Carol Oliver, Hermine Landt, Martin Dominik

Thirty years on from the discovery of the first exoplanets, our focus is now turning to the search for signs of possible life on these worlds through the detection of atmospheric biosignatures. In parallel, the search for extraterrestrial intelligence and technosignatures is being revolutionised as the new era of time-domain survey astronomy gets underway. Together with new planetary science missions within the Solar System, the search for life beyond Earth is entering a new data-rich era. But, when the discoveries come, what will they mean and how should they be communicated to the scientific community and wider society in the era of social media and fake news? This volume distils the latest multi-disciplinary perspectives, encompassing the nature of life in a cosmic context, astronomical search methods and interpretative frameworks, as well as insights into the cultural and societal impacts of such a high-profile discovery.

1. Astrobiology in Interdisciplinary Context Lucas Mix; 2. Life Out There: Expectations and Reality Frances Westall; 3. Using Linguistics and Information Theory to Assess the Diversity, Complexity, and Decoding of Interstellar Message Saeed Jafari; 4. Venus Phosphine: Updates and Lessons Learned David Clements; 5. Extending the Habitable Zone due to Subglacial Water Amri Wandel; 6. Communicating The Uncertainties David Whitehouse; 7. The Definition of Life and its Role in Astrobiology and the Search for Evidence of Life in the Universe Nigel Mason; 8. Re-evaluating Boundary Conditions to the Concept of Life Terence Kee; 9. Conway's Game of Life as an Analogue to a Habitable World: Livingness beyond the Biological Terence Kee; 10. Polarimetric Observations of Upsilon Andromedae b Yasir Abdul Qadir; 11. JCMT-Venus: Monitoring HDO Absorption in Venus' Mesosphere Wei Tang; 12. The Exoplanet Citizen Science Pipeline: Human Factors and Machine Learning Oisín Creaner; 13. The Fermi Paradox in an Age of Discovery Stephen Webb; 14. What Makes 'Weird' Life Weird? Philipp Spillmann; 15. Equivocal Encounters: Alien Visitation Claims as a Societal Problem Tony Milligan; 16. Planetary Protection: Fact, Fantasy, and Its Future John Rummel; 17. Making Habitable Worlds: Planets Versus Megastructures Raghav Narasimha; 18. Simulating the Characteristics of Extraterrestrial Civilizations that Encounter Earth Kevin Knuth; 19. How Probable is Gaia? Arwen Nicholson; 20. Escaping the Great Filter: The Future of Civilization and the Search for Technosignatures Jacob Haqq-Misra; 21. The Great Filter: Is It Just a Matter of Time? Richard Wilman; 22. Investigating Cosmic-Ray Induced Radiation in Exoplanetary Environments Conor Kennedy; 23. Cognitive Astrobiology Pauli Laine; 24. New Optical Ground Stations for ETI Communications Eamonn Ansbro; 25. The Challenging Implications for Christian Theology and Ethics Jacques Arnould; 26. International Law and the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence Leslie Tennen; 27. Life as a Cosmic Phenomenon Facing Human Culture Martin Dominik; 28. Four Central Topics in Contemporary Christian Astrotheology Olli-Pekka Vainio; 29. A Sign in Space: Analogies between the Project and a Real First-Contact Scenario Daniela De Paulis; 30. Life in the Clouds of Venus: The Phosphine Debate and Its Scientific, Social, and Psychological Impact Clément Vidal; 31. Would the Discovery of Extraterrestrial Intelligent Life have an Impact on Catholic Theology? Enrique Solano; 32. Preparing Humanity for the Discovery of Extra-Terrestrial Life: The SETI Post Detection Hub John Elliott; 33. Finding Intelligent Life and First Contact Scenarios: Towards Public Awareness and Engagement and the Impact of Discovery Shirin Shaterzadeh Yazdi; 34. Rehearsing Post-Detection Futures: Building Futures Literacy vis-à-vis Post-Detection Considerations for a Responsible Search for Extraterrestrial Life George Profitiliotis; 35. Risk Communication and the Search for Life Beyond Earth: Challenges of Risk Amplification, Risk Information Seeking, and Risk Message Design for Research and Preparedness Andreas Schwarz; 36. Extraterrestrial Intelligent Life: What The Public Believes Chris Impey; 37. The Storytelling Brain and Connecting Public Audiences with SETI Carol Oliver; 38. Teaching by Imagining Life Beyond Us: Uses of Science Fiction for Outreach and Education Julie Novakova; 39. Discussion: The Future is Our Future Hermine Landt; 40. Public Responses Towards the 'Life on Venus?' Claim Sze Leung Cheung; 41. Snapshots of the Evolution of Intelligent Life on Earth as Comparison Template to Life Elsewhere Lerothodi Leeuw; 42. Summary of KAVLI-IAU Symposium (IAUS 387): (Toward) Discovery of Life Beyond Earth and its Impact Andjelka Kovacevic.

Using a welcoming and conversational style, this Student's Guide takes readers on a tour of the laws of thermodynamics, highlighting their importance for a wide range of disciplines. It will be a valuable resource for self-guided learners, students, and instructors working in physics, engineering, chemistry, meteorology, climatology, cosmology, biology, and other scientific fields. The book discusses thermodynamic properties such as temperature, internal energy, and entropy, and develops the laws through primarily observational means without extensive reference to atomic principles. This classical approach allows students to get a handle on thermodynamics as an experimental science and prepares them for more advanced study of statistical mechanics, which is introduced in the final chapter. Detailed practical examples are used to illustrate the theoretical concepts, with a selection of problems included at the end of each chapter to facilitate learning. Solutions to these problems can be found online along with additional supplemental materials.

Preface; Acknowledgments; 1. Heat, temperature and the Zeroth law; 2. The first law; 3. The second law; 4. The equations of thermodynamics and examples; 5. Thermal physics and the third law; Further reading; Index.

Using a welcoming and conversational style, this Student's Guide takes readers on a tour of the laws of thermodynamics, highlighting their importance for a wide range of disciplines. It will be a valuable resource for self-guided learners, students, and instructors working in physics, engineering, chemistry, meteorology, climatology, cosmology, biology, and other scientific fields. The book discusses thermodynamic properties such as temperature, internal energy, and entropy, and develops the laws through primarily observational means without extensive reference to atomic principles. This classical approach allows students to get a handle on thermodynamics as an experimental science and prepares them for more advanced study of statistical mechanics, which is introduced in the final chapter. Detailed practical examples are used to illustrate the theoretical concepts, with a selection of problems included at the end of each chapter to facilitate learning. Solutions to these problems can be found online along with additional supplemental materials.

Preface; Acknowledgments; 1. Heat, temperature and the Zeroth law; 2. The first law; 3. The second law; 4. The equations of thermodynamics and examples; 5. Thermal physics and the third law; Further reading; Index.

David Mainprice, Jean-Paul Montagner

Seismic anisotropy is ubiquitous at both the microscopic and macroscopic scales. The goal of this multidisciplinary book is to introduce students and more advanced scientists to seismic anisotropy at different scales, from the microscopic (0.1 nanometer) scale to the Earth (1000 kilometre) scale, and to improve the reader's understanding of all active Earth processes. Drawing on both mineral physics and seismology, it presents the different geological, mineralogical, and geodynamical applications of seismic anisotropy, and argues that an understanding of seismic anisotropy is necessary to interpret all seismic, geophysical, petrological, and geological data This volume is an invaluable for graduate students and research scientists in seismology/geophysics, and will be of considerable interest to geophysicists working in petroleum exploration/production and to mineral physicists and researchers in geodynamics and fluid flow in rocks. With an overview of the main recent advances in research, it also provides the perfect starting point for further research.

Part I. Introduction-Background: 1. Introduction-basic ingredients; Part II. Anisotropy at All Scales: 2. Anisotropic crystals; 3. Seismic anisotropy at the macroscopic (rock) and larger scales; Part III. Forward and Inverse Problems: 4. Propagation of seismic waves in anisotropic media; 5. Surface waves and free oscillations in anisotropic media; 6. First-order perturbation theory- Operator formalism; 7. Effects of anisotropy on surface waves; 8. Effects of anisotropy on normal modes; 9. Tomography of anisotropy; 10. Multidisciplinary observations; 11. Anisotropy in different layers; 12. Geodynamical applications of seismic anisotropy; Part IV. Perspectives: 13. From seismic anisotropy to anisotropic seismology; Notes; References; Subject index.

The end of humanity has been a topic of great concern across ages and civilizations. Over the last several decades, studies have allowed us to better understand the most likely threats to life on Earth, both in the past and the future. IAU Symposium 374 covers potential hazards caused by astronomical phenomena. These proceedings present a comparative analysis of these possible astronomical catastrophes that could lead to a new extinction. Throughout the volume, the authors analyse different aspects of the main risk identified: the impact of near-Earth asteroids and the meteor phenomena. The discovery, monitoring and dynamical evolution of near-Earth asteroids are discussed. This symposium represents one of the first attempts to address the transdisciplinary topic of life-threatening hazards originating from beyond our planet, including current and future mitigation strategies.

1. What catastrophes can affect us at different geographical and temporal scales? Gonzalo Tancredi; 2. The Pan-STARRS search for near-Earth objects Richard Wainscoat; 3. Optimization of Gauss method to describe with most accuracy the orbits of near-Earth asteroids Camilo Delgado-Correal; 4. Piggybacking astronomical hazard investigations on Big Data science missions Gijs Verdoes Kleijn; 5. Dynamic evolution scale of NEA population: dependence on the initial orbital parameters Boris Shustov; 6. Migration of bodies to the Earth from different distances from the Sun Sergei Ipatov; 7. Dynamic and physical parameters of near-Earth asteroids from the observations Eduard Kuznetsov; 8. Asteroid Apophis and its associated fireballs Kokhirova Gulchehra; 9. On the mass indices of meteor bodies Roman Zolotarev; 10. Lunar impact events by Sharjah Lunar Impact Observatory (SLIO) in 2020 Ammar Abdulla; 11. The meteoroid component of the astronomical hazard to life on earth: contribution, relationships and more Svitlana Kolomiyets; 12. Jupiter and evolution of complex life on Earth Xuguang Leng.

Constance Walker, David Galadí-Enríquez, John Barentine, Peter Grimley

Astronomy, space & time, SCIENCE / Space Science / Astronomy

An unprecedented new era in human uses of outer space began in 2019 with the first-ever deployment of a 'constellation' of satellites that will eventually number in the thousands. As the rate of new satellite launches increased in following years, changes to the night sky from optical to radio wavelengths became apparent. Astronomers, innovators, space-law experts and Indigenous elders gathered in 2023 to consider the social, scientific and cultural ramifications of the 'New Space' regime dominated by commercial actors. The contributions in this edited volume span a wide range of topics from the technical to the legal, their authors grappling with a key question: how can science, society and private space companies co-exist harmoniously while pursuing their respective interests? IAU S385 will be of value to anyone concerned with understanding the impacts that satellite constellations have on our ability to benefit from an unimpeded view of the night sky.

Preface; 1. Streaks, signals, and space junk: facing the challenges of satellite constellations Karen Howard; 2. From Sputnik to Starlink: historical perspectives on astronomy and satellite communications Lisa Rand; 3. Overview of indigenous rights and outer space for the IAU-CPS policy hub Hilding Neilson; 4. Indigenous knowledges and kinship as a model for our future in outer space Hilding Neilson; 5. Countering the threat of space pollution: awareness raising via sustainability narratives Nicholas Campion; 6. Summary of SatHub, and the current observational status of satellite constellations Mike Peel; 7. SatHub panel: satellite Interference in observatories around the world Siegfried Eggl; 8. Strategies for spectrum coexistence between radio telescopes and satellite networks Chris de Pree; 9. Spectrum management at ALMA and synergies with other entities Giorgio Siringo; 10. Impact of large satellite constellations on VLBI radio astronomical observations for materialization of celestial and terrestrial reference frames and EOP estimation Vincenza Tornatore; 11. Modelling steerable beams of satellite constellations for radio astronomy impact studies Federico di Vruno; 12. Systematic effects of LEOsats in Rubin Observatory LSST camera Daniel Polin; 13. Estimating the impact to astronomy from the OneWeb satellite constellation using multicolour observations Christian Adam; 14. Contamination of spectroscopic observations by satellite constellations Oli Hainaut; 15. Spectroscopy of human-made space objects: from low-Earth orbit debris to satellite constellations and exotic outliers Danica Zilkova; 16. Space surveillance as a by-product of space-based astronomical observations with CHEOPS Nicolas Billot; 17. The impact and mitigation of satellite constellations on astronomical laser propagation Julian Christou; 18. Starlink in your backyard: a DIY approach to satellite monitoring and data analysis Robert Watson; 19. The effects of satellite constellations on amateur astronomy Paul Daniels; 20. PASO – Astronomy and space situational awareness in a dark sky destination Domingos Barbosa; 21. Analytic vs. Montecarlo simulations of satellite visibility David Galadi-Enriquez; 22. Satellites and space debris photometric phase functions used for astronomical images contamination prediction Jiri Silha; 23. Precise optical observations of orbital objects in severely trailed images: application to LEO satellites, extremely faint objects, and space debris Alex Drago-Gonzalez and George Nunez; 24. Report of the International Institute of Space Law on light pollution of the night sky from a space law perspective Rafael Moro Aguilar; 25. Astronomy and satellite constellations: an international lens Aaron Boley; 26. National approaches to the protection of the dark and quiet sky Yana Yakushina; 27. General principles of international environmental and space law applicable to the protection of dark and quiet skies Jonathan Kaley-Isley and Tamara Blagojevic; 28. Update: how proclamations are influencing the grassroots movement for dark and quiet skies Amy Carissa Oliver; 29. Merged recommendations for mitigating impact Richard Green; 30. Astronomy, doughnuts, and carrying capacity Andy Lawrence; 31. A solution of a devil's advocate – Put telescopes in space Lerothodi Leeuw; 32. Fraunhofer AVIATION & SPACE and IRIS2 – A European satellite constellation Nadya Ben-Bekhti; 33. National policy with a global impact: satellite constellations and the UK Robert Massey; 34. National security interests in relation to dark and quiet skies Roohi Dalal; 35. Forecasting numbers of post-mission satellites of major constellations, and mitigation methods Kenneth MacLeod; 36. Optical observations of PMS stars from the Rozhen Observatory in Bulgaria Evgeni Semkov; 37. Spectral evolution of Iridium satellites recorded by AMOS spectral camera system Katarina Sa

Amelia Ortiz-Gil, Beatríz García, Izumi Hansen, Kumiko Usuda-Sato, Lina Canas, Santiago Vargas-Domínguez

Astronomy for Equity, Diversity and Inclusion (IAU S358): A Roadmap to Action within the Framework of the IAU 100th Anniversary

Astronomy, space & time, SCIENCE / Space Science / Astronomy

This special volume presents the proceedings of IAU Symposium 358, Astronomy for Equity, Diversity and Inclusion, held at the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan in Mitaka, Tokyo. As the first IAU symposium solely dedicated to inclusivity and diversity, it underscored the International Astronomical Union's commitment to fostering an equitable scientific community. The scientific program featured a diverse range of contributions structured around key themes, such as learning from best practices, identifying and addressing barriers to access, fostering a more inclusive climate in academia and research, new technologies for accessibility, astronomy for society, and Sustainable Development Goals. A key outcome was the Mitaka Resolutions, shaping future IAU policies on Equity, Equality, Diversity and Inclusion. These resolutions align with the IAU Strategic Plan 2020–2030, setting the stage for concrete actions presented at the 2021 IAU General Assembly in Busan.

