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1 | Title | Year | Author (surname, first name) | Institution of Author | Publication Type | Publication | Volume/Issue/Page Numbers/Publisher | Abstract | Link to Publication | Open Access (Yes/No) | ||||||||||||||||||
2 | The Role of Women Journalists in Conflict Reporting in Sri Lanka | 2005 | Bulathsinghala, Frances | South Asia Free Media Association (SAFMA) | Article | Media Asia | 32(1) pp. 31-33 | N/A | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01296612.2005.11726771?journalCode=rmea20 | No | ||||||||||||||||||
3 | Gendering the "Arab Spring:" Arab Women Journalists/Activists, "Cyberfeminism," and the Socio-Political Revolution | 2013 | Khamis, Sahar | University of Maryland, College Park | Book Chapter | The Routledge Companion to Media & Gender | Routledge | Any observer of the so-called Arab Spring, the massive wave of political revolt that has been sweeping the Arab region since 2011, could not help but notice the visible role that women have been playing in it. Hundreds of thousands of Arab women throughout the region, including in some of the most traditional, conservative countries, like Yemen and Bahrain, took to the streets, alongside men, calling for an end to dictatorship and repression and demanding dignity and freedom (Khamis 2011; Radsch 2011, 2012). In doing so, they were not confining themselves to stereotypical gender roles, such as nurturing or supporting men in their struggle for freedom. Rather, they were often in the front lines of resistance, risking their lives, exposed to the dangers of arrest or assault. The Arab Spring unveiled “numerous examples of courageous Arab women heroes risking not only their reputation but also their physical safety for the sake of reform” (Al-Malki et al. 2012: 81). | https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9780203066911.ch52 | No | ||||||||||||||||||
4 | In Their Own Voice: Technologically mediated empowerment and transformation among young Arab women | 2013 | Radsch, Courtney C. and Khamis, Sahar | University of Maryland, College Park | Article | Feminist Media Studies | 13(5) pp. 881-890 | This feminist, qualitative study sheds light on how young Arab women used cyberactivism to participate in the wave of political and social transformations widely known as the Arab Spring. It argues that these activists leveraged social media to enact new forms of leadership, agency, and empowerment, since these online platforms enabled them to express themselves freely and their voices to be heard by the rest of the world, particularly the global media. This resulted in a multidimensional personal, social, political, and communicative revolution. This study is based on in-depth, personal interviews with more than twenty young Arab women citizen journalists, bloggers, and activists from Arab countries that witnessed political upheaval. | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14680777.2013.838378#:~:text=Articles-,In%20Their%20Own%20Voice%3A%20Technologically%20mediated%20empowerment,transformation%20among%20young%20Arab%20women&text=This%20feminist%2C%20qualitative%20study%20sheds,known%20as%20the%20Arab%20Spring. | No | ||||||||||||||||||
5 | Damaging and daunting: female journalists’ experiences of sexual harassment in the newsroom | 2016 | North, Louise | Deakin University | Article | Feminist Media Studies | 16(3) pp. 495-510 | Female journalists’ experiences of sexual harassment are barely documented in the literature about Australian news journalism despite evidence of its ongoing prevalence. There have been some stories of harassment detailed in autobiographies by female journalists and the occasional article in the mainstream media about individual incidents, but it wasn’t until 1996 that a union survey provided statistical evidence of an industry-wide problem. That Media, Entertainment and Arts Alliance survey found that more than half of the 368 female participants had experienced sexual harassment at work. In 2012, I conducted the largest survey of female journalists in Australia finding that there was an increased number of respondents who had experienced sexual harassment in their workplaces. In a bid to better understand female journalists’ experiences of sexual harassment, this paper analyses written comments made by survey participants in relation to key questions about harassment. It finds that most downplay its seriousness and do not make formal reports because they fear victimisation or retaliation. As a consequence, a culture of secrecy hides a major industry problem where many women believe they should work it out themselves and that harassment is the price they have to pay for working in a male-dominated industry. | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14680777.2015.1105275?src=recsys | No | ||||||||||||||||||
6 | Chile: Female Journalists Without Access to Power | 2016 | Lagos, Claudia and Mellado, Claudia | University of Chile and University of Santiago | Book Chapter | The Palgrave International Handbook of Women and Journalism | Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 226-237 | In March 2006, socialist politician Michelle Bachelet became not only the first woman to assume the presidency of Chile, but also the first female president in South America. Bachelet appointed a cabinet with an equal number of men and women. Although there were several other changes to her cabinet as well, hers was significant for being the only government since the country’s return to democracy that established equal representation of female and male ministers (Fernández and Rubilar 2011). Bachelet’s rise to power was a milestone in the fight for equal rights among men and women in Chile, a movement which began toward the end of the 19th century and continued throughout the 20th, with Chile’s first wave of feminism and women’s demands for access to education and the right to vote (Kirkwood 1986). Despite this longstanding movement and the gender milestone represented by her presidency, Bachelet did not fundamentally change the participation of women in positions of political power. | https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9781137273246_17 | No | ||||||||||||||||||
7 | Mexico: Structural Challenges for Women in News Media | 2016 | Vega Montiel, Aimée and Ramírez Ortega, Patricia | Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana. | Book Chapter | The Palgrave International Handbook of Women and Journalism | Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 284-300 | This chapter will analyze women’s access to and participation in Mexico’s news media. At the intersections of feminism and the political economy of communication, we will put into context the findings for Mexico in the Global Report on the Status of Women in the News Media (Global Report) (Byerly 2011). Our purpose is to establish that the access and participation of women in Mexico’s news media are (a) identified by gender inequality, (b) subject to a structural problem and not just an accident or a circumstance exclusive of one industry, (c) marked by structural inequality, i.e., the higher the position, the wider the gap of gender inequality, and (d) defined by a gender division of labor that is a feature of the incorporation of women to these industries. | https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9781137273246_21 | No | ||||||||||||||||||
8 | Gender, risk and journalism | 2016 | Harris, Janet, Mosdell, Nicholas and Griffiths, James | Cardiff University | Article | Journalism Practice | 10(7) pp. 902-916 | Are female journalists more at risk in covering conflict than their male colleagues? Beck states ‘risk is the anticipation of the catastrophe – so it is existent and non-existent’. Is the contention that female journalists are more at risk, knowledge, or a construction of knowledge? Are Editors and journalists who decide that women are more at risk merely anticipating a catastrophe? There is no certainty that women would be more at risk, but the fear that women are more at risk can prevent them from being sent to cover conflict, or force them to decide not to go to dangerous places. It is not possible to say with certainty that women journalists are targeted because they are women or because they are journalists. An IED or rocket fire does not distinguish between sexes. In many situations being female actually helps women journalist in conflict zones. In this paper we conduct a survey of journalists who work in conflict zones and ask whether it is the job or the gender which is the most dangerous. The question of whether it is more dangerous to be a woman might be debatable, but the survey shows that sexual harassment is a concern for female journalists. | https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/88117/ | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
9 | Women in War. Challenges and Possibilities for female journalists covering wars and conflicts. | 2016 | Orgeret, Kristin Skare | Oslo Metropolitan University | Book Chapter | Freedom of Expression and Media in Transition. Studies and Reflections in the Digital Age | Nordicom, pp. 165-176. | The chapter takes as its starting point the notion that journalists’ safety is a precondition for free expression and free media. Based on interviews and discussions with experienced female war and conflict journalists from seven countries worldwide, the discussion evolves around questions linked to what particular challenges and opportunities women journalists face, and how their security can best be ensured when covering war and conflict zones. The deliberations are believed to have a direct bearing on debates about female journalists’ safety online and offline, the importance of the presence of female journalists covering wars and conflicts, and how their being there may serve as an indicator of freedom of expression, civil rights and media freedom in general. | https://oda.oslomet.no/oda-xmlui/bitstream/handle/10642/4210/WomeninWarFinal.pdf?sequence=2 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
10 | Factors Affecting the Status of Women Journalists: A Structural Analysis | 2016 | Byerly, Carolyn, M. | Howard University | Book Chapter | The Palgrave International Handbook of Women and Journalism | Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 11-23 | Any assessment of women journalists’ status in their newsrooms should begin with the big picture. Women professionals inside news and other media enterprises have been the torchbearers of change for at least three decades. Sometimes assisted by enlightened male allies, women in journalism and other media professions have worked individually and through organized groups to reverse patterns of workplace discrimination, to train both women and men to be more gender sensitive in their work, to expand content about women, and to otherwise put newsmaking more squarely in the service of women. These activities have been carried on while the structure and nature of the news industry changed around them, and while a range of other factors have provided the context within which they have strived to enter, work and advance. | https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9781137273246_2 | No | ||||||||||||||||||
11 | Indian Women Journalists’ Responses to Sexism and Sexual Harassment | 2017 | Chadha, Kalyani; Steiner, Linda and Guha, Pallavi | Northwestern University, University of Maryland, Towson University | Article | International Communication Research Journal | 52(2) | This research examines the everyday sexism and workplace sex discrimination experienced by women journalists in India. Nearly all of the popular and scholarly attention to the experiences of Indian women journalists has focused on high profile instances of rape and sexual assault. But this focus on highly egregious, dramatic stories deflects attention from ongoing global structural problems as well as ongoing sexism and gender discrimination in journalism. Interviews with Indian women journalists indicate a concern with everyday sexism and discriminatory practices at the hands of sources, colleagues, and editors. Additionally, women journalists are not confident that newsrooms will become less toxic for women any time soon. They describe legal guidelines designed to protect women as ineffective and rarely implemented. We ground our understanding of sexual harassment in theories about the politics and power of women but also connect the persistence of these sexist practices--and women's powerlessness to prevent them--to the growing casualization of the journalism workforce in India. The precarity of the journalism industry leaves women vulnerable but reluctant to complain. | https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA506829506&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=21539707&p=AONE&sw=w&userGroupName=anon%7Edca66a4c | No | ||||||||||||||||||
12 | Gendering War and Peace Journalism: New challenges for media research | 2017 | von der Lippe, Beri and Ottosen, Rune | Norweigan Business School; Oslo University College | Book Chapter | The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression | Nordicom, pp. 61-70 | The article addresses in what way gender matters when dealing with war – and peace journalism. Issues discussed are to what extent the experiences of male and female reporters differ when they cover stories from the front line, especially regarding safety and working conditions. One important question is whether the increased presence of women in the frontline might be indicative of a change in war storylines. Are the stories framed differently dependent on the gender of the reporter? Will women’s perspectives allow for greater engagement with the lives of the victims of war rather than its technical and strategic aspects? The article also addresses how gender perspectives can contribute new ideas on peace journalism and even challenge our understanding of Johan Galtung’s theory | http://norden.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1168137/FULLTEXT01.pdf | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
