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QuestionAnswer
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Excitatory neurotransmittersIncrease likelihood next cell will fire. Ex. Glutamate
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Inhibitory neurotransmittersDecrease likelihood next cell will fire. Ex. GABA
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Acetylcholine (ACH)voluntary movement, sleep-wake cycle, memory
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ACH: peripheralnerve to muscle
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Movement disorders associated with ACHmyasthenia gravis
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Myasthenia gravismuscle weakness due to blocked ACH receptors
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ACH: brain storage and consolidation of memories
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Memory disorders associated with ACHAlzheimers and age-related dementia= declines in ACH due to decline in cholinergic neurons that secrete ACH
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Subtype of ACHNicotine: sub-receptors in the periphery (each muscle cell) and brain (hippocampus)
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Nicotinesub-type of ACH, enhance alertness and memory by mimicking ACH
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CatecholaminesDopamine; Norepinephrin
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Dopaminevoluntary movement, mood
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Dopamine: brainbrain based motor control: frontal lobes, cerebellum, basil ganglia
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Dopaminergic systemassociated with neuro-based output and disorders with too much or too little activity
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Too much dopamineHuntingtons, Tourettes, Mania, Schizophrenia, Substance addiction
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Too little dopamineParkinson's, ADHD, depression
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Dopamine in ADHDdopamine transporters remove dopamine too fast
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Dopamine in Parkinson'sin movement disorders, the deterioration of neurons that secrete dopamine
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Dopamine in Touretteslinked to Tourettes; dopamine blockers help like haloperidol
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Dopamine hypothesisDopamine in Schizophrenia: too much or over-sensitivity to dopamine. This may underline mania too
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Dopamine and depressionlow levels of dopamine results in depression, and stimulant drugs increase levels of dopamine at synapses
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Norepinephrinfight or flight reaction, linked to depression mania, and schizophrenia
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Catecholamine hypothesistoo little norepinephrin= depression, too much norepinephrin= mania
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Serotoninindolamine; mediates core functions including body temp, hunger, thirst, sex, aggression, arousal, sleep, mood
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Disorders associated with serotonindepression, mania, schizophrenia, OCD, eating disorders, and migraine headaches
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Excess serotoninschizophrenia; autism; anorexia
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Low serotonindepression, mania, suicide and OCD, bullimia
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What lowers serotonin levels?food restriction; drugs that increase serotonin not good when underweight and restricting
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GABAalways inhibitory; falling asleep
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Irregularities in GABAcontribute to epilepsy
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How do barbituates affect GABA?Increase GABA activity
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Low levels of GABA underlie what?Anxiety
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Loss of GABA-containing neurons in the basil ganglia underlies what?Chorea in Huntingtons
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Choreainvoluntary, rapid, and irregular movements
Choreography is planned and chorea is not
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Glutamateexcitatory neurotransmitter in CNS; levels in hippocampus linked to memory and learning
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Excessive glutamate levelsexcitotoxicity linked to seizures, stroke-related damage, Huntingtons, and Alzheimers
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Endorphins
endogenous morphines; medicate analgesic effects; implicated in certain pleasurable emotions; control emotion, memory, learning, and sexual behaviours
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What do neuro transmitters do?Regulate the nervous system and mediate transmission of information from one neuron to the next
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