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PPPhysical Science Strands (PS)
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PS1: Matter and Its InteractionsPS2: Motion & Stability: Forces and Motion PS 3: EnergyPS 4: Waves and Their Applications
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KindergartenPS.K.1 Understand how objects are described based on their physical properties and how they are used. PS.K.2 Understand the positions and motions of objects and organisms observed in the environment.No Grade level Expectations.No Grade level Expectations.
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PS.K.1.1 Analyze and interpret data to classify objects by physical properties (size, color, shape, texture, weight and flexibility).PS.K.2.1 Use models to compare the relative position of various objects observed in the classroom and outside using position words such as: in front of, behind, between, on top of, under, above, below, beside.
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PS.K.1.2 Engage in argument from evidence to summarize how different materials (clay, wood, cloth, paper, etc.) are used based on their physical properties.PS.K.2.2 Carry out investigations to illustrate different ways objects and organisms move (to include falling to the ground when dropped): straight, zigzag, round and round, back and forth, fast and slow.
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Grade 1No Grade level Expectations.PS.1.1 Understand how forces (pushes or pulls) affect the motion of an object.No Grade level Expectations.No Grade level Expectations.
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 PS.1.1.1 Use models to explain the effect of a push or pull on the motion of an object, with or without contact.
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 PS.1.1.2 Carry out investigations to compare the effects of a given force on the motion of an object.
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Grade 2PS.2.1 Understand properties of solids and liquids and the changes they undergo.No Grade level Expectations.No Grade level Expectations.PS.2.2 Understand the relationship between sound and vibrating objects.
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PS.2.1.1 Carry out investigations to illustrate examples of matter that can change from a solid to a liquid and from a liquid to a solid by heating and cooling. PS.2.2.1 Carry out investigations to illustrate how sound is produced by vibrating objects and columns of air.
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PS.2.1.2 Analyze and interpret data to compare the amount (volume and weight) of water in a container before and after freezing.PS.2.2.2 Use models to summarize the relationship between sound and how sounds are produced and detected by parts of the body that vibrate.
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PS.2.1.3 Analyze and interpret data to compare the amount (volume and weight) of water left in an open container over time to the water left in a closed container.
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Grade 3PS.3.1 Understand the structure and properties of matter before and after they undergo a change.PS.3.2 Understand motion and factors that affect motion.PS.3.3 Understand how energy can be transferred from one object to another.No Grade level Expectations.
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PS.3.1.1 Engage in argument from evidence to infer that air is a substance that surrounds us, takes up space, and has mass. PS.3.2.1 Carry out investigations to infer changes in speed or direction resulting from forces acting on an object.PS.3.3.1 Ask questions to explain how heat is created by friction.
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PS.3.1.2 Carry out investigations to classify solids, liquids, and gases based on their basic properties.PS.3.2.2 Carry out investigations to compare the relative speeds (faster or slower) of objects that travel the same distance in different amounts of time.PS.3.3.2 Carry out investigations to explain how energy can be transferred from a warmer object to a cooler one by contact or at a distance.
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PS.3 1.3 Engage in argument from evidence to explain observable changes to the properties of matter when heated or cooled.PS.3.2.3 Use models to explain the effect of Earth's gravity on the motion of any object on or near the Earth.
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Grade 4No Grade level Expectations.PS.4.1 Understand how various forces affect the motion of an object.PS.4.2 Understand that energy can be transferred from place to place by sound, light, heat, and electric currents.PS.4.3 Understand the nature of light and how light interacts with objects.
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PS.4.1.1 Ask questions to summarize the relationship of magnetic interactions between two objects not in contact with each other.PS.4.2.1 Ask questions to identify basic forms of energy (light, sound, heat, and electrical) that cause motion or create change.PS.4.3.1 Carry out investigations to infer the path light travels from a light source to a mirror and how it is reflected (by the mirror) using different angles.