13 | Women In Media: The Nepalese Perspective | 2017 | PRAKRITI, K.C. | Unknown | Article | International Journal of Social, Political and Economic Research | 4(1) pp. 33-38 | A journalist is a person who involves in activities such as writing/ reporting for newspapers, magazines or on news websites in order to be published/ broadcasted. The journalists have social responsibility i.e. objective reporting. Media is the "Fourth Estate" and journalists are the watchdogs of society. In order to carry out the healthy practice of journalism the journalists need to be free and the circumstances need to be safe. Journalist safety is the most important aspect of press freedom.The other question that arises time and again is about the representation of women in Media. Even the concept of gender inequality might have changed over the course of time and the representation of women is still minimal. Women have not gained parity with men in terms of participation and decision making. | http://ijosper.uk/index.php/i/article/view/16 | No | ||||||||||||||||||
14 | Safety Concerns in the Nigerian Media What gender dynamics? | 2017 | Ngusuur Unaegbu, Lilian | United Nations | Book Chapter | The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression | Nordicom, pp. 171-184 | This chapter focuses on gender dynamics in media safety in Nigeria. It critically examines the safety challenges journalists in Nigeria face in executing their duties in a country that has experienced different forms of conflicts, ranging from political instability, organized crime, terrorism, and communal conflict. It analyses these challenges in relation to gender. To achieve this, the researcher made use of primary data generated from interviews with journalists. The chapter discloses issues of gender-based discrimination, sexual and violent harassment, abuse at work and outside work, murder, and unwarranted arrest and intimidation, showing they are among the challenges journalists face. It identifies some gender-specific safety concerns among the journalists interviewed. Importantly, it finds that safety challenges such as sexual harassment are hardly reported and when reported, they are usually trivialized, most times re-shaming the victim(s) and causing the victim to shy away from reporting future occurrences. | https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1168137/FULLTEXT01.pdf#page=173 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
15 | Tackling gendered violence online: Evaluating digital safety strategies for women journalists | 2018 | Martin, Fiona | University of Sydney | Article | Austrlian Journalism Review | 40(2) pp. 73-89 | While many reporters regularly experience online violence, women journalists are more likely than their male counterparts to be target-ed for abusive comments and image focused, violently sexualised ag-gression. With such gendered violence having serious implications for media freedom, diversity and equity, as well as participation online, it is imperative that digital safety initiatives address the specificity and diversity of online attacks on women journalists and in ways that address the structural factors underpinning them – that is, going beyond an emphasis on individual responsibility. This paper analyses the gen-der-specific digital safety strategies proposed for women journalists by international anti-violence projects and how they address the responsibility for acting on gendered online attacks. It evaluates the emphasis safety training packages put on promotional, preventative, procedural, or prosecutorial measures and on individual, collective or networked and managerial approaches to these attacks. Drawing on a feminist “ethics of care”, the paper argues that gendered online violence needs to be tackled as a multilevel online governance issue rather than just a personal safety issue, with better support from peers, employers and legal and political institutions | https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/informit.222297051926912 | No | ||||||||||||||||||
16 | Why do we have to search for a line here and there on safety for women journalists? | 2018 | Walsh, Nonee; Saady, Abeer and Martin, Fiona | University of Sydney | Article | Austrlian Journalism Review | 40(2) pp. 67-71 | 1,010 journalists have been killed in the last decade, according to UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres, with nine out of 10 cases remaining unresolved (Guterres, 2018). Imprisonments alone total more than three times the annual death toll, and the number of journalists in jail across the globe in 2017 hit a new record (Beiser, 2017). Yet, while men represent the majority of those killed and detained, the percentage of women killed in the last five years has more than tripled from 4 per cent of total deaths in 2012, to 14 per cent in 2017 (UNESCO, 2018a). Reports by Reporters Sans Frontieres (2018) and the International Women's Media Association (Barton and Storm, 2016) tell us many more women have been attacked, detained or threatened. | https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/INFORMIT.222278418955654 | No | ||||||||||||||||||
17 | TrollBusters: Fighting Online Harassment of Women Journalists | 2018 | Ferrier, Michelle and Garud-Patkar, Nisha | Independent Researcher | Book Chapter | Mediating Misogyny Gender, Technology, and Harassment | Springer, pp. 311-332 | For women journalists, online harassment may result in emotional stress and may require legal and technological remedies to mitigate the damage caused to their identity and reputation. Perpetrators can use a combination of online and offline attacks that threaten the employment and safety of journalists. In the case of women writers, misogynistic and racist attacks can create a chilling effect that silences their voices online and creates a deterrent to freedom of expression that ultimately erodes the freedom of the press. Based on the examination of seminal work, case studies and personal anecdotes, this chapter investigates the consequences of abuse via Twitter and Facebook on the freedom of speech, the emotional and psychological impact on women journalists, and its implications on press freedom. Moreover, before suggesting digital defense strategies for journalists, the chapter also chronicles the development of TrollBusters, a platform for women journalists that counters online hate with positive messaging and just-in-time rescue services. | https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-72917-6_16 | No | ||||||||||||||||||
18 | Changing Forms and Platforms of Misogyny: Sexual Harassment of Women Journalists on Twitter | 2018 | Rego, Richard | St Joseph's College | Article | Media Watch | 9(3) pp. 472-485 | Across time, in a variety of forms and spaces -from homes and workplaces to digital domains of social media- women have become victims of male dominance. So also are the other vulnerable sections that suffer multi-layered abuse, and endure sexual harassment in social media. Yet, this phenomenon is insufficiently explored. Therefore, this article argues that social media spaces have become domains for sexual harassment and subjugation of women. This article examines gender-trolling on Twitter as a form of sexual violence against women. Employing qualitative analyses of the Twitter conversations on Indian journalists, namely Barkha Dutt, Sagarika Ghose, and Rana Ayyub, it exposes the nature and form of sexual violence against women on the micro-blogging space, and argues that social media platforms constitute convenient havens of harassment against assertive women | https://hcommons.org/deposits/item/hc:39681/ | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
19 | Women in Israeli Journalism Israel Affairs | 2018 | Lachovera, Einat and Lemish, Dafna | Sapir Academic College, Southern Illinois University | Article | Israel Affairs | 4(3) pp. 500-518 | This article presents findings from investigations of acclaimed gender employment changes in Israeli journalism, focusing on two main questions: Is the feminisation process of Israeli journalism continuing? Is it improving women’s employment and occupational status? Data were gathered from two international surveys that included Israel. The study found that while women are integrated in a variety of news areas, such as news presentation, and play a significant role in management, their roles and salaries are unequal to men. These findings shed light on gender (in)equality and identify some of the mechanisms that exclude Israeli women from the labour market. | https://politicallycorret.co.il/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/D21_Women-in-Israeli-journalism.-Forwards-and-backwards.-Israel-Affairs.pdf | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
20 | Female journalists under attack? Explaining gender differences in reactions to audiences' attacks | 2019 | Stahel, Lea and Schoen, Constantin | University of Zurich | Article | New Media and Society | 22(10) pp. 1849-1867 | The literature on public figures attacked by their audiences is unclear why female and male figures react differently to attacks. This study examines why female journalists are more likely than male journalists to use avoidance strategies as a reaction to online attacks. Avoidance includes limiting audience engagement, adapting reporting behavior, and thinking about quitting journalism. Drawing on social role theory and gender stereotypes, this study contrasts two explanatory hypotheses. The results, based on mediation analyses of online survey data of 637 journalists representative of Switzerland, show that women are more likely than men to use avoidance strategies because women are more stressed by attacks. This heightened stress is argued to result from differences in gender role socialization. In contrast, while women are somewhat more severely attacked than men, this cannot explain their greater probability of avoidance. Results contribute a theoretically and empirically rich explanation of gendered reactions to attacks. | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1461444819885333?journalCode=nmsa | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
21 | Online violence Against Women Journalists: A Global Snapshot of Incidence and Impacts | 2020 | Posetti, Julie; Aboulez, Nermine ; Bontcheva, Kalina; Harrison, Jackie and Waisbord, Silvio | International Center for Journalists; University of Oregon; University of Sheffield; George Washington University | Report | Online violence Against Women Journalists: A Global Snapshot of Incidence and Impacts | UNESCO | This report presents a snapshot of the first substantial findings from a global survey about online violence against women journalists conducted by UNESCO and the International Center for Journalists (ICFJ) in late 2020. Over 900 validated participants from 125 countries completed the survey in Arabic, English, French, Portuguese and Spanish. The findings shared here reflect the input of the 714 respondents identifying as women. | http://icfj.org/sites/default/files/2020-12/UNESCO%20Online%20Violence%20Against%20Women%20Journalists%20-%20A%20Global%20Snapshot%20Dec9pm.pdf | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
22 | A way to silence journalists? Estonian female journalists’ experiences with harassment and self-censorship | 2020 | Ivask, Signe | Masaryk University | Book Chapter | Journalist Safety and Self-Censorship | Routledge | The aim of the study is to investigate Estonian female journalists’ experiences with harassment resulting in self-censorship. We carried out three studies: one in 2015, a second in 2016 and a third one in 2018. The data were gathered by in-depth interviews (2015 and 2018), journalists’ diaries (2015) and a questionnaire (2016). The sample consisted of eight sports journalists (2015), 12 female journalists from different fields (2018) and 181 respondents (115 female, 66 male, 2016). The results of the three studies revealed that comments made towards female journalists aimed at degrading their authority (emphasizing age, experience or gender); and argued that female journalists should work elsewhere or find a more “female” profession. Female journalists did not read comments on their stories not only because of the lack of time, but to avoid harassment and insults. Secondly, to avoid harassment from sources or audiences, journalists showed signs of self-censorship as they avoided writing on topics that bring along more attention, such as refugees, minority groups, and corruption cases, or avoided writing on topics that include sources with whom they have had negative experiences. | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780367810139-8/way-silence-journalists-estonian-female-journalists-experiences-harassment-self-censorship-signe-ivask?context=ubx&refId=53795052-b911-4220-bea2-1997273d71dc | No | ||||||||||||||||||
23 | Work-related sexual harassment and coping techniques: the case of Indonesian female journalists | 2020 | Simorangkir, Deborah N. | Swiss German University | Article | Media Asia | 47(1-2) pp. 23-33 | Female journalists make up only between five to 10 percent of the total journalists in Indonesia. Consequently, this often gives women little bargaining power in the workplace. This research analyzes the prevalence and nature of sexual harassment experienced by Indonesian female journalists, as well as their coping techniques. In doing so, in-depth interviews with 10 Indonesian female journalists were conducted. Results show that the majority of respondents have encountered some type of sexual harassment, ranging from unwelcome sexual advances, sexual jokes, offensive flirtations, or actual sexual assaults. Based on the in-depth interviews, there were six main coping techniques used by the respondents: 1. Denial; 2. Ignoring the harassment; 3. Relying on the protection of male coworkers; 4. Appearing more masculine; 5. Being friendly and approachable to others; and, 6. Confronting and reporting. Data is analyzed using a feminist perspective, specifically the sociocultural theory. Though the participants in this study have learned to cope with such treatment, the overall persistence of sexual harassment may lead to such negative implications as further decrease of the number of female journalists, lack of diversity in the media, and the inability for journalists to be watchdogs. | https://www.igi-global.com/chapter/shooting-the-messenger-slowly-but-surely/246425 | No | ||||||||||||||||||