1. Using cultural astronomy to create a more inclusive astronomy Jarita Holbrook; 2. The need for reinforcing the implementation of inclusion and diversity strategies as ordinary actions towards social and scientific development of our society Santiago Vargas-Domínguez; 3. The Deeper, Wider, Faster program: a platform for collaborative science, inclusion advancement, and STEM promotion to the general public Jeffry Cooke; 4. Women in astronomy: a view from a gender-imbalanced country Yuko Motizuki; 5. Qualitative interviews of women in research and development to clarify universal factors which induce 'inclusive innovation' Kazuyo Suzuki; 6. Best practices for the inclusion and fostering of deaf astronomers Marius Eide; 7. Destination: The Caribbean – seas, sand and... skies! Shirin Haque; 8. From Islam to the Moon: an astronomy outreach activity from an intercultural perspective Caterina Boccato; 9. Promotion of gender equality in National Astronomical Observatory of Japan Saeko S. Hayashi; 10. Asia-Pacific Space Generation Workshop on gender diversity in the space sector Kristine Jane Atienza; 11. Beyond ethno-astronomy: what fieldwork has taught me about women's anticipation Nurul Fatini Jaafar; 12. Bringing astronomy to the poorest rural communities using the Raspberry Pi computer and VO tools: our experiences in Nigeria Obi Ikechukwu; 13. Painting graphs with sounds: CosMonic sonification project Ruben Garcia-Benito; 14. Gender equality activities in Astronomical Society of Japan Aya Bamba; 15. Analysis of astronomical data through sonification: reaching more inclusion for scientists with visual disabilities Johanna Casado; 16. The ethics statement of the European Astronomical Society Johan Knapen; 17. The Multimessenger Diversity Network: creating diverse and inclusive science collaborations James Madsen; 18. (Un)doing progressive science: probing inclusion, equity, and diversity at SAAO Thembelihle Bongwana; 19. The advantages of astrophysics for those with reading impairment: an empirical study Matthew Schneps; 20. The impartiality of the universe ... and our attitudes Stefania Varano; 21. The Pleiades Awards: driving inclusion, diversity and equity in Astronomy and beyond Daniel Zucker; 22. Teaching the teachers: astronomy as gateway to scientific literacy in Liberia Tilman Hartwig; 23. The consideration and implementation of equity, diversity and inclusion in two IAU100 global projects: 100 Hours of Astronomy and Moon Landing 50 Bethany Downer; 24. Diversity, equity, and inclusion practices at international observatories Alysha Shugart; 25. Using new technologies to improve contents accessibility Silvia Casu; 26. Workshop to survey astronomical events from historical document: inclusion of (Other) field Harufumi Tamazawa; 27. Equity and inclusivity efforts in Canadian astronomy Brenda Matthews; 28. WorldWide Telescope, an ideal platform for equitable astronomy Shanshan Li; 29. Lifelong astronomy education: astronomy for seniors, by seniors Shigeyuki Karino; 30. A multicultural constellation viewfinder Farid Char; 31. 3D planetary model of Solar System for visually impaired person: basic astronomy education for people with disabilities Irsad Tio Majid; 32. Girls in the museum: pursuing gender equity in astronomy Patricia Figueiró Spinelli; 33. The development of astronomy in the topic apparent motion of the Sun using sign language at special school Sari Sri Sukmawati; 34. Astrophysics in the dark: challenges and solutions from a BVI perspective Garry Foran; 35. The Parkes radio telescope as a tool for inclusive science engagement Jimi Green; 36. Building networks and best practices for astronomy for inclusion in Japan Kumiko Usuda-Sato; 37. The sign language in astronomy Dominique Proust; 38. Equalizing access to data processing in astronomy: an overview of the features, functions, and development process for A

Astronomy in Focus presents selected contributions from the scientific Focus Meetings chosen to be held at IAU General Assemblies. This edition is for the XXXI General Assembly for which the non-business sessions were held in Busan, 2–11 August 2022 following a one-year delay in consequence of the COVID pandemic. Focus Meetings are proposed by groups of scientists with an aim to promote cross-disciplinary interactions while maintaining a well-defined focus on a particular topic. They often address a new scientific area or an emerging field. At the IAU XXXI General Assembly, ten focus meetings complemented the scientific program of seven Symposia that are published separately. The Focus Meetings represented here cover dark and quiet sky protection, together with phenomena related to the Solar System and exoplanets, stars and star clusters, relativistic jets, the intracluster medium, and cosmic shear.

FM1: 1. Relativistic jets on all scales Monica Orienti; FM2: 2. Impact of diffuse artificial light for different kinds of observations: optical wide field surveys Sarah Brough; 3. Active Shutter as a new universal tool to protect astronomical observations in the optical range from the effects of outdoor lighting systems and bright LEO-satellites Vladimir Pashkovsky; 4. Measurement for regional monitoring Salvador J. Ribas; 5. Applying astronomical techniques to characterise ground-based light pollution Christian Adam; 6. Monitoring light pollution at Kottamia Astronomical Observatory Abd El Fady Morcos; 7. Astronomical site protection in Ethiopia Alemiye Yacob; 8. Dark sky without borders: besides astronomers, how to interact and build consensus with stakeholders from other disciplines? Exodus Chun Long Sit; 9. The status of light pollution in Japan and its relation to astrotourism Hidehiko Agata; 10. The Opticon-Radionet effort towards the protection of the dark and quiet skies Gyula Józsa; 11. The OTPC (Technical Office for the Protection of the Quality of the Sky) of the IAC: experience on sky law regulation Francisco Javier Diaz Castro; 12. An international dark sky place in Uruguay: the first steps Andrea Sosa; 13. Legal protection of dark skies above major observatories Yana Yakushina; 14. Overview of artificial light at night and D&QS recommendations James Lowenthal; 15. Light pollution: a unified global solution is needed for a global environmental problem John Hearnshaw; 16. How to pass a lighting ordinance M. Oey; 17. National policy and regulations Richard Green; 18. IDA's international program for dark sky preserves as a model Ruskin Hartley; 19. SAAO site protection against light and dust pollution Ramotholo Sefako; 20. The Chilean Norma Lum ìınica and the research group on ALAN Pedro Sanhueza; 21. The Gaia4Sustainability project: assessing light pollution aided by natural night sky brightness modelling Ana Ulla-Miguel; 22. Site protection in Morocco: modelling the light pollution Hamz Ait Abdelaali; 23. How radio frequency interference affects astronomy Gyula Józsa; 24. Update on activities of the US National Academies' Committee on Radio Frequencies (CORF) Karen Masters; 25. Characteristics of radio quiet zones Carol Wilson; 26. Dark Skies and Bright Satellites Priya Shah; 27. The industry hub of the IAU Centre for the Protection of the Dark and Quiet Sky Tim Stevenson; 28. Impact of LEO megaconstellations on the Zwicky Transient Facility survey observations Przemek Mróz; 29. On the space debris component in meteoroid models Svitlana Kolomiyets; 30. The brightness and colours of OneWeb satellites Olga Zamora; 31. Observations, analysis and characterisation of satellites in Low Earth Orbit megaconstellations Angel Otarola; 32. Optical and NIR magnitude measurements of Low Earth Orbit satellites, from a global observing network Jeremy Tregloan-Reed; 33. Quantifying the effect of satellite constellations on optical observations Olivier Hainaut; 34. Large LEO satellite constellations: prospects for interference and threats to radio astronomy Federico Di Vruno; 35. Radio astronomy and the quest for quiet skies Federico Di Vruno; 36. Software needs to mitigate the satellite constellation challenge Jonathan McDowell; 37. Toward a standard for dark and quiet sky protection: conclusions Constance Walker; FM3: 38. Consensus cosmic shear in the 2020s: focus meeting summary Angus Wright; 39. Weak lensing cosmology from Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam Survey Hironao Miyatake; 40. Weak lensing analysis of the 3600 deg2 of the CFIS-UNIONS data Axel Guinot; 41. Weak-lensing mass reconstruction of galaxy clusters with a convolutional neural network Sungwook Hong; 42. Shear measurement strategy in CSST Jun Zhang; 43. On the road to percent accuracy: The Reaction Way Matteo Cataneo; 44. Optimal estimators for weak gravitational l

Astronomy in Focus presents selected contributions from the scientific Focus Meetings chosen to be held at IAU General Assemblies. This edition is for the XXXII General Assembly held in Cape Town, 6–15 August 2024. Focus Meetings are proposed by groups of scientists with an aim to promote cross-disciplinary interactions while maintaining a well-defined focus on a particular topic. They often address a new scientific area or an emerging field. At the IAU XXXII General Assembly, twelve Focus Meetings complemented the scientific program of six Symposia that are published separately. The Focus Meetings represented here include discussions of techniques (radio, optical, computational), objects (small Solar-System bodies, late-stage stellar systems, galaxies, gamma-ray sources), processes (gas emission, solar and stellar dynamos), and education (using remote observing facilities).

FM1. Harnessing Ground-based Optical Telescopes: An Opportunity for Emerging Astronomy in Africa: The impact of ground-based telescopes in the formation of the next generation of astronomers Itziar Aretxaga; Establishing the scientific and technical aspects of a future astronomical observatory project Warren Skidmore; An overview of site testing and site characterisation, as applied in the search for an astronomical site in Kenya Edward Graham; The benefits of the Virtual Observatory to under-served communities G. Bruce Berriman; Light pollution trend at the Kottamia Astronomical Observatory Mohamed Farouk Aboushelib; Characterizing and comparing astroclimatics parameters in the free atmosphere of MENA region through NCEP/NCAR reanalysis Youssef Hach; Astrochemstry in Africa: Let's build our bonds Zainab Awad; Europlanet Telescope Network for promoting international collaboration Grazina Tautvaisiene; BRICS Southern Observatory (BRICS-SO) Project: Invitation to African countries to invest in Chile Massinissa Hadjara; Experience of Indo-Uzbek collaboration in astronomy Alisher S. Hojaev; FM2. A Coherent View of Atomic and Molecular Gas from Infrared to Radio Wavelengths: Resolved studies of the atomic and molecular gas in cluster galaxies in the era of ALMA, MeerKAT, and the SKA Nikki Zabel; The origin of cold ISM structure Rowan Smith; The relationship between cold gas and dust Karin Sandstrom; Properties of the molecular gas in AGN in mergers with ALMA Ezequiel Treister; The impact of feedback on the cold interstellar medium Stefanie Walch; Astrochemical diagnostics in various scales Nanase Harada; Starburst heating and synthetic ion column densities in multiphase galactic outflows Daniel Villarruel; FM3. Follow-up Observations of Small Bodies in the Solar System in the Era of Large Discovery Surveys: Overview of Focus Meeting 3 Amanda Sickafoose; Exploring capabilities: Characterising Solar System objects with SAAO telescopes Nicolas Erasmus; Rapid detection and characterization of active Solar system bodies in the LSST era Henry Hsieh; Rotating-drift-scan observations of the fast-moving near-Earth asteroid 2021 CA6 Anton Pomazan; Near Earth Objects follow-up astrometry at Klet Observatory: 30 years of experience in Central Europe Jana Ticha; The New Horizons search for targets in the outer Solar System Anne Verbiscer; Observing stellar occultations in support of NASA missions from Africa: Opportunities for African participation Anne Verbiscer; FM4. Bridging the Final Stages of Massive Stars to Supernovae and Transients: Overview of Focus Meeting 4 Hanin Kuncarayakti; Looking into the world of interacting supernovae Anjasha Gangopadhyay; The luminosity gap: Luminous red novae, supernova impostors, intermediate-luminosity transients and more Morgan Fraser; The features of interaction-powered supernovae explored by binary population synthesis Ko Takatoshi; Illuminating the physics of our Universe with gamma-ray bursts Nicole Lloyd-Ronning; Hot star winds Andreas Sander; Observational constraints on massive binaries Tomer Shenar; New massive runaway stars: supernova explosions or dynamical ejections? Mar Carretero-Castrillo; An interaction creates an enriched nebula around a massive magnetic binary system Abigail Frost; Interacting winds and sub-BHL accretion in massive binaries Amit Kashi; The final fates of hydrogen-rich stars Ethan Winch; FM5. The Future of Radio Astronomy in an Increasingly Crowded Spectrum: Present and expected science in radio continuum astrophysics Kenda Knowles; New and future discoveries observing molecular lines and radio recombination lines Kimberly Emig; VLBI science in an increasingly crowded radio spectrum Tiziana Venturi; The most important questions in pulsar- and fast transient research (and limitations through RFI) Laura Spitler; The promise and peril of radio astronomy from the Moon Y

SCIENCE / Physics / Mathematical & Computational

The Bethe Ansatz is a powerful method in the theory of quantum integrable models, essential for determining the energy spectrum of dynamical systems - from spin chains in magnetism to models in high-energy physics. This book provides a comprehensive introduction to the Bethe ansatz, from its historical roots to modern developments. First introduced by Hans Bethe in 1931, the method has evolved into a universal framework encompassing algebraic, analytic, thermodynamic, and functional forms. The book explores various Bethe ansatz techniques and their interrelations, covering both coordinate and algebraic versions, with particular attention to nested structures and functional relations involving transfer matrices. Advanced tools such as the separation of variables method are presented in detail. With a wealth of worked examples and precise calculations, this volume serves as an accessible and rigorous reference for graduate students and researchers in mathematical physics and integrable systems.

Preface; 1. Classical integrable systems; 2. Bethe wave function and S-matrix; 3. Coordinate Bethe Ansatz; 4. Transfer matrix method; 5. Nested coordinate Bethe Ansatz; 6. Algebraic approach to factorized scattering; 7. Algebraic Bethe Ansatz; 8. Functional methods; 9. Separation of variables.

Felix Finster, Jan‐Hendrik Treude, Sebastian Kindermann

SCIENCE / Physics / Mathematical & Computational

The theory of causal fermion systems represents a novel approach to fundamental physics and is a promising candidate for a unified physical theory. This book offers a comprehensive overview of the theory, structured in four parts: the first lays the necessary mathematical and physical foundations; the second offers an introduction to the theory and the causal action principle; the third describes the mathematical tools for analyzing causal fermion systems; and the fourth gives an outlook on the key physical applications. With relevance across mathematical and theoretical physics, the book is aimed at graduate students and researchers interested in novel approaches to the structure of spacetime and alternative perspectives to the more established quantum field theories. It can be used for advanced courses in the subject or as a reference for research and self-guided study. Exercises are included at the end of each chapter to build and develop key concepts.

