Investigating Isotopes Z1 to Z20.xlsx

	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	I	J
1	Element	Protons	Neutrons	Atomic Mass	Isotope	Stable / Unstable	Half life	Half life in seconds	Main decay mode	Common uses
2	Hydrogen	1	0	1	H-1	Stable	-			98.7% of universe is hydrogen-1, which is also called "Protium". Fusion of hydrogen-1 in the centre of stars forms all the other elements found on Earth. Hydrogen-1 is used to form lightwater (H2O) which is used as a coolant for the OPAL reactor core and as a radiation shield in OPAL.
3	Hydrogen	1	1	2	H-2	Stable	-			Also known as Deuterium (D). Used to make heavy water (D2O), which is used as a moderator in the OPAL reactor to slow down neutrons to appropriate energies needed for fission of uranium-235 in OPAL's core. Also used to replace protium in some materials to study chemical reactions and molecular structures
4	Hydrogen	1	2	3	H-3	Unstable	12.32 yrs	3.89E+08	Beta	Also known as Tritium. Used to measure the age of 'young' groundwater up to 30 years old; Used as a tracer in water to study sewage and liquid wastes; used in luminous paints and to make self-powered lights, e.g. emergency exits
5	Helium	2	1	3	He-3	Stable	-			Used for super-cooling (down to below -272oC) in neutron detectors and in theoretical fusion reactors
6	Helium	2	2	4	He-4	Stable	-			Used in arc welding; in production of silicon, germanium, titaniun, zirconium; in artificial air when in high pressure; in liquid fuel rockets & in balloons
7	Helium	2	4	6	He-6	Unstable	806.9 ms	8.07E-01	Beta	Not commonly used
8	Helium	2	6	8	He-8	Unstable	119 ms	1.19E-01	Beta	Not commonly used
9	Lithium	3	3	6	Li-6	Stable	-			Used in lithium-ion batteries; to make aircraft alloys; as a lubricant additive; in optics; in heat transfer applications since it has the highest specific heat for any solid element
10	Lithium	3	4	7	Li-7	Stable	-			Used in lithium-ion batteries; to make aircraft alloys; as a lubricant additive; in optics; in heat transfer applications since it has the highest specific heat for any solid element
11	Lithium	3	5	8	Li-8	Unstable	840 ms	8.40E-01	Beta	Not commonly used
12	Lithium	3	6	9	Li-9	Unstable	178 ms	1.78E-01	Beta	Not commonly used
13	Lithium	3	8	11	Li-11	Unstable	9 ms	9.00E-03	Beta	Not commonly used
14	Beryllium	4	3	7	Be-7	Unstable	53.25 days	4.60E+06	Electron capture	Naturally occuring cosmogenic isotope, often used as a soil and sediment tracer
15	Beryllium	4	5	9	Be-9	Stable	-			Found in emeralds; used as X-ray windows; to make hard, strong metal alloys; as a structural material in high performance vehicles; as a moderator in nuclear reactors
16	Beryllium	4	6	10	Be-10	Unstable	1,387,000 yrs	4.37E+13	Beta	Naturally occuring cosmogenic isotope, used to measure the age of rocks up to 15 million years old
17	Beryllium	4	7	11	Be-11	Unstable	13.81 secs	1.38E+01	Beta	Not commonly used
18	Beryllium	4	8	12	Be-12	Unstable	21.49 ms	2.15E-02	Beta	Not commonly used
19	Beryllium	4	10	14	Be-14	Unstable	4.35 ms	4.35E-03	Beta	Not commonly used
20	Boron	5	3	8	B-8	Unstable	770 ms	7.70E-01	Positron	Not commonly used
21	Boron	5	5	10	B-10	Stable	-			Used in oven proof glass, pyrotechnics, rocket igniters, antiseptics and enamel coating; key component of Borax; used in fibre optics; and as a nuclear control and radiation shield
22	Boron	5	6	11	B-11	Stable	-			Used in oven proof glass, pyrotechnics, rocket igniters, antiseptics and enamel coating; key component of Borax; used in fibre optics; and as a nuclear control and radiation shield
23	Boron	5	7	12	B-12	Unstable	20.2 ms	2.02E-02	Beta	Not commonly used
24	Boron	5	8	13	B-13	Unstable	17.33 ms	1.73E-02	Beta	Not commonly used
25	Boron	5	9	14	B-14	Unstable	12.5 ms	1.25E-02	Beta	Not commonly used
26	Boron	5	10	15	B-15	Unstable	9.9 ms	9.90E-03	Beta	Not commonly used
27	Boron	5	12	17	B-17	Unstable	5.1 ms	5.10E-03	Beta	Not commonly used
28	Boron	5	14	19	B-19	Unstable	2.92 ms	2.92E-03	Beta	Not commonly used
29	Carbon	6	3	9	C-9	Unstable	126.5 ms	1.27E-01	Positron	Not commonly used
30	Carbon	6	4	10	C-10	Unstable	19.3 secs	1.93E+01	Positron	Not commonly used
31	Carbon	6	5	11	C-11	Unstable	20.3 mins	1.22E+03	Positron	Used in Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scans to study brain physiology and pathology; Also used to detect heart problems and diagnose certain types of cancer.
