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TitleYearAuthor (surname, first name)Institution of AuthorPublication TypePublicationVolume/Issue/Page Numbers/PublisherAbstractLink to PublicationOpen Access (Yes/No)
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Supporting safety of journalists in Kenya: an assessment based on UNESCO's Journalists' Safety Indicators
2016Nyabuga, GeorgeUniversity of NairobiBookSupporting safety of journalists in Kenya: an assessment based on UNESCO's Journalists' Safety Indicators
UNESCON/Ahttps://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000244914Yes
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Collaboration Is the Future
Doing research in the network era		2017Thomas HanitzschLMUBook ChapterThe Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of ExpressionNordicom, pp. 71-80The study of journalists’ safety around the world is one of the areas that clearly require international collaboration. This chapter highlights three distinct models of scientific collaboration: the centralized, the correspondent, and the coordinated cooperation model. The Worlds of Journalism Study exemplifies the latter approach. Using this project as an exemplar of large-scale collaborative research, the chapter reflects on the evolution of the Worlds of Journalism Study: the way it is organized, its innovativeuse of democratic structures, and some of the problems it faced in the process. Over the years, the study has evolved into a democratic tribe of scholars; it has become an intellectual community that extends to 67 countries around the world. In the future,
collaborative research may become the norm rather than the exception. Few areas in our field are better disposed to this kind of scholarship than the study of journalists’ safety.		http://www.unesco.se/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/The-Assault-on-Journalism.pdfYes
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Disrupting the disruption: a key role for academics in the protection of freedom of expression
2017Callamard, Agnes
Human Rights ExpertArticleMedia Asia44, pp. 2-7AGNES CALLAMARD argues that academics have unique responsibilities in a dark era of violence.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01296612.2017.1374320?casa_token=o9htvwqQul0AAAAA:ewBLrWtTZyxMFYVeDY_GvusCCB70zvIi7V9xUR-2lVPvj-M6AAhRHik-i38X5NrITcxcSyHuMaINo
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UNESCO’s Research Agenda on the Safety of Journalists: Call for new academic research initiatives2017Pöyhtäri, ReetaTampere UniversityBook ChapterThe Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of ExpressionNordicom, pp. 103-108Within this global context, UNESCO is the UN agency with the mandate to advance “the mutual knowledge and understanding of peoples, through all means of mass communication” and to promote “the free flow of ideas by word and image”. UNESCO has defined press freedom as designating the conditions of media freedom, pluralism and independence, as well as the safety of journalists (UNESCO 2014b). As
the holder of a global mandate in the field of work with the safe practice of journalism, the Organization has led the initiative to develop the UN Plan of Action on Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity (2012). Grasping the complexity of the safety issue, the Plan defines a wide range of actions to be carried out by a variety of stakeholders to enhance the overall safety of those involved in journalism practice in a broad sense, including “journalists, media workers and social media producers generating a significant amount of public interest journalism”1, in both conflict and non-conflict situations, online and offline, and with a view to strengthening peace, democracy, and development worldwide		http://norden.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1168137/FULLTEXT01.pdfYes
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The United Nations’ Role in Promoting
the Safety of Journalists from 1945 to 2016		2017Chocarro Marcesse, SilviaArticle 19Book ChapterThe Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of ExpressionNordicom, pp. 45-60The United Nations (UN) has played an increasing role in promoting the safety of journalists. Yet little has been done to study its work from a historical perspective.
This paper explores global attempts to promote journalist safety carried out by the UN system, from its inception in 1945 until 2016. It also analyses the past to ascertain the
relevance of the UN Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity. Never since its approval in 2012 has the UN progressed so much in such a short
time in this field of normative work. This affords a historic opportunity to tackle this issue meaningfully.		http://www.unesco.se/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/The-Assault-on-Journalism.pdfYes
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Philippine and global research on news media safety: crossing disciplines, bridging gaps
2017Tuazon, Ramon R.; Diaz, Paz H. and San Diego, Therese Patricia C. Asian Institute of Journalism and CommunicationArticleMedia Asia44(1) pp. 8-16This chapter therefore proposes steps toward closing the gaps in the research on the
safety of journalists and media workers in the Philippines and across the globe.