How to use this book; Part I. Physical and Mathematical Background: 1. Physical preliminaries; 2. Mathematical preliminaries; 3. Elements of operator theory; 4. Spinors in curved spacetime; Part II. Causal Fermion Systems: Fundamental Structures: 5. A brief introduction to causal fermion systems; 6. Causal variational principles; 7. The Euler-Lagrange equations; 8. The linearized field equations; 9. Surface layer integrals and conservation laws; 10. Positive functionals; 11. Topological and geometric structures; Part III. Mathematical Methods and Analytic Constructions: 12. Measure-theoretic methods; 13. Methods of hyperbolic partial differential equations; 14. Energy methods for the linearized field equations; 15. Functional analytic methods in spacetime; 16. Fourier methods; 17. Methods of scattering theory; 18. Methods of perturbation theory; 19. Methods of microlocal analysis; Part IV. Applications and Outlook: 20. A few explicit examples of causal variational principles; 21. Basics on the continuum limit; 22. Connection to quantum field theory; Appendix. The spin coefficients; References; Notation index – in order of appearance; Notation index – thematic order; Subject index.

Antonio Giorgilli, Marco Sansottera, Ugo Locatelli

SCIENCE / Physics / Mathematical & Computational

Starting from ancient astronomy, this text follows the development of celestial mechanics culminating in applications of the most recent results concerning stability of planetary orbits: Kolmogorov's and Nekhoroshev's theorems. Key topics covered include: a historical introduction from ancient astronomy to Kepler and Newton; Lagrange's perturbation theory; the problem of three bodies, with a discussion of Levi-Civita regularization and of Sundman's theorem; methods of algebraic calculation of perturbation series, including a discussion of non-convergence due to the accumulation of small divisors; and a complete application of Kolmogorov's and Nekhoroshev's theorems. Written in an accessible, self-contained way with few prerequisites, this book can serve as an introductory text for senior undergraduate and graduate students, and for young researchers. Its approach allows students to learn about perturbation methods leading to advanced results.

Apology; Plan of the book; Part I. From Ancient Astronomy to Newton: 1. Ouverture; 2. Kinematics of the Keplerian model; 3. The gravitation of Newton; Part II. From Newton to Poincaré:4. Integrability and action-angle variables; 5. The perturbing function; 6. Classical perturbation methods; 7. The problem of three bodies; 8. Regularization of collisions; Part III. Modern Celestial Mechanics: 9. A toolbox of perturbation methods; 10. Computer-assisted methods for KAM theory; 11. Rotational dynamics of celestial bodies; 12. Stability of planetary systems; A. Analytical tools; B. Indexing functions; C. Validated numerics in CAP; D. Benchmarking CAP with a simple model; References; Index.

Antonio Giorgilli, Marco Sansottera, Ugo Locatelli

SCIENCE / Physics / Mathematical & Computational

Starting from ancient astronomy, this text follows the development of celestial mechanics culminating in applications of the most recent results concerning stability of planetary orbits: Kolmogorov's and Nekhoroshev's theorems. Key topics covered include: a historical introduction from ancient astronomy to Kepler and Newton; Lagrange's perturbation theory; the problem of three bodies, with a discussion of Levi-Civita regularization and of Sundman's theorem; methods of algebraic calculation of perturbation series, including a discussion of non-convergence due to the accumulation of small divisors; and a complete application of Kolmogorov's and Nekhoroshev's theorems. Written in an accessible, self-contained way with few prerequisites, this book can serve as an introductory text for senior undergraduate and graduate students, and for young researchers. Its approach allows students to learn about perturbation methods leading to advanced results.

Apology; Plan of the book; Part I. From Ancient Astronomy to Newton: 1. Ouverture; 2. Kinematics of the Keplerian model; 3. The gravitation of Newton; Part II. From Newton to Poincaré:4. Integrability and action-angle variables; 5. The perturbing function; 6. Classical perturbation methods; 7. The problem of three bodies; 8. Regularization of collisions; Part III. Modern Celestial Mechanics: 9. A toolbox of perturbation methods; 10. Computer-assisted methods for KAM theory; 11. Rotational dynamics of celestial bodies; 12. Stability of planetary systems; A. Analytical tools; B. Indexing functions; C. Validated numerics in CAP; D. Benchmarking CAP with a simple model; References; Index.

TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING / Signals & Signal Processing

Discover the foundations of classical and quantum information theory in the digital age with this modern introductory textbook. Familiarise yourself with core topics such as uncertainty, correlation, and entanglement before exploring modern techniques and concepts including tensor networks, quantum circuits and quantum discord. Deepen your understanding and extend your skills with over 250 thought-provoking end-of-chapter problems, with solutions for instructors, and explore curated further reading. Understand how abstract concepts connect to real-world scenarios with over 400 examples, including numerical and conceptual illustrations, and emphasising practical applications. Build confidence as chapters progressively increase in complexity, alternating between classic and quantum systems. This is the ideal textbook for senior undergraduate and graduate students in electrical engineering, computer science, and applied mathematics, looking to master the essentials of contemporary information theory.

Preface; References; Acknowledgements; Notations; Acronyms; Part I. Classical Information: 1. Uncertainty, information, and entropy; 2. Information quantification by asking, compressing, or sampling: Shannon entropy; 3. Information quantification by predicting or guessing: Tsallis entropy and Rényi entropy; 4. Relative entropy; Part II. Quantum Information: 5. From classical to quantum information; 6. Quantum uncertainty: measured entropy, coherence, and the uncertainty principle; 7. Classical and quantum uncertainty: mixed states and quantum entropy; 8. Quantum relative entropy; Part III. Dynamic Information: 9. Dynamic classical information; 10. Quantum dynamic information in closed systems; 11. Quantum dynamic information in open systems; Part IV. Bipartite Classical Information: 12. Bipartite classical information as correlation; 13. Bipartite classical information via residual uncertainty; Part V. Bipartite Quantum Information: 14. Bipartite classical and quantum Information for pure states; 15. Bipartite dynamic classical and quantum information for pure states; 16. Bipartite quantum and classical information for mixed states; Part VI. Multipartite Classical and Quantum Information: 17. A brief introduction to tensor networks; 18. Multipartite classical information: fragmentation, scale, and strength; 19. Multipartite classical information: structure; 20. Multipartite quantum information: fragmentation, scale, and strength; 21. Multipartite quantum information: structure; Index.

SCIENCE / Physics / Mathematical & Computational

This textbook provides a thorough coverage of classical mechanics. Meant for undergraduate and graduate physics students, it contains discussions on topics beneficial for researchers also. Along with standard graduate-level topics, it highlights and demonstrates the applications of classical mechanics in various areas of physics, astronomy, and astrophysics, thus emphasizing the subject's relevance to current research. Detailed explanations are provided throughout to support self-study and ensure clear understanding of concepts. The text begins with preliminary topics and then proceeds to Lagrange's equation of motion, Hamilton's principle of stationary action, and conservation principles in classical mechanics. It then extends to topics like Hamiltonian formulation of laws of mechanics, two-body central force problem, and restricted three-body problem, among others. Lagrange and Poisson brackets are discussed in exclusive chapters. The book concludes with expositions on Hamilton–Jacobi formulation of dynamics, perturbation theory in Hamiltonian mechanics, dynamics of rigid bodies, and nonlinear dynamics and chaos.

Preface; 1. Preliminaries; 2. From Newton's second law to Lagrange's equation of motion; 3. Lagrange's equation and Hamilton's principle of stationary action; 4. Symmetries and conservation principles in Classical Mechanics; 5. Hamiltonian formulation of the laws of mechanics; 6. Two-body central force problem: Part I; 7. Two-body central force problem: Part II; 8. The restricted three-body problem: Lagrange points; 9. Virial theorem in non-relativistic Classical Mechanics; 10. Small oscillations; 11. The Special Theory of Relativity in Classical Mechanic; 12. Canonical transformations in Hamiltonian Mechanics; 13. Lagrange bracket and Poisson bracket; 14. Poisson brackets: Dynamics and symmetry; 15. Hamilton-Jacobi formulation of dynamics; 16. Perturbation theory in Hamiltonian Mechanics; 17. Adiabatic invariants; 18. Dynamics of rigid bodies; 19. Non-linear dynamics and Chaos; Appendix A. Linear stability analysis of the Lagrange points; Appendix B. Statistical Mechanics and Computational Classical Mechanics; References; Index.

Optical physics, SCIENCE / Physics / Optics & Light

Driven by advances in data science and machine learning, photonics has evolved rapidly in recent years and has transformed into a highly interdisciplinary field, connecting fundamental research with cutting-edge applications. Inspired by recent Nobel Prizes in Physics in 2021 and 2024, Conti highlights the interplay between photonics and spin glasses, a key concept for understanding the link between photon propagation and complex systems. Beginning with a study of black-body radiation, the book then revisits laser theory using techniques from non-equilibrium statistical mechanics. Through a step-by-step exploration of important photonic experiments, it bridges foundational concepts and advances in optical computing, with a focus on developing efficient hardware for classical and quantum artificial intelligence. This reveals the profound ties between complexity, photonics, and the future of AI technologies. The book will be a valuable resource for advanced undergraduate and graduate students and more practised researchers.

Part I. Light and Fluids: 1. From Max Planck to Machine Learning; 2. Elements of Linear Optics; 3. Green's Functions; 4. Rays; 5. Photon Fluid Transport; 6. Light Diffusion; 7. Diffusive Random Laser; Part II. Photonic Spin Glasses: 8. Spin Glass Theory and Replica Symmetry Breaking; 9. Modes and Fluctuations in Lasers; 10. The Photonic Spin Glass; 11. Photonic Spin Glass Theory; 12. Photonic Spin Glass Experiments; Part III. Optical Ising Machines: 13. Focusing in Random Media and Transmission Matrix; 14. The Spatial Ising Machine; 15. The Parametron and the Coherent Ising Machine.

Ehtibar N. Dzhafarov, Janne V. Kujala, Víctor H. Cervantes

The mathematical essence of contextuality lies in the similarity of random variables answering the same question in different contexts: contextuality means they are less similar when considered within their respective contexts than when isolated from them. This book presents a principled way of measuring this similarity and distinguishing two forms of context-dependence: contextuality and disturbance. While applicable across a broad range of disciplines, the concept of contextuality in this book is closest to that in quantum physics, where its special forms –in the absence of disturbance – are known as Bell nonlocality and Kochen–Specker contextuality. This systematic introduction requires no prior familiarity with the subject and a very modest mathematical background. Structured as a textbook, complete with exercises and solutions, it is accessible to a broad readership and suitable for teaching. It will be useful to researchers and students in quantum mechanics, philosophy of science, psychology, computer science, linguistics, and probability theory.

1. Preliminaries; 2. Context-dependence and contextuality; 3. Random variables; 4. Systems and their couplings; 5. Contextuality I: basic properties; 6. Contextuality II: dichotomizations and criteria of contextuality; 7. Cyclic systems; 8. Consistently connected and consistified systems; 9. Hidden variable models; 10. Measures of the degree of contextuality; 11. Noncontextuality polytopes for cyclic systems; Index.

Ehtibar N. Dzhafarov, Janne V. Kujala, Víctor H. Cervantes

The mathematical essence of contextuality lies in the similarity of random variables answering the same question in different contexts: contextuality means they are less similar when considered within their respective contexts than when isolated from them. This book presents a principled way of measuring this similarity and distinguishing two forms of context-dependence: contextuality and disturbance. While applicable across a broad range of disciplines, the concept of contextuality in this book is closest to that in quantum physics, where its special forms –in the absence of disturbance – are known as Bell nonlocality and Kochen–Specker contextuality. This systematic introduction requires no prior familiarity with the subject and a very modest mathematical background. Structured as a textbook, complete with exercises and solutions, it is accessible to a broad readership and suitable for teaching. It will be useful to researchers and students in quantum mechanics, philosophy of science, psychology, computer science, linguistics, and probability theory.

1. Preliminaries; 2. Context-dependence and contextuality; 3. Random variables; 4. Systems and their couplings; 5. Contextuality I: basic properties; 6. Contextuality II: dichotomizations and criteria of contextuality; 7. Cyclic systems; 8. Consistently connected and consistified systems; 9. Hidden variable models; 10. Measures of the degree of contextuality; 11. Noncontextuality polytopes for cyclic systems; Index.

Particle & high-energy physics, SCIENCE / Physics / Nuclear

This book describes the development of our understanding of the strong interactions in particle physics, through its competing ideas and personalities, its false starts, blind alleys, and moments of glory – culminating with the author's discovery of quarks, real particles living in a deeper layer of reality. How were quarks discovered, what did physicists think they were, and what did they turn out to be? These questions are answered through a collection of personal remembrances. The focus is on the reality of quarks, and why that reality made them so difficult to accept. How Feynman and Gell-Mann practiced physics, with their contrasting styles and motivations, presented different obstacles to accepting this reality. And how was the author, as a graduate student, able to imagine their existence, and act on it? Science buffs, students, and experts alike will find much here to pique their interest and learn about quarks along the way.

Preface; 1. The Road to Quarks; 2. The Discovery of Quarks; 3. Alvin Tollestrup; 4. Richard Phillips Feynman; 5. Murray Gell-Mann; 6. A Deeper Layer of Reality; 7. Epilogue; Appendix A. A Primer on Quarks; Appendix B. The First CERN Report; Glossary; Acknowledgments; Bibliography; References; Index.

For more than half a century, dualities have been at the heart of modern physics. From quantum mechanics to statistical mechanics, condensed matter physics, quantum field theory and quantum gravity, dualities have proven useful in solving problems that are otherwise quite intractable. Being surprising and unexpected, dualities have been taken to raise philosophical questions about the nature and formulation of scientific theories, scientific realism, emergence, symmetries, explanation, understanding, and theory construction. This Element discusses what dualities are, gives a selection of examples, explores the themes and roles that make dualities interesting, and highlights their most salient types. It aims to be an entry point into discussions of dualities in both physics and philosophy. The philosophical discussion emphasises three main topics: whether duals are theoretically equivalent, the view of scientific theories that is suggested by dualities (namely, a geometric view of theories) and the compatibility between duality and emergence.

1. Introduction; 2. Dualities and their roles; 3. Classic examples of dualities; 4. Dualities in quantum field theory and gravity; 5. Philosophical questions; 6. Conclusion; References.

For more than half a century, dualities have been at the heart of modern physics. From quantum mechanics to statistical mechanics, condensed matter physics, quantum field theory and quantum gravity, dualities have proven useful in solving problems that are otherwise quite intractable. Being surprising and unexpected, dualities have been taken to raise philosophical questions about the nature and formulation of scientific theories, scientific realism, emergence, symmetries, explanation, understanding, and theory construction. This Element discusses what dualities are, gives a selection of examples, explores the themes and roles that make dualities interesting, and highlights their most salient types. It aims to be an entry point into discussions of dualities in both physics and philosophy. The philosophical discussion emphasises three main topics: whether duals are theoretically equivalent, the view of scientific theories that is suggested by dualities (namely, a geometric view of theories) and the compatibility between duality and emergence.

1. Introduction; 2. Dualities and their roles; 3. Classic examples of dualities; 4. Dualities in quantum field theory and gravity; 5. Philosophical questions; 6. Conclusion; References.

