessment or marine spatial planning design

Support ocean literacy to raise public awareness of the impact of human activities on the marine environment beyond the shore, down to the seabed within EEZ and in the high seas and deep seas.
Deep Ocean Stewardship Initiative: DOSI is a scientific network that seeks to integrate science, technology, policy, law and economics to advise on ecosystem-based management of resource use in the deep ocean and strategies to maintain the integrity of deep-ocean ecosystems within and beyond national jurisdictions. DOSI is currently comprised of over 700 experts from 45 countries. (www.dosi-project.org)

Deep Ocean Observing Strategy: A group of scientific networks that addresses deep ocean observations to address scientific and societal needs, in service of sustainability. (www.oceanobserving.org)
Create compatibility of international protections/protected areas (APEI, VMEs, PSSI, MPA, World heritage sites); expand protections in areas beyond national jurisdiction.

Promote more collaboration between global ocean management sectors.

Promote the success of BBNJ treaty negotiations.

Promote open data access and FAIR principles.

Acknowledge the need to integrate warming, deoxygenation and acidification changes in the establishment of reference states (i.e.baseline projections) and in the designation of protected areas, and EIAs.

Integrate the monitoring of climate stressors (temperature, oxygen, pH and POC flux) in environmental impact monitoring plans

Ensure a rigorous Mining Code is put in place and ample baseline knowledge is collected to inform decisions prior to the transition from exploration to exploitation of deep seabed minerals.

Appoint a scientific committee to manage the EIA process for all extractive activities in areas beyond national jurisdiction.
YesScientific community
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OceanCareSwitzerland* Under UNCLOS there is no global framework setting out a management mechanism and rules for biodiversity protection in the high seas. *There are many gaps in the current ocean governance regime that could be addressed by a new, legally binding treaty (ILBI) for the conservation and sustainable use of marine BBNJ. *Although the new BBNJ ILBI Agreement will have no legal authority within national jurisdiction, resolution 72/249 mandates the inclusive conservation and sustainable use of BBNJ without reference to the jurisdiction where the risks to BBNJ, including transboundary pollution (TBP), may physically originate. *The nature of TBP, such as ocean noise & marine litter, is a serious challenge to the management of conservation efforts within MPAs. Noting the objectives in discussion protecting a certain amount of ocean by 2030, such goals will only contribute achieving the SDGs, once proper measurable measures are imposed and complied with tackling the various pollutants and threats.* OceanCare advocates for incorporating provisions for management of transboundary pollution – covering the widest possible spectrum of threats faced by the high seas - into the sections of the BBNJ Agreement for environmental impact assessments and strategic environmental assessments, and for area-based management tools, including marine protected areas.* The BBNJ Agreement should provide robust authority without regard to the jurisdiction where the TBP originates or the location of the activity that generates the TBP, a) for assessing all significant adverse impacts to BBNJ due to TBP, and b) for considering TBP in any framework for conservation management of BBNJ. *In 2017, the UNGA established an intergovernmental conference to negotiate the new treaty through 4 sessions, with only one more session remaining. It is critical that these treaty negotiations are concluded in 2020 with robust conservation provisions. As the world will be watching Member States seizing this once-in-a-lifetime opportunity, we hope that the final round of negotiations will strengthen the management regime for the high seas and address TBP. We trust that this pivotal round is elevated on the political agenda and will attract participation at the highest diplomatic level. *This treaty has broad ramifications for implementation of many of the SDG14 targets.
YesCivil society organization
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Seas At RiskBelgiumMain challenge: the fast developments of deep sea mining (DSM), with the International Seabed Authority rushing to finalise an exploitation regulation, before the BBNJ process is finalised. We see conflicts between the extractivism agenda and the ocean conservation goals of the SDG 14.
Scientists have warned that deep seabed mining will cause irreversible biodiversity loss, both by destroying seabed life where mining would take place, with little prospect of recovery, and by generating plumes, light, toxins and noise that could impact both benthic and mesopelagic marine life far beyond actual mining sites.

