2019 Haplogroup M Tree

	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	I	J	K
1						Y-DNA Haplogroup M and its Subclades - 2019
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4			Downloading this spreadsheet as Excel retains format better than copying. Links may not copy to new sheet.
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6			The entire work is identified by the Version Number and date given on the					Main Page.
7			Directions for citing the document are listed on			Main Page.
8				Version History				Last revision date for this specific page: 1 January 2019
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10		Because of continuing research, the structure of the Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree changes, and ISOGG does its best to keep the tree updated.
11		If the differences need clarification or if you find any broken links on this page, then:						Email Ray Banks
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13	LINKS:	Glossary	Main Page		Y-DNA Tree Trunk		SNP Index		Papers/Presentations Cited		Listing Criteria
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15	FONT COLORS:				Newly confirmed in 2019 within subclade			Confirmed within subclade		Investigational items
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17	SYMBOLS:		^ Indicates a next-generation sequencing entry which does not yet meet quality guidelines for minimum number of reads.
18			^^ Indicates an entry which does not meet quality guidelines but may be helpful.
19			~ Indicates only an approximate location on the tree.
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21		The criteria for a representative SNP printed in bold for a subclade is: traditional usage, testing done in multiple labs, and/or being found in the area of the chromosome used in recent research studies.
22		SNPs listed below in italics (colored black or red) are quality variants from next-generation sequencing reports consistently showing as representing that subgroup
23		DID YOU NOTICE that the items in gray sometimes have a long name preceding their listing that is the same as just above? In this situation, evidence seems to indicate they also seem to belong to the same subgroup, but some confirmatory evidence is not yet available.
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26	M	SK1828, Page93/S322
27		M1	M4, M5/P73, M106, M186, M189, M296
28		M1~	CTS7357.2, FGC13408.2,/Z16369.2, FGC29215, M5991, Page1, PH4279, PH3025, SK1828, SK1845, SK1846/Z43400, SK1847, SK1848, SK1849, SK1850, SK1851, SK1852, SK1853, SK1854, SK1855, SK1856, SK1857, Y1422.2/Z8214.2, Y26288/Z43397, Y26291/Z43398, Y26298/Z43408, Y26299/Z43409, Y26300/Z43410, Y27828/Z43395, Y27835/Z43399, YSC0000696, Z30832, Z30839, Z30840, Z30841, Z30890, Z30891, Z30892, Z30893, Z30894, Z30895, Z30896, Z30897, Z30898, Z30899, Z30900, Z30901, Z30902, Z30903, Z30904, Z30905, Z30908, Z30909, Z30910, Z30911, Z30912, Z30913, Z30914, Z30915, Z30916, Z30918, Z30919, Z30921, Z30922, Z30923, Z30924, Z30925, Z30926, Z30929, Z30930, Z30931, Z30932, Z30933, Z30934.1, Z30935, Z30936, Z30939, Z30940, Z30942, Z30943, Z30944, Z30945, Z30948, Z30949, Z30950, Z30951, Z30952, Z30953, Z30954, Z30955, Z30956, Z30957, Z30958, Z30959, Z30960, Z30961, Z30962, Z30963, Z30964, Z30965, Z30966, Z30967, Z30968, Z30972, Z30975, Z30976, Z30977, Z30978, Z30979, Z30980, Z30981, Z30982, Z30983, Z30984, Z30985, Z30986, Z30987, Z30988, Z30989, Z30991, Z30992, Z30993, Z30994, Z30995, Z30996, Z30997, Z30998, Z30999, Z31001, Z31002, Z31004, Z31006, Z31008, Z31009, Z31010, Z31011, Z31012, Z31013, Z31014, Z31015, Z31016, Z31017, Z31018, Z31019, Z31020, Z31021, Z31022, Z31023, Z31024, Z31025, Z31026, Z31028, Z31029, Z31030, Z31031, Z31032, Z31033, Z31034, Z31035, Z31036, Z31037, Z31038, Z31039, Z31040, Z31041, Z31042, Z31043, Z31044, Z31045, Z31048, Z31049, Z31050, Z31051, Z31052, Z31054, Z31055, Z31056, Z31057, Z31058, Z31059, Z31061, Z31063, Z31064, Z31065, Z31066, Z31067, Z31068, Z31069, Z31070, Z31071, Z31072, Z31073, Z31074, Z31075, Z31076, Z31077, Z31078, Z31080, Z31081, Z31082, Z31083, Z31085, Z31086, Z31087, Z31088, Z31089, Z31090, Z31093, Z31094, Z31095, Z31096, Z31097, Z31099, Z31100, Z31101, Z31102, Z31103, Z31104, Z31105, Z31106, Z31107, Z31108, Z31110, Z31111, Z31112, Z31113, Z31114, Z31115, Z31116, Z31117, Z31133, Z31134, Z31136, Z31137, Z31138, Z31140, Z31141, Z31143. Z31144. Z31145, Z31147, Z31148, Z31149, Z31150, Z31152, Z31153, Z31154, Z31155, Z31156, Z31157, Z31159, Z31160, Z31161, Z31162, Z31163, Z31164, Z31165, Z31166, Z31167, Z31168, Z31169, Z31170, Z31171, Z31172, Z31173, Z31174, Z31175, Z31181, Z31182, Z31183, Z31184, Z31185, Z31187, Z31188, Z31189, Z31190. Z31191, Z31192. Z31193, Z31194, Z31195, Z31196, Z31197, Z31198, Z33312, Z33344
29			M1a	BY8413.1/Z30938.1, SK1869, Z30835, Z30907, Z30917, Z30920, Z30928, Z30937, Z31000, Z31005, Z31007, Z31046, Z31060, Z31062, Z31079, Z31151, Z31158
30				M1a1~	P94
31				M1a2	Z30928, Z31007, Z31146
32					M1a2a	P87
33						M1a2a1	M104_1^^/P22_1^^, M104_2^^/P22_2^^
34						M1a2a1~	F2561/Page67
35						M1a2a1~	FGC24709, FGC36703, SK1877, SK1879, Z42236, Z42237, Z42238, Z42239, Z42240, Z42241, Z42242, Z42243, Z42244, Z42245, Z42246, Z42247, Z42248, Z42249, Z42250, Z42251, Z42252, Z42253, Z42254, Z42255, Z42256, Z42257, Z42258, Z42259, Z42260, Z42261, Z42262, Z42263, Z42264, Z42265, Z42266, Z42267, Z42268, Z42269, Z42270, Z42271, Z42272, Z42273, Z42274, Z42275, Z42276, Z42277, Z42278, Z42279, Z42280
36							M1a2a1a	M16
37							M1a2a1b	M83
38							M1a2a1b~	SK1881, Z42285, Z42286, Z42287
39							M1a2a1c~	SK1880, Z42281, Z42282, Z42283, Z42284
40				M1a3~	Z33330, Z33345, Z42288
41					M1a3a~	P51, SK1872, Z42289, Z42290, Z42291, Z42292
42					M1a3b	B256, SK1882, Z31135, Z33309, Z33313, Z33318, Z33319, Z33323, Z33325, Z33331, Z33336, Z33343, Z33347, Z33348, Z33350
43					M1a3b~	Z33310, Z33311, Z33317, Z33320, Z33321, Z33324, Z33326, Z33327, Z33332, Z33337, Z33341, Z33351
44						M1a3b1	Z33322, Z33328
45						M1a3b1~	Z33114. Z33315, Z33316, Z33317, Z33329, Z33333, Z33339, Z33340, Z33342
46							M1a3b1a~	SK1889, Z42293, Z42294, Z42295, Z42296
47							M1a3b1b	Z42297, Z42298, Z42299. Z42300, Z42301, Z42302, Z42303, Z42304, Z42305, Z42306, Z42307, Z42308, Z42309, Z42310, Z42311, Z42312, Z42313, Z42314, Z42315, Z42307, Z42308, Z42309, Z42310, Z42311, Z42312, Z42313, Z42314, Z42315, Z42316, Z42317. Z42318, Z42319, Z42320, Z42321, Z42322
48								M1a3b1b1~	Y26302/Z42326, Z42323, Z42324, Z42325, Z42327
49								M1a3b1b2~	BY3630.2, F1295.2, Z42328, Z42329, Z42330
