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Disclaimer
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Last updated: August 23, 2023
This model is for informational purposes only. It does not constitute investment advice or a recommendation or solicitation to buy or sell any investment and should not be used in the evaluation of the merits of making any investment decision. It should not be relied upon for legal, business, investment, or tax advice.
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Jon Charbonneau
Any projections, estimates, forecasts, targets, prospects, and/or opinions expressed in this model are subject to change without notice and may differ or be contrary to opinions expressed by others.
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dba.xyz
Certain information contained within has been obtained from third-party sources. While taken from sources believed to be reliable, DBA makes no representations about the accuracy of the information.
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This is not a valuation model.
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This sheet is not permissioned to edit. However, anyone can make duplicate the sheet to edit. This model's purpose is to play around with upgrades and assumptions to better understand Ethereum - it's primarily educational. I intentionally left most calculations plainly visible because it's helpful to see them.
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This model outputs cashflows but excludes any form of valuation (e.g., DCF) as this is not a sufficient methodology for ETH. You can easily add a summary calculation if desired. I simply hardcoded ETH/USD values.
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Preset technical assumptions - guided by the current Ethereum roadmap, planned/speculative upgrades, and general reasoning.
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Preset economic assumptions - optimistic and speculative (e.g., ETH price, average transaction prices, and revenue in $USD - despite my very scientific assumption of $69,420 ETH in 2032). They're not projections or a "base case." They're guidelines to demonstrate the range of available assumptions and what effects they have.
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Tab 1 has four main sections:
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1) Issuance & Supply - Ethereum's current supply curve with current supply inputs.
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2) Execution Layer Throughput - Implied TPS of Ethereum's execution layer based on the current protocol, potential future upgrades, and transaction assumptions. You can edit the assumptions which determine the outcomes of these upgrades here.
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3) Data Availability Layer Throughput - Implied bandwidth of Ethereum's DA layer (and therefore rollup TPS) based on the current protocol, potential future upgrades, and transaction assumptions. You can edit the assumptions which determine the outcomes of these upgrades here.
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4) Model Output - Output of TPS and economics. This is where you can set what upgrades you want to run and when.
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Tab 2 has the hardcoded dropdowns (which feed into this sheet) and a key for common abbreviations.
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Issuance & Supply
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ETH Staked1,600,0003,200,0004,800,0006,400,0008,000,0009,600,00011,200,00012,800,00014,400,00016,000,00017,600,00019,200,00020,800,00022,400,00024,000,00025,600,00027,200,00028,800,00030,400,00032,000,00033,600,00035,200,00036,800,00038,400,00040,000,00041,600,00043,200,00044,800,00046,400,00048,000,00049,600,00051,200,00052,800,00054,400,00056,000,00057,600,00059,200,00060,800,00062,400,00064,000,00065,600,00067,200,00068,800,00070,400,00072,000,00073,600,00075,200,00076,800,00078,400,00080,000,00081,600,00083,200,00084,800,00086,400,00088,000,00089,600,00091,200,00092,800,00094,400,00096,000,00097,600,00099,200,000100,800,000102,400,000104,000,000105,600,000107,200,000108,800,000110,400,000112,000,000113,600,000115,200,000116,800,000118,400,000120,000,000
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Number of Validators50,000100,000150,000200,000250,000300,000350,000400,000450,000500,000550,000600,000650,000700,000750,000800,000850,000900,000950,0001,000,0001,050,0001,100,0001,150,0001,200,0001,250,0001,300,0001,350,0001,400,0001,450,0001,500,0001,550,0001,600,0001,650,0001,700,0001,750,0001,800,0001,850,0001,900,0001,950,0002,000,0002,050,0002,100,0002,150,0002,200,0002,250,0002,300,0002,350,0002,400,0002,450,0002,500,0002,550,0002,600,0002,650,0002,700,0002,750,0002,800,0002,850,0002,900,0002,950,0003,000,0003,050,0003,100,0003,150,0003,200,0003,250,0003,300,0003,350,0003,400,0003,450,0003,500,0003,550,0003,600,0003,650,0003,700,0003,750,000