Given the very limited knowledge about the deep sea ecosystems, the clear warnings of scientists about the risks for irreversible biodiversity loss, strong precautionary action is needed. Hundreds of NGOs, the European Parliament, the EU fisheries sector, several scientists and Sir David Attenborough have called for a moratorium on deep sea mining.
A moratorium on: DSM; the adoption of DSM exploitation regulations; the issuing of exploitation and new exploration contracts, unless and until:
1. Environmental, social and economic risks are comprehensively understood;
2. It is demonstrated that DSM can be managed in a way that ensures the effective protection of the marine environment and prevents loss of biodiversity;
3. There is a framework to respect the free, prior, informed consent from potentially affected communities (incl indigenous);
4. Alternative sources for responsible production and use of the metals have been fully explored, eg reduction of demand for primary metals, transformation to a resource efficient, closed-loop materials circular economy;
5. Public consultation mechanisms have been established and there is broad and informed public support for deep seabed mining,
6. Member States reform the functioning of the ISA to ensure transparent, accountable, and environmentally responsible decision-making.


Deep Sea Conservation Coalition, Seas At Risk, Deep Sea Mining Campaign, Deep Ocean Stewardship InitiativeInstead of advancing deep sea mining, invest in sustainable alternatives, i.e. transformation to an economy that is much more resource efficient and keeps minerals/metals in the loop, (in line with SDG 12). The International Resource Panel also advises the creation of an international governance mechanism for the conservation and sustainable use of all mineral resources. The UN Ocean Treaty should be the overarching framework for the sustainable management of all uses of the ocean and set aside at least 30% of ocean as a network of Marine Protected Areas.YesCivil society organization
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Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS)GermanyAreas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ) cover 43 % of the surface of our planet; yet there is no comprehensive legal regime to ensure the conservation and sustainable use of its marine biodiversity.
Whilst there is considerable momentum towards an agreement for the conservation of biodiversity in ABNJ, the regime for deep seabed mining in the Area that is developing in parallel through the International Seabed Authority (ISA) has the potential to further increase pressure on the marine environment.		The adoption of a robust and comprehensive global legally-binding agreement for ABNJ is needed to sustain marine life and vital ocean services. A future global regime for biodiversity in ABNJ must be underpinned by a strong implementation framework that integrates all current and future aspects of ocean use and management, while ensuring cooperation and coordination across sectors and governance levels.
Regional arrangements are particularly effective to engage and coordinate relevant stakeholders and facilitate the exchange of information and data, and should be considered.		Adopt a strong and comprehensive agreement for biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction, based on shared principles, objectives, and collaborative processes across sectors and governance levels. Further, while decision-making might best be done at the global level through a Conference of the Parties, regional arrangements could play a key role in the implementation and coordination of globally-agreed measures, including monitoring, control, and surveillance.
It will be important to ensure consistence between the emerging regimes for the conservation of marine biodiversity in ABNJ and deep seabed mining, as developed by the ISA, as well as other sectoral uses, such as fisheries. Regional environmental management plans (REMPs) should be established as a precondition for possible deep seabed mining, developed through an inclusive and collaborative cross-sectoral approach that includes the transparent consultation of regional organisations and other stakeholders.		YesAcademic institution