François Hammer, Marcel S. Pawlowski, Maria-Rosa Cioni, Piercarlo Bonifacio, Salvatore Taibi

Astrophysics, SCIENCE / Physics / Astrophysics

Mass is one of the most fundamental quantities that characterise stellar systems, from star clusters to large galaxies. It determines both the internal dynamics of the system and its gravitational interaction with other systems. For the galaxies in the Local Group, a real revolution in the topic has occurred with the Gaia satellite that provides six-dimensional data (three-dimensional positions and velocities) for almost 1.5 billion sources, located both in the Milky Way and in Local Group galaxies. IAU Symposium 379 gathered together the community working on this topic to discuss and collect recent advances and provide an opportunity for researchers to meet, exchange ideas, and compare methods and hypothesis. Measuring galaxy masses at different scales in the Local Group impacts a broad range of astronomy, from stars and star clusters, to the Milky Way, distant galaxies, and cosmology.

Part I. From Ground and Space; Part II. Sizes, Masses and Formation Histories of the Milky Way and Andromeda; Part III. Dwarf Galaxies; Part IV. The Magellanic System; Part V. Near-field Cosmology and Galaxy Masses Beyond the Local Group.

Aaron S. Weber, Antje Danielson, Valentini Pappa

Embed climate-focused energy awareness in every step of your educational program with this unique guide to specifying, designing, implementing, and evaluating educational energy initiatives. Discover how to design programs for different learner groups, and keep learners engaged; develop energy-focused project-based hands-on experiential teaching approaches; champion professional development; embed systems, modelling, and computational analysis within curricula; and address issues in justice and equity. This uniquely interdisciplinary approach spans engineering, the physical sciences, and the social sciences, supporting instructors in delivering programs that feed global demand for energy-related climate education, while highlighting ways to avoid the pitfalls of engineering-only energy programs. Ideal for academics involved in teaching and developing undergraduate and graduate courses in energy, academic educational program managers, and professionals in energy-related early career onboarding, this is your key to unlock an empowered energy-transition workforce.

Foreword Frank Gielen; Preface Antje Danielson, Valentini Pappa and Aaron Weber; 1. Infusing energy into undergraduate education: a collaborative curriculum development approach David Gosselin; 2. Graduate studies and continuing education in energy: future leaders in a sustainable world Valentini Pappa; 3. The why and how of incorporating project-based pedagogy in an energy curriculum project-based learning for graduate level energy business education Pierre E. Conner III; 4. Exploring energy systems using regionally significant project-based learning approaches Antje Danielson; 5. Designing the global building network: a case for people-centered energy education Esther Obonyo and Tom Richard; 6. Global experience for a global issue: the value of international experiential learning for tomorrow's energy professionals Nureen Das and Madeline Smith; 7. Leading the energy transition: a competency based approach for STEM graduate students and postdocs Angeliki A. Rigos and Aruna Joglekar; 8. Designing negotiations for energy dealmakers Bridgette Chambers and Scott Steinford; 9. So you want to teach energy justice... Amanda C. Graham, Rachel Shulman, Abigail Mackenzie and Xie He; 10. Energy democracy as a frame for teaching energy system transformation Jennie C. Stephens and Simon Jorgenson; 11. Entrepreneurship and business acumen for energy engineering students Michael Pace; 12. Learning to tackle complex problems with scholarly rigor and practical relevance Chintan Vaishnav and Angeliki A. Rigos; 13. Systems, modeling and computational analysis Konstantinos E. Kakosimos; 14. An optimal emissions path for global decarbonization with notes for educators Robert Kelly; 15. Evaluating how peer review can scale online assessments for sustainable building design Alpha Yacob Arsano, Rowan Elowe, Portia Freeman and Christoph Reinhart; 16. Reimagining the energy workforce Sarah Derdowski and Brent Mattson.

As physical science advances, theoretical simulations become increasingly reflective of realistic systems, and experimental observations become more precise and refined. Thus, going beyond the Born–Oppenheimer approximation is inevitable. This book bases its discussion of condensed matter physics on the Schrödinger equation, considering both nuclear and electronic degrees of freedom. Particular attention is given to two types of phenomena: those, such as nuclear quantum effects, for which the Born–Oppenheimer approximation, although applicable in principle, is progressively weakened in practice, and those that cannot be applied at all, such as phenomena exhibiting non-adiabatic effects. In practical systems, the full quantum nature of condensed matter, as emphasized in this book, cannot be overlooked when performing accurate simulations or measurements of material properties. This book offers state-of-the-art quantum theoretical and experimental methods, valuable for undergraduates, graduates, researchers, and industry professionals in fields such as physics, chemistry, materials science, energy, and environmental science.

Preface; 1. Overview of full quantum effects in condensed matter; 2. Full quantum effects in condensed matter physics; 3. Full quantum effects in chemistry; 4. Basic theory: electronic structure; 5. Theory for full quantum effects; 6. Experiments for full quantum effects; 7. Typical full-quantum-effect system: hydrogen; 8. Typical full-quantum-effect systems: other elements; 9. Full quantum effects in energy applications; 10. Full quantum effects in environmental applications; 11. Full Quantum effects in device applications; Appendix A; Appendix B; References; Index.

Fluid mechanics, solid state diffusion and heat conduction are deeply interconnected through the mathematics and physical principles that define them. This concise and authoritative book reveals these connections, providing a detailed picture of their important applications in astrophysics, plasmas, energy systems, aeronautics, chemical engineering and materials science. This sophisticated and focused text offers an alternative to more expansive volumes on heat, mass and momentum transfer and is ideal for students and researchers working on fluid dynamics, mass transfer or phase transformations and industrial scientists seeking a rigorous understanding of chemical or materials processes. Accessible yet in depth, this modern treatment distills the essential theory and application of these closely related topics, includes numerous real world applications and can be used for teaching a range of related courses in physics, engineering and materials science departments.

List of symbols; 1. Introduction; 2. Hydrostatics; Exercises; 3. Outline of continuum mechanics and fluid dynamics; Exercises; 4. Conservation and dynamics in fluids; Exercises; 5. Bernoulli's equation, vorticity and inviscid flow; Exercises; 6. Mass transfer in fluids – chemical and materials processing; Exercises; 7. Diffusion in the solid state; Exercises; 8. Heat transfer; Exercises; 9. Dimensional analysis; Exercises Index.

Intended for graduate and advanced undergraduate students, this textbook is a thoroughly modern introduction to and a self-contained treatise on the theoretical and mathematical fundamentals of General Relativity. The chapters are organized into three parts, with the first covering Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism, the relativistic Kepler problem, and the systematics of the underlying geometry, with the more abstract notion of the fibre bundle relegated to the Appendix. The second part begins with a derivation of the Einstein equations and leads to topics such as cosmology, black holes, causal structures, and action principles. The third part covers the canonical formulation of field theory in general and General Relativity in particular, leading to the concept of the total energy in General Relativity and quantum phenomena with event horizons. The book minimizes historical references, focuses on modern tools, examples, and applications, and emphasizes the commonalities between relativistic gravity and gauge theory.

Preface; Part I. Relativity and Geometry: 1. Electromagnetism and special relativity; 2. Particle motion under relativistic gravity; 3. Calculus on manifolds; 4. Riemannian geometry; 5. Maurer-Cartan; Part II. General Relativity: 6. The Einstein equation; 7. Cosmology in brief; 8. Spherically symmetric solutions; 9. Action principle and energy-momentum tensors; 10. More solutions; 11. Causal structures; Part III. Canonical Field Theories with Gravity: 12. An excursion: constrained dynamics; 13. Arnowitt-Deser-Misner; 14. Quantum fields and relativistic horizons; Appendix Fibre Bundles; List of illustrations; Index.

Energy technology & engineering, SCIENCE / Energy

This book is an effort to fill the gap of a comprehensive textbook that covers topics related to green energy sources. It connects climate change, sustainable development goals, and green electricity as a simple text for students, faculty, and practising engineers. It explains the green energy technology as a key part of the overall electricity network and brings practical system insights. The author's unique experience as an academic, researcher, and policy maker, combined with first-hand experience in the field, makes the book rich in practical insights, case studies and real-world applications. It also presents a clear roadmap for any organization to implement green energy setup, implement energy efficiency and conservation measures and hence reduce carbon footprints. A detailed coverage on policies, regulation, major projects etc. in the country is one of the key strengths of the book.

Preface; Chapter 1. Introduction; Chapter 2. The Climate Question and Sustainable Development; Chapter 3. Energy and Sustainable Development Goals; Chapter 4. Electric Energy and the Climate Challenge; Chapter 5. Solar Energy: Green and Renewable Source of Energy; Chapter 6. Solar Energy Development in India; Chapter 7. Energy Conservation for Decarbonising the Electric Power Grid; Chapter 8. Developing Sustainable Organisations – A Case Study; Chapter 9. Upcoming Technologies and Roadmap to Future; Index.

Anna Ceresole, Gianguido Dall'Agata

SCIENCE / Physics / Mathematical & Computational

This volume gathers the contributions of founders, experts, and practitioners of supergravity celebrating the 50th anniversary of its birth, discussing the history of the field and its modern applications to high-energy physics, mathematics, particle physics, and cosmology. Since its discovery in the mid-1970s, fully understanding its symmetries and structures, the physical implications, permitted generalizations, and the connections with other theories have been highly nontrivial challenges. Whether supergravity will be proven true by experiments or will remain a mathematical framework, the theory is elegant, intriguing, rich, and entertaining. Many agree that it will continue to be an inspiration and theoretical laboratory for quantum gravity, as well as an intellectual achievement that expresses the highest levels of human creativity in our effort to understand the cosmos and its rules. Current and future practitioners, and historians of science, will value both the comprehensive history and future perspectives of the field within.

Preface Anna Ceresole and Gianguido Dall'Agata; Part I. The Beginnings: 1. History, and the Simplest Proof and the Simplest Model of Supergravity Peter van Nieuwenhuizen; 2. 1976 was a Very Good Year! Reminiscences Daniel Z. Freedman; 3. The Way We Were Sergio Ferrera; 4. N = 8 Supergravity, and Beyond Hermann Nicolai; 5. An Exceptional Story: Symmetries and Dualities between Maximal Supergravity and General Relativity Bernard L. Julia; 6. Matter Couplings in Supergravity: The First 10 Years Antoine van Proeyen; 7. Twisted Compactifications John H. Schwarz; 8. Group Geometric Construction of Supergravity Theories, and their L∞ Algebraic Structure Leonardo Castellani, Ricardo D'Auria and Pietro Fré; 9. Superspace Supergravity Ulf Lindström and Martin Roček; 10. A Personal Reminiscence: Entering the Locally Supersymmetric Domain of Mathicality & How To Thrive Beyond Superspace S. James Gates; 11. A Brief History of Supermembranes Eric A. Bergshoeff, Ergin Sezgin and Paul K. Townsend; 12. From Symmetry to Supersymmetry to Supergravity Elena Castellani; Part II. Structure and properties of SUGRA: 13. The Ultraviolet Problem in Supergravity G. Bossard and K. S. Stelle; 14. Duality Symmetries C. M. Hull; 15. Kaluza-Klein Supergravity 2025 M. J. Duff, B. E. W. Nillson and C. N. Pope; 16. No-scale Supergravity Fabio Zwirner; 17. New (Maximal) Gauged Supergravities Gianluca Inverso and Mario Trigiante; 18. Exceptional Field Theories Henning Samtleben; 19. From G-structures to Supergravity Vacua Alessandro Tomasiello; 20. The Geometry of Hypermultiplets Stefan Vandoren; 21. Non-Linear Supergravity and Inflationary Cosmology Ignatios Antoniadis, Emilian Dudas, Fotis Farakos and Augusto Sagnotti; 22. Attractors in Supergravity Renata Kallosh and Andrei Linde; 23. String Dualities and Modular Symmetries in Supergravity: A Review Niccolò Cribiori and Dieter Lüst; Part III. Holography: 24. Supergravity and the AdS/CFT Correspondence Juan Maldacena; 25. Supergravity and Holography Michela Petrini, Massimo Porrati and Alberto Zaffaroni; 26. Sasaki-Einstein Geometry, GK Geometry and the AdS/CFT Correspondence Jerome P. Gauntlett, Dario Martelli and James Sparks; 27. D = 4, N = 2 Supergravity: An Unconventional Application Laura Andrianopoli; Part IV. Black Holes: 28. Black Hole Solutions in Theories of Supergravity Tomás Ortín; 29. Microstate Geometries Iosef Bena and Nicholas P. Warner; 30. Quantum Black Holes: Supersymmetry and Exact Results Davide Cassani and Sameer Murthy; 31. Black Hole Solutions in Gauged Supergravity Alessandra Gnecchi, Silke Klemm and Chiara Toldo.

This book is designed as per NEP 2020 guidelines and is meant for undergraduate physics students. The text begins with a coverage of kinetic theory and dynamics of ideal gases and then proceeds to discuss real gases. Thereafter the basic formalism, zeroth law, first and second laws of thermodynamics are introduced. It concludes with chapters on thermodynamic potentials and Maxwell's relations as well as classical and quantum theory of black body radiation. Written in a lucid manner, students will require only a prior knowledge of mathematical concepts such as differentiation and integration to understand these topics. Each chapter is divided into sections and subsections for ease of comprehension. Special attention has been paid to the simplification of concepts by providing intermediate steps for difficult derivations. Chapters are supported by a rich pool of practice questions like multiple choice questions, short answer type questions, long answer type questions, and numerical problems.

Foreword; Preface; Acknowledgements; 1. Introduction to Heat and Thermodynamics; 2. Kinetic Theory of Ideal Gases; 3. Dynamics of Ideal Gases; 4. Journey toward Real Gas and Transport Phenomena; 5. Physical Properties of Real Gases; 6. Conduction of Heat; 7. Basic Formalism of Thermodynamics and the Zeroth Law; 8. First Law of Thermodynamics; 9. Second Law of Thermodynamics; 10. Thermodynamic Potentials and Maxwell's Relations; 11. Classical and Quantum Theory of Black Body Radiation; Appendix 1: Calculation of the Number of Accessible States to an Ideal Gas; Appendix 2: Useful Thermodynamic Relations; Appendix 3: Concept of Negative Temperature; Appendix 4: Chemical Potential; Appendix 5: Thermal Ionization: Saha Ionization Equation; Appendix 6: Thermodynamic Functions of a Photon Gas; Appendix 7: Planck's Units; Index.

Communications engineering / telecommunications, TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING / Signals & Signal Processing

Emphasizing how and why machine learning algorithms work, this introductory textbook bridges the gap between the theoretical foundations of machine learning and its practical algorithmic and code-level implementation. Over 85 thorough worked examples, in both Matlab and Python, demonstrate how algorithms are implemented and applied whilst illustrating the end result. Over 75 end-of-chapter problems empower students to develop their own code to implement these algorithms, equipping them with hands-on experience. Matlab coding examples demonstrate how a mathematical idea is converted from equations to code, and provide a jumping off point for students, supported by in-depth coverage of essential mathematics including multivariable calculus, linear algebra, probability and statistics, numerical methods, and optimization. Accompanied online by instructor lecture slides, downloadable Python code and additional appendices, this is an excellent introduction to machine learning for senior undergraduate and graduate students in Engineering and Computer Science.