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Max Annual Issuance (ETH)210,384297,528364,396420,768470,433515,333556,624595,056631,152665,293697,765728,792758,550787,185814,814841,536867,435892,584917,043940,866964,101986,7881,008,9661,030,6671,051,9201,072,7521,093,1871,113,2471,132,9531,152,3211,171,3691,190,1121,208,5641,226,7391,244,6491,262,3041,279,7161,296,8941,313,8481,330,5851,347,1151,363,4441,379,5801,395,5301,411,2991,426,8941,442,3201,457,5831,472,6881,487,6401,502,4421,517,1011,531,6191,546,0001,560,2501,574,3701,588,3641,602,2371,615,9901,629,6271,643,1521,656,5651,669,8711,683,0721,696,1701,709,1681,722,0671,734,8711,747,5811,760,1991,772,7271,785,1671,797,5221,809,7921,821,979
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Issuance APR13.15%9.30%7.59%6.57%5.88%5.37%4.97%4.65%4.38%4.16%3.96%3.80%3.65%3.51%3.40%3.29%3.19%3.10%3.02%2.94%2.87%2.80%2.74%2.68%2.63%2.58%2.53%2.48%2.44%2.40%2.36%2.32%2.29%2.26%2.22%2.19%2.16%2.13%2.11%2.08%2.05%2.03%2.01%1.98%1.96%1.94%1.92%1.90%1.88%1.86%1.84%1.82%1.81%1.79%1.77%1.76%1.74%1.73%1.71%1.70%1.68%1.67%1.66%1.64%1.63%1.62%1.61%1.59%1.58%1.57%1.56%1.55%1.54%1.53%1.52%
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Note: A validator cap may eventually be added, but that is not contemplated here.
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Current ETH SupplyBasic InputsCurrentBasic InputsePBS
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Total Supply120,200,000100.00%Slot Time (sec)12Slot Time (sec)16
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Staked 24,000,00019.97%Slots / Epoch32Slots / Epoch32
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Unstaked96,200,00080.03%Slots / Year2,629,800Slots / Year1,972,350
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Implied # of Validators750,000Epochs / Day225Epochs / Day168.75
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Max Daily Issuance (ETH)2,231Epochs / Year82,181.25Epochs / Year61,635.94
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Max Annual Issuance (ETH)814,814Gwei / ETH1,000,000,000
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Issuance APR3.40%Days / Year365.25
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Base Reward Factor
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Note: Single-slot finality is also on the roadmap, though I've excluded here for simplicity.
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Execution Layer Throughput
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Execution Layer ThroughputETH Transfer
ERC-20 Transfer
Avg TxExec LayerSlot Time (s)²DA LayerSlot Time (s)²
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Gas / Tx:21,00050,000110,000Current12Current12
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Gas / Block¹Slot Time (sec)²Implied TPSImplied TPSImplied TPSStateless16EIP-484412
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1) Current15,000,00012602511.36Single ER16EIP-4844+16
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2) Stateless30,000,00016893817Multi ER16Dank16
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3) Enshrined Rollup (ER)³100,000,0001629812557Dank+16
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4) Multiple Enshrined Rollups³800,000,000162,3811,000455
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# of Enshrined Rollups8
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(1) EIP-1559 targets 50% of max gas/block on average using a dynamic fee mechanism. E.g., current gas limit is 30mm gas/block, but averages 15mm.
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(2) Assumes ePBS with 16-second slots implemented for EIP-4844+, Danksharding, Danksharding+, statelessness, and ERs, though this is entirely speculative.
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(3) ERs blur the line of "L1" vs. "L2". However, ETH would capture value from them in much the same way as from the L1 today. More info in the linked report.
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(4) ERs would likely have suboptimal data compression vs. SCRs. SCRs may choose to settle on-chain less than once per block allowing for better data compression. SCRs may also have a custom or frequently-updated dictionary for improved data compression.
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Data Availability Layer Throughput
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Error Flag: Cells will turn red if DA or TPS go negative. This occurs when the DA layer assumptions being run don't have sufficient bandwidth to fulfill the rollup demand being run.