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STRONG High Seas ProjectGermanyWhile UNCLOS lays down rules governing ocean uses, it does not specify how States should conserve and sustainably use biodiversity in ABNJ. Significant challenges include: the lack of a comprehensive legal and institutional framework to conserve and sustainable use biodiversity in ABNJ; the lack of a monitoring and compliance mechanism, including MCS; the lack of mechanisms and arrangements to ensure cross-sectoral coordination, cooperation and collaboration; gaps in use of shared sustainability principles or transparent and inclusive decision-making processes; gaps in taking into account the ecological connectivity of the ocean and cumulative pressures on biodiversity; limited financial resources, and human and institutional capacities. The BBNJ negotiations represent an opportunity to address these gaps. Regional and sectoral levels can underpin global goals by developing, implementing and enforcing regionally or sectoral-based agreements.• Swift adoption of a comprehensive, global and legally binding BBNJ treaty;
• Strengthen existing multilateral instruments to ensure responsible and sustainable practices in ABNJ are enforced;
• Ensure the integration of monitoring, control and surveillance (MCS) into global ocean governance approaches and supported through policy design;
• Adopt mechanisms to strengthen institutional and individual capacity to ensure effective participation of national representatives in policy processes;
• Establish a robust scientific knowledge base and expand support for scientific cooperation programmes, particularly at the regional level, to implement ecosystem-based management approaches;
• Consider conservation objectives within the UN system jointly, ex. under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the International Seabed Authority (ISA), the Climate Change Treaty (UNFCCC) and the implementation of Sustainable Development Goals, incl. SDG 14. 		STRONG High Seas is a five-year project funded by the German Government through its International Climate Initiative. Working with the CPPS and Abidjan Convention Secretariats, the project facilitates the development of improved management approaches for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity in ABNJ in the Southeast Pacific and Southeast Atlantic regions; identifies best practices and provides support to regional institutions and national authorities for implementing existing regional instruments; develops options for regional governance in a future BBNJ treaty, and transfers regional lessons learned to the global level. The project is implemented by IASS, IDDRI, BirdLife International, the International Ocean Institute (IOI) – Southern Africa, the Universidad Católica del Norte (UCN), WWF Colombia, and WWF Germany. See: https://www.prog-ocean.org/our-work/strong-high-seas/• Stimulate the development and implementation of actionable regional biodiversity targets, inter alia through a better alignment of implementation activities and stronger coherence between governance levels.
• Strengthen ‘intra-regional’, ‘inter-regional’ and ‘region-to-global’ cooperation and dialogues to facilitate learning processes, share experiences and good practices, and identify pathways toward improved cooperation for ocean sustainability.
• Build capacity and strengthen institutions through regional initiatives to spur stakeholder engagement, facilitate common and comprehensive capacity development, and support coordinated action that links capacity and technology needs and funding opportunities.
• Boost regional cooperation and exchange of science and research, and promote the development of shared knowledge on ecosystem dynamics and their response to human activities.
• Identify regional gaps and challenges in ocean governance within the context of UNCLOS. 		YesScientific community
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Asabe Shehu Yar'adua Foundation (ASYARFS)United States,Nigeria,Ghana and GermanyConservation and Sustainable Use of the Ocean and their Resources can be faced by the inadequate of the international law guiding the sea. The Public does not comply with this laws fishing is reserved areas/portion of the Ocean due to the unavailability of information.Reimplementation of the Law and Reintroduction to Areas/Countries/Provinces where the law has been Lacking or not effective through Lectures and SeminarsUNEPSeminars
Awareness Campaign in affected areas		YesCivil society organization
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ICOMOS-International Committee on the Underwater Cultural HeritageFrance The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (1992), derived from the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), made it clear that ‘States have the duty to protect objects of an archaeological and historical nature found at sea and shall cooperate for this purpose’.