24 | Latinx Feminist Activism for the Safety of Women Journalists | 2020 | Vega Montiel, Aimée | National Autonomous University of Mexico | Book Chapter | The Routledge Handbook of Gender and Communication | Routledge | Gender-based violence against women journalists has increased dramatically, both offline and online. These professionals face more barriers to performing their roles in safe conditions. Slow progress has been made by governments and news media industries to protect women journalists. Most of the progressive actions to address this widespread problem have been achieved by journalists, non-government organizations (NGOs), and scholars. Thanks to the work done by these actors, violence against women journalists has been unveiled and caught the attention of human rights courts. Grounded in both communication studies and feminist theory, this chapter analyzes the structural conditions enabling gender-based violence against women journalists in Latin America to explore how it affects the collective right to freedom of expression and to consider responses to this crisis from activist movements. | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429448317-44/latinx-feminist-activism-safety-women-journalists-aim%C3%A9e-vega-montiel | No | ||||||||||||||||||
25 | In her own words: Melanesian women in media | 2020 | Valencia-Forrester, Faith; Backhaus, Bridget and Stewart, Heather | Griffith University; | Article | Pacific Journalism Review | 26(1) pp. 63-74 | Representation of women in media has been a noted gender equity issue globally for decades. Given the increasing encroachments into press freedom in Melanesia, female journalists and media workers face serious challenges. With this in mind, the Melanesia Media Freedom Forum (MMFF) hosted a special session focusing specifically on the issues affecting women in the media in Melanesia. This article focuses on the discussions of female Melanesian journalists and the unique challenges they face in terms of representation in the media workforce, having their voices heard in the media, and the threats to their personal safety. | https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/INFORMIT.361665990748114 | No | ||||||||||||||||||
26 | What foolish risks we took | 2020 | Martin, Gill | Former Journalist | Commentary | British Journalism Review | 31(4) pp. 45-50 | A former news reporter looks back with horror at the news desk assignments that placed young women journalists in danger | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0956474820978080?casa_token=0LoOu1U5F34AAAAA:riGRwvALPsI5Y4teVy-ciURYaP9GHDBOwqgmtTcCUPhZ6sNpBjtrZgqm2u5cbO5OGoELg0hkL-o | No | ||||||||||||||||||
27 | The “triple effect” silencing female journalists online. A theoretical exploration | 2020 | Høiby, Marte | Oslo Metropolitan University | Book Chapter | Journalist Safety and Self-Censorship | Routledge | Online harassment of women journalists imposes self-censorship and threatens women’s participation in online journalism. This is of grave concern for the development of freedom of speech and plurality in the media (Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe [OSCE], 2019). Part of this issue’s complexity was summarized by the International Federation of Journalists (IFJ) Deputy General Secretary, Jeremy Dear: “In some parts of the world, it’s a result of what women write and in others it’s because of the mere fact that they write” (IFEX, 2019). Perhaps more often, these two motivational factors are working together creating a significantly more threatening online environment for female journalists than for their male colleagues. When such discontent appears within the ungoverned spheres of the Internet, the dimension of it seems to grow exponentially. The result is a climate of fear, silence and self-censorship – and potentially women’s absence in the future online public sphere. This chapter presents an explorative theoretical approach to understanding the processes at play when women journalists are threatened and harassed online. Looking primarily to research within gender- and feminist- theory, computer communication and cyber psychology studies and literature on antipress violence, I argue that female journalists’ predisposition to online harassment is largely connected to online governance (or lack thereof), an enduring patriarchy and a rise in threats against journalists. | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780367810139-7/triple-effect-silencing-female-journalists-online-marte-h%C3%B8iby?context=ubx&refId=69e5c261-076d-41ce-8176-6620cb54dcb1 | No | ||||||||||||||||||
28 | Female Journalists’ Experience of Online Harassment: A Case Study of Nepal | 2020 | Koirala, Samiksha | Nepal Open University | Article | Media and Communication | 8(1) pp. 47-56 | This study examines the experiences of female journalists in Nepal in the context of rapidly growing expansion of broadband Internet. By examining the findings of the qualitative in-depth interview of 48 female journalists, it argues that online platforms are threatening press freedom in Nepal, mainly by silencing female journalists. The study also indicates that the problem is particularly severe in such a patriarchal society as a significant number of incidents of abuse go unreported, largely due to a culture of shame as well as ineffective legislation. Over the course of this article, I have attempted to show how social issues raised by second-wave feminism and online feminism are similar. The findings show that some of the female journalists experiencing harassment tolerate it by being ‘strong like a man,’ while many of them avoid social media platforms such as Twitter and Facebook to keep free of such abuse. The study also suggests that individual efforts to tackle the vicious issue of misogyny might not be enough and collective effort from legislation, media organisations, and feminists is required to address the issue. | https://www.cogitatiopress.com/mediaandcommunication/article/view/2541 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
29 | #MeToo, Sexual Harassment and Coping Strategies in Norwegian Newsrooms | 2020 | Idås, Trond; Orgeret, Kristin Skare and Backholm, Klas | Oslo Metropolitan University | Article | Media and Communication | 8(1) pp. 57-67 | This article, through conducting a study of the sexual harassment (SH) of media workers, investigates the extent and types of SH experienced by the editorial staff of Norwegian newsrooms at the time the #MeToo campaign arrived in Norway, and what effects such experiences have on journalists’ professional lives. We are also interested in what Norwegian media houses are doing to address these challenges. The leading research question consists of three interrelated parts: To what extent are journalists exposed to SH? What coping strategies do they use? How can newsrooms be better prepared to fight SH, from the perspective of the safety of journalists? A mixed methods approach, which combines findings from a quantitative questionnaire with qualitative in-depth interviews, was used to answer these questions. The findings show that female, young, and temporary media workers are significantly more frequently targeted than others and that those who had experienced SH handled the situation using avoiding strategies to a significantly greater extent than those who had only been exposed to unwanted attention experiences. The findings feed into a discussion of what strategies media houses can use to be better prepared in the fight against SH. | https://www.cogitatiopress.com/mediaandcommunication/article/view/2529 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
30 | Suffering in Silence: The Resilience of Pakistan’s Female Journalists to Combat Sexual Harassment, Threats and Discrimination | 2020 | Jamil, Sadia | Khalifa University of Science and Technology | Article | Journalism Practice | 15(2) pp. 150-170 | Pakistan’s journalists confront severe safety risks across the country and impunity to crimes against them allows the perpetrators to go unpunished. Now the country is recognized as one of the deadliest places for working journalists in the world. Given this situation, the Pakistani female journalists are more vulnerable because they are not only prone to safety risks and sexual harassment, but also they face gender discrimination when it comes to their recruitment and equal pay-scale. In the past decade, there has been an alarming increase in attacks on female journalists and incidents of their sexual harassment in Pakistan. Notwithstanding the growing plague of sexual harassment and gender discrimination in the country, the resilience of female journalists to work within a threatening and prejudiced environment has not yet fully explored and analysed. Therefore, drawing on the postcolonial feminist theory, this study aims to investigate the Pakistani female journalists’ lived experiences of sexual harassment, threats and discrimination. The study also analyses the impacts of sexual harassment, threats and gender discrimination on the country’s female journalists. To achieve the aforementioned aims, this study uses the qualitative methods of in-depth interviews and focus groups discussion, and offers a thematic analysis of qualitative data. | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17512786.2020.1725599?casa_token=l6eSyT1uKSwAAAAA%3A-DbxGHzP-qc5llmPKV2wdu94MmxkTHHa_s7mUp9703VIVB0Da1n3eAEL8wgw03U2_D7JhsJilD0 | No | ||||||||||||||||||
31 | Risk perception and negotiation of safety among Ugandan female journalists covering political demonstrations | 2020 | Nakiwala, Aisha Sembatya | Makerere University. | Book Chapter | Journalist Safety and Self-Censorship | Routledge | Safety of female journalists in and beyond the newsroom continues to stimulate debate on how risky environments can trigger self-censorship among journalists, yet few studies have investigated women journalists’ experience of risk in specific work contexts. This chapter examines the perception of risk among female journalists who cover political demonstrations, and how they negotiate such risks. Anchored in theories of media and gender, self-censorship and resilience, the chapter dwells on political demonstrations that have become pervasive in the more than 30-year rule of Uganda’s current president. Data were collected through focus group discussions with female reporters and structured in-depth interviews with newsroom managers. Findings indicate that covering political demonstrations is perceived as risky for female journalists, who are also increasingly aware of their vulnerability. This perceived vulnerability produces a deterrent effect on women’s enthusiasm to cover riots. Nonetheless, women rely on techniques that spur collective resilience, which in turn helps to avert self-censorship. Although focusing on political demonstrations, the instantiated perceptions would likely resonate with other situations in which female journalists work. Thus, applying a gender lens to future self-censorship and resilience studies may open new frontiers of understanding, especially of what gender-specific self-censorship and resilience practices thrive in different contexts. | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780367810139-9/risk-perception-negotiation-safety-among-ugandan-female-journalists-covering-political-demonstrations-aisha-sembatya-nakiwala | No | ||||||||||||||||||
32 | You Really Have to Have a Thick Skin’: A Cross-Cultural Perspective on How Online Harassment Influences Female Journalists | 2020 | Chen, Gina Masullo Chen; Pain, Paromita; Chen, Victoria, Y.; Mekelburg, Madlin; Springer, Nina and Troger, Franziska | The University of Texas at Austin, National Chung Cheng University, El Paso Times, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, | Article | Journalism | 21(7) pp. 877-895 | In-depth interviews with 75 female journalists who work or have worked in Germany, India, Taiwan, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America reveal that they face rampant online gendered harassment that influences how they do their jobs. Many of the women report that if they aim to engage with their audience online – which is a job requirement for many of them – they frequently face sexist comments that criticize, attack, marginalize, stereotype, or threaten them based on their gender or sexuality. Often, criticism of their work is framed as misogynistic attacks and, sometimes, even involves sexual violence. The journalists have developed a variety of strategies for dealing with the abuse, including limiting what they post online, changing what stories they report on, and using technological tools to prevent people from posting offensive words on the journalists’ public social media pages. Results show that this harassment disrupts the routinized practice of reciprocal journalism because it limits how much these women can interact with the audience in mutually beneficial ways without being attacked or undermined sexually. While experiences of harassment were consistent across the countries studied, cultural differences were evident in how much the journalists were expected to engage online. Results are discussed in relation to the hierarchy of influences model that aims to explain how multiple forces influence media content. | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1464884918768500 | No | ||||||||||||||||||
33 | Online Harassment of Female Journalists in Bangladesh: Forms, Reactions, and Consequences | 2021 | Kundu, Priyanka and Bhuiyan, Md. Mahbubul Haque | Bangladesh University of Professionals, Bangladesh/Comilla University, Bangladesh | Book Chapter | Handbook of Research on Discrimination, Gender Disparity, and Safety Risks in Journalism | IGI Global, pp. 143-166 | The online harassment of female journalists is a rising concern around the world and also in South Asia. Bangladesh, a South Asian country, recently, has experienced an increasing number of harassments against female journalists online. Various studies explored the online harassment, mostly from the Western perspectives. Scholars have argued that the online harassments may negatively affect the freedom of expression. But little is known about Bangladesh. Drawing upon feminist theory, this study investigated the experiences of online journalists in Bangladesh. The objectives were to explore the nature and forms of online harassment and to find how this experiences of harassments affect the freedom of expression of the victims. Data were collected through content analysis, semiotic analysis of the uncivil comments available in the online news feedback and in-depth interviews. Results of the study indicate that online harassment is a frequent phenomenon where the victim journalists feel vulnerable in the ‘unsafe' online ‘patriarchal' environment. | https://www.igi-global.com/chapter/online-harassment-of-female-journalists-in-bangladesh/267632 | |||||||||||||||||||