While there is no absence of research on the subject, there is a preponderance of
anecdotal research and a lack of empirical studies. This is a significant gap, as empirical research – in the form of quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods studies – is
crucial in providing evidence-based information that can inform policies and action
agendas intended to deter threats and violence against news media workers.
Another gap is the lack of systematic documentation and dissemination of studies
on the topic. There is a need for coordinated efforts among schools and research institutions to encourage the inventory and utilization of existing research. The latter may
include policy advocacy based on study findings.
Yet another gap that needs to be filled is the development and use of a framework
that can provide parameters for future research on the topic.		https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01296612.2017.1379813No
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UNESCO's safety of journalists agenda: What impact?2018Berger, GuyUNESCOArticleAustralian Journalism Review40(2) pp. 29-35Mention journalists' safety in a conversation, and the spontaneous mental image is often that of a war correspondent. However, in 2017 at least, 55 per cent of the killings of journalists registered by UNESCO were not in countries with significant armed conflict (UNESCO, 2018a). In addition, and as is increasingly and painfully evident, safety encompasses not just the brutality of killings and other assaults. There are countless more attacks that inflict severe psychological damage, and there are also increasing attacks on news websites.https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/informit.222222520041880No
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Where are we now? – (Almost) a decade with the UN Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity
2019Fadnes, Ingrid; Krøvel, Roy; Orgeret, KristinOslo Metropolitan UniversityArticleConflict and Communication18(1) ISSN 1618-0747This article takes UNESCO’s Academic Research Agenda on Safety of Journalists as its point of departure. We present an overview of contributions to a selection of research conferences and academic publications focusing on safety of journalists and categorize them according to the research agenda. The overall aim of the contributions is to discuss research on ideas andpractices that create unsafe conditions, as well as possible strategies and solutions from practical, theoretical, national orinternational perspectives. Through this exercise, we find where the focus areas are and what is lacking in current research onsafety of journalists, and the discussion serves as an introduction to the chapters of this special issue.
https://oda.oslomet.no/oda-xmlui/handle/10642/7642Yes
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Getting from the global to the local: Norms and systems for protecting journalists in the times of the sustainable development goals.2019Berger, GuyUNESCOArticleConflict and Communication18(1) ISSN 1618-0747In the wake of progress in underlining international norms for protection of journalists, UNESCO in 2017 initiated a global consultation on how to strengthen implementation of the UN Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity. The results of this consultation are relevant to the context of securing progress in terms of Sustainable Development Goal indicator 16.10.1, which is a measure for both a global and a national assessment of the state of safety of journalists. Against this backdrop, this article analyses the potential at country level to develop norms about monitoring, as well as creating practical monitoring mechanisms for systematically tracking threats against journalists. A positive scenario would see these contribute to an elaborated normative climate as well as the existence of effective institutions and systems to ensure the protection of journalists on the ground.https://regener-online.de/journalcco/2019_1/pdf/berger2019.pdfYes
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Conclusion. Researching self-censorship caused by inadequate safety of journalists. Causes, solutions and future research2020Fadnes, Ingrid; Krøvel, Roy and Grøndahl Larsen, AnnaOslo Metropolitan; University of OsloBook ChapterJournalist Safety and Self-CensorshipRoutledgeThe chapters document a multitude of factors pushing journalists to self-censor out of fear of repercussions such as government pressures, police brutality, social violence, corruption, misogyny and gendered stereotyping, surveillance, economic factors and more. The range of causes of self-censorship are grounded in the actions (and perceived future actions) of a variety of actors, including state and government officials, commercial enterprises, civil society groups and citizens in general. Self-censorship due to perceived risk hinders (critical) reporting on a range on topics of societal importance, including corruption, organized crime, politics, religion, sex, homosexuality, minority groups, and human rights violations in general. Risk associated with publishing also entails that journalists sometimes avoid seeking out information out of fear of knowing. Possible measures that can be taken by journalists and newsrooms in order to minimize risks and decrease self-censorship among journalists include safety training, organizational and psychological support, moderation of online comments sections, gender policies in newsrooms, and collective efforts to share information and “speak out” against prosecution, harassment and other safety risks. NGOs and other civil society initiatives supporting journalism can help strengthen laws protecting journalists online and offline, improve netiquette, gender equality and push governments to respect freedom of speech and the media.https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780367810139-13/conclusion-ingrid-fadnes-roy-kr%C3%B8vel-anna-gr%C3%B8ndahl-larsen?context=ubx&refId=f389bd90-1071-49fd-b174-7799c7504396No