Further supportive statements are made in the Preamble to the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage (2001): ‘Acknowledging the importance of underwater cultural heritage as an integral part of the cultural heritage of humanity and a particularly important element in the history of peoples, nations, and their relations with each other concerning their common heritage’. 		While UNCLOS sets out states' obligations to protect underwater cultural heritage, it lacks detail. whereas the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage 2001 provides a clear framework through its articles and rules that details best practice including international cooperation. Consideration should be given to including the secretariat of the 2001 Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage in international dialogues about the sustainable use of the oceans.That there should be greater dialogue between UNCLOS and the Secretariat to the 2001 UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage with respect to the 'States duty to protect objects of an archaeological and historical nature found at sea and shall cooperate for this purpose’ YesCivil society organization
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Oceana EuropeBelgiumUnder UNCLOS article 91 there must be a genuine link between the ship and the flag state and under article 217 flag states are responsible for ensuring compliance of their flagged vessels with applicable international rules and standards. The poor implementation of these requirements by flags of convenience (FOCs) impede international efforts to protect and sustainably use ocean resources. IUU fishing vessels use FOCs to avoid fisheries conservation and management measures, or to access fishing quotas allocated to open registry States. An INTERPOL and the NAFIG report found that IUU fishing vessels use flags of developing countries (97%), and states that are among the world’s least developed (21%). Most of these registers are FOCs (82%), and more than 60% are private flags. A 2018 study showed that 70% of the IUU fishing vessels are, or have been, flagged under a tax haven. In addition to tackling the use of FOCs, more transparency is needed on beneficial ownership.More transparency on beneficial ownership (BO) is key. Information about BO is essential in order to effectively target, investigate and sanction or prosecute IUU fishing. Beneficial owners of IUU fishing vessels can exploit secrecy laws in finance havens to hide their identity. This lack of transparency is often pointed out as one of the greatest obstacles to investigate IUU fishing. In addition, the use of FOCs by IUU fishing vessels should be tackled by creating an international list of FOCs that fail to ensure that their vessels adhere to international rules and standards. Countries could be urged to remove foreign owned fishing vessels from their flag registry or countries could prevent their nationals from registering fishing vessels under FOCs. Businesses that support the global fishing sector should also be weary of vessels that make use of FoCs and should ensure proper due diligence is done so that they are not providing services to vessels engaged in IUU fishing.Over the past three years, support has been growing within the international marine insurance sector for the adoption of new underwriting practices that increase transparency and accountability within the global fishing sector, and that prevent IUU fishing vessels from gaining access to insurance. In 2017, an industry-wide Statement against IUU fishing was launched, co-sponsored by leading insurers including Allianz, AXA and Generali. https://eu.oceana.org/en/assisting-ocean-stewardship-through-marine-insurance The development of this Statement was facilitated by Oceana and UN Environment and to date, it has gained the support of over 30 insurers, insurance market bodies and other industry stakeholders. To reinforce commitments made through the statement, in 2019 a set of guidelines was launched to assist insurers in avoiding contracts with association to IUU fishing. https://eu.oceana.org/sites/default/files/oceana-psi_insurance_insdustry_guidelines_for_iuu_fishing_final_with_doi.pdfSee answer of the second questionYesCivil society organization
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CESAM - University of Aveiro PortugalDevelopment and implementation of comprehensive management practices, frameworks and policies prior to the onset of deep-sea commercial mining.
Establishment of transparent criteria for deep-sea institutional and corporate social responsibility.
DOSI: Deep Ocean Stewardship Innitiative; JPIO project Minining Impact
Development of area-based management tools and environmental impact assessments; promote capacity building and technology transfer; hare benefits from resources from ABNJ
YesAcademic institution
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International Council of Environmental LawUnited States of AmericaA robust legally binding international agreement on the conservation and sustainable use of areas beyond national jurisdiction currently under negotiations at the UN (BBNJ Agreement) will significantly bolster the governance of 2/3 of our Ocean--the largest and most diverse ecosystem of the Earth. This unprecedented opportunity can establish a global framework and a management system to enable a coherent and integrated approach to address the cumulative impacts of human activities, including climate change. The following measures could be promoted through the BBNJ Agreement, with an effective global institutional arrangement and mechanisms to:
1. increase systems of ecologically representative networks of marine protected areas in areas beyond national jurisdiction;
2. implement a robust environmental impact assessment mechanism, supported by an effective strategic environmental assessment of our shared resources;
3. enhance global coordination and cooperation among regional and global organizations;
4. operationalize environmental principles, such as the precautionary principle, and the use of best available science;
5. address the acute resource constraints of developing countries, especially SIDS, through enhanced capacity building and transfer of marine technology; and