Part I. Mathematical Foundations: 1. Solving Equations; 2. Unconstrained Optimization; 3. Constrained Optimization; Part II. Regression: 4. Bias-Variance Tradeoff and Overfitting vs Underfitting; 5. Linear Regression; 6. Nonlinear Regression; 7. Logistic and Softmax Regression; 8. Gaussian Process Regression and Classification; Part III. Feature Extraction: 9. Feature Selection; 10. Principal Component Analysis; 11. Variations of PCA; 12. Independent Component Analysis; Part IV. Classification: 13. Statistic Classification; 14. Support Vector machine; 15. Clustering Analysis; 16. Hierarchical Classifiers; 17. Biologically Inspired Networks; 18. Perceptron-Based Networks; 19. Competition-Based Networks; Part VI. Reinforcement Learning: 20. Introduction to Reinforcement Learning; Part VII. Large Language Models: 21. Large Language Models; Appendix A. A Review of Linear Algebra; Appendix B. A Review of Probability and Statistics.

Abhronil Sengupta, Shriram Ramanathan

Artificial intelligence is transforming industries and society, but its high energy demands challenge global sustainability goals. Biological intelligence, in contrast, offers both good performance and exceptional energy efficiency. Neuromorphic computing, a growing field inspired by the structure and function of the brain, aims to create energy-efficient algorithms and hardware by integrating insights from biology, physics, computer science, and electrical engineering. This concise and accessible book delves into the principles, mechanisms, and properties of neuromorphic systems. It opens with a primer on biological intelligence, describing learning mechanisms in both simple and complex organisms, then turns to the application of these principles and mechanisms in the development of artificial synapses and neurons, circuits, and architectures. The text also delves into neuromorphic algorithm design, and the unique challenges faced by algorithmic researchers working in this area. The book concludes with a selection of practice problems, with solutions available to instructors online.

Preface; 1. Intelligence in Biological Systems; 2. Principles of Artificial Neural Networks; 3. Artificial Synapses; 4. Artificial Neurons; 5. Examples of Applications in Artificial Neural Networks; 6. System Design; 7. Neuromorphic Algorithms; 8. Lifelong Learning with AI Algorithms and Hardware; 9. Practice Problems.

Condensed matter physics (liquid state & solid state physics), SCIENCE / Physics / General

The study of magnetism has driven progress in experimental science for centuries, and demonstrates how ground-breaking theoretical advances can be translated directly into essential, transformative technology. Now in an expanded second edition, this popular textbook provides comprehensive coverage of the theory and practical applications of magnetism and magnetic materials. The text has been updated throughout to address significant developments from the last decade, including new theoretical insights, advanced experimental probes, and thin film technology. A new chapter covers the important topic of transverse magnetotransport and effects of topology. The book is extensively illustrated with over 700 figures conveying important experimental data, concepts and applications, and each self-contained chapter concludes with a summary section, a list of further reading and a set of exercises. The text contains a wealth of useful information that will be of interest to graduate students and researchers in physics, materials science and engineering.

1. Introduction; 2. Magnetostatics; 3. Magnetism of electrons; 4. Magnetism of localized electrons on the atom; 5. Ferromagnetism and exchange; 6. Antiferromagnetism and other magnetic order; 7. Micromagnetism, domains and hysteresis; 8. Nanoscale magnetism; 9. Magnetic resonance and spin dynamics; 10. Magnetotransport and topology; 11. Experimental methods; 12. Magnetic materials; 13. Applications of soft magnets; 14. Applications of hard magnets; 15. Spin electronics and magnetic recording; 16. Special topics; 17. Appendices: Appendix A. Notation; Appendix B. Units and dimensions; Appendix C. Vector and trigonometric relations; Appendix D. Demagnetizing factors for ellipsoids of revolution; Appendix E. Field, magnetization and susceptibility; Appendix F. Quantum mechanical operators; Appendix G. Reduced magnetization of ferromagnets; Appendix H. Crystal field and anisotropy; Appendix I. Crystallographic point groups; Appendix J. Magnetic point groups.

Electronics engineering, SCIENCE / Physics / Electromagnetism

Dedicated to a new class of wideband antenna, significantly developed over the past two decades, this book is the ultimate reference on magnetoelectric dipole antennas. The author is world-renowned for his pioneering work on antennas and has continuously developed the magnetoelectric dipole antenna since 2006. With contributions from the author and his students as well as results from research groups worldwide, the development of this novel antenna is fully captured. The theory and design are presented step-by-step, using simple technical explanations, making the contents accessible to readers without specialized training in antenna designs. Including the various applications of the antenna such as communications, global positioning, sensing, radar, medical imaging and IoT, this book endeavours to demonstrate the versatility and interdisciplinary of the antennas. Helping readers to develop sophisticated antennas with this thorough coverage on magnetoelectric dipole antennas, this is the ideal reference for graduate students, researchers, and electrical engineers.

Preface; 1. Introduction; 2. The basic magento-electric dipole; 3. Magneto-electric dipoles with linear polarization; 4. Dual-polarized and circularly-polarized magneto-electric dipoles; 5. Size reduction techniques for magneto-electric dipoles; 6. Bandwidth enhancement techniques for magneto-electric dipoles; 7. Millimeter-wave magneto-electric dipoles; 8. Concluding remarks; Index.

Ashish Mahabal, Christopher Fluke, Jess McIver

Astronomical observation: observatories, equipment & methods, SCIENCE / Space Science / Astronomy

Today's astronomical observatories are generating more data than ever, from surveys to deep images. Machine learning methods can be a powerful tool to harness the full potential of these new observatories, as well as large archives that have accumulated. However, users should beware of common pitfalls, including bias in data sets and overfitting. IAU Symposium 368 addresses graduate students, teachers and professional astronomers who would like to leverage machine learning to unlock these huge volumes of data. Researchers pushing the frontiers of these methods share best practices in applied machine learning. While this volume is focused on astronomy applications, the methodological insights provided are relevant to all data-rich fields. Machine learning novices and expert users will find and benefit from these fresh new insights.

Enhancing exoplanet surveys via physics-informed machine earning Eric Ford; How do we design data sets for machine learning in astronomy? Renee Hlozek; Deep machine learning in cosmology: Evolution or revolution? Ofer Lahav; An astronomers guide to machine learning Sara Webb; Panel discussion: practical problem solving for machine learning David Parkinson; Panel discussion: methodology for fusion of large datasets Kai Polsterer; The entropy of galaxy spectra Ignacio Ferreras; Unsupervised classification: a necessary step for deep learning? Didier Fraix-Burnet; Spectral identification and classification of dusty stellar sources using spectroscopic and multiwavelength observations through machine learning Sepideh Ghaziasgar; Simulating transient burst noise with gengli Melissa Lopez; Detecting complex sources in large surveys using an apparent complexity measure David Parkinson; Machine learning in the study of star clusters with Gaia EDR3 Priya Shah; Assessing the quality of massive spectroscopic surveys with unsupervised machine learning John Suárez-Pérez; Neural networks for meteorite and meteor recognition Aisha Alowais; Unsupervised clustering visualisation tool for Gaia DR3 Marco Alvarez Gonzalez; Kinematic Planetary Signature Finder (KPSFinder): Convolutional neural network-based tool to search for exoplanets in ALMA data Jaehan Bae; Predicting physical parameters of Cepheid and RR Lyrae variables in an instant with machine learning Anupam Bhardwaj; Bayesian deconvolution of a rotating spectral line profile to a non-rotating one Michel Curé; A short study on the representation of gravitational waves data for convolutional neural network Margherita Grespan; Search for microlensing signature in gravitational waves from binary black hole events Kyungmin Kim; Deep learning and numerical simulations to infer the evolution of MaNGA galaxies Johan Knapen; Data pre-extraction for better classification of galaxy mergers William Pearson; Stellar spectra classification and clustering using deep learning Tomasz Różański; Is GMM effective in membership determination of open clusters? Priya Shah; Deep radio image segmentation Hattie Stewart; Computational techniques for high energy astrophysics and medical image processing Nicolás Vásquez; Deep learning proves to be an effective tool for detecting previously undiscovered exoplanets in Kepler data Amelia Yu.

Quantum many-body systems are a central feature of condensed matter physics, relevant to important, modern research areas such as ultrafast light-matter interactions and quantum information. This book offers detailed coverage of the contour Green's function formalism – an approach that can be successfully applied to solve the quantum many-body and time-dependent problems present within such systems. Divided into three parts, the text provides a structured overview of the relevant theoretical and practical tools, with specific focus on the Schwinger-Keldysh formalism. Part I introduces the mathematical frameworks that make use of Green's functions in normal phase states. Part II covers fermionic superfluid phases with discussion of topics such as the BCS-BEC crossover and superconducting systems. Part III deals with the application of the Schwinger-Keldysh formalism to various topics of experimental interest. Graduate students and researchers will benefit from the book's comprehensive treatment of the subject matter and its novel arrangement of topics.

Part I. Normal Phase; 1. Introduction; 2. The Schrödinger and Heisenberg Representations; 3. Splitting the Hamiltonian: Heisenburg and Interaction Pictures; 4. Time-dependent Quantum and Ensemble Averages: Initial Preparation of the System; 5. Quantum Averages over the Ground State and Gell-Mann-Low Theorem; 6. The Contour Idea for Time-dependent Averages: Forward and Backward Branches; 7. Closed Time Path Green's Functions; 8. Dynamics for a Correlated Initial State and Various Kinds of Contours in the Complex Time Plane; 9. Perturbation Theory: Wick's Theorem for Strings of Operators Ordered Along a Contour; 10. Non-equilibrium Diagrammatics: Feynman Rules; 11. Non-equilibrium Dyson Equations; 12. Kubo-Martin-Schwinger Boundary Conditions; 13. Converting Contour-time to Real-time Arguments; 14. Langreth Rules: Convolutions and Products; 15. The Kadanoff-Baym Equations; 16. The T-matrix Approximation in the Normal Phase; 17. Contour Diagrammatic Structure in Terms of Functional Derivatives; 18. Beyond Linear-response Theory; 19. Time-dependent Hartree-Fock Approximation and Mean-field Decoupling; 20. Miscellany and Addenda to Part I; 21. Time-dependent Version of the BCS Hamiltonian: Gor'kov Equations for the Normal and Anomalous Single-particle Green's Functions; 22. The Hamiltonian in the Nambu Representation and Role of the Hartree-Fock-BCS Self-energy; 23. Contour-ordered Green's Functions in the Nambu Representation; 24. The T-matrix Approximation in the Superfluid Phase; 25. Derivation of the Time-dependent Bogoliubov-deGennes Equations; 26. A Brief Excursus to the BCS-BEC Crossover; 27. Analytic Continuation from the Imaginary to the Real Time Axis; 28. Derivation of the Time-dependent Gross-Pitaevskii Equation for Composite Bosons in the BEC Limit of the BCS-BEC Crossover; 29. Derivation of the Time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau (TDGL) Equation for Cooper pairs in the BCS Limit of the BCS-BEC Crossover; 30. Real-frequency Green's Functions from the Kadanoff-Baym Equations in the Equilibrium Case; 31. Miscellany and Addenda to Part II; 32. An Overview on Applications: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow; 33. Driven Open Quantum Systems; 34. Extension to Superfluid Fermi systems; 35. Connection between the Schwinger-Keldysh Closed-contour Approach and the Lindblad Master Equation; 36. State-of-the-art Numerical Methods; 37. Miscellany and Addenda to Part III.

Joseph M. Boyce, Peter J. Mouginis-Mark

Solar system: the Sun & planets, SCIENCE / Space Science / Astronomy

Our exploration of Mars has revealed a world as fascinating as Earth, with a changing climate, giant volcanoes, former oceans, polar ice caps, and numerous impact craters. This book provides a comprehensive summary of the morphology and distribution of meteorite craters on Mars, and the wealth of information these can provide on the crustal structure, surface geology, climate and evolution of the planet. The chapters present highly illustrated case studies of landforms associated with impact craters to highlight their morphological diversity, using high-resolution images and topographic data to compare these features with those on other bodies in the Solar System. Including research questions to inspire future work, this book will be valuable for researchers and graduate students interested in impact craters (both terrestrial and extra-terrestrial) and Mars geology, as well as planetary geologists, planetary climatologists and astrobiologists.

1. Impact Crater Formation; 2. Morphology of Craters Throughout the Solar System; 3. Knowing Mars; 4. Fresh Crater Interiors; 5. Modified Crater Interiors; 6. Mars Crater Exterior Features – Major Types of Ejecta Blanket; 7. Mars Crater Exterior Features – Other Ejecta Attributes; 8. Ejecta Flow Features; 9. Remaining Puzzles Concerning Martian Craters; Index; Appendix.

Complex fluids can be found all around us, from molten plastics to mayonnaise, and understanding their highly non-linear dynamics is the subject of much research. This text introduces a common theoretical framework for understanding and predicting the flow behavior of complex fluids. This framework allows for results including a qualitative understanding of the relationship between a fluid's behavior at the microscale of particles or macromolecules, and its macroscopic, viscoelastic properties. The author uses a microstructural approach to derive constitutive theories that remain simple enough to allow computational predictions of complicated macroscale flows. Readers develop their intuition to learn how to approach the description of materials not covered in the book, as well as limits such as higher concentrations that require computational methods for microstructural analysis. This monograph's unique breadth and depth make it a valuable resource for researchers and graduate students in fluid mechanics.

Part I. Non-Deformable Microstructure: 1. Introduction; 2. Fundamentals of determining the constitutive equation for a complex fluid; 3. Dilute suspensions of spherical particles; 4. Dilute suspensions of rigid non-spherical Brownian particles: general formulation and near-spheres; 5. Dilute suspensions of rigid axisymmetric Brownian particles: the role of particle shape on rheology; 6. Semi-dilute suspensions of elongated particles; 7. Nematic liquid crystalline polymers; Part II. Deformable Microstructure: 8. Emulsions without drop breakup or coalescence; 9. The role of drop breakup and coalescence in emulsion rheology; 10. Dilute suspensions of vesicles and capsules; 11. Dilute solutions of flexible polymer molecules; the elastic dumbbell model; 12. Entangled linear polymer solutions and melts; 13. Entangled branched polymer solutions and melts; 14. Flow-induced spatial inhomogeneities in complex fluids; Index.

Knowledge of the magnetic properties of minerals is used in diverse research fields, including the Earth, planetary, environmental, biological, and materials sciences, and nanotechnology. This book is intended for advanced students, researchers and professionals working in these fields. Part I introduces readers to the essentials of mineralogy and, using high-school mathematics and physics, demonstrates how minerals record magnetic information. After laying these foundations, along with a treatment of the essential methods used to study mineral magnetism, the chapters in Part II each focus on the magnetic properties of a major magnetic mineral, with “minor” minerals treated together in a single chapter. This essential 'from the ground up' introduction to the topic, with in-depth treatment of each magnetic mineral and a guide to the extensive technical literature, is an invaluable resource for beginners and experts alike.