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PS.4.1.2 Carry out investigations to explain how electrically charged objects push or pull on other objects to produce motion.PS.4.2.2 Use models to explain a simple electrical circuit and the necessary components.PS.4.3.2 Carry out investigations to explain how light is refracted and absorbed.
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PS.4.2.3 Carry out investigations on common materials to classify them as insulators or conductors of electricity.
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Grade 5PS.5.1 Understand the interactions of matter and energy and the changes that occur.PS.5.2 Understand force, motion, and the relationship between them.No Grade level Expectations.No Grade level Expectations.
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PS 5.1.1 Carry out investigations to compare the weight of objects before and after an interaction.PS.5.2.1 Carry out investigations to explain how factors such as gravity, friction, and change in mass affect the motion of objects.
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PS 5.1.2 Carry out investigations to explain whether the mixing of two or more substances results in new substances.PS.5.2.2 Use mathematics and computational thinking to infer the motion of an object (including position, direction, and speed).
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PS 5.1.3 Carry out investigations to compare how heating and cooling affect some materials and how this relates to their purpose and practical applications.
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Grade 6PS.6.1 Understand the structure, states, and physical properties of matter.No Grade level Expectations.PS.6.2 Understand characteristics of thermal and electrical energy transfer and interactions of matter and energy.PS.6.3 Understand the properties of waves and the wavelike property of energy in seismic, electromagnetic (including visible light), and sound waves.
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PS.6.1.1 Use models to illustrate that matter is made of atoms and elements, and are distinguished from each other by the types of atoms that compose them.PS.6.2.1 Use models to compare the directional transfer of heat energy of matter through convection, radiation, and conduction.PS.6.3.1 Use models of a simple wave to explain wave properties in seismic, light, and sound waves that include: waves having a repeating pattern with a specific amplitude, frequency, and wavelength, and the amplitude of a wave is related to the energy of the wave.
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PS.6.1.2 Use models to explain the relationship between changes in thermal energy in a substance and the motion of its particles (including phase changes).PS.6.2.2 Use models to explain how the transfer of heat and resulting change of temperature impacts the behavior of matter to include expansion, and contraction.PS.6.3.2 Carry out investigations to conclude the relationship between the electromagnetic spectrum (including visible light) and sight.
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PS.6.1.3 Carry out investigations to compare the physical properties of pure substances that are independent of the amount of matter present including density, melting point, boiling point and solubility to properties that are dependent on the amount of matter present to include volume, mass and weight.PS.6.2.3 Carry out investigations to compare the transfer of thermal energy in insulated and non-insulated materials (examples could include insulated box, solar cooker, or styrofoam cup).PS.6.3.3 Carry out investigations to conclude the relationship between sound waves (including rate of vibration, the medium through which vibrations travel) and hearing.
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PS.6.2.4 Engage in argument from evidence to classify materials as conductors and insulators of energy (both thermal and electrical).PS.6.3.4 Use models to explain that various waves (seismic, sound, electromagnetic, including visible light) are reflected, absorbed or transmitted through various materials.
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PS.6.2.5 Carry out investigations to explain the transfer of electrical energy in electrical circuits, to include how a circuit requires a complete loop through which an electrical current can pass.
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Grade 7No Grade level Expectations.PS.7.1 Understand motion, the effects of forces on motion, and the graphical representations of motion.PS.7.2 Understand forms of energy, energy transfer and transformation, and conservation in mechanical systems.No Grade level Expectations.
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PS.7.1.1 Construct an explanation to summarize the motion of an object by its position, direction of motion, and speed in respect to some other object.PS.7.2.1 Construct an explanation to summarize how kinetic and potential energy contribute to the mechanical energy of an object.
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PS.7.1.2 Use models to illustrate the effects of balanced and unbalanced forces acting on an object (including friction, gravity, and magnetism).PS.7.2.2 Engage in argument from evidence to explain how energy can be transformed from one form to another, specifically potential energy and kinetic energy (models could include roller coasters, pendulums, or cars on ramps as examples).