6. enhance access to marine genetic resources of ABNJ and the sharing of benefits.		The Decade of Ocean Science: https://www.oceandecade.org/
UN Global Compact Ocean Action: https://www.unglobalcompact.org/take-action/ocean		Enhancing the conservation and sustainable use of the Ocean and their resources by better implementing international law, as reflected in UNCLOS, can be achieved through a robust BBNJ Agreement. In addition to the measures discussed above, the proposed Science and Technical Body can provide a critical role in maximizing the resources of the Member States. Also, sufficient, predictable and sustained funding will be essential for effective implementation of the new agreement. Ocean degradation is accelerating at an unprecedented level. An ambitious BBNJ Agreement can be a powerful agent for transformative changes. As the window of opportunity is rapidly closing to enable such changes, it is imperative that a robust BBNJ Agreement negotiations are concluded in 2020.YesCivil society organization
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World Ocean CouncilUSA - GlobalDeveloping increased and coordinated private sector engagement in UNCLOS and ocean governance in support of the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their resources. Scaling up the work of the World Ocean Council to develop mutli-sectoral business leadership in ocean policy and governance to advance increased and coordinated private sector engagement in the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their resources. The World Ocean Council has been the unique partnership of the diverse global business and investment community focused on ocean sustainable development since 2009. The WOC was created by and for the private sector in 2009 to advance Corporate Ocean Responsibility. The WOC brings together all sectors operating in the ocean, all the sectors that support those direct ocean users, as well as the finance, insurance and legal communities. The WOC, an unprecedented global ocean private sector partnership organization, has long standing, on going efforts to increase the involvement of the business and investment communities in ocean policy and governance, such as UNCLOS, BBNJ, etc. https://www.oceancouncil.org/global-issues-platforms/program-focus/ocean-policy-governance/The World Ocean Council should expand its efforts to involve the business and investment communities in ocean policy and governance, such as UNCLOS, BBNJ, etc. and increase coordinated private sector engagement in implementing international law in support of the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their resources. YesPrivate sector
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The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill CampusBarbadoscapacity building for SIDS to reflect contemporary uses of the ocean; linkages between the Convention and the blue economy paradigm YesAcademic institution
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Conservation InternationalUSIncreasingly as the world attempts to ensure the sustainable use of the ocean through conservation, pressures and competition for ocean resources adds complexity to the this dynamic. In a time of increased growth of innovative technological solutions on, in and even above the ocean we realize there is much that we may not foresee in the way of potential impacts. We must recognize the challenges that arise with the birth of new opportunities. As many seek to start deep sea mining through discussions at the ISA while others are negotiating the conservation and sustainable use of the High Seas; and while others are increasing the focus on biological diversity both within and beyond national jurisdictions we are presented with the opportunity to ensure cohesiveness in implementation which can be aided by the use of MSP for ecosystem health.The creation of synchronicity among all relevant existing conventions, treaties, bodies and newly created ones as it relates to governance of the entire ocean. For example, implementing the climate change and ocean nexus only within a countries EEZ is only part of the equation. The High Seas must also be included in the conversation and therefore must be given the space to exist under parts of UNCLOS that address the high seas. Synchronicity can also be made by ensuring that ocean elements in CBD and SDG 14 are interlaced. As a whole there should be interconnectedness among the ocean elements of UNFCCC, CBD, SDG 14, talks in the ISA, RAMSAR and more. Implementing international law as reflected in UNCLOS should as much as possible seamlessly support the work created under UNCLOS and not work in opposition to treaties created under UNCLOS nor in opposition to other conventions. Deep Sea Conservation Coalition
OECS Ocean Governance
Blue Carbon Initiative
Friends of Ocean action
The MPA Action Group
Create cohesiveness across all relevant conventions all relevant existing conventions, treaties, bodies and newly created ones as it relates to governance of the entire ocean.

Anticipate future scenarios and leave room to consider those unanticipated scenarios that may arise along with their impacts including those of future marine technology.
YesCivil society organization
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Oceano Azul FoundationPortugalWe must unite for stronger global ocean governance to establish effective and equitable global governance to protect the ocean, and ensure the participation of Indigenous and coastal communities in these processes.● In 2020, adopt a new legally-binding UN agreement on high seas biodiversity that ensures robust protection including the rapid establishment of a network of fully protected MPAs, and enhances cooperation among global, regional and sectoral bodies.
● Adopt an international agreement to significantly reduce nutrient, sediment, plastic and chemical pollution of the ocean by industry, agriculture, waste management and sewage.
RISE UP - a blue call to action https://www.riseupfortheocean.org/ RISE UP at the time of writing is supported by approx. 130 organisations worldwide and constitutes a plan of action that will restore ocean health		YesCivil society organization
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