Part I. Essentials of Mineral Magnetism: 1. Introduction; 2. Fundamentals of Mineralogy; 3. Fundamentals of Mineral Magnetism; 4. Experimental Methods in Mineral Magnetism; Part II. Magnetism of the Major Terrestrial Rock-Forming Magnetic Minerals: 5. Magnetite (Fe3O4); 6. The Titanomagnetite (Fe3-xTixO4) Series; 7. Hematite (a-Fe2O3); 8. The Titanohematite (Fe2-yTiyO3) Series; 9. Aluminium Hematite (a-Fe2-yAlyO3); 10. Maghemite (g-Fe2O3) and Titanomaghemite; 11. Goethite (a-FeOOH); 12. Pyrrhotite (Fe1-xSx); 13. Greigite (Fe3S4); 14. Other magnetic minerals; Part III. Conclusions and Future Work: 15. Conclusions and Future Work; Appendix 1; Appendix 2.

Albert Zijlstra, Orsola De Marco, Ryszard Szczerba

Planetary nebulae are generated when the outer layers of intermediate-mass stars are ejected during the second giant expansion after core helium burning has ceased. The star, ultimately destined to becoming a white dwarf, ionises the ejecta revealing intricate nebular shapes. Over the years, the initial awe inspired by these beautiful displays has turned into the realisation of the vast number of astrophysical questions that can be tackled using planetary nebulae. This volume collects a series of contributions to IAU Symposium 384, which show the breadth of problems that can be addressed with these objects: from the dynamical and chemical evolutions of galaxies and clusters, to the evolution of stars, to binary interactions, and to the exploration of the chemistry of life. Researchers from many astronomical fields can discover how observational tools from planetary nebulae can be applied to inform and benefit their own work.

Session I. Focus on PN as populations and as tools (extragalactic PN): Planetary nebulae as probes of kinematics and abundances to trace galaxy evolution Letizia Stanghellini; Astronomical outreach and education in marginalised and indigenous communities: astronomy as a tool for social development Arianna Cortesi; Planetary nebulae as tracers of stellar population properties Ana Ennis; Survey of llanetary nebulae in the Andromeda galaxy (M31) Souradeep Bhattacharya; Analysis of distances to planetary nebulae Diego Hernández-Juárez; GTC spectroscopic surveys of planetary nebulae in the Milky Way and M31 Xuan Fang; Probing the local planetary nebula luminosity function with Gaia Nicholas Chornay; Integral field spectroscopy: a disruptive innovation for observations of Planetary Nebulae and the PNLF Martin Roth; Precision spectrophotometry for PNLF distances: the case of NGC 300 Azlizan Adhyaqsa Soemitro; PICS: Planetary nebulae in cosmological simulations Lucas Valenzuela; Towards precision cosmology with improved PNLF distances using VLT-MUSE George Jacoby; Using adaptive-optics assisted MUSE observations to measure galaxy distances with the Planetary Nebulae luminosity function Saskia Schlagenhauf; Kinematics of the diffuse intragroup/intracluster light in groups and clusters of galaxies in the Local Universe (within 100 Mpc) Magda Arnaboldi; A new population of stars between the LMC and the MW revealed by post-AGB stars Minia Manteiga Outeiro; Diverse science from VLT imagery and spectroscopy of PNe in the Galactic Bulge Quentin Parker; Planetary nebulae populations in the haloes of nearby massive early-type galaxies Johanna Hartke; Session II. Focus on PN abundances/chemistry/dust: On determining the chemical composition of planetary nebulae Grazyna Stasinska; The structure of emission lines in planetary nebulae at very high spectral resolution Michael Richer; Precise determination of extinction correction and plasma diagnostics Toshiya Ueta; Abundance determination in PNe: How to deal with large chemical inhomogeneities Christophe Morisset; A statistical view of low-ionization structures in planetary nebulae M. Mari; What do we really know about the low-ionization structures in planetary nebulae? Stavros Akras; Probing the physical and chemical properties of planetary nebulae using precision photoionization modelling Hektor Monteiro; JWST imaging observations of the Ring Nebula Roger Wesson; Remarkable chemical complexity in planetary nebulae: A molecule and dust perspective Lucy Ziurys; ALMA observations of molecular line emission from high-excitation bipolar planetary nebulae Paula Moraga Baez; Morpho-kinematical modelling in the molecular zoo beyond CO: the case of M 1-92 Miguel Santander-García; Session III. Focus on PN chemistry/dust: Dust production from low- and intermediate-mass stars: new insights from post-AGB stars and PNe Flavia Dell'Agli; Deep radio observations of (proto-) planetary nebulae Teresa Huertas-Roldán; Synthesis of complex organics in planetary nebulae Sun Kwok; NanoSpace: Networking to understand carbon molecular nanostructures in PNe Domingo García-Hernández; Dust formation in AGB stars and planetary nebulae Mikako Matsuura; The Red Rectangle: a thin disk with big grains Javier Alcolea; Dust formation during the interaction of binary stars by common envelope Luis Carlos Bermúdez Bustamante; Session IV. Focus on stellar evolution; evolutionary scenarios; including binaries: The evolutionary path from the AGB to the PN phases: certainties and open issues Paolo Ventura; Nova remnants ... the fast siblings of planetary nebulae Martin Guerrero; Evolution from Asymptotic Giant Branch to Pre-planetary Nebula: Whorled patterns and stellar companions Hyosun Kim; NGC 1514 and the post-AGB mass-luminosity relation Roberto Mendez; Monitoring of dynamical processes in outer atmospheres of cool protopla

Andrew Szentgyorgyi, Youssef Moulane, Zouhair Benkhaldoun

The proceedings of IAU Symposium 393 bring together leading voices in planetary science, exoplanet research, and astrobiology, with a special focus on discoveries enabled by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). Topics covered include atmospheric characterization of exoplanets, detection of biosignatures, the dynamics of protoplanetary disks, and studies of Solar System bodies such as comets and Kuiper Belt objects. This volume also highlights international initiatives in public engagement and education, demonstrating how planetary science is expanding globally and becoming more inclusive. Featuring insights from researchers and educators across multiple continents, this collection captures the multidisciplinary essence of planetary exploration and the search for life beyond Earth. It is a valuable resource for astronomers, planetary scientists, astrobiologists, and educators who wish to understand the scientific breakthroughs and collaborative spirit driving a new era of discovery.

1. Magnetism of Saturn in the origin of the visible dense rings and in their peculiarities recorded by the Cassini probe Vladimir Tchernyi; 2. Migration of bodies ejected from the Earth and the Moon Sergei Ipatov; 3. Unveiling new parent bodies in meteor showers: a robust methodological approach Meryem Guennoun; 4. Host stars and their effects on exoplanet atmospheres: reconstructing the missing extreme-ultraviolet and Lyman-alpha radiation that exoplanets see Jeffrey Linsky; 5. Migration of bodies in the Proxima Centauri and Trappist 1 planetary systems Sergei Ipatov; 6. The magnetic field and space environment of known exoplanet hosts: GJ 436 and HD 63433 Stefano Bellotti; 7. Observing exoplanet biosignatures outside the conservative habitable zone Amri Wandel; 8. Impact of surface pressure on nitrogen-dominated USP super-Earths' atmospheres Jamila Chouqar; 9. Water at the earliest stages of star and planet formation Itziar de Gregorio-Monsalvo; 10. Probing the gas that builds planets: results from the JWST MINDS program Ewine van Dishoeck; 11. Implementing an AstroLab project in Africa Youssef Moulane; 12. Exoplanets in the Classroom: a bilingual K12 educational suite for exploring exoplanet science Marie-Eve Naud; 13. Bringing the sky to the living room: reflections on more than three years of live streaming astronomical events Claudia Mignone; 14. Approach of the NGC1977 star cluster to the TOI-2796 host star Sergei Vereshchagin; 15. Stellar variability monitoring and vistas of its support of JWST programs Alisher Hojaev; 16. Instability of in-plane equilibrium points of the restricted three-body problem with P-R drag and variable masses Tajudeen Amuda; 17. Solar hydrologic cycle determines Earth and Venus atmospheres' mass and composition Xuguang Leng; 18. Numerical geodynamic simulations of the thermal evolution within the outer ice shell of Ganymede Katherine Villavicencio Valero; 19. Observational and chemical modelling of protoplanetary disks after FU Ori outbursts Lis Zwicky; 20. Exploring the collinear Lagrangian points of exoplanet systems with P-R drag and oblateness Priya Shah; 21. Search for new members and age estimation of the young Emilkowalski asteroid family Eduard Kuznetsov; 22. Advances in coronagraphy for future space missions: interferometric apodization through homothety (IAH) and its application in APLC coronagraphs Jamal Chafi; 23. Spectral characterization of a complete equatorial sample of 615 K dwarfs Hodari-Sadiki Hubbard-James; 24. Detecting and characterising exoplanets with HARPS-N Ken Rice; 25. Anticipating additional exoplanets in multi-planetary systems Mahdiyar Mousavi-Sadr; 26. Refining the exoplanet mass-radius relation using machine learning Mahdiyar Mousavi-Sadr; 27. Dynamic evolution of the compact planetary system K2-72 Eduard Kuznetsov; 28. Advancing apodization techniques: optimizing interferometric apodization by homothety for exoplanet detection Aziz Qazbour; 29. Interferometric apodization using deformable mirror in a Michelson interferometer Aziz Qazbour; 30. Shock effects on volatile contents in apatite from poikilitic shergottite NWA7397 Amber Bonsall-Pisano; 31. Discovery of three sub-Neptune exoplanets orbiting M dwarfs with TESS Abderahmane Soubkiou; 32. VLT imaging survey of giant planets around nearby young white dwarfs Wolfgang Brandner; 33. Numerical geodynamic simulations of the thermal evolution within the outer ice shell of Ganymede Katherine Villavicencio Valero.

Optical physics, SCIENCE / Physics / Optics & Light

Research in optics and photonics, in parallel with the rapid development of nanoscience, has driven advancements within many fields of contemporary science and technology, allowing nano-optics to flourish as a research field. This authoritative text provides a comprehensive and accessible account of this important topic, beginning with the theoretical foundations of light localization and the propagation and focusing of optical fields, before progressing to more advanced topics such as near-field optics, surface plasmons in noble metals, metamaterials, and quantum emitters. Now in its third edition, the book has been substantially restructured, expanded, and developed to include additional problem sets and important topics such as super-resolution microscopy, random media, and coupled-mode theory. It remains an essential resource for graduate students and researchers working in photonics, optoelectronics, and nano-optics.

1. Introduction; 2. Theoretical foundations; 3. Propagation and focusing; 4. Superresolution; 5. Near-field optics; 6. Light-matter interactions; 7. Quantum emitters; 8. Dipole emission near planar interfaces; 9. Photonic crystals and metamaterials; 10. Random media; 11. Optical resonators and optomechanics; 12. Coupled mode theory; 13. Plasmonics; 14. Optical antennas; 15. Optical forces; 16. Stochastic fields and sources; 17. Theoretical methods; A. Semi-analytical derivation of the atomic polarizability; B. Spontaneous emission in the weak-coupling regime; C. Fields of a dipole near a layered substrate; D. Far-field green functions; E. Power spectral densities; Index.

This two‐volume Element reconstructs and analyzes the historical debates on whether renormalized quantum field theory is a mathematically consistent theory. This volume covers the years the years immediately following the development of renormalized quantum electrodynamics. It begins with the realization that perturbation theory cannot serve as the foundation for a proof of consistency, due to the non-convergence of the perturbation series. Various attempts at a nonperturbative formulation of quantum field theory are discussed, including the Schwinger–Dyson equations, GunnarKällén's nonperturbative renormalization, the renormalization group of MurrayGell-Mann and Francis Low, and, in the last section, early axiomatic quantum field theory. The second volume of this Element covers the establishment of Haag's theorem, which proved that even the Hilbert space of perturbation theory is an inadequate foundation for a consistent theory. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

1. Introduction; 2. The divergence of the perturbation series; 3. The search for non-perturbative solutions; 4. Infinite renormalization and UV behavior; 5. The axiomatic approach; Archives consulted; References.

This two‐volume Element reconstructs and analyzes the historical debates on whether renormalized quantum field theory is a mathematically consistent theory. This volume covers the years the years immediately following the development of renormalized quantum electrodynamics. It begins with the realization that perturbation theory cannot serve as the foundation for a proof of consistency, due to the non-convergence of the perturbation series. Various attempts at a nonperturbative formulation of quantum field theory are discussed, including the Schwinger–Dyson equations, GunnarKällén's nonperturbative renormalization, the renormalization group of MurrayGell-Mann and Francis Low, and, in the last section, early axiomatic quantum field theory. The second volume of this Element covers the establishment of Haag's theorem, which proved that even the Hilbert space of perturbation theory is an inadequate foundation for a consistent theory. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

1. Introduction; 2. The divergence of the perturbation series; 3. The search for non-perturbative solutions; 4. Infinite renormalization and UV behavior; 5. The axiomatic approach; Archives consulted; References.

Aimed at advanced undergraduate and graduate-level students, this textbook covers the core topics of quantum computing in a format designed for a single-semester course. It will be accessible to learners from a range of disciplines, with an understanding of linear algebra being the primary prerequisite. The textbook introduces central concepts such as quantum mechanics, the quantum circuit model, and quantum algorithms, and covers advanced subjects such as the surface code and topological quantum computation. These topics are essential for understanding the role of symmetries in error correction and the stability of quantum architectures, which situate quantum computation within the wider realm of theoretical physics. Graphical representations and exercises are included throughout the book and optional expanded materials are summarized within boxed 'Remarks'. Lecture notes have been made freely available for download from the textbook's webpage, with instructors having additional online access to selected exercise solutions.

Preface; Acknowledgements; 1. Overview; 2. Classical Computation; 3. Crash Course on Quantum Mechanics; 4. Quantum Computation: The Circuit Model; 5. Quantum Computation: Algorithms; 6. Quantum Decoherence; 7. Quantum Error Correction; 8. Topological Orders and Surface Code; 9. Topological Quantum Computation; Bibliography; Index.

'Quantum Cosmology' offers a guided introduction to the quantum aspects of the cosmos. Starting with an overview of early universe cosmology, the book builds up to advanced topics such as the Wheeler–DeWitt equation, gravitational path integrals, and the no-boundary proposal for the wave function of the universe. Readers will explore tunneling processes via Coleman–DeLuccia instantons, the quantum origin of primordial fluctuations, the thermodynamics of horizons, and basic notions of string cosmology. Concepts such as wormholes and semi-classical geometry are introduced with clarity and physical motivation. The book assumes some familiarity with general relativity and quantum mechanics, but little prior knowledge of cosmology. It includes a wide range of exercises, with solutions provided. Written in a pedagogical style, it bridges the gap between undergraduate courses and the research level in this frontier area of theoretical physics.

Conventions and notation; 1. Modeling the early universe; 2. Blowing up the universe: inflation; 3. Observing perturbative quantum gravity: fluctuations; 4. Quantizing gravity: canonical approach; 5. Quantizing gravity: path integral approach; 6. Linking gravity, quantum theory, and thermodynamics; 7. Creating space and time: the no-boundary proposal; 8. Interpreting the wave function; 9. Transitioning to different spacetimes; 10. Going deeper yet: stringy cosmology; A. Constants of nature and cosmological quantities; B. Picard–Lefschetz theory and saddle point approximation; C. Useful functions; D. Exercise solutions; E. Guide to the bibliography; References; Index.