50							M1a3b1c	B269, Z31204.2, Z33269, Z33270, Z33271, Z33272, Z33273, Z33274, Z33276, Z33277, Z33278, Z33279, Z33280, Z33281, Z33282, Z33283, Z33284, Z33277, Z33278, Z33279, Z33280, Z33281, Z33282, Z33283, Z33284, Z33285, Z33286, Z33288, Z33289, Z33290, Z33291, Z33292, Z33293, Z33295, Z33296, Z33297, Z33298, Z33299, Z33300
51								M1a3b1c1~	B271, Z33302, Z33305, Z33307, Z33308
52								M1a3b1c2~	B270, Z38339, Z38340, Z38341
53							M1a3b1d~	B272, Z33740. Z33741, Z33742, Z33743
54						M1a3b2	Y26293/Z43837, Z43838
55						M1a3b2~	M10781/S20812/ZS4770
56							M1a3b2a~	Z42538, Z42539, Z42540, Z42541, Z42542
57							M1a3b2b~	Z43832. Z43833, Z43834, Z43835, Z43836
58			M1b~	Z43411, Z43412, Z43413, Z43414, Z43415
59		M2	M353, M387
60		M2~	PF4350.1
61			M2a	M177^^/SRY9138^^
62		M3	P117
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64		MUTATION INFORMATION AT VERY BOTTOM HERE
65
66	NOTES:
67
68	Identical SNPs that were discovered separately are listed in alphabetical order, not necessarily in the order of discovery,
69		and separated by "/". Examples: M5/P73, M104/P22, M177, SRY9138
70	Removed P35_1, P35_2, P35_3, not meeting quality guidelines on 11 August 2016.
71	The chromosome location for M-P256 shown in Karafet (2008) seems off by one chromosome position.
72		All M samples from next-generation sequencing show the same mutation at adjacent chromosome position 8685231.
73		So this is the position tentatively listed in the ISOGG index. Listed 31 August 2016.
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75	Y-DNA haplogroup M		reaches its known peak in Papua New Guinea, totaling one-third to two-thirds of population.
76		The haplogroup M Aborigines in Australia seem comparatively to be the most recent arrivals among Aborigines (Bergstrom).
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78	Geographic distribution so far of ancestry of modern-day haplogroup M subgroup men (not complete):
79
80	M1b
81		M16	Papua New Guinea
82		M83	Papua New Guinea
83	M1c
84		B271	Papua New Guinea
85		B269	Papua New Guinea
86		Z42297	N. Australia (Aborigines)
87	M2
88		M177	Papua New Guinea
89	M3
90		P117	Melanesia
91
92	References:
93
94	Bergstrom et al, Deep Roots for Aboriginal Australian Y Chromosomes. (pdf) Current Biology, 26:809-813, (2016).
95	Bergstrom et al, A Neolithic Expansion, but Strong Genetic Structure, in the Independent History of New Guinea Science, 357:1160-1163 (2017).
96	Cox M P & Lahr M M, Y-Chromosome Diversity Is Inversely Associated with Language Affiliation in Paired Austronesian- and Papuan-Speaking Communities from Solomon Islands. (pdf) American Journal of Human Biology, 18:35-50, 2006.
97	Hurles et al, European Y-Chromosomal Lineages in Polynesians: A Contrast to the Population Structure Revealed by mtDNA. American Journal of Human Genetics, 63:1793-1806, 1998.
98	Hurles et al, Y Chromosomal Evidence for the Origins of Oceanic-Speaking Peoples. Genetics, 160:289-303, January 2002.
99	Karmin et al, A Recent Bottleneck of Y chromosome Diversity Coincides with a Global Change in Culture. Genome Research, doi: 10.1101/gr.186684.114, published online March 13, 2015.
100	Karafet et al, New Binary Polymorphisms Reshape and Increase Resolution of the Human Y-Chromosomal Haplogroup Tree. Abstract. Genome Research, published online April 2, 2008. Supplementary Material.