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Pioneer decision on safety of journalists in the preceding context2020Rikhter, Andrey and Yazici, DenizUNESCOBook ChapterEuropean Yearbook on Human Rights 2019Intersentia, pp. 339-368This contribution singles out and seeks to analyse the most essential elements of the OSCE Ministerial Council Decision on Safety of Journalists, adopted in Milan on 7 December 2018. Those elements aim to create an enabling environment for the media, in particular, through the compliance with specific international obligations, recognition of certain functions of journalists, enumeration of the modern threats to their safety, including digital safety. Authors provide a background on the road to the decision within the OSCE, highlighting the main contradictions among its participating States, and put it in the context of other international commitments on media freedom and freedom of expression. As the first holistic OSCE document on freedom of the media, the decision significantly extends the current set of commitments by the participating States and may pave the way to a global instrument on the subject.https://www.osce.org/representative-on-freedom-of-media/460801No
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Defending the watchdog
How local NGOs build journalists’ resilience by combating threats to their safety and security		2020Walulya, GeraldMakerere UniversityBook ChapterJournalist Safety and Self-CensorshipRoutledgeIn Uganda, local non-governmental organizations (NGOs) such as Human Rights Network for Journalists-Uganda and Uganda Media Women’s Association have become instrumental in the fight for media freedom and combating impunity for crimes committed against journalists. Despite this effort, little research has been dedicated to the contribution of such organizations in promoting safety and reducing incidents of self-censorship among journalists. This study examines the role of NGOs in reducing journalistic self-censorship and promoting safety of journalists. The discussion in this chapter is based on qualitative interviews with four members of two NGOs working in the area of media freedom and ten purposively selected journalists who have previously been defended or protected by NGOs that promote media freedom. Findings of this research show that NGOs play key roles in educating journalists on their right to seek and publish information and fight impunity by prosecuting perpetrators of crimes against journalists. The NGOs also offer free legal services to journalists who are detained for crimes related to their work. This support has minimized the practice of self-censorship and built resilience among journalists to continue with their work.https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780367810139-12/defending-watchdog-gerald-walulyaNo
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The Platform for the Protection of Journalists: A Mechanism for Cooperation between Non-Governmental Organisations and the Council of Europe
2021Marcén, Ana Gascón University of Zaragoza ArticleUtrecht Law Review17(2) pp. 42-55The decrease in journalist safety and media freedom has a negative impact on the rule of law because journalists cannot act as public watchdogs. Its deterioration in Europe during the last decade is a worrying trend for society as a whole. The Council of Europe has tried to fight against it through the creation of a public Internet-based Platform for the protection of journalism and the safety of journalists. The Platform receives alerts from non-governmental organisations such as journalist associations and this serves as an early warning mechanism for the Council of Europe. Non-governmental organisations act as partners of this International Organisation and in that way they protect the rule of law from below. A simple search of the Platform permits to see the many threats journalists face in Europe every day. This paper assesses how the Platform works. It is a positive initiative to co-operate with civil society that still has to improve its results mainly through a more effective engagement of the Member States of the Council of Europe.https://www.utrechtlawreview.org/article/10.36633/ulr.667/?utm_source=researcher_app&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=RESR_MRKT_Researcher_inboundYes
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Hostility Toward the Press: A Synthesis of Terms, Research, and Future Directions in Examining Harassment of Journalists