'Quantum Engineering' covers the theory, design, fabrication and applications of quantum coherent solid-state structures. This updated and expanded second edition provides a self-contained presentation of the theoretical methods and experimental results in both first and second waves of quantum technology innovation. Topics span the quantum theory of electric circuits, theoretical methods of quantum optics in application to solid-state circuits, the quantum theory of noise, decoherence and measurements, Landauer formalism for quantum transport, the physics of weak superconductivity and the physics of two-dimensional electron gas in semiconductor heterostructures. The author introduces microscopic ion- and defect-based qubits, currently among the most successful platforms for quantum computation and quantum sensing. Reflecting the significant progress of quantum hardware, state-of-the-art implementations such as quantum metamaterials and quantum reservoir computing are also added to the discussion. Written for graduate students in physics, this book also serves electronic engineers working in quantum engineering.

1. Quantum mechanics for quantum engineers; 2. Superconducting quantum circuits; 3. Quantum devices based on two-dimensional electron gas; 4. Superconducting multiqubit devices; 5. Microscopic qubits; 6. Noise and decoherence; 7. Applications and speculations; 8. Quantum engineering: bridging quantum capacity gap; Appendix. Quantum gates; References; Index.

Offering a detailed account of the key concepts and mathematical apparatus of quantum mechanics, this textbook is an ideal companion to both undergraduate and graduate courses. The formal and practical aspects of the subject are explained clearly alongside examples of modern applications, providing students with the tools required to thoroughly understand the theory and apply it. The authors provide an intuitive conceptual framework that is grounded in a coherent physical explanation of quantum phenomena, established over decades of teaching and research in quantum mechanics and its foundations. The book's educational value is enhanced by the inclusion of examples and exercises, with solutions available online, and an extensive bibliography is provided. Notes throughout the text provide fascinating context on the tumultuous history of quantum mechanics, the people that developed it, and the questions that still remain at its center. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

1. The quantum world and its description; 2. Matter and field; 3. Quantum mechanics in the Heisenberg (matrix) picture; 4. Quantum mechanics in the Schrodinger (wave) picture. Dirac's notation; 5. One-dimensional potential steps, barriers and wells; 6. The WKB approximation. Electronic properties of solids; 7. The free particle. The time dependent Schrodinger equation; 8. Dynamics of quantum systems; 9. The one-dimensional harmonic oscillator; 10. The physics underlying quantum phenomena; 11. Angular momentum theory; 12. Central potentials. The hydrogen atom; 13. Stationary perturbation theory and the variational method; 14. The Electron Spin. Entangled states; 15. Identical-particle systems: quantum statistics. The density matrix; 16. Atoms and molecules; 17. Time-dependent perturbations. Field quantization and second quantization; 18. Elastic scattering theory; 19. Relativistic equations. An introduction; Appendix A Mathematical Tools; Bibliography; Index.

Atomic & molecular physics, SCIENCE / Physics / Atomic & Molecular

Quantum Mechanics will enthuse graduate students and researchers and equip them with effective methodologies for challenging applications in atomic, molecular, and optical sciences and in condensed matter and nuclear physics also. This book attempts to make fundamental principles intuitively appealing. It will assist readers in learning difficult methods. Exposition of fundamental principles includes a discussion on position-momentum and energy-time uncertainty, angular momentum algebra, parity, bound and unbound eigenstates of an atom, approximation methods, time-reversal symmetry in collisions, and on a measurable time delay in scattering. It also provides an early introduction to Feynman path integrals and to geometric phase. A novel Lambert-W method to solve quantum mechanical problems is also introduced. It seeks to enable readers gain confidence in applying methods of non-relativistic and relativistic quantum theory rigorously to problems on atomic structure and dynamics, spectroscopy and quantum collisions, and problems on introductory quantum information processing and computing.

List of Figures; Foreword by Eva Lindroth; Preface; Chapter 1. Description of a physical system; Chapter 2. Feynman's formulation of quantum mechanics; Chapter 3. Continuum and bound eigenstates of one-dimensional potentials; Chapter 4. Angular momentum; Chapter 5. The nonrelativistic hydrogen atom; Chapter 6. Approximation methods; Chapter 7. The relativistic hydrogen atom; Chapter 8. Quantum mechanics of spectral transitions; Chapter 9. The many-electron atom; Chapter 10. Quantum collisions; Chapter 11. Introduction to entanglement and quantum computing; Appendix A. Role of symmetry in atomic physics; Appendix B. Schrödinger, Heisenberg and Dirac 'pictures' of quantum dynamics; Appendix C. Spherical harmonics; Appendix D. Occupation number formalism: second quantization; Appendix E. Electron structure studies with qubits; Index.

Physics, SCIENCE / Physics / Mathematical & Computational

This concise and self-contained book opens completely novel areas of research by directly implementing concepts from quantum physics into areas of social science. It constructs compelling arguments originating from fundamental concepts in physics and the philosophy of science, including key developments in economics and finance, then surveys the important work which has been performed to date through applying the formalism of quantum mechanics to decision making and finance. The book is accessible to graduate students and researchers in social science and physics, as well as avid interdisciplinary readers. This title is part of the Flip it Open Programme and may also be available Open Access. Check our website Cambridge Core for details.

Part I. Introduction and Background: 1. Underpinnings of Interdisciplinary Inquiry; 2. Elements of Classical and Quantum Mechanics; 3. Elements of Economics; 4. Some Selected Financial Models n; Part II. Quantum-like Modelling: 5. Quantum-like Modelling in Economics; 6. Bohmian Mechanics and Finance; 7. Other Quantum-Like Models in Finance; Part III. Quantum Physics-like Modelling: 8. Motivations and Foundations; 9. Single-Particle Systems vs. Agents – I; 10. Single-Particle Systems vs. Agents –II; 11. Simulations and Interpretations; 12. Future Directions.

An impressively comprehensive textbook adopting a phenomenological approach to quantum physics. The chapters cover everything from basic definitions of key concepts to detailed discussions of the underlying theoretical framework, walking students step-by-step through the necessary mathematics and drawing clear connections between the theory and the most important modern research applications including quantum optics, fluids, nanophysics, entanglement, information, and relativity. With this book, students and researchers will have access to hundreds of real-world examples, exercises, and illustrations to support and expand their understanding. Instructors can tailor the content to suit the length and level of their course and will have access to an online solutions manual with fully worked solutions to all 300+ exercises in the book. Other online resources include Python simulations, additional exercises, and detailed appendices.

Preface; Constants, Notation, Units and Dimensions; 1. What is quantum physics?; 2. Early quantisation: of light–-matter interactions; 3. Light absorption and emission: Einstein's coefficients; 4. Modern aspects of photons; 5. De Broglie's hypothesis and Heisenberg's spatial inequality; 6. Schrödinger's equation: scattering (or free) states; 7. Tunnelling and one-dimensional scattering; 8. Confinement and bound states; 9. Harmonic oscillators; 10. Coupled oscillators or quantum wells; 11. The transfer matrix approach; 12. Rotation and angular momentum; 13. Two-state systems and spin; 14. Postulates and formalism of quantum physics; 15. Sy indistinguishability and identical systems; 16. Symmetries and conservation laws; 17. Conservative systems; 18. Combination of angular momenta; 19. Stationary perturbations and approximation methods; 20. Atoms and molecules; 21. Quantum description of solids; 22. Reduced-dimensional systems and nanophysics; 23. Nuclei and 'Particles': clusters; 24. Quantum scattering in three dimensions; 25. Non-conservative systems: induced transitions and relaxation; 26. Entanglement, measurement and decoherence; 27. Electromagnetic field quantisation; 28. Quantum physics and special relativity; Afterword; Further reading; Glossary; Index.

Astrophysics, SCIENCE / Physics / Astrophysics

'Quasar Absorption Lines' is a comprehensive, detailed exposition on the science and analysis of quasar spectra in two volumes, for both aspiring and seasoned astronomers. This Volume 1: 'Introduction, Discoveries, and Methods' covers the evolution of the field of quasar spectroscopy over the six decades since quasars were discovered, including the development and application of observational methods and the knowledge gained from them. The broad treatment includes studies of the Ly α forest, Lyman limit systems, damped Ly α absorbers, deuterium (D/H), 21-cm absorbers, HI and HeII reionization, the warm/hot intergalactic medium, and the multiple ionization phases of metal lines. The connections between these absorbers and galaxies (the circumgalactic medium), galaxy groups (the intragroup medium), and clusters of galaxies (the intracluster medium) are treated in depth. Also covered are the taxonomy and classifications of AGN/quasar spectra, black hole accretion, broad and narrow associated absorption lines, and the quasar circumgalactic medium.

Foreword Max Pettini; Preface; Part I. Breakthrough Astrophysics: 1. A new science; 2. Modern framework; 3. Introduction to methods; Part II. Intervening Absorbers: 4. Neutral hydrogen absorbers; 5. Deuterium and the big bang; 6. 21-cm absorption; 7. Helium absorption; 8. Low ionization metal-line absorbers; 9. Intermediate ionization metal-line absorbers; 10. The warm/hot diffuse universe; 11. High ionization metal-line absorbers; Part III. Galaxies and Their Gas: 12. Baryons and dark matter halos; 13. Studying the circumgalactic medium; 14. The nature of the circumgalactic medium; 15. Friends of friends and their gas; 16. Groups and clusters; 17. Starbursts, AGN, and quasars; 18. Active black holes and Eddington; 19. BALs, NALs, and QPQs; References; Index.

'Quasar Absorption Lines' is a comprehensive, detailed exposition on the science and analysis of quasar spectra in two volumes, for both aspiring and seasoned astronomers. This Volume 2: 'Astrophysics, Analysis, and Modeling' describes atomic transitions of hydrogenic and multi-electron ions, the theoretical foundation and practical application of the ΛCDM cosmological model, and radiative transfer from cosmological sources. The theory of spectrographs and the mathematical formalism and quantitative analysis of spectral absorption lines and ionization breaks are treated in detail, including column density measurements, line deblending, and Voigt profile fitting. The philosophies, methods, and techniques of large absorption line surveys are presented, including methods for correcting incompleteness and for measuring accurate absorber population statistics. Gas physics, heating/cooling, and ionization are also covered, followed by detailed methods for undertaking multi-component, multiphase chemical-ionization modeling.

Foreword Max Pettini; Preface; Part IV. Ions and Photons in the Cosmos: 20. Hydrogen and hydrogenic ions; 21. Transitions of hydrogenic ions; 22. Multi-electron ions and transitions; 23. Atomic properties and spectra; 24. The ΛCDM cosmological paradigm; 25. Applied cosmology; 26. Cosmological radiative transfer; Part V. Analyzing Quasar Spectra: 27. Spectrographs and spectra; 28. Absorption lines and ionization breaks; 29. Absorption line analysis; 30. Profile fitting and column densities; 31. Absorption line surveys; 32. Absorber population statistics; Part VI. Modeling Absorbers: 33. Macro properties of astrophysical gas; 34. The microphysics of ionized gas; 35. Introduction to ionization modeling; 36. Modeling absorbers; References; Index.

David T. Sandwell, Jingyi Chen, John B. DeSanto, Meng Wei, Qi Ou, Robert J. Mellors, Xiaohua Xu, Xiaopeng Tong

TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING / Remote Sensing & Geographic Information Systems

Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (InSAR) is an active remote sensing method that uses repeated radar scans of the Earth's solid surface to measure relative deformation at centimeter precision over a wide swath. It has revolutionized our understanding of the earthquake cycle, volcanic eruptions, landslides, glacier flow, ice grounding lines, ground fluid injection/withdrawal, underground nuclear tests, and other applications requiring high spatial resolution measurements of ground deformation. This book examines the theory behind and the applications of InSAR for measuring surface deformation. The most recent generation of InSAR satellites have transformed the method from investigating 10's to 100's of SAR images to processing 1000's and 10,000's of images using a wide range of computer facilities. This book is intended for students and researchers in the physical sciences, particularly for those working in geophysics, natural hazards, space geodesy, and remote sensing. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

Preface and acknowledgements; 1. Introduction; 2 Principles of synthetic aperture radar; 3. Satellite orbits; 4. SAR image formation; 5. Interferometric processing; 6. Coherence, filtering, and phase gradient; 7. Phase unwrapping; 8. SAR modes; 9. Troposphere, ionosphere, and tide corrections; 10. Complementary approaches and time series; 11. Integration of InSAR and GNSS; Bibliography; Index.

Aline Vidotto, Nat Gopalswamy, Olga Malandraki, Ward Manchester IV

IAU Symposium 388 brought together solar and stellar researchers on coronal mass ejections (CMEs), which are of great importance because of the intriguing physics involved in their origin and how they impact planets around the Sun and other stars. These proceedings are a collection of peer-reviewed papers presented at the symposium. The scientific program included solar sources; the interrelationship among observed phenomena such as CMEs, flares, and eruptive prominences; the detection and modeling of stellar CMEs; particle acceleration by CMEs; CME propagation into the interstellar medium; and their effects on planets around their host stars. The symposium demonstrated that a synergistic approach to solar and stellar CMEs is essential in understanding how magnetic energy is stored and released from spatially confined magnetic regions on the stars and their consequences for star–planet relations over various timescales.