32	Carbon	6	6	12	C-12	Stable	-			Naturally occurring - basis of all life on Earth and of all petrochemicals; key component of steel; used in construction materials, cutting tools, fuel, air filters, etc. Very versatile
33	Carbon	6	7	13	C-13	Stable	-			Naturally occurring - basis of all life on Earth and of all petrochemicals; key component of steel; used in construction materials, cutting tools, fuel, air filters, etc. Very versatile
34	Carbon	6	8	14	C-14	Unstable	5730 yrs	1.81E+11	Beta	Naturally occuring cosmogenic isotope and most useful carbon isotope for use in carbon dating; Used to measure the age of organic material such as wood and coral up to 50,000 years old.
35	Carbon	6	9	15	C-15	Unstable	2.45 secs	2.45E+00	Beta	Not commonly used
36	Carbon	6	10	16	C-16	Unstable	0.75 secs	7.50E-01	Beta	Not commonly used
37	Carbon	6	11	17	C-17	Unstable	193 ms	1.93E-01	Beta	Not commonly used
38	Carbon	6	12	18	C-18	Unstable	92 ms	9.20E-02	Beta	Not commonly used
39	Carbon	6	13	19	C-19	Unstable	46 ms	4.60E-02	Beta	Not commonly used
40	Carbon	6	14	20	C-20	Unstable	16 ms	1.60E-02	Beta	Not commonly used
41	Carbon	6	16	22	C-22	Unstable	6.1 ms	6.10E-03	Beta	Not commonly used
42	Nitrogen	7	5	12	N-12	Unstable	11 ms	1.10E-02	Positron	Not commonly used
43	Nitrogen	7	6	13	N-13	Unstable	9.97 mins	5.98E+02	Positron	Used in Positron Emission Tomography (PET) as a blood flow tracer and to image the function of the heart muscle.
44	Nitrogen	7	7	14	N-14	Stable	-			Is a key component of ammonia which used to make fertiliser; as a liquid it is used for flash freezing of food etc (cryogenics); is gas pneumatic systems and in electronics production
45	Nitrogen	7	8	15	N-15	Stable	-			Is a key component of ammonia which used to make fertiliser; as a liquid it is used for flash freezing of food etc (cryogenics); is gas pneumatic systems and in electronics production
46	Nitrogen	7	9	16	N-16	Unstable	7.1 secs	7.10E+00	Beta	Not commonly used
47	Nitrogen	7	10	17	N-17	Unstable	4.17 secs	4.17E+00	Beta	Not commonly used
48	Nitrogen	7	11	18	N-18	Unstable	620 ms	6.20E-01	Beta	Not commonly used
49	Nitrogen	7	12	19	N-19	Unstable	336 ms	3.36E-01	Beta	Not commonly used
50	Nitrogen	7	13	20	N-20	Unstable	136 ms	1.36E-01	Beta	Not commonly used
51	Nitrogen	7	14	21	N-21	Unstable	84 ms	8.40E-02	Beta	Not commonly used
52	Nitrogen	7	15	22	N-22	Unstable	23 ms	2.30E-02	Beta	Not commonly used
53	Nitrogen	7	16	23	N-23	Unstable	13.9 ms	1.39E-02	Beta	Not commonly used
54	Oxygen	8	5	13	O-13	Unstable	8.58 ms	8.58E-03	Positron	Not commonly used
55	Oxygen	8	6	14	O-14	Unstable	70.62 secs	7.06E+01	Positron	Not commonly used
56	Oxygen	8	7	15	O-15	Unstable	122.25 secs	1.22E+02	Positron	Used in Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging of the brain; Used in PET scans to label oxygen, carbon dioxide and water in order to measure blood flow, blood volume, and oxygen consumption.
57	Oxygen	8	8	16	O-16	Stable	-			Essential component in atmosphere for respiration and in water molecules; used in welding, in steel manufacture and as rocket fuel oxidant; required for combustion and corrosion reactions
58	Oxygen	8	9	17	O-17	Stable	-			Essential component in atmosphere for respiration and in water molecules; used in welding, in steel manufacture and as rocket fuel oxidant; required for combustion and corrosion reactions
59	Oxygen	8	10	18	O-18	Stable	-			Essential component in atmosphere for respiration and in water molecules; used in welding, in steel manufacture and as rocket fuel oxidant; required for combustion and corrosion reactions; also used to trace photosynthesis processes
60	Oxygen	8	11	19	O-19	Unstable	26.47 secs	2.65E+01	Beta	Not commonly used
61	Oxygen	8	12	20	O-20	Unstable	13.51 secs	1.35E+01	Beta	Not commonly used
62	Oxygen	8	13	21	O-21	Unstable	3.42 secs	3.42E+00	Beta	Not commonly used
63	Oxygen	8	14	22	O-22	Unstable	2.25 secs	2.25E+00	Beta	Not commonly used
64	Oxygen	8	15	23	O-23	Unstable	97 ms	9.70E-02	Beta	Not commonly used
65	Oxygen	8	16	24	O-24	Unstable	77.4 ms	7.74E-02	Beta	Not commonly used
66	Fluorine	9	8	17	F-17	Unstable	64.5 secs	6.45E+01	Positron	Not commonly used
67	Fluorine	9	9	18	F-18	Unstable	109.8 mins	6.59E+03	Positron	The most widely-used PET radioisotope. Used in a variety of research and diagnostic applications, including the labeling of glucose (as fluorodeoxyglucose) to detect brain tumours via increased glucose metabolism.
