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MS-PS1-4: Develop a model that predicts and describes changes in particle motion, temperature, and state of a pure substance when thermal energy is added or removed.
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Totals
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Components of the model
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To make sense of a given phenomenon, students develop a model in which they identify the relevant components, including:
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Particles, including their motion.100000000000000001010003
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The system within which the particles are contained.100000000000000001010003
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The average kinetic energy of particles in the system.100000000000000001010003
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Thermal energy of the system.100000000000000001010003
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Temperature of the system.110000000000000001010004
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A pure substance in one of the states of matter (e.g., solid, liquid, gas at the macro scale).110000000000000001010004
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Relationships1
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In the model, students describe relationships between components, including the relationships between:
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The motion of molecules in a system and the kinetic energy of the particles in the system100000000000000001010003
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The average kinetic energy of the particles and the temperature of the system000000000000000001010002
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The transfer of thermal energy from one system to another and a change in kinetic energy of the particles in that new system OR the transfer of thermal energy from one system to another and a change in state of matter of the pure substance.000000000000000000010001
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The state of matter of the pure substance (gas, liquid, solid) and the particle motion (freely moving and not in contact with other particles, freely moving and in loose contact with other particles, vibrating in fixed positions relative to other particles).100000000000000001010003
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Connections
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Students use their model to provide a causal account of the relationship between the addition or removal of thermal energy from a substance and the change in the average kinetic energy of the particles in the substance.100000000000000001010003
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Students use their model to provide a causal account of the relationship between:
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The temperature of the system.000000000000000000000000
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Motions of molecules in the gaseous phase.000000000000000001010002
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The collisions of those molecules with other materials, which exerts a force called pressure.000000000000000001010002
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Students use their model to provide a causal account of what happens when thermal energy is transferred into a system, including that:
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An increase in kinetic energy of the particles can cause an increase in the temperature of the system as the motion of the particles relative to each other increases OR an increase in kinetic energy of the particles can cause a substance to change state from a solid to a liquid or from a liquid to a gas.000000000000000000000000
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The motion of molecules in a gaseous state increases, causing the moving molecules in the gas to have greater kinetic energy, thereby colliding with molecules in surrounding materials with greater force (i.e., the pressure of the system increases). 000000000000000001000001
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Students use their model to provide a causal account of what happens when thermal energy is transferred from a substance, including that:
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Decreased kinetic energy of the particles can cause a decrease in the temperature of the system as the motion of the particles relative to each other decreases OR Decreased kinetic energy of the particles can cause a substance to change state from a gas to a liquid or from a liquid to a solid.000000000000000000000000
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The pressure that a gas exerts decreases because the kinetic energy of the gas molecules decreases, and the slower molecules exert less force in collisions with other molecules in surrounding materials.000000000000000000000000
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Students use their model to provide a causal account for the relationship between changes in pressure of a system and changes of the states of materials in the system.
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With a decrease in pressure, a smaller addition of thermal energy is required for particles of a liquid to change to gas because particles in the gaseous state are colliding with the surface of the liquid less frequently and exerting less force on the particles in the liquid, thereby allowing the particles in the liquid to break away and move into the gaseous state with the addition of less energy.000000000000000000000000
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With an increase in pressure, a greater addition of thermal energy is required for particles of a liquid to change to gas because particles in the gaseous state are colliding with the surface of the liquid more frequently and exerting greater force on the particles in the liquid, thereby limiting the movement of particles from the liquid to gaseous state000000000000000001010002
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Totals9200000000000000014014000
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Adapted from BSCS Features Analysis Chart
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https://bscs.org/tools