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PS.7.1.3 Analyze and interpret graphical data to summarize the motion of an object to show a change in position over a period of time.PS.7.2.3 Carry out investigations to conclude that energy can be transferred from one system to another when two objects push or pull on each other over a distance (work) in a mechanical system using qualitative data.
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PS.7.1.4 Analyze and interpret graphical data to summarize the motion of an object to show a change in distance over a period of time for constant speed and variable motion.PS.7.2.4 Carry out investigations to compare the efficiency of simple machines in relation to their advantages for particular purposes (to include inclined planes, pulleys, levers and wheel and axles) using qualitative data.
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Grade 8PS.8.1 Understand the properties of matter and changes that occur when matter interacts in open and closed systems.No grade level expectations.No grade level expectations.No grade level expectations.
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PS.8.1.1 Construct an explanation to classify matter as elements, compounds, or mixtures based on how the atoms are arranged in various substances.
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PS.8.1.2 Use models to illustrate the structure of atoms in terms of the protons, electrons, and neutrons (using the location, charges and comparative size of these subatomic particles), without consideration of isotopes, ions, and energy levels.
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PS.8.1.3 Analyze and interpret data to explain how the physical properties of elements and their reactivity have been used to produce the current model of the Periodic Table of Elements.
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PS.8.1.4 Construct an explanation to classify changes in matter as physical changes (including changes in size, shape, and state) or chemical changes that are the result of a chemical reaction (including changes in energy, color, formation of a gas or precipitate).
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PS.8.1.5 Use models to illustrate how atoms are rearranged during a chemical reaction so that balanced chemical equations support the Law of Conservation of Mass (in both open and closed systems).
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Chemistry Chemistry Chemistry PS.Chm.1 Analyze the structure of atoms and isotopes.No Course Expecations PS.Chm.7 Understand the relationship among pressure, temperature, volume, and phase.No Course Expecations
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PS.Chm.1.1 Use models to explain how the scientific understanding of atomic structure has evolved.PS.Chm.7.1 Use models to explain how changes in energy affect the arrangement and movement of the particles in solids, liquids, and gases, as well as the relative strengths of their intermolecular forces.
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PS.Chm.1.2 Use models to compare nuclear reactions including alpha decay, beta decay and gamma decay; nuclear fusion and nuclear fission.PS.Chm.7.2 Use mathematics and computational thinking to execute simple calorimetric calculations based on the Law of Conservation of Energy.
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PS.Chm.1.3 Use models to explain how electrons are distributed in atoms.PS.Chm.7.3 Use mathematics and computational thinking to explain the relationships among pressure, temperature, volume, and quantity of gas, both qualitatively and quantitatively.
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PS.Chm.2 Understand the physical and chemical properties of atoms based on their position in the Periodic Table.
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PS.Chm.2.1 Use the Periodic Table as a model to predict the relative properties of elements based on the pattern of valence electrons in the outermost energy levels of atoms.
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PS.Chm.2.2 Construct an explanation to infer the atomic size, reactivity, electronegativity, and ionization energy of an element based on its position in the Periodic Table.
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PS.Chm.3 Understand the bonding that occurs in simple compounds in terms of bond type, strength, and properties.
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PS.Chm.3.1 Analyze and interpret data to explain the mechanisms and properties of the two main types of intramolecular (ionic and covalent) bonds.
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PS.Chm.3.2 Construct an explanation to summarize the influences intermolecular forces have on the properties of chemical compounds.
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PS.Chm.3.3 Use models to predict chemical names and formulas including ionic (binary & ternary), acidic, and binary covalent compounds.
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PS.Chm.4 Analyze chemical reactions in terms of quantities, product formation, and energy.
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PS.Chm.4.1 Use models to explain the exothermic or endothermic nature of chemical changes.
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PS.Chm.4.2 Carry out investigations to predict the outcome of simple chemical reactions that obey the Law of Conservation of Mass.
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PS.Chm.4.3 Use mathematics and computational thinking to analyze quantitatively the composition of a substance (empirical formula, molecular formula, percent composition, and mole conversions).