2021Miller, Kaitlin C. University of AlabamaArticleDigital JournalismDOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2021.1991824While there is an upsurge of research examining hostility toward the press from those external to the newsroom, there continues to be a lack of critical and robust theoretical foundation and agenda for such inquiry in countries considered to have a democratically free press. Therefore, the objective of this article is to synthesize literature in the study of abuse and harassment of journalists, set forth clear definitions of terms, situate that literature within a larger theoretical context, and ultimately establish future lines of inquiry for research examining harassment of journalists. The primary argument of this article in theorizing hostility toward the press is examining the identity of a journalist as a place of oppression that intersects with other identities of oppression resulting in unique context-based experiences. The principal objective is to unify work in this growing field to help not only answer important questions about a topic gaining increasing attention, but to also do so with a critical foundation in how hostility toward the press is theorized.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21670811.2021.1991824?casa_token=13IlMYi-568AAAAA%3AWcg3HBZiWzV9DktBQIfbJpFhd7k5hwjx2SQKFCvzYrUUzE0XyXpgzGH3cRhw7xiN1qmjm20-8QcNo
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Protecting journalists from harassment: Comparing existing protection mechanisms and the effects on democracy2021Baroni, Alice; d’Haenens, Leen and Lo, Wai HanUniversity of Padova; KU Leuven and Hong Kong Baptist UniversityBook ChapterSuccess and failure in news media performance: Comparative analysis in the Media for DemocracyNordicom, pp. 59-77 There is a quickly increasing body of studies and reports on harassment and intimidation of journalists around the world. These series of acts have a chilling effect on media freedom and journalists’ freedom of expression. The research literature on the topic has mostly focused on intimidation and harassment of journalists – particularly sexual harassment of women journalists – or journalists’ experiences of online harassment, and the impact on press censorship. In this chapter, we contribute to the debate by exploring the nexus between the harassment of journalists and the protection mechanisms adopted by leading news media organisations, professional journalism associations and other institutions, and national governments. We then discuss the effects on democracy in the 18 countries participating in the 2021 Media for Democracy Monitor (MDM). Our findings indicate how legal support and protection mechanisms might enhance journalists’ capacity to realise the news media’s democratic role in practice.

https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1641177&dswid=5642Yes
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Journalism Safety from a Multilateral Organization Perspective
2022Canela, GuilhermeUNESCOCommentaryJournalism Practice16(9) Special issue: Newsafety: infrastructures, practices and consequences; Guest Editor's: Westlund.O; Krøvel.R & Orgeret.K.S. pp. 1955-1964The commentary highlights the analysis of an international organizations’ technocrat in charge of implementing multilateral policy designed to increase the safety of journalists by preventing, protecting, and prosecuting crimes against them. Being UNESCO the leading coordinating UN agency in the implementation of these policies, the lessons learnt from the first decade of the implementation of the UN Plan of Action on Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity are the crosscutting element of this commentary, particularly aiming to suggest areas of research that could further support evidence-based policymaking.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17512786.2022.2126994?casa_token=rc1rNVemMoEAAAAA%3AEjO48-pV0at81OGDpqjfbJb5PPrGGbskFq0f45gLlJdwemFF4HHjxyf8V1XY8Ow9yUQFlGm5VAZ_Yes
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Newsafety: Infrastructures, Practices and Consequences
2022Westlund, Oscar; Krøvel, Roy and Orgeret, Kristin Skare Oslo Metropolitan UniversityArticleJournalism Practice16(9) Special issue: Newsafety: infrastructures, practices and consequences; Guest Editor's: Westlund.O; Krøvel.R & Orgeret.K.S. pp. 1811-1828Journalism is often referred to as one of the most important knowledge-producing institutions in society, yet also one facing numerous challenges, among which the safety of journalists critical. Public visibility as a journalist, having thousands of followers on social media, was until recently aspired by many in the field. However, this may well be disadvantageous to journalists scrutinizing sensitive topics, encountering actors that do their best to outright undermine and delegitimize journalism, also in Western democracies. This article begins by introducing and discussing research and ongoing developments relating to journalism and safety. It then turns to the sociotechnical and three-dimensional concept we call Newsafety, encompassing infrastructures, practices and consequences. Moreover, the article introduces and highlight key contributions from the special issue, which features six original articles and two invited commentaries. In closing, we call for interdisciplinary research focusing especially on psychological- and digital issues related to the UNESCO research agenda on the safety of journalists.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17512786.2022.2130818Yes
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Why collective resilience in journalism matters: A call to action in global media development