34 | The Voice of Women and Challenges of Gender Equality in Georgian Media | 2021 | Gersamia, Mariam; Toradze, Maia and Markariani, Liana | Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Georgia/Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Georgia/Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Georgia | Book Chapter | Handbook of Research on Discrimination, Gender Disparity, and Safety Risks in Journalism | IGI Global, pp. 232-250 | This research analyzes the media landscape in Georgia from a gender equality perspective to identify the existing stereotypes dominant in Georgian media organizations. Georgia (country) faces the challenges related to femicide, domestic violence, employment of women, early or forced marriages, sexual harassment, blackmailing of female journalists, and there is a lack of awareness regarding gender equality. The study answers research questions: What sociocultural context and basic psychological motivators drive females to choose journalism as a profession? Is there any gender inequality regarding the workplace and positions in Georgian media (TV, print, radio, and online media) and if ‘yes' how does it present? Are there any predefined topics/themes covered specifically by the male or female journalists? What gender-related stereotypes (if any) dominate/take over in Georgian media? | https://www.igi-global.com/chapter/the-voice-of-women-and-challenges-of-gender-equality-in-georgian-media/267637 | No | ||||||||||||||||||
35 | Newsroom Representation and Discrimination Against Female Journalists in Ghana | 2021 | Sackey, Rainbow; Asiamah, Abraham Atobrah and Aboagye, Lisa Agyinor Forson | University of Education, Winneba, Ghana/University of Education, Winneba, Ghana/University of Education, Winneba, Ghana | Book Chapter | Handbook of Research on Discrimination, Gender Disparity, and Safety Risks in Journalism | IGI Global, pp. 297-318 | In journalism, there are still growing concerns about the ratio of men to women, even though women's presence in the newsroom have increased progressively. The issues of gender stereotyping and discrimination against women have emerged over time and still remain an issue of great concern. In view of this, using the gender theory, this chapter aims to interrogate the issues of female representation in the practice of journalism in Ghana, in terms of numbers, portrayals, and discriminations. To achieve the aim, the study employs a qualitative approach through in-depth interviews. The study reveal that men still dominate the journalism profession in Ghana. Also women in the newsroom are portrayed on one hand as capable and hardworking and on the other hand as emotional and immoral. Furthermore, women in journalism in Ghana are discriminated against in terms of salary structure and job roles. It was also revealed that female journalists in Ghana are employing strategies like apathy and rebelliousness to deal with the negative portrayals and discrimination against them. | https://www.igi-global.com/chapter/newsroom-representation-and-discrimination-against-female-journalists-in-ghana/267641 | |||||||||||||||||||
36 | Reckoning With #MeToo and the Aftermath: Perception of Workplace Harassment, Sexism, and the #MeToo Movement Among Journalists in India | 2021 | Sohal, Prabhjot Kaur | Panjab University, India | Book Chapter | Handbook of Research on Discrimination, Gender Disparity, and Safety Risks in Journalism | IGI Global, pp. 104-118 | In 2017, following the #MeToo movement stirred by the public outing of Hollywood producer Harvey Weinstein, the safety of women at the workplace became a prime agenda for international news media. Although far from being truly inclusive, the #MeToo movement rapidly spread to other parts of the world. Women of different nationalities, backgrounds, and race shared their stories of abuse and survival using the #MeToo hashtag and its variants. In 2018, women within the news media industry in India joined the movement and called out prominent editors, filmmakers, and artists on social media for perpetrating and abetting acts of sexual harassment and abuse against them. As an immediate result, several accused were made to resign from their organizations and dropped from prestigious public posts. However, a backlash to the movement followed soon after, most evidently in the form of victim-shaming and defamation lawsuits against women. Based on the theory of epistemic advantage, the study explores the perception of sexual harassment among journalists in India using in-depth interviews. | https://www.igi-global.com/chapter/reckoning-with-metoo-and-the-aftermath/267630 | No | ||||||||||||||||||
37 | “She’s just another pretty face:” sexual harassment of female photographers | 2021 | Somerstein, Rachel | SUNY New Paltz | Article | Feminist Media Studies | DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2021.1984274 | This article examines sexual and gendered harassment among professional female editorial photographers, whose experiences have largely been under-researched. It draws on semi-structured interviews conducted between 2017–2019 with 17 female professional editorial photographers, aged 23–82, who work in a variety of beats. Sixteen of 17 interviewees encountered sexual harassment, with gendered harassment the most common. Harassers included professors, other photographers, colleagues, salespeople, subjects, and the general public, whom photographers encountered at school, work, while networking, and when using and buying gear. Largely, participants addressed the sexual and gendered harassment on an individual level, rather than reporting it to editors or other authorities. These findings add qualitative nuance to quantitative research that suggests physical risks and economic precarity may drive women from the profession. | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14680777.2021.1984274 | No | ||||||||||||||||||
38 | Handbook of Research on Discrimination, Gender Disparity, and Safety Risks in Journalism | 2021 | Çoban, Barış; Ataman, Bora; Appiah-Adeji, Gifty and Jamil, Sadia | Doğuş University; Khalifa University of Science & Technology; University of Education, Winneba | Book | Handbook of Research on Discrimination, Gender Disparity, and Safety Risks in Journalism | IGI Global | Today, a variety of gender-based threats and discrimination continue to characterize journalism. Both male and female journalists are prone to online and offline threats, casual stereotypes in their routine work, and discrimination (especially in terms of job opportunities, promotion, and pay-scale). Working in a safe and non-discriminatory environment is the right of all journalists, regardless of their gender. The Handbook of Research on Discrimination, Gender Disparity, and Safety Risks in Journalism is a critical reference book that highlights equal rights in journalism to ensure the safety of women and men. The book investigates the level and nature of threats, both online and offline, faced by journalists as well as gender discrimination in journalism. Best practices and examples that can promote a safe working environment and gender equality in journalism are also presented. Highlighting important themes such as online harassment, sexism, and gender-based violence, this book is ideal for journalists, reporters, media organizations, professionals, researchers, academicians, and students working or studying in the fields of journalism, media and communications, human rights, and women's studies. | https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Handbook_of_Research_on_Discrimination_G/x8IKEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 | No | ||||||||||||||||||
39 | Discrimination, Gender Disparity, and Safety Risks in Journalism: An Introduction | 2021 | Jamil, Sadia and Gifty Appiah-Adjei | Khalifa University and University of Education | Book Chapter | Handbook of Research on Discrimination, Gender Disparity, and Safety Risks in Journalism | IGI Global, pp. 1-7 | International media monitoring organisations have continually called for commitment of critical actors of free expression and media freedom to ensure the safety of journalists in their strive for open societies. Another dimension to this call is the need to draw attention to the issue of gender-based threats and discrimination in the media industry and its implications for free expression and media freedom. This chapter explores discrimination, gender equality, and safety risks in journalism. | https://www.igi-global.com/chapter/discrimination-gender-disparity-and-safety-risks-in-journalism/267624 | No | ||||||||||||||||||
40 | Conclusion: Fostering Gender Equality and Safety in Journalism Profession | 2021 | Çobana, Barış and Ataman, Bora | Doğuş University/Doğuş University | Book Chapter | Handbook of Research on Discrimination, Gender Disparity, and Safety Risks in Journalism | IGI Global, pp. 394-298 | Journalism is a two-faced mirror that both generates and reflects social inequalities: Both people's experiences within news organizations and the content published by them make the gender inequality visible. We can define journalism, just like all other patriarchal institutions, as an institution that generates gender inequality. In order to get a clear understanding of this problem, we have to address the actors, means, processes and conditions that generate this inequality in journalism first, and then we may suggest solutions based on real-life cases. Indeed, knowledge building is, as always, a priority in order to make working conditions safer for women and LGBT journalists. This chapter aims to support the struggle for gender equality in journalism within this context. | https://www.igi-global.com/chapter/conclusion/267645 | No | ||||||||||||||||||
41 | Female Investigative Journalists: Overcoming Threats, Intimidation, and Violence with Gendered Strategies | 2021 | Konow-Lund, Maria and Høiby, Marte | Oslo Metropolitan University | Article | Journalism Practice | DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2021.2008810 | During the past two decades, numerous investigative journalist networks have emerged globally, through which journalists from different places and cultures collaborate. In this article, we focus specifically on the experiences of female investigative journalists and the ways in which they navigate challenges of intimidation, threats, and violence and adapt to stay safe and prosper in their practice. Our research is based on interviews with experienced and renowned investigative reporters, or so-called elite interviewees (Figenschou 2010), who have worked on transnational collaborations such as the Panama Papers, the Organized Crime and Corruption Project (OCCRP), and the Forbidden Stories. We interviewed eleven female and four male investigative reporters within these networks, some of them twice, over a two-year period. The study findings show that while the cross-cultural environments of these networks can open doors and be beneficial to female journalists in cultures where women otherwise have limited professional leeway, these journalists must still manage a range of detrimental local conditions on the ground. When confronting globalized structures of crime and power through their collaborative and cross-cultural work, female journalists can face social and professional slander and physical and verbal attacks in return. The exchange of coping strategies within professional networks and collaborations will help to mitigate local challenges on the ground and sustain women's participation in professional journalism. | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17512786.2021.2008810 | No | ||||||||||||||||||
42 | Using Facebook to Discuss Aspects of Industry Safety: How Women Journalists Enact Ethics of Care in Online Professional Space | 2021 | Mesmer, Kelsey and Jahng, M. Rosie | Wayne State University | Article | Journalism Studies | 8, pp. 1083-1102 | This survey-based case study explored members' motives for using a closed Facebook group specifically for women journalists. Particularly, we explored a motivation based on the feminist ethics of care and members' experiences of harassment, job satisfaction, and confidence in discussing safety issues with supervisors. Results indicated that gender-specific professional support and the ethics of care were primary motives for group use, and the ethics of care motive positively predicted job satisfaction. Additionally, those who experienced in-person harassment were more likely to be motivated by ethics of care, and the gender-specific professional support motive was related to confidence in discussing safety threats. | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1461670X.2021.1920452 | No | ||||||||||||||||||
43 | Gender Mainstreaming in the Media: The Issue of Professional and Workplace Safety of Women Journalists in Nepal | 2021 | Pant, Laxman Datt | Media Action Nepal, Nepal | Book Chapter | Handbook of Research on Discrimination, Gender Disparity, and Safety Risks in Journalism | IGI Global, pp. 194-210 | Media sector, in Nepal, has been vibrant and it is flourishing across all media outlets with about 1,000 newspapers, 600 radio stations, about five dozen television channels and more than 2,200 online news portals currently in operation across the country. Despite such an impressive figure, the reluctance of media houses to spend on embracing the key dimensions of gender sensitivity including professional safety of women journalists at workplace has had a dropping effect on the entire sector. Women remain cut out of the key decision-making levels in media. Media houses do not have any comprehensive prevention, support, complaints, and redress system with regards to sexual harassment and bullying in the workplace. This chapter assesses the state of gender sensitivity in newsrooms of Nepal with reference to professional safety of women journalists. Observations indicate that media houses should give due priority to professional safety of women journalists. | https://www.igi-global.com/chapter/gender-mainstreaming-in-the-media/267634 | No | ||||||||||||||||||