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PS.Chm.4.4 Use mathematics and computational thinking to apply the mole concept in the stoichiometric relationships inherent in chemical reactions.
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PS.Chm.6 Understand solutions and the solution process.
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PS.Chm.6.1 Carry out investigations to summarize the factors that affect the formation and properties of solutions.
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PS.Chm.6.2 Use models to explain the quantitative nature of a solution (molarity, dilution, titration).
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PS.Chm.6.3 Carry out investigations to compare properties and behaviors (qualitative and quantitative) of acids and bases.
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Physical Science Physical Science Physical Science PS.PSc.1 Understand types, properties, and structure of matter.PS.PSc.4 Analyze motion in terms of speed, velocity, acceleration, and momentum.PS.PSc.7 Analyze energy transfers and transformations within a mechanical system.PS.PSc.8 Analyze the nature of waves and their applications.
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PS.PSc.1.1 Construct an explanation to classify matter as a pure substance or mixture; homogeneous or heterogeneous; element or compound; solution, colloid or suspension.PS.PSc.4.1 Analyze and interpret data to explain the motion of an object moving with a constant velocity or that is accelerating.PS.PSc.7.1 Use models to explain thermal energy and its transfer.PS.PSc.8.1 Carry out investigations to explain the quantitative and qualitative relationships among wave frequency, wave velocity, wavelength, and wave energy.
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PS.PSc.1.2 Use models to compare the phases of matter and the physical changes they undergo.PS.PSc.4.2 Analyze and interpret data to explain the relationship between impulse and an object's change in momentum.PS.PSc.7.2 Use mathematics and computational thinking to explain the Law of Conservation of Energy in a mechanical system in terms of kinetic and potential energy.PS.PSc.8.2 Use models to compare the characteristics of mechanical and electromagnetic waves.
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PS.PSc.1.3 Carry out investigations to compare physical and chemical properties of matter.PS.PSc.5 Understand the relationship between forces and motion.PS.PSc.7.3 Use mathematics and computational thinking to explain work in terms of the relationship among the applied force to an object, the resulting displacement of the object, and the energy transferred to an object.PS.PSc.8.3 Use models to explain the wave interactions of reflection, refraction, diffraction, and interference.
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PS.PSc.1.4 Use models to interpret the data presented in Bohr diagrams and electron dot diagrams for neutral atoms of elements 1 through 18.PS.PSc.5.1 Use mathematics and computational thinking to compare the weight and mass of an object.PS.PSc.7.4 Construct an explanation to infer the relationship between work and power, both quantitatively and qualitatively.PS.PSc.8.4 Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to explain how instruments that transmit and detect waves are used in everyday life.
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PS.PSc.1.5 Use models to compare representations of atoms, ions, and isotopes.PS.PSc.5.2 Use models to explain the velocity of an object in freefall.
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PS.PSc.1.6 Use the Periodic Table as a model to predict the relative properties (metallic/nonmetallic character, ionic charge, and reactivity) and arrangement of elements based on the pattern of valence electrons in the outermost energy levels of atoms.PS.PSc.5.3Construct an explanation to infer the effects of forces (specifically applied force and friction) on objects.
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PS.PSc.2 Analyze interactions of matter within a chemical system.PS.PSc.5.4 Use models to explain the relationship between an object's motion and the interaction of forces acting on it according to Newton's Three Laws of Motion.
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PS.PSc.2.1 Construct an explanation to classify the type of chemical bond that occurs (covalent, ionic, or metallic) in a given substance.PS.PSc.6 Understand electricity and magnetism and their relationship.
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PS.PSc.2.2 Use models to apply International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) conventions to name and write formulas for simple compounds.PS.PSc.6.1 Carry out investigations to explain static and current electricity.
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PS.PSc.2.3 Use mathematics and computational thinking to execute the balancing of chemical equations to illustrate the Law of Conservation of Mass.PS.PSc.6.2 Construct an explanation to compare simple series and parallel circuits in terms of Ohm's Law.