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Scenario 1 - No ERsTotal Useful DADA Used by ERs⁸DA Used by SCRs⁸Aggregate TPS for SCRs + ERsTPS for SCRsTPS for ERs
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DA SchemeSlot Time (s)Blob B / Slot⁷Blob B / sBlob B / Slot⁷Blob B / sBlob B / Slot⁷Blob B / s202320242025202620272028202920302031203220232024202520262027202820292030203120322023202420252026202720282029203020312032
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1) Current⁵12000000000000000000000000
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2) EIP-484412393,21632,768393,21632,7689412615219323429834541050465594126152193234298345410504655
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3) EIP-4844+⁶162,097,152131,0722,097,152131,0723745046107719361,1921,3801,6382,0162,6213745046107719361,1921,3801,6382,0162,621
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4) Danksharding1616,777,2161,048,57616,777,2161,048,5762,9964,0334,8776,1687,4909,53311,03813,10716,13220,9722,9964,0334,8776,1687,4909,53311,03813,10716,13220,972
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5) Danksharding+⁶1633,554,4322,097,15233,554,4322,097,1525,9928,0669,75412,33614,98019,06522,07526,21432,26441,9435,9928,0669,75412,33614,98019,06522,07526,21432,26441,943
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Scenario 2 - Single ER
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3) EIP-4844+⁶162,097,152131,072238,09514,8811,859,057116,1913895045977408871,1131,2801,5091,8442,3813324475406838301,0561,2231,4521,7882,32457575757575757575757
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4) Danksharding1616,777,2161,048,576238,09514,88116,539,1211,033,6953,0104,0334,8656,1377,4409,45410,93812,97815,96020,7312,9533,9764,8086,0817,3849,39710,88112,92115,90320,67457575757575757575757
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5) Danksharding+⁶1633,554,4322,097,152238,09514,88133,316,3372,082,2716,0068,0669,74212,30514,93018,98721,97526,08532,09241,7025,9498,0099,68512,24914,87318,93021,91926,02832,03541,64557575757575757575757
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Scenario 3 - Multiple ERs
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3) EIP-4844+⁶162,097,152131,0721,904,762119,048192,39012,0244895015105255405645816056406953446567186109127150185240455455455455455455455455455455
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4) Danksharding1616,777,2161,048,5761,904,762119,04814,872,454929,5283,1104,0304,7785,9227,0948,90510,23912,07414,75519,0452,6563,5754,3235,4686,6398,4509,78511,61914,30018,591455455455455455455455455455455
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5) Danksharding+⁶1633,554,4322,097,1521,904,762119,04831,649,6701,978,1046,1068,0639,65512,09014,58418,43721,27725,18130,88740,0175,6527,6089,20011,63614,12917,98320,82224,72630,43239,562455455455455455455455455455455
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(5) Ethereum currently provides data to rollups, but it does not come from the separate "Data Availability Layer" captured here. I.e., calldata directly competes with native L1 execution, so its revenue is captured in the "Execution Layer" figures in the prior table. An increase in calldata posted directly crowds out L1 execution. This isolated DA Layer will begins with EIP-4844.
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(6) EIP-4844+ and Danksharding+ are not explicitly planned (though there's already some discussion of upsizing EIP-4844 later). Either construct could tweak the parameters to increase DA throughput in successive upgrades.
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(7) Rollups will post data "blobs" to Ethereum for data availability (DA) starting with EIP-4844. EIP-1559 targets 50% of max usage in a given block (though this % could potentially be set higher to accomodate higher target throughput if desired). Data blobs will have their own separate EIP-1559 pricing mechanism. E.g., EIP-4844 will target 262,144 bytes/block with a max of 524,288 bytes/block. Only "useful" data is shown. Erasure encoding will also mean propagating extension data, but this does not provide for extra rollup usage.
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(8) ERs would use data blobs in the same way that SCRs will. As such, ERs directly reduce the DA available to SCRs. Assuming ERs are likely to have worse data compression, you get a bit less TPS across the whole rollup ecosytem in those scenarios.
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SCR Data Compression Curve2023202420252026202720282029203020312032
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Timing Curve0.00%30.00%45.00%60.00%70.00%80.00%85.00%90.00%95.00%100.00%
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ETH Tr90675544362825211713
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ERC-20 Tr18813911489735648403123
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Avg Tx35026021517014011095806550
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SCR Data Compression (Blob B / Tx)
CurrentBasicVery GoodOptimal
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ETH Tr90754013
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ERC-20 Tr1881548023
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Avg Tx35030016050
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ER Data Compression (Blob B / Tx) ⁴
All Scenarios
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ETH Tr50
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ERC-20 Tr119
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Avg Tx262
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Note: Estimates shown are not to be taken a precise measures. Data compression and TPS estimates can vary widely based on assumptions and usage type. Optimal compression is possible with ZKRs as they only have to post state diffs on-chain (ORUs must post full transaction data in case of a possible dispute). Prevalence of ZKRs vs ORUs will change the numbers, as would a potential shift in the most common Tx types.
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Run Scenario