44 | Female Journalists and Safety Challenges in Selected Media Organizations in Kano State, Nigeria | 2021 | Ibrahim, Hadiza Jummai and Spikin, Binta Rabi'u | Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria/Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria | Book Chapter | Handbook of Research on Discrimination, Gender Disparity, and Safety Risks in Journalism | IGI Global, pp. 366-393 | Journalism schools have being witnessing an increase in female enrollment in Nigeria, but this is not proportional to the number of women who work in media organizations. For the women who eventually get employed as journalists,they experience various safety challenges which affect their advancement and continued presence in journalism. This chapter looked at safety challenges faced by female journalists in selected media organizations in Kano state of Nigeria. The study was hinged on spiral of silence theory to show how female journalists keep mute about the challenges they experience and prefer to report the so-called soft news. The study used focus group discussion and in-depth interview as the research methodology. Four sessions were held with each group consisting of eight female journalists. Findings show that majority of the participants had experienced threats, attacks,harassments, marginalization, and discrimination. In addition, most media organizations do not have laid down safety policies except for a few safety measures when the need arises. | https://www.igi-global.com/chapter/female-journalists-and-safety-challenges-in-selected-media-organizations-in-kano-state-nigeria/267644 | No | ||||||||||||||||||
45 | Sexism and Gender Discrimination in Pakistan's Mainstream News Media | 2021 | Hafeez, Erum and Zahid, Luavut | Media Science Department, Iqra University, Karachi, Pakistan/ Independent Researcher, Pakistan | Book Chapter | Handbook of Research on Discrimination, Gender Disparity, and Safety Risks in Journalism | IGI Global, pp. 60-89 | This research aims to examine how sexism and gender discrimination impacts women journalists in Pakistan. The International Federation of Journalists (2018-19) ranks Pakistan as the fourth most dangerous country for journalists. The Coalition for Women in Journalism declares Pakistan as the sixth-worst for female journalists (2019). In 2018, the Global Gender Gap Report highlighted Pakistan as second from bottom, ranking it 148 out of 149 countries. Given these numbers, the country is an ominous space for women in news media. This study collects the data from women journalists working in the three largest cities of Pakistan, that is, Karachi, Lahore, and Islamabad. The aim is to investigate the issues faced by female journalists due to discrimination at the workplace including glass ceiling, pay gap, and lack of female leadership. Following the mixed-method approach, around 102 women journalists were surveyed, and 10 were interviewed. Findings indicate the rampant existence of sexism in Pakistani media and its detrimental effects on the growth of a gender-balanced news media industry. | https://www.igi-global.com/chapter/sexism-and-gender-discrimination-in-pakistans-mainstream-news-media/267628 | No | ||||||||||||||||||
46 | Dealing With Sexual Harassment: Are Women Journalists Silenced at Work? | 2021 | Ellao, Janess Ann J.; Roxas, Evelyn F. and Torres, Therese Patricia S. | International Association of Women in Radio and Television (IAWRT), Philippines/ Alipato Media Center Inc., Philippines & International Association of Women in Radio and Television (IAWRT), Philippines/Asian Institute of Journalism and Communication, Philippines & International Association of Women in Radio and Television (IAWRT), Philippines | Book Chapter | Handbook of Research on Discrimination, Gender Disparity, and Safety Risks in Journalism | IGI Global, pp. 24-42 | In the Philippines, sexual harassment is among the threats and attacks women in media face. While Filipino women journalists experience being sexually harassed by colleagues and sources, several have opted not to report such incidents for fear of being blamed and fear of retaliation from the accused. This case study research documents six Filipino women journalists' experiences. Findings were analyzed using thematic analysis, guided by the framework of the spiral of silence theory by Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann. The findings show that interviewees did not report sexual harassment and related issues because they perceived these cases as part of the reality of working in the news industry. Other factors for staying silent were uncertainties about how their employer will respond, the fear of losing sources, and the fear of being isolated from colleagues. The interviewees proposed strategies, however, on how cases of sexual harassment against women journalists should be addressed in the future. Suggested practices and policy recommendations are presented. | https://www.igi-global.com/chapter/dealing-with-sexual-harassment/267626 | No | ||||||||||||||||||
47 | Threats and Attacks on Women Journalists in the Philippines | 2021 | Tuazon, Ramon R. and Torres, Therese Patricia S. | Asian Institute of Journalism and Communication, Philippines & Asian Media Information and Communication Centre, Philippines/Asian Institute of Journalism and Communication, Philippines & International Association of Women in Radio and Television (IAWRT), Philippines | Book Chapter | Handbook of Research on Discrimination, Gender Disparity, and Safety Risks in Journalism | IGI Global, pp. 43-59 | Due to continuing threats and attacks on the media, journalist safety has been the subject of increasing scholarly research in the Philippines. A gap in the literature, however, is research on safety issues affecting Filipino women journalists in particular, despite reports on specific challenges they face. In a country where not only women in media but females in general are subjected to catcalling, sexually offensive remarks, and harassment, there is a need for more focused research in order to bring such issues to public attention and propose relevant protection policies and mechanisms. This case study research reveals the types of threats and attacks Filipino women journalists experience, as well as their responses and policy recommendations for media owners and editorial managers. | https://www.igi-global.com/chapter/threats-and-attacks-on-women-journalists-in-the-philippines/267627 | No | ||||||||||||||||||
48 | The new frontline Women journalists at the intersection of converging digital age threats | 2021 | Posetti, Julie | International Center for Journalists | Book Chapter | Insights on Peace and Conflict Reporting | Routledge | The chapter identifies the new threats posed by digital developments and how they affect women journalists in particular. There are three main converging safety threats confronting women journalists in the digital age: online harassment and abuse against women journalists; orchestrated disinformation campaigns targeting women journalists; and digital privacy and security threats exploiting women journalists' vulnerabilities. Online violence targeting women journalists manifests in a variety of ways that, nevertheless, share a number of common characteristics. The chapter exposes how a trend has emerged involving the specific targeting of women journalists by state and corporate actors engaged in “disinformation wars”. To illustrate the “new frontline” and bear witness of a rampant cyber-misogyny now confronting women journalists, the chapter presents four new international case studies from the Philippines, South Africa, India and Finland, and shows how all four female journalists used the techniques of research and investigative journalism against their attackers. Based on the research and policy analysis, the chapter ends with a series of recommendations, which could be used as part of a “combat plan” for key actors seeking to counter online violence against women journalists. | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003015628-9/new-frontline-julie-posetti | No | ||||||||||||||||||
49 | Unmasking Gender-Based Violence in Venezuelan Media | 2021 | Garrido, Mariateresa | University for Peace, Costa Rica | Book Chapter | Handbook of Research on Discrimination, Gender Disparity, and Safety Risks in Journalism | IGI Global, pp. 251-267 | The Venezuelan government has been instrumental to implement different types of gender-based violence and discrimination. Reports demonstrate that women have been killed, that their economic power decreased, and that they experienced problems related to access to education, health services, jobs, etc. This reality affects all women; however, there is not updated and systematized information about the problems faced by Venezuelan women journalists. This chapter uses Mohanty's theory and Hernandez's approach to illustrate the situation. It begins with an overview of the Venezuelan context, highlighting cases of gender-based violence and discrimination experienced by women. It also considers cases of economic exploitation, exclusion, disempowerment, cultural imperialism, and direct violence between 2018 and 2019. The chapter demonstrates the deteriorating situation and reveals patterns of oppression experienced by female journalists in Venezuela. | https://www.igi-global.com/chapter/unmasking-gender-based-violence-in-venezuelan-media/267638 | No | ||||||||||||||||||
50 | Women journalists in the pandemics of digital hate: A time where less is more | 2022 | Frutuoso Costa, Bruno | University of Coimbra | Conference Paper | Conference: World Press Freedom Day 2022 | pp. 1-20 | Digital platforms quickly became prevalent over physical public space, allowing debates, interactions, and activism to flourish. With women journalists contributing significantly to the formation of a vibrant digital public space, offline violence has adapted and evolved with digital platforms. Since 2015, the safety of journalists has profiled as an object of research in the field of communication sciences. Researchers identify, explore, and analyze the nature, prevalence, mediums of support and impacts, both personal and journalistic, of new aggressions specific to the digital environment, which aim to discredit, condition, and silence female participation. However, the wide diversity of terms and definitions used by academics has made it difficult to identify the phenomenon of digital violence against journalists and what would be the appropriate way to legislate it, to guarantee a protection of rights adapted to the digital environment. Based on scientific papers that have carried out a systematic review of terms used in previous research to characterize digital violence against women journalists, we intend to identify the best way to conceptually characterize the phenomenon and which issues need to be considered for a legislation of journalists' safety in digital arena. | https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Bruno-Costa-68/publication/360346090_Women_journalists_in_the_pandemics_of_digital_hate_A_time_where_less_is_more/links/6271c560973bbb29cc5faa6b/Women-journalists-in-the-pandemics-of-digital-hate-A-time-where-less-is-more.pdf | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
51 | Egyptian Women Journalists’ Feminist Voices in a Shifting Digitalized Journalistic Field | 2022 | Khamis, Sahar and El-Ibiary, Rasha | University of Maryland, College Park and Future University in Egypt | Article | Digital Journalism | 10(7) pp. 1238-1256 | This qualitative feminist study analyzes Egyptian women journalists’ articulations of their shifting roles, struggles, and resistances to the political, legal, socio-economic, and professional challenges in a shifting, hybrid, and digitalized journalistic field. Through analyzing 16 interviews with women journalists representing different media affiliations, experiences, and demographics, this study explores their varied perceptions of the shifts in journalistic professionalism and press freedom in Egypt, their equally shifting professional roles and struggles, and their varied resistance mechanisms. On the one hand, this study unpacks the multiple challenges facing them, such as restricted journalistic autonomy, limited access to information and technology, sexual harassment, lack of job security, and other forms of professional discrimination, in a male-dominated profession and a patriarchal culture. On the other hand, it investigates the parallel resistance mechanisms they deploy to overcome these challenges. We argue that the amalgamation of these cyclical, push-and-pull dynamics gave birth to a new “differentiated media landscape” (Schroeder 2018), representing a third space between mainstream media and citizen journalism, the online and the offline, and the old and the new, in a rapidly evolving journalistic field. | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21670811.2022.2039738 | No | ||||||||||||||||||
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53 | Journalists, harassment, and emotional labor: The case of women in on-air roles at US local television stations | 2022 | Miller, Kaitlin C. and Lewis, Seth C. | University of Oregon | Article | Journalism | 23(1) pp. 79-97 | At a time of growing threats to the press worldwide, including in supposedly ‘safe’ developed democracies, this article explores the nature of harassment perpetrated by strangers, one-time sources, and viewers against women broadcast journalists working at US local television stations. The study investigates the emotional labor – the work of managing one’s emotions to keep others happy – that is required for journalists negotiating such harassment. Through qualitative interviews, our research shows that women in such roles face four main types of harassment: (1) disruptive in-person harassment, (2) physical and abrasive in-person harassment, (3) online harassment as unwanted sexual advances, and (4) online harassment as threats and criticisms. We find that women perform a significant degree of emotional labor as they regularly deal with harassment and simultaneously attempt to mitigate or prevent further harassment. | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1464884919899016 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
