# of Times Assigned

Gender (1 = Female, 0 = Male)

Race (1 = Non-White, 0 = White)

Kuhn "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions"

Popper "Science: Conjectures and Refutations"

Laudan "A Confutation of Convergent Realism"

Lakatos "Science and Pseudoscience"

van Fraassen "The Scientific Image"

Okruhlik "Gender and the Biological Sciences"

Duhem "Physical Theory and Experiment"

Feyerabend "Against Method"

Hacking "Experimentation and Scientific Realism"

Maxwell "The Ontological Status of Theoretical Entities"

Hempel "Studies in the Logic of Confirmation"

Hempel "Two Basic Types of Scientific Explanation"

Popper "The Logic of Scientific Discovery"

Schlick "Positivism and Realism"

Fodor "Special Sciences, or The Disunity of Science as a Working Hypothesis"

Goodman "Fact Fiction Forecast"

Hempel "Laws and Their Role in Scientific Explanation"

Kuhn "Objectivity, Value Judgment, and Theory Choice"

Oppenheim and Putnam "The Unity of Science as a Working Hypothesis"

Putnam "What Theories are Not"

Quine "Two Dogmas of Empiricism"

Salmon "Scientific explanation: causation and unification"

Van fraassen "constructive empiricism"

van Fraassen "The pragmatics of explanation"

Anderson, “Uses of Value Judgments in Science: A general argument, with lessons from a case study of feminist research on divorce”

Cartwright "Do the laws of physics state the facts?"

Douglas "moral responsibilities of scientists"

Forrest, Barbara "Methodological naturalism and philosohpical naturalism"

Haack "Trial and Error: The Supreme Court's Philosophy of Science"

Hrdy "Empathy, polyandry, and the myth of the coy female"

Lloyd "Pre-theoretical assumptions in evolutionary explanations of female sexuality"

Longino "beyond bad science"

Longino "Multiplying subjects and the diffusion of power"

Longino "Values and Objectivity"

Longino and Doell "Body, Bias, Behavior: A Comparative analysis of reasoning in two areas of biological science"

Ayer "What is a law of nature?"

Bacon "The Inductive Method"

Boyd "The current status of scientific realism"

Carey "A beginner's guide to the scientific method"

Carnap "empiricism, sematics, and ontology"

Carnap "The value of laws: explanation and prediction"

Carnap "Theories and observation"

craver "structures of scientific theories"

Dear "The Intelligibility of Nature"

Duhem "against crucial experiments"

Einstein “On the Method of Theoretical Physics”

Feyerabend "How to defend society against science'

Fine, A. "the natural ontological attitude"

Goodman "The New Riddle of Induction"

Hacking "representing and intervening"

Hempel "Criteria of Confirmation and acceptability"

Hempel "Empiricist criteria of cognitive significance"

Hempel "Philosophy of Natural Science'

Hempel "Scientific Inquiry: Intervention and Test"

Hempel "The Test of a hypothesis: its logic and its force"

Hume "An Enquirty Concerning Human Understanding"

Hume "The nature of cause and effect"

Hume "The problem of induction"

Hume "Treatise of Human Nature"

Kitcher "Explanatory Unification"

Kuhn "Logic of Discovery or psychology of research?"

Kuhn "the function of dogma in scientific research"

Lakatos "Falsification and the methodology of scientific research programs"

Musgrave "realism versus constructive empiricism"

Okasha "philosophical problems in physics, biology, psychology"

Reichenbach "The pragmatic vindication of induction"

Ruse Creation-science is not science

Salmon "Counterexamples to the DN and IS Models of Explanation"

Sober "The two faces of fitness"

Thagard "why astrology is a pseudoscience"

woodward "scientific explanation"

Ayer "The elimination of metaphysics"

Popper "The problem of induction"

Andreasen "A New Perspective on the Race Debate"

Barker and Kitcher, “Science, Values, and Politics”

Cartwright "Causal laws and effective strategies"

Cartwright "Fundamentalism vs. the Patchwork of Laws"

Cartwright "The truth doesn't explain much"

Cartwright "When explanation leads to inference"

Cartwright "Where do laws of nature come from"

Cooper and Lewenstein "Two Meanings of Citizen Science"

Douglas "Inductive Risk and Values in Science"

Douglas "Rejecting the Ideal of Value-FreeScience"

Goldstein and Goldstein "Snow on Cholera"