1. Solar sources of flares and CMEs Shin Toriumi; 2. Characterization of the source regions of CMEs with polar position angles as seen from Earth Hebe Cremades; 3. Magnetic decay index profile and coronal mass ejection speed Bernhard Kliem; 4. Exploring the dynamics of CME-driven shocks by comparing numerical modeling and observations Meng Jin; 5. The relationship of coronal dimmings with CMEs and the implication in detecting stellar CMEs Nariaki Nitta; 6. Solar cycle variation of axial orientations and favorable initiation conditions of MFRs near HBs Hong Xie; 7. The role of magnetic reconnection in the structure and dynamics of fast coronal mass ejections Brian Welsch; 8. The role of helicity injection and poloidal magnetic field in a breakout CME Nitin Vashishth; 9. The temperature difference between eruptive and confined solar flares Seiji Yashiro; 10. Magnetic evolution of active regions: formation and eruption of magnetic flux ropes Panditi Vemareddy; 11. On the onset mechanism for solar coronal jets, and implications for the onset mechanism for CME-producing eruptions Alphonse Sterling; 12. Can small-scale eruptions in the quiet Sun propagate into the higher solar corona? Rui Wang; 13. EUV wave and coronal seismology Pooja Devi; 14. Comoving MHD simulations of the turbulent interplanetary evolution of a CME Mattia Sangalli; 15. Rotation of flux ropes in the low corona Brigitte Schmieder; 16. Filament eruption deflection and associated CMEs Kostadinka Koleva; 17. Prominence material observed by SoloHI beyond 0.5 au Cecilia Mac Cormack; 18. On using Gradient Dynamic Spectra (GraDS) to study Type-II solar radio bursts Devojyoti Kansabanik; 19. The SOHO LASCO CME Catalog: Version 2 Nat Gopalswamy; 20. A comparative study of flare and filament associated CME flux ropes of solar cycle 24 G. Sindhuja; 21. Insights from the March 13, 2012, event with 110° longitudinal separation: propagation and flux rope orientation Fernando Carcaboso Morales; 22. Observational signatures of stellar CMEs associated with superflares Kosuke Namekata; 23. High-velocity blueshifts of the RS CVn-type stars Shun Inoue; 24. Time-resolved spectroscopy of an active K-dwarf LQ Hydrae Hiroyuki Maehara; 25. Blue wing asymmetries in Balmer lines during mid M dwarf flares and possible stellar mass ejections Yuta Notsu; 26. Resolving the CME confinement paradox in the highly magnetic environment of AB Doradus Dag Evensberget; 27. Searching for stellar CMEs in the Praesepe and Pleiades clusters Krisztián Vida; 28. Spectroscopic investigation of the southern late-K/early-M dwarf binary CC Eri Martin Leitzinger; 29. Spectroscopy of flares on AU Mic Petra Odert; 30. SEP environment in the inner heliosphere from Solar Orbiter and Parker Solar Probe Robert Wimmer-Schweingruber; 31. High time resolution heavy ion sensor observations across a collisionless shock B. Alterman; 32. Origin of 3He abundance enhancements in gradual solar energetic particle events Radoslav Bucik; 33. Energetic particle transport during long-duration solar gamma ray flares Frederic Effenberger; 34. Co-occurrence of SGRE and SEP events Pertti Makela; 35. Stellar energetic particle and cosmic ray effects in exoplanetary atmospheres Donna Rodgers-Lee; 36. Understanding coronal mass ejections in magnetically-active stars Julián Alvarado-Gómez; 37. Implications of the abundance of halo coronal mass ejections for the strength of solar cycle 25 Nat Gopalswamy; 38. Extreme solar events: an update Ilya Usoskin; 39. Radio observations of stellar CMEs Rachel Osten; 40. DH type II radio bursts during solar cycles 23-25: origin and association with solar eruptive events Bhuwan Joshi; 41. Enhancing triangulation of interplanetary Type II bursts Vratislav Krupar; 42. Impact of eruptive events from young suns on atmospheric chemistry and climates of rocky exoplanets Vladimir Airapetian; 43. Close-i

Cristina Chiappini, Jorge Meléndez, Marina Trevisan, Ricardo Schiavon

IAU Symposium 395 presents an overview of the progress achieved in recent years in areas related to stellar populations in the Milky Way and beyond. Thanks to the Gaia satellite and ground-based spectroscopic surveys, a vast dataset exists with detailed information on the chemistry, ages and kinematics of millions of stars in our galaxy. This volume discusses major stellar populations (halo, disk and bulge) in detail, as well as the mixture of populations in the inner Milky Way. Special attention is given to metal-poor stars, considering both local and accreted components. The results presented are based on both field and cluster stars, which are extensively analyzed in relation to the multiple population phenomenon. The methods used in abundance analysis and population synthesis are reviewed. Furthermore, to place our galaxy in context, results from cosmological simulations, external galaxies, and on future instruments are also presented.

1. Challenges, opportunities and open questions in Stellar Populations Cristina Chiappini; 2. Scientific contributions of Beatriz Barbuy Jorge Melendez; 3. Contributions of Beatriz Barbuy for the development of astronomy in Brazil Helio Rocha-Pinto; 4. The Milky Way halo population studied with LAMOST and Subaru Wako Aoki; 5. The accretion history of the Galaxy via field and globular cluster populations Daniel Horta; 6. The Pristine survey: towards a new view of the old Milky Way Else Starkenburg; 7. Gaia-Sausage-Enceladus star formation history as revealed by detailed elemental abundances Heitor Ernandes; 8. On a couple of lithium riddles Paolo Molaro; 9. How homogeneous was the chemical enrichment of the Milky Way 13 giga years ago? Riano Giribaldi; 10. CEMP(s- and r/s) stars: s- and i-process and implications for Galactic chemical evolution Aruna Goswami; 11. Abundance analysis of the Cetus stellar stream: open questions for further studies Tatyana Sitnova; 12. Are the metal-poor M dwarfs in the solar neighborhood actually from our neighborhood? Diogo Souto; 13. Investigating accreted star candidates using TESS survey Danielle de Brito Silva; 14. Galactic stellar halo luminosity function Sarah A. Bird; 15. Multiple populations in massive clusters Carmela Lardo; 16. Unraveling globular clusters with JWST: kinematics, energy equipartition and anisotropy of multiple populations Tuila Ziliotto; 17. A pristine look at extended globular cluster structures Pete Kuzma; 18. Tracing the chemical evolution of globular clusters Heather Sinclair-Wentworth; 19. CAPOS: the bulge Cluster APOgee Survey. Preliminary abundance analysis of the metal-rich bulge globular cluster NGC 6304 Carolina Montecinos; 20. Globular clusters of the Galactic Bulge Sergio Ortolani; 21. The Galactic Bulge Beatriz Barbuy; 22. The Blanco DECam Bulge Survey: perspectives, results, and implications R. Michael Rich; 23. Unveiling the Inner Galaxy: Dissecting the bulge, bar and inner disk properties Anna B. A. Queiroz; 24. The ancient central population Anke Ardern-Arentsen; 25. M giants with IGRINS: detailed exploration of the M giants near infrared spectra to chemically characterise the inner Milky Way Govind Nandakumar; 26. Chemical characterization of the Galactic Center Nils Ryde; 27. Initial mass function of the Galactic bulge from binary microlensing events Raphael Oliveira; 28. Gaia: Ten years of surveying the Milky Way and beyond Anthony Brown; 29. New insights on MW disc history with machine learning, precise ages and Gaia DR3 Samir Nepal; 30. Chronology of our Galaxy from Gaia CMD-fitting (ChronoGal): the early formation of the Milky Way disk and the impact of Gaia-Sausage-Enceladus Carme Gallart; 31. The stellar and Galactic evolutions: insights from Gaia, Kepler, spectroscopic surveys, and the Besan\c con Galaxy Model Nadège Lagarde; 32. Present-day abundances from OB stars Norbert Przybilla; 33. The spiral arm structure of the Galaxy and metallicity distribution Jacques Lepine; 34. Applicability of elemental abundance ratios as age indicators in evolved stars Grazina Tautvaisiene; 35. Chemical abundance inventory in phosphorus-rich stars Maren Brauner; 36. Underlying the importance of Galactic star clusters in low-to-intermediate mass stellar evolution studies Vasiliki Fragkou; 37. Characterizing stellar groups associated with NGC2659 Jane Gregorio-Hetem; 38. Massive stars in the Milky Way: new clues to understand their properties using large spectroscopic samples Abel de Burgos; 39. Extracting Milky Way stellar populations using t-SNE Ethan Bull; 40. The interplay between super-metallicity, lithium depletion, and radial migration in nearby stars Maria Luiza Linhares Dantas; 41. Investigating the isotopic abundance of solar neighbourhood FGK stars with the HERCULES spectrograph Quin Aicken Davies; 42. Spectroscopic analysis of B and Be sars in

Michael Maseda, Themiya Nanayakkara

IAU Symposium 391 showcases cutting-edge research inspired by the James Webb Space Telescope, as presented during the first IAU General Assembly on African soil. This volume captures the pioneering science of galaxy formation, cosmic reionization, stellar evolution, and early universe dynamics, with contributions addressing topics such as metallicity in primordial galaxies, early Lyman-α emitters, and massive quiescent galaxies at high redshifts. Innovative approaches such as nebular emulators and advanced simulations offer fresh insights into clumpy galaxy formation, thin and thick disk structures, and stellar feedback mechanisms. Special focus is given to unexpected findings, such as unusual chemical abundances and insights from the synergy between JWST and complementary observatories like ALMA. These proceedings highlight the latest breakthroughs in astronomy and the collaborative efforts of scientists worldwide to uncover the secrets of our cosmic origins.

Advancing Scientific Discovery with JWST Nancy A. Levenson; Fast Forming and Fast Quenching: Massive Quiescent Galaxies at z > 3 Karl Glazebrook; Catching Galaxies Napping: Star Formation Histories of Post-Starburst Galaxies at Redshifts >4 Gourav Khullar; The FENIKS Survey: Spectroscopic Confirmation of Massive Quiescent Galaxies at z > 3 Jacqueline Antwi-Danso; Thin and Thick Disk Formation Across Cosmic History Takafumi Tsukui; JWST/NIRSpec IFU Observations Show Evidence of Metal-rich, Massive Galaxies in the Epoch of Reionisation Lucie Rowland; Probing Galaxy Build-up at z>3: NIRCAM and MIRI Synergy in EGS Belén Alcalde Pampliega; Divide et Impera: Galaxy Assembly in the Early Universe from NIRSpec/IFU Observations of ALMA/REBELS Galaxies Mauro Stefanon; Stellar Populations and the ISM in the High-Redshift Universe as Revealed by JWST Naveen Reddy; Where is the Floor? Studying the Lowest Metallicity Galaxies with NIRSpec Michael Maseda; The Origin of Unusual Chemical Abundances from the JWST Dyna Ibrahim; JWST Observations of ALMA [OIII] 88 μm Emitters in the Epoch of Reionization Takuya Hashimoto; Tracing Outflows from Stellar Feedback in the Early Universe with Lyman-α James Nianias; Primeval Lyman-α Emitting Galaxies Reveal Early Sites of Reionisation Joris Witstok; Very Massive Stars and Nitrogen-Emitting Galaxies Jorick Sandor Vink; Stacking High-z Galaxies' Spectra from JWST/NIRSpec to Explore the Connection between Lyman alpha Emission (or Absence Thereof) and Rest-frame UV and Optical Properties Nimisha Kumari; A Merger-driven Scenario for Clumpy Galaxy Formation in the Epoch of Reionization: Physical Properties of Clumps in the First Light Simulation Yurina Nakazato; The Youngest Sibling of the Milky Way: JWST Reveals a Barred Spiral Galaxy at z ∽ 3 Luca Costantin; Star Formation in IllustrisTNG Galaxy Mergers András Péter Joó; Unveiling the Ionizing Sources in Galaxies with Flexible Nebular Emission Modeling Yijia Li; Globular Clusters in Nearby to Distant Galaxy Clusters Myung Gyoon Lee; Temporal Structure in the HERA Observations that Pose a Challenge to Observing Light from the Early Universe Mekuanint Hailemariam.

What is the physics behind getting a spacecraft to the nearest stars? What science can it do when it gets there? How can it send back data over enormous distances? Drawing on established physics, Coryn Bailer-Jones explores the various challenges of getting an uncrewed spacecraft to a nearby star within a human lifetime. In addition to propulsion methods such as nuclear rockets and laser sails, this book examines critical issues such as navigation, communication, and the interstellar medium. Starting from fundamental concepts, readers will learn how a broad spectrum of physics – ranging from relativity to optics, and thermodynamics to astronomy – can be applied to address this demanding problem. Assuming some familiarity with basic physics, this volume is a comprehensive and self-contained introduction to interstellar travel, and an indispensable guide for studying the literature on deep space exploration. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.

1. Introduction; 2. Why travel to the stars?; 3. Rockets; 4. Orbital mechanics; 5. Thermal rockets; 6. Ion engines; 7. Relativistic motion; 8. Nuclear rockets; 9. Relativistic optical effects; 10. Solar sails; 11. Laser sails; 12. Interstellar medium; 13. Magnetic and electric sails; 14. Navigation; 15. Communication; 16. Payloads; 17. Outlook; Further reading; Bibliography; Index.

This innovative textbook has been designed with approachability and engagement at its forefront, using language reminiscent of a live lecture and interspersing the main text with useful advice and expansions. Striking a balance between theoretical- and experimental-led approaches, this book immediately immerses the reader in charge and neutral currents, which are at the core of the Standard Model, before presenting the gauge field, allowing the introduction of Feynman diagram calculations at an early stage. This novel and effective approach gives readers a head start in understanding the Model's predictions, stoking interest early on. With in-chapter problem sessions which help readers to build their mastery of the subject, clarifying notes on equations, end of chapter exercises to consolidate learning, and marginal comments to guide readers through the complexities of the Standard Model, this is the ideal book for graduate students studying high energy physics.

Preface; 1. What is this book about?; 2. Review of what the reader already knows; Part I. Where the Model is Explained: 3. In medias res: charged and neutral currents; 4. Gauge fields; 5. Hidden gauge freedom; 6. Strong interactions; Part II. Where the Model is Put to Use: 7. The electroweak theory at work; 8. Quantum Chromodynamics at work; 9. Finding things out; 10. Things that go bump in the night; Appendices; Bibliography; Index.

This accessible text, now in its second edition, explains the key principles of transmission lines using straightforward mathematics, extensive illustrations and practical worked examples. The early chapters use a lossless equivalent circuit to derive the basic theory, demonstrating how pulses and sine waves perform in simple transmission line circuits. Later chapters develop this model by demonstrating the derivation of circuit parameters, and the use of Maxwell's equations to extend this theory to major transmission lines. The second edition has been revised and expanded to emphasise the role of electromagnetic waves and photons in all transmission lines, providing valuable insight into the fundamental physics. New topics include sine waves in the time domain, multiple junctions, and attenuation in the presence of standing waves. Covering DC to optical frequencies, this book is an invaluable resource for students, researchers and professionals in electrical, microwave and optical engineering as well as applied physics.

Preface to the Second Edition; Preface to the First Edition; Part I. Transmission Lines Using a Distributed Equivalent Circuit: 1. Pulses on transmission lines; 2. Sine waves and networks; 3. Coupled transmission lines and circuits; Part II. Transmission Lines Using Electromagnetic Theory: 4. Transmission lines and electromagnetism; 5. Guided electromagnetic waves; 6. Attenuation in transmission lines; Part III. Transmission Lines and Photons: 7. Plane waves and transmission lines; 8. The role of photons in transmission line circuits; Index.

Energy technology & engineering, SCIENCE / Energy

Discover the principles of wireless power transfer for unmanned aerial vehicles, from theoretical modelling to practical applications. This essential guide provides a complete technical perspective and hands-on experience. It combines in-depth theoretical models, such as T-models and M-models, with practical system design, including wireless charging system construction. It presents systematic solutions to real-world challenges in UAV wireless charging, such as mutual inductance disturbances and lightweight units. Providing the resources to tackle complex industry problems this book covers the latest technological insights including advanced control methods, such as PT-symmetric WPT system control schemes and charging range extension techniques. Ideal for professional engineers, designers, and researchers, it provides the tools needed to innovate in UAV technology and power systems. Whether you're developing new systems or optimizing existing ones, this comprehensive resource delivers the insights and techniques to drive progress in wireless power transfer for unmanned aircraft.

Preface; 1. Fundamentals of wireless power transfer; 2. Hovering wireless charging for UAV; 3. Magnetic coupler design for wireless charging of UAV; 4. Control for wireless charging of UAV; 5. Control scheme based on the PT-symmetric WPT system; 6. Charging range extension for the PT-symmetric WPT system; Index.