54 | The Chilling: A global study of online violence against women journalists | 2022 | Posetti, Julie (lead researcher) | International Center for Journalists; University of Sheffield | Report | The Chilling: A global study of online violence against women journalists | https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000383044?posInSet=1&queryId=94f80c9e-1081-4b90-a063-916fff33b533 | This is an extracted chapter of a wider UNESCO-commissioned global study on online violence against women journalists produced by the Inter-national Center for Journalists (ICFJ). The full-length study will published in 2022. The chapter identifies the role of big tech companies and especially social media platforms, as vectors and facilitators of gender-based online violence targeting women journalists. And it assesses the responses of these companies to the problem, making 23 recommendations for more effective countermeasures. | https://www.icfj.org/sites/default/files/2022-11/ICFJ_UNESCO_The%20Chilling_2022_1.pdf | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
55 | “I Really Wanted Them to Have My Back, but They Didn’t”—Structural Barriers to Addressing Gendered Online Violence against Journalists | 2022 | Claesson, Annina | CREST (Institut Polytechnique de Paris) and Sciences Po Médialab | Article | Digital Journalism | DOI: 10.1080/21670811.2022.2110509 | Despite rising scholarly interest in online violence as an “occupational hazard” for journalists, we know little about the dynamics that shape the often-limited support given by media organizations to media workers affected by online violence. In this study, I explore how the working environment of journalists constrains opportunities for addressing gendered online violence. Through a total of 27 interviews with experts and media workers in the United Kingdom and India, I find that these structural barriers play out through three main dynamics: stratified access to support resources, workplace norms that punish reporting online violence as signs of “weakness,” and precarious conditions that leave journalists with little control over their work. Adverse press freedom conditions also appear to exacerbate the impact of these dynamics. Relating these findings to broader inequality regimes in the contemporary working world, I argue that online violence both reinforces and is reinforced by inequality regimes within media organizations. In the same way that organizations often fail to adequately address other forms of workplace harassment, structural barriers complicate newsroom responses to online violence. | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21670811.2022.2110509?casa_token=Mr45b9JqZ2gAAAAA%3AdT5q7GZnMjcuYU8oKIIhDrnENpXAHiVJIltLwUN649GoR3MJ3ei2rZdysfyKr20qM0urxl8Ua7_X | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
56 | Journalism safety and the actuality of achieving gender equality in the media landscape of Uzbekistan | 2022 | Otamurodova, Mukarram | University of Uzbekistan | Article | European Scholar Journal | DOI: 10.17605/OSF.IO/8Y3FK10.17605/OSF.IO/8Y3FK | Uzbekistan faces socio-political changes in the last years and the impact of these turnouts are reflected in the media landscape of the country. Several cases show that the issues of gender equality and the safety of journalists are becomingmore threatening. Some journalists suffer from political pressure, harassment, and physical or psychological threats. The analysis of the most discussed real cases can be the authentic example reducing of the freedom of the press in the country | https://osf.io/yqfu2 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
57 | The “Price You Pay” and the “Badge of Honor”: Journalists, Gender, and Harassment | 2022 | Miller, Kaitlin C. | University of Oregon | Article | Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly | DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/10776990221088761 | This article utilizes theoretical concepts of sensemaking and affective events theory to analyze and interpret what type of harassment events journalists experience from readers, viewers, and strangers, and their subsequent emotional responses. Findings indicated journalists experience three forms of harassment at work from those external to the newsroom, and that women not only receive more sexual harassment than men, but they experience more overall harassment, from viewers, readers, and strangers. When examining affective reactions, men say they experience emotions of anger when harassed. Women, however, noted emotions of anger when experiencing sexual harassment, and emotions of fear when experiencing incivility and disruptive harassment and personally attacking harassment. | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/10776990221088761 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
58 | Risks and Resilience in the Case of Brazilian Female Journalists: How Women Perceive Violence Against Media Professionals and Cope with its Effects | 2022 | Barão da Silva, Gisele; Sbaraini Fontes, Giulia and Jamil Marques, Francisco Paulo | Federal University of Paraná | Article | Journalism Studies | DOI: 10.1080/1461670X.2022.2150873 | The article examines how Brazilian women journalists claim gender-related issues influence the risks they experience in their professional routines and private life. Data was collected through 31 semi-structured interviews with female professionals who experienced episodes of violence during the course of their work between 2019 and 2020. Our investigation emphasizes (a) the connections between the political context and increasing hostility toward women journalists; (b) the impact of aggressions on production routines, family lifestyles, and emotional setbacks; and (c) how the lack of organizational support from news companies is associated with resilience and protection strategies. The results reveal that harassment and violence include physical threats and remarks about appearance, age, and sex life. Avoiding specific assignments or sources is among the journalists’ resistance strategies. Women journalists also describe implications on family routines and even dating practices to escape work-related abuse. Some interviewees claimed that news organizations are not prepared to support victims and that there is a government-sponsored “hate machine.” To extend beyond a descriptive account, the article discusses a set of factors characterizing the Brazilian media system that promote a thriving hostile environment, such as the male-led structure of news organizations and dependence on government funding. | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1461670X.2022.2150873 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
59 | The Working Conditions and Challenges of Afghan Female Journalists | 2022 | Saddiqi, Mohammad Yousaf and Durur, Elif Kucuk | Ataturk University | Article | American Journal of Applied Psychology | 11(3) pp. 90-100 | Journalism is a demanding profession in Afghanistan, where females are less encouraged to become journalists. Even recently, the people of Afghanistan still do not encourage females to work outside. But still, a significant number of females are engaged in journalism. It contributes to society for economic prosperity and changes the attitude toward the concept and process of development. A noticeable change is occurring in the social attitude symbolized by the advancement of females in the journalism sector. These contributions also pave the way for women's and human freedom. Afghan female journalists have made significant gains since the fall of the Taliban regime in 2001. 1741 working Afghan female journalists are a symbol for other Afghan females, who are living in their homes and are not permitted to work outside. These female journalists report on violence against women every day and publish and transmit them through their media and acquaint them with their Islamic and cultural rights. Even their (people) views towards females, who are working in the media are not very positive, but still, the Afghan female journalists continue to do their jobs. Besides the security issues that female journalists are facing daily, they are facing discrimination in and outside of the office and are also concerned about the future. So in this context, the main reason for this study is to reveal the working conditions and main challenges of Afghan female journalists. | https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mohammad-Yousaf-Saddiqi/publication/362209737_The_Working_Conditions_and_Challenges_of_Afghan_Female_Journalists/links/62dbe6c73c7d190316a44337/The-Working-Conditions-and-Challenges-of-Afghan-Female-Journalists.pdf | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
60 | “Suddenly We Were the Story” Women Journalists, the #MeToo Movement, & Online Misogyny in India | 2022 | Pain, Paromita | University of Nevada | Book Chapter | Gender Violence, Social Media, and Online Environments | Routledge | This study looks at how online misogyny is impacting the work of women journalists in India. Journalists here are encouraged to have a social media presence and publicize stories online, but organizations do little to protect them from the relentless trolling and misogyny that characterizes the online sphere in India today. Analyzing interviews with female journalists who actively covered the recent #MeTooIndia movement, this study found that when women reporters covered stories of sexual violence, their voices online were condemned, and they were subject to horrific sexual innuendo that implied violence. As journalists are forced to rethink the notion of public, how do they respond and cope with incivility online? They are expected to do stories that serve the public, but when a section of that public is extremely uncivil, how are journalists impacted and how does this affect their work? Journalists in India have developed a variety of strategies to deal with social media vitriol, but incivility online is an issue that organizations refuse to do much about. As the interviews show, social media platforms in India are more pulpits of hate than reasoned debate. This study looks at their implications on journalism from a gendered perspective in India. | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003260851-9/suddenly-story-paromita-pain | No | ||||||||||||||||||
61 | In conflict between leaving and staying: identifying the challenges of women journalists and the effects on the intention to leave the journalism profession | 2022 | Siddiqi, Abdul Wahab; Hakimi, Haroon and Karimi, Faisal | Afghanistan Institute for Research and Media Studies | Article | Media Asia | DOI: 10.1080/01296612.2022.2122284 | This study aims to identify the challenges of women journalists in Afghanistan and their impact on the intention to leave the job. To achieve the objectives of this study, a mixed-method (qualitative and quantitative) has been used. In the qualitative section, 15 in-depth interviews were conducted with female journalists in Afghanistan using purposive sampling. The interview data were analyzed using “NVivo 12.” In the quantitative section, Maslach’s burnout theory was integrated with job demands, family job conflict, organizational support, and society job conflict scales as influential factors on the intention to leave the job. Quota sampling was used to send an online questionnaire to 350 female journalists in Afghanistan. As a result, 183 questionnaires were obtained, of which 157 were completed. Pearson correlation coefficients and multilinear regression tests with 95% confidence level (P < 0.05) were used to analyze the data using “SPSS 25.” Emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, family job conflict, society job conflict, and intention to leave the job are all found to have a positive and significant relationship in this study. In contrast, this study found a significant negative relationship between the perception of organizational support and the intention to leave the job. | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01296612.2022.2122284 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
62 | ”You have to prove the threat is real”: Understanding the needs of Female Journalists and Activists to Document and Report Online Harassment | 2022 | Goyal, Nitesh; Park, Leslie and Vasserman, Lucy | Google and Genesis 10 | Article | CHI '22: Proceedings of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems | pp. 1-17 | Online harassment is a major societal challenge that impacts multiple communities. Some members of community, like female journalists and activists, bear significantly higher impacts since their profession requires easy accessibility, transparency about their identity, and involves highlighting stories of injustice. Through a multi-phased qualitative research study involving a focus group and interviews with 27 female journalists and activists, we mapped the journey of a target who goes through harassment. We introduce PMCR framework, as a way to focus on needs for Prevention, Monitoring, Crisis and Recovery. We focused on Crisis and Recovery, and designed a tool to satisfy a target’s needs related to documenting evidence of harassment during the crisis and creating reports that could be shared with support networks for recovery. Finally, we discuss users’ feedback to this tool, highlighting needs for targets as they face the burden and offer recommendations to future designers and scholars on how to develop tools that can help targets manage their harassment. | https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3491102.3517517 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
63 | “Who’s Going to be a Creep Today?” Understanding the Social Media Experiences of Women Broadcast Journalists | 2022 | Kempton, Stefanie Davis and Connolly-Ahern, Colleen | Penn State University | Artice | Social Media + Society | 8(2) DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051221108410 | Reports of the online harassment of journalists have continued to increase as more newsrooms place higher emphasis on social media engagement with audiences. However, this harassment is subject to gendered dynamics, as women journalists are most often the target of online abuse, and the attacks themselves are often gender-centric. This study employs a mixed-method approach to explore how gender influences broadcast journalists’ social media interactions with audiences. Qualitative interviews with US broadcast journalists, along with a social media discourse analysis of the journalists’ Twitter pages, reveal the sexist nature of these interactions. Specifically, findings show that women journalists are treated not only as sexual objects, but also as non-serious journalists. In response to this treatment, women journalists adjust their social media strategies by limiting what they post and blocking certain users. This puts women journalists in a difficult position: increase coveted audience engagement and deal with online harassment or block abusive social media users and suffer the career impacts of low audience engagement. Implications are discussed. | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/20563051221108410 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