2022Relly, Jeannine E. and Waisbord, SilvioUniversity of Arizona and George Washington UniversityArticleJournal of Applied Journalism & Media Studies11(2) What’s Next for Media Development? pp. 163-188The COVID-19 pandemic, global economic downturn, anti-press violence and worsening situation of labour precarity for journalists around the world have led to increased stress, trauma and burnout in the profession, which raises questions at the heart of media sustainability and approaches to media development in a global context. Our study builds on the conceptual framework of professional and collective resilience research to analyse the content of media development work on publicly facing websites of a census of implementing organizations represented on the Center for International Media Assistance website (N = 18). Our findings suggest that donors and other sponsors of media development work should consider making resilience a core component of global programmes in support of media democracy and journalism. Though programmatic agendas in global media development are crowded with multiple goals in response to complex problems, we believe that resilience should be prioritized. This work cannot be done without a nuanced analysis of local causes of emotional distress as well as local understandings of emotional labour and repair. Working with journalists’ support organizations and employers in conducting diagnoses, identifying suitable actions and promoting sustainable practices is imperative. Recommendations and actions need to be sensitive to local conditions, demands and opportunities. While immediate remediation actions are important, it is also important to keep attention on long-term structural matters that cause emotional distress.

https://intellectdiscover.com/content/journals/10.1386/ajms_00089_1No
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UNESCO’S Judges’ Initiative
Training the Custodians of the Legal System on Freedom of Expression, Access to Information and the Safety of Journalists		2022Canela, Guilherme; Burki, Namara and Menon, SamritaUNESCOArticleMax Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law Online25(1) pp. 54-76Human rights, the rule of law and democracy are interlinked and mutually reinforcing. Within the framework of international human rights law, the right to freedom of expression particularly stands out, as it constitutes a pre-requisite for the fulfilment of other fundamental rights. In this regard, as ‘guardian of the rule of law’, the judiciary plays a particularly important role in guaranteeing the respect for the fundamental right to freedom of expression and its corollaries, access to information and the safety of journalists. To do so, however, judicial actors need to be well versed on freedom of expression challenges (both online and offline), and knowledgeable about the related international standards and regional jurisprudence. To share best practices and lessons learnt in this regard, this essay will be structured in two parts: first, it will discuss the crucial role of an independent judiciary in protecting the rights to freedom of expression and access to information, while falling under the obligation to act in full transparency itself. Second, it will present an in-depth analysis of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)’s Judges’ Initiative, presenting the concrete experience of a United Nations’ body engaging with its constituents. At the heart of this endeavor is the goal of enhancing the international human rights legal framework, by raising, in full cooperation with them, the knowledge an capacities of judicial actors from around the world on the need to protect and promote freedom of expression, access to information, and the safety of journalists to guarantee the respect for human rights, democracy, and the rule of law.


https://brill.com/view/journals/mpyo/25/1/article-p54_4.xmlNo
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Whose media freedom is being defended? Norm contestation in international media freedom campaigns
2022Scott, Martin; Bunce, Mel; Myers, Mary; Fernandez, Maria Carmen University of East Anglia; City University of London and University of CambridgeArticleJournal of Communicationhttps://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqac045This article analyses how international advocacy campaigns approach and define media freedom, and what influences this process. It does this through a two-year case study of the Media Freedom Coalition—an intergovernmental partnership of over 50 countries—that included 55 interviews with key stakeholders, observations, and document analysis. This revelatory case sheds light on how norms of media freedom are constructed and contested on the international stage, and their implications for journalists, media freedom and geo-politics. We show that the Coalition adopted a state-centric, accountability-focused, and negative understanding of media freedom. This discourse legitimized a narrow, reactive, and “resource-light” approach to supporting media freedom, focused on “other” countries. We argue that critical norm research provides a helpful prism for understanding this Coalition’s operations, and the global politics of media freedom more generally. These findings have important implications for understandings of “norm entrepreneurship,” “media imperialism,” and “media freedom” itself.https://academic.oup.com/joc/advance-article/doi/10.1093/joc/jqac045/6964696Yes
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