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PS.PSc.2.4 Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to classify a chemical reaction as synthesis, decomposition, combustion, single replacement, or double replacement reaction.PS.PSc.6.3 Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to explain how current is affected by changes in composition, length, temperature, and diameter of wire.
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PS.PSc.2.5 Construct an explanation to compare the composition and properties of acids and bases.PS.PSc.6.4 Use models to explain magnetism in terms of domains, interactions of poles, and magnetic fields.
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PS.PSc.2.6 Use models to explain the interactions of acids and bases in the process of neutralization.PS.PSc.6.5 Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to explain the application of electromagnets.
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PS.PSc.3 Understand the role of the nucleus in radiation and radioactivity.
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PS.PSc.3.1 Use models to compare nuclear reactions including alpha decay, beta decay, and gamma decay; nuclear fusion and nuclear fission.
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PS.PSc.3.2 Use mathematics and computational thinking to execute simple half-life calculations based on the radioactive decay of unstable nuclei.
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PS.PSc.3.3 Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to explain the application of nuclear reactions to radioactive dating, medicine, and energy production.
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Physics Physics PhysicsNo Course Expecations PS.Phy.1 Analyze the motion of objects using time, distance, displacement, speed, velocity, and acceleration.PS.Phy.6 Understand the relationship among work, energy, and power.PS.Phy.7 Analyze the behavior of waves and their applications.
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PS.Phy.1.1 Use models (graphs, equations, diagrams) to infer motion in one dimension.PS.Phy.6.1 Use models to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze the kinetic and potential energy in a system.PS.Phy.7.1 Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to compare mechanical and electromagnetic waves (specifically light and sound) in terms of wave characteristics (frequency, wavelength, period, amplitude, velocity, and energy).
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PS.Phy.1.2 Use models (graphs, equations, diagrams) to infer motion in two dimensions.PS.Phy.6.2 Analyze and interpret data to qualitatively and quantitatively explain the relationship among work, power, and energy.PS.Phy.7.2 Use models to qualitatively and quantitatively compare reflection and refraction (Snell's Law).
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PS.Phy.2 Analyze systems of forces and their interaction with matter.No Course Expecations PS.Phy.7.3 Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to summarize how instruments that transmit and detect waves are used in everyday life.
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PS.Phy.2.1 Use free body models to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze systems of forces in one dimension and two dimensions.
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PS.Phy.2.2 Carry out investigations to explain the interactions of forces on an object according to Newton’s Laws of Motion.
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PS.Phy.2.3 Use models to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze basic forces related to movement of an object in a circular path (centripetal force).
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PS.Phy.2.4 Use models to qualitatively and quantitatively explain the relationship among the force of gravity, the distance between two objects, and the mass of the objects, according to the Law of Universal Gravitation.
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PS.Phy.2.5 Analyze and interpret data to explain the effect of elastic force on objects (Hooke's Law).
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PS.Phy.3 Analyze the motion of objects based on the principles of conservation of momentum and impulse in one dimension.
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PS.Phy.3.1 Use models to analyze inelastic and elastic collisions in terms of the conservation of momentum in one dimension.
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PS.Phy.3.2 Use mathematics and computational thinking to analyze the relationship among impulse, momentum, and Newton's 3rd law.
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PS.Phy.4 Explain charge interactions in electrostatic systems and in electric circuits.
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PS.Phy.4.1 Use models to qualitatively and quantitatively explain the fundamental properties and interactions (Coulomb's Law) of charged objects along with the conservation of charge.
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PS.Phy.4.2 Use models to explain the mechanisms for producing electrostatically charged objects, including charging by friction, conduction, and induction.
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PS.Phy.4.3 Use circuit models to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze the relationships among current, voltage, resistance, and power in series, parallel, and compound circuits.
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PS.Phy.5 Explain the concept of magnetism.
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PS.Phy.5.1 Use models to qualitatively explain the relationship between magnetic domains and magnetism.
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PS.Phy.5.2 Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about the relationship between magnetism and electric currents to explain the role of magnets in current technology.
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