64 | VIOLENCE AGAINST FEMALE JOURNALISTS IN INDONESIA | 2022 | Wendratama, Engelbertus; Rahayu, Kurnia, Novi; Rianto, Puji; Aprilia, Monika Pretty | PR2 Media | Report | VIOLENCE AGAINST FEMALE JOURNALISTS IN INDONESIA | USAID. PR2Media | This research was conducted through a survey (involving 1,256 respondents) and interviews (six informants) of female journalists in 191 cities, representing western, central, and eastern parts of Indonesia. This survey included 25 questions about the respondents’ violence experiences related to their work in the digital and physical world. The forms of violence asked in the questionnaire cover all forms of violence that we could find in literature and case records in Indonesia and abroad, including various policies and practices of discrimination for female journalists in the workplace related to salaries, reporting assignments, and so on, which we included in the categories of violence in the physical domain | https://pr2media.or.id/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Violence-Against-Female-Journalists-In-Indonesia.pdf | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
65 | From Precariously Managing Risks to Building Social Resilience: The Safety of Women Journalists in Brazil | 2023 | Baroni, Alice and Marinho, Simone | University of Padova and Independent Scholar | Article | Journalism Studies | DOI; https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2023.2173963 | Attacks on journalists and the media in Brazil have a long history but have become even more problematic through the use of social media, particularly following the election of Jair Bolsonaro as president in 2019. In times of industry restructuring and coronavirus pandemic, the systematic attacks on individual journalists and on the media by Bolsonaro and his associates are posing unprecedented challenges, and are part of a pattern of abuse to suppress media freedom and discredit journalists’ work. This article focuses upon journalists’ abilities to access different types of capital to anticipate, cope with, and create options to overcome perceived threats and generate positive outcomes. This study builds upon the works of Voss (Behemoth-A Journal on Civilisation 1 (3): 39–56, 2008), Obrist, Pfeiffer and Henley (Progress in Development Studies 10 (4): 283–293, 2010) and Hess’ (Communication Theory 23 (2): 112–130, 2013) “mediated social capital” to advance understanding of the nexus amongst risk, vulnerability and social resilience, and examines structural inequalities in and through the media. By employing a mixed-methods approach, we combine the results of a survey and in-depth interviews with high-profile figures of leading newspapers and professional bodies in the country. The findings open up possibilities on how news media’s “mediated social capital” might enhance women journalists’ capacity to move from vulnerability to social resilience, improving their safety. | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1461670X.2023.2173963?casa_token=mVZnr6OSSwIAAAAA%3ASECMGJ9f0x6CZDOulcEKS0ARe-pxXpVlZAWnX0rwftJCZM09UGW3NOaaj-11-9QfrMdQInpMe0KG | No | ||||||||||||||||||
66 | The growing norm of sexual harassment in Pakistan’s mainstream and ethnic news media | 2023 | Jamil, Sadia | University of Nottingham | Article | Media Asia | DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01296612.2023.2180199 | Across time, in a variety of forms and spaces -from homes and workplaces to digital domains of social media- women have become victims of sexual harassment. Over the last couple of years, the world has witnessed appalling cases followed under the #MeToo campaign that has inspired an increasing number of women to share their experiences of sexual harassment in different contexts. Nevertheless, social and family pressures may discourage female journalists operating in conservative societies to express their concerns and experiences. The case of Pakistan is noteworthy. While women constitute a major proportion of the Pakistani society, the country’s men hold power in all major sectors and institutions. Sexual harassment can hinder women’s professional lives in any sector. However, female journalists’ experiences of sexual harassment are hardly documented in the academic literature about the Pakistani news media. Thus, informed by the framework of postcolonial feminist theory and intersectionality, this study aims to contribute an analysis of how sexual harassment is experienced by the Pakistani female journalists in the country’s mainstream, as well as ethnic news media. To achieve this aim, this study uses qualitative methods of in-depth interviews and focus group discussions and offers a thematic analysis of data. | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01296612.2023.2180199 | No | ||||||||||||||||||
67 | Same threats, different platforms? Female journalists’ experiences of online gender-based violence in selected newsrooms in Namibia | 2023 | Zviyita, Itai and Mare, Admire | University of Johannesburg | Article | Journalism | https://doi.org/10.1177/14648849231183815 | Concerns about the disproportionate levels of online gender-based abuse experienced by female journalists when compared to their male counterparts have attracted sizeable scholarly attention in the last few years. Extant studies have highlighted that female journalists experience online forms of harassment such as name calling, body shaming, trolling, verbal abuse, sextortion, non-consensual sharing of intimate images, manipulation of photos, cyberstalking, doxing, hacking, receiving unwanted, offensive sexually explicit emails or messages, and inappropriate advances on social media platforms, in the line of duty. Although these findings are true in some of the newsrooms in the global North, there is a disconcerting absence of systematic studies looking at the experiences of female journalists in selected newsrooms in Africa in general and Namibia in particular. This article seeks to fill this lacuna by empirically investigating the extent to which online gender-based violence is deep-seated social problem in selected Namibian newsrooms. It deploys the intersectional approach to analyze the online gender-based violence experienced by female journalists in Namibia. Drawing our data from interviews with female journalists in selected Namibian newsrooms, overall, our findings suggest that cases of online gender-based violence against female journalists are still negligible when compared to other contexts, it is happening, nonetheless. This emerging phenomenon is largely underreported. Furthermore, it is occurring in an environment devoid of legislative, institutional, and newsroom-specific mechanisms aimed at ensuring the safety of female journalists. Namibian female journalists are facing unique online gender-based violence, which contributes immensely towards self-censorship and retreating from the public sphere. | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/14648849231183815 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
68 | “I thought You Are Beautiful”: Uganda Women Journalists’ Tales of Mob Violence on Social Media | 2023 | Walulya, Gerald and Selnes, Florence Namasinga | Makerere University and Metropolitan University in Norway | Article | Digital Journalism | https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2023.2170899 | This article contributes to our understanding of the notion of mob censorship from the Ugandan context by examining the nature and consequences of harassment targeting women journalists on social media. Drawing on research about online harassment and censorship, we link mob violence in physical spaces to harassment encountered on social media from the perspectives of women journalists. We illustrate that the different forms of harassment enabled by online platforms present serious challenges for individual journalists, and the journalism profession. Our findings suggest that online attacks on reporters include comments that denigrate women’s bodies, and discredit journalists’ reportage. The harassment compels women journalists to engage in online hibernation and censorship. | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21670811.2023.2170899 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
69 | When Will one Help? Understanding Audience Intervention in Online Harassment of Women Journalists | 2023 | Lu, Shuning and Luqiu, Luwei Rose | North Dakota State University and Hong Kong Baptist University | Article | Journalism Practice | https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2023.2201582 | While online harassment directed towards women journalists are under wide discussion, the mechanism of audience intervention in stopping online harassment is less explored. Integrating bystander invention, ambivalent sexism, and social identity theories, we propose and test an integrative framework of audience intervention in online harassment of women journalists. Results from an online experiment in Hong Kong showed that type of harassment, ideological similarity between the audience member and the harassed journalist, and the presence of other responsive bystanders could shape the appraisal of harassment incidents and willingness to intervene. The study advances the literature by clarifying the contextual nuances and challenges of audience intervention in online harassment of women journalists. It bears practical implications on how to defend women journalists so as to protect press freedom, cultivate journalist-audience relationship, and enhance an inclusive and egalitarian online space. | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17512786.2023.2201582 | No | ||||||||||||||||||
70 | Twitter trolling of Pakistani female journalists: A patriarchal society glance | 2023 | Siddiqua, Ayesha; Gong, Jiankun and Ali Aksar, Iffat | National University of Modern Languages; University of Malaya and Xiamen University | Article | Media, Culture and Society | https://doi.org/10.1177/01634437231168306 | The incorporation of new media technology into journalistic practices led to online harassment, particularly of female journalists. The researchers investigated the tweets of four prominent Pakistani female journalists through the lens of post-colonial feminism and symbolic violence. The qualitative analysis of 239 tweets revealed themes that corroborated the dominance of sociocultural and political grounds in undermining the status of women and making them susceptible to online harassment. In culturally traditional communities, the position of women is “gender specific,” and socioeconomic status cannot guarantee women’s safety from cultural behaviors. The harassment themes included “you called for it,” adhering to the limits of a male-dominated society, women’s card, threats, “lifafa,” shamelessness, religious policing, moral policing, and pseudo-intellectual labeling. The study recommends expanding research in sociopolitical, religious, and cultural contexts to comprehend symbolic violence, particularly in relation to women. | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/01634437231168306 | No | ||||||||||||||||||
71 | Shifting Cyberfeminism and Gendered Activisms in the Gulf: A Saudi Feminist Spring? | 2023 | Khamis, Sahar | Maryland College Park | Article | Journal of Arabian Studies | https://doi.org/10.1080/21534764.2022.2207238 | This qualitative feminist study sheds light on women’s shifting identities, struggles, and resistances in the most conservative Gulf state, Saudi Arabia, unpacking the shifting socio-political and mediated environments in this country and their impact on gendered activism. Through conducting in-depth interviews with ten Saudi women activists, journalists, and writers, this study investigates Saudi women’s multiple feminisms and activisms, as they are expressed and enacted by different women using the phenomenon of “cyberactivism”, and its sister phenomenon of “cyberfeminism”, to participate in the waves of socio-political transformation in the volatile Gulf region. In discussing how Saudi women are leveraging social media to advance their agendas, amplify their voices, highlight their demands, and enact new forms of leadership, agency, and empowerment, the double-edged sword effect of social media is unpacked. Adopting a postcolonial feminist approach, this study examines the potentials, challenges, and paradoxes of using social media to advance Saudi women’s rights in a rapidly shifting state. | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21534764.2022.2207238 | No | ||||||||||||||||||
72 | Egypt’s #MeToo Moment: Using Social Media toHelp Address Violence Against Women inEgypt | 2023 | El-Ibiary, Rasha | Future University | Book Chapter | Violence Against Women in the Global South | Springer, Palgrave Studies in Journalism and the Global South | Adjusting the focus to the time and research of the present, this chapter analyzes two case studies that occurred before and after the revitalization of the global #MeToo movement in 2017. The selected cases investigate how women have used social media platforms to combat VAW. The first case is Daftar Hekayat El Mudawana , a blog that was created to expose sexual harassment and rape crimes—such as the #Fairmont_crime, which involved the gang rape of a young woman in 2014. The blog acted as a safe space for female survivors to tell their sto-ries without exposing their identities. The second case focuses on Bassam Ahmed Zaki, who was exposed through social media in 2020 and later charged and incarcerated for serial rape. | https://link.springer.com/epdf/10.1007/978-3-031-30911-3_7?sharing_token=2UZysnVHh8Df02HOrNjsHPe4RwlQNchNByi7wbcMAY6RrhSkfqDujlMxWkmUZrJjsCLRr8BgJ48Xailyq4JBE4Fp8BHyrq2sI07DxW2Kq6uIqZf5nreqVQiO_bYbvha_4bzq2fUQoZfl0xs2gcjrRpL3EdIMdMkBdgozRUFZNgg= | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