68	Fluorine	9	10	19	F-19	Stable	-			Used in water supply and toothpastes to prevent tooth decay; to make high temperature plastics, in glass etching, refrigeration, insulating gases, nuclear fuel enrichment process
69	Fluorine	9	11	20	F-20	Unstable	11.1 secs	1.11E+01	Beta	Not commonly used
70	Fluorine	9	12	21	F-21	Unstable	4.2 secs	4.20E+00	Beta	Not commonly used
71	Fluorine	9	13	22	F-22	Unstable	4.2 secs	4.20E+00	Beta	Not commonly used
72	Fluorine	9	14	23	F-23	Unstable	2.2 secs	2.20E+00	Beta	Not commonly used
73	Fluorine	9	15	24	F-24	Unstable	384 ms	3.84E-01	Beta	Not commonly used
74	Fluorine	9	16	25	F-25	Unstable	80 ms	8.00E-02	Beta	Not commonly used
75	Fluorine	9	17	26	F-26	Unstable	8.2 ms	8.20E-03	Beta	Not commonly used
76	Fluorine	9	18	27	F-27	Unstable	5 ms	5.00E-03	Beta	Not commonly used
77	Neon	10	7	17	Ne-17	Unstable	109.2 ms	1.09E-01	Positron	Not commonly used
78	Neon	10	8	18	Ne-18	Unstable	1.7 secs	1.70E+00	Positron	Not commonly used
79	Neon	10	9	19	Ne-19	Unstable	17.2 secs	1.72E+01	Positron	Not commonly used
80	Neon	10	10	20	Ne-20	Stable	-			Used in lighted signs, in high voltage applications, in older TV-tubes, some types of lasers and as a refrigerant
81	Neon	10	11	21	Ne-21	Stable	-			Used in lighted signs, in high voltage applications, in older TV-tubes, some types of lasers and as a refrigerant
82	Neon	10	12	22	Ne-22	Stable	-			Used in lighted signs, in high voltage applications, in older TV-tubes, some types of lasers and as a refrigerant
83	Neon	10	13	23	Ne-23	Unstable	37.2 secs	3.72E+01	Beta	Not commonly used
84	Neon	10	14	24	Ne-24	Unstable	3.4 mins	2.04E+02	Beta	Not commonly used
85	Neon	10	15	25	Ne-25	Unstable	602 ms	6.02E-01	Beta	Not commonly used
86	Neon	10	16	26	Ne-26	Unstable	197 ms	1.97E-01	Beta	Not commonly used
87	Neon	10	17	27	Ne-27	Unstable	31.5 ms	3.15E-02	Beta	Not commonly used
88	Neon	10	18	28	Ne-28	Unstable	20 ms	2.00E-02	Beta	Not commonly used
89	Neon	10	19	29	Ne-29	Unstable	14.8 ms	1.48E-02	Beta	Not commonly used
90	Neon	10	20	30	Ne-30	Unstable	7.3 ms	7.30E-03	Beta	Not commonly used
91	Neon	10	21	31	Ne-31	Unstable	3.4 ms	3.40E-03	Beta	Not commonly used
92	Neon	10	22	32	Ne-32	Unstable	3.5 ms	3.50E-03	Beta	Not commonly used
93	Sodium	11	9	20	Na-20	Unstable	448 ms	4.48E-01	Positron	Not commonly used
94	Sodium	11	10	21	Na-21	Unstable	22.5 secs	2.25E+01	Positron	Not commonly used
95	Sodium	11	11	22	Na-22	Unstable	2.6 yrs	8.20E+07	Positron	Naturally occuring cosmogenic isotope, that can be used as a radioactive tracer for natural sodium
96	Sodium	11	12	23	Na-23	Stable	-			Component of common table salt, in soda ash, baking soda, caustic soda
97	Sodium	11	13	24	Na-24	Unstable	15 hrs	5.40E+04	Beta	Used for leak testing in industrial pipelines; Also used in studies of electrolytes within the body.
98	Sodium	11	14	25	Na-25	Unstable	59.1 secs	5.91E+01	Beta	Not commonly used
99	Sodium	11	15	26	Na-26	Unstable	1.1 secs	1.10E+00	Beta	Not commonly used
100	Sodium	11	16	27	Na-27	Unstable	301 ms	3.01E-01	Beta	Not commonly used