73 | Worsening Safety Conditions for Women Journalists in Turkey’s Alternative News Media | 2023 | Erkmen, Özlem; Ataman, Bora and Çoban, Barış | Doğuş University | Article | Journalism Studies | 24: Special Issue pp. 857-875 | This study, drawing on alternative journalism theory takes a postcolonial feminist approach to investigating the lived experiences and gender-based safety problems of women journalists working for alternative media in Turkey. It evaluates the impact on their professional and private lives of Islamism, populism, nationalism and authoritarianism which intersect in this patriarchal autocracy. The thematic analysis of the data gathered qualitatively by 15 in-depth interviews reveals that most of the safety threats to alternative women journalists stem from security forces in the field and arbitrary judicial sanctions in the courthouses. According to the interviewees, the authoritarian government that sees critical journalism as the greatest enemy controls and oversees these assaults. Furthermore, women journalists suffer from the unsustainable working conditions of alternative news media. Alternative media theories would expect these institutions to be gender-equal and pro-labor, but the prevalent indifference to women’s labor and gender rights demonstrates that this normative approach is not justified. However, women still feel encouraged to continue journalism, which they consider an important tool for empowerment not only for themselves but also all “otherized” identities. Moreover, women’s solidarity backed by the feminist movement is the primary source of resilience. | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1461670X.2022.2139745?casa_token=cL-UoPi3db8AAAAA%3AjAbyFigQY58-WyC3XVnLVk3XmSG_gMq5Zew3RLhGaaeCLyOkSw3VBtSwCCiqAdB7tJqWmh6BCd6n | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
74 | Harassed and Hushed: Bangladeshi Women Journalists’ Experiences of Gender Discrimination and Sexual Harassments | 2023 | Kundu, Priyanka and Tabassum, Maliha | University of Professionals (BUP), Bangladesh. | Article | Athens Journal of Mass Media and Communications | 9(3) pp. 185-202 | A large number of Bangladeshi women journalists are facing gender discrimination and sexual harassment in the workplace. This is one of the contributing factors in excluding women journalists’ voices from the public sphere. Drawing on the feminist approach of structure and agency theory, the study investigated the causes and consequences of workplace gender discrimination and sexual harassment. A mixed method of survey and in-depth interviewing were conducted, and the data were thematically analyzed. The findings outlined gender discrimination and harassment are evident in the media industries of Bangladesh, commonly maneuvered by both internal and external perpetrators. The situation causes frustration among women journalists. As a coping-up endeavor, they often remain silent due to their lack of trust in protection mechanisms e.g., sexual harassment prevention committee in workplace, and sometimes they withdraw from their responsibilities | http://www.athensjournals.gr/media/2023-9-3-3-Kundu.pdf | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
75 | The Digitization of Harassment: Women Journalists’ Experiences with Online Harassment in the Philippines | 2023 | Tandoc, Edson C.; Sagun, Karryl Kim and Alvarez, Katrina Paola | Nanyang Technological University | Article | Journalism Practice | 17(6) pp. 1198-1213 | A large number of Bangladeshi women journalists are facing gender discrimination and sexual harassment in the workplace. This is one of the contributing factors in excluding women journalists’ voices from the public sphere. Drawing on the feminist approach of structure and agency theory, the study investigated the causes and consequences of workplace gender discrimination and sexual harassment. A mixed method of survey and in-depth interviewing were conducted, and the data were thematically analyzed. The findings outlined gender discrimination and harassment are evident in the media industries of Bangladesh, commonly maneuvered by both internal and external perpetrators. The situation causes frustration among women journalists. As a coping-up endeavor, they often remain silent due to their lack of trust in protection mechanisms e.g., sexual harassment prevention committee in workplace, and sometimes they withdraw from their responsibilities | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17512786.2021.1981774 | No | ||||||||||||||||||
76 | “Don’t Touch Me”: Sexual Harassments, Digital Threats, and Social Resistance Toward Kuwaiti Female Journalists | 2023 | Alsalem, Fatima | Kuwait City, Kuwait | Book Chapter | The Palgrave Handbook of Gender, Media and Communication in the Middle East and North Africa | Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 373-390 | This study examines the obstacles and challenges faced by female journalists in Kuwait. It explores a set of interrelated factors that discourage women from working in the media, such as gender inequality, sexual harassment, threats, social resistance, and cultural barriers. The study uses a mixed methods approach, comprising a survey of 24 Kuwaiti female journalists and qualitative in-depth interviews with 8 female journalists. Findings suggest that the cultural resistance that women have faced for years around the world does not affect female journalists in Kuwait so much; however, they still face sexism, exclusion, and stereotyping in the newsroom. Moreover, more than one-third of female journalists have faced sexual harassment at work, while 75% faced abuse of power and 54.2% reported being publicly humiliated or receiving threats of humiliation. Although all female journalists denied being physically abused, 45.8% reported facing verbal threats and 37.5% faced verbal violence. | https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-11980-4_21 | No | ||||||||||||||||||
77 | A Decolonial Analysis of the Cyberbullying of South African Women Journalists | 2023 | Daniels, Glenda | University of South Africa | Book Chapter | Decolonising Journalism Education in South Africa | Routledge | At the heart of decolonial theory is the love for woman, particularly black woman, as the most oppressed of political categories in the old colonial structures of race, class and gender hierarchy. This chapter uses decolonial theory, specifically Chela Sandoval’s concept of ‘decolonial love’ as a political technology, to discuss the cyberbullying of women journalists in South Africa. It blends Sandoval’s decolonial love theory with Frantz Fanon’s concept of ‘damnes’ or ‘wretched of the earth,’ to analyse stories of cyber-bullying, sexism and threats of sexual violence against women journalists using the research published in Glass Ceilings: Women in South African Media Houses 2018. This chapter argues that it is a revolutionary oppositional consciousness that operates when women, particularly black women, continue in the performativity of their craft to write and to speak out in the media, despite the subjection and misogyny they face. | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003393597-10/decolonial-analysis-cyberbullying-south-african-women-journalists-glenda-daniels | No | ||||||||||||||||||
78 | Networked misogyny beyond the digital: the violent devaluation of women journalists’ labor and bodies in Turkey’s masculine authoritarian regime | 2023 | Bulut, Ergin and Can, Başak | Koç University | Article | Feminist Media Studies | https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2023.2219861 | Following the conservative Turkish government’s political-economic capture of the news media, educated and pro-feminist women journalists have migrated online. Despite having more publicity across platforms, they face immediate prosecution based on the tweet of an anonymous troll, an informant citizen or a government official. While this is a common case of networked misogyny, inspired by Liz Kelly’s concept of the continuum of sexual violence, we argue that networked misogyny against women journalists is not simply technological but rather both interconnected across different spaces (online manosphere, masculine newsrooms, and authoritarian state) and intersectional feeding from nationalism, class, and anti-Western sentiments. This intersectionality renders networked misogyny against Turkey’s journalists different from liberal contexts because it operates not through illegality but suspicion (of terrorism, treason). Our focus on interconnections and intersectionality allows for theorizing networked misogyny beyond the digital, genders current perspectives on authoritarianism and reframes networked misogyny as a violent war targeting women’s intellectual labor and public visibility, both significant threats to authoritarian regimes across the globe. The interconnected and intersectional stories of networked misogyny from Turkey point to how fighting against this form of violence is also a fight against the post-truth regimes of authoritarianism and fight for democracy. | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14680777.2023.2219861 | No | ||||||||||||||||||
79 | Negotiating between gender, national and professional identities: The work-experience of Israeli-Palestinian women journalists | 2023 | Lachover, Einat | Sapir Academic College | Article | Ethnicities | https://doi.org/10.1177/14687968231173759 | This paper analyzes the work experience of Israeli-Palestinian women journalists who reside and work in Israel for local news organizations or non-Israeli news agencies. It focuses on their experiences related to the intersected axes of their gender, ethnic, and national identities. Through thematic analysis of narrative interviews with 24 Palestinian women journalists, the study reveals that their work experiences vary between exclusion and inclusion among different news organizations. Israeli-Palestinian women journalists face barriers getting jobs at mainstream news agencies because of their accent; and when they apply to local Arab news organizations, they confront recruiting procedures based on a clan system that discriminates against women. However, a few of them report an advantage when trying to enter mainstream news organizations based on their image as an “authentic Arab woman.” Additionally, the study finds that the professional identity of all interviewees is closely connected to their ideological perceptions and political aims. | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/14687968231173759 | No | ||||||||||||||||||
80 | SAFETY CONCERNS AND AWARENESS OF SAFETY MEASURES AMONG FEMALE JOURNALISTS REPORTING ELECTIONS IN NIGERIA | 2023 | AKOJA, MOFOLUKE I; AJAEGBU, OGUCHI, O; ADETEYE, ADETUNJI and KANABE, MEDINAT | Babcock University | Article | The Seybold Report | DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/RVNF7 | Female journalists often face a dual challenge when reporting on elections, grappling with routine attacks both as women and as professionals. This study aims to explore the safety concerns of female journalists covering elections in Lagos state, Nigeria, and investigate their attitudes towards these concerns, their awareness, and utilization of available safety measures. Using an explanatory sequential method, we conducted a questionnaire survey with 40 female journalists and followed up with in-depth interviews of two senior female journalists. Findings revealed that Sexual harassment emerged as a common offline threat (87.5%), while libelous comments (75%) and stalking (75%) posed significant online concerns. Despite these alarming safety statistics, female journalists agreed that safety is a concern (x̅= 3.72); while expressing that safety concerns would not significantly affect their election coverage (mean = 2.70). Furthermore, there is a disparity between high awareness (mean = 4.00) and low adoption (mean = 3.12) of available safety measures among female journalists. In addition, the interviews underscored the absence of substantial support from media organizations during election coverage, exacerbating the vulnerabilities faced by female journalists. This lack of institutional backing warrants immediate attention to foster a safer reporting environment. | https://seyboldreport.org/article_overview?id=MDgyMDIzMTEwNTQ5MDY0ODQ4 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
81 | “Journalists are Prepared for Critical Situations … but We are Not Prepared for This”: Empirical and Structural Dimensions of Gendered Online Harassment | 2023 | Susana Sampaio-Dias, Maria João Silveirinha, Bibiana Garcez, Filipa Subtil, João Miranda & Carla Cerqueira | University of Portsmouth; ICNOVA; University of Coimbra; Polytechnic Institute of Lisbon; Lusófona University/CICANT | Article | Journalism Practice | DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2023.2250755 | This article discusses online harassment against women journalists exploring self-reported incidents, effects, and trust in safety mechanisms. Drawing on twenty-five semi-structured interviews of women journalists in Portugal, we use a feminist and critical realist framework to explore the causal structures and generative mechanisms that explain their vulnerability to online abuse. We identify three overarching themes: increasing visibility in a context of higher hostility towards journalism and insufficient safety mechanisms; intersectional gender inequality and cultural mores that foster it; and (individual) responses to harassment. These themes show that women journalists’ actions are both constrained and enabled by existing structures and cultural attitudes. While they tend to deny harassment is caused by their gender, seeing it mainly because of their job, they admit the sexualised and gendered nature of the insults, seeing this as an added offence not experienced by their male counterparts. They also see harassment as a continuation of inequality and prevailing sexism and find the protection mechanisms insufficient and ineffective. As a result, they assume an extra burden of emotional labour to deal with online bullying, admitting self-censoring and the need to develop resilience strategies. | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17512786.2023.2250755 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
82 | “It Comes With the Job”: How Journalists Navigate Experiences and Perceptions of Gendered Online Harassment | 2023 | João Miranda, Maria João Silveirinha, Susana Sampaio-Dias, Bruno Dias, Bibiana Garcez, Mateus Noronha | University of Coimbra; ICNOVA; University of Portsmouth and University of Beira Interior | Article | International Journal of Communication | 17(2023) pp. 5128-5148 | This article examines how online abuse is experienced and tackled by journalists in Portugal, and addresses the prevalence of online harassment and violence against women journalists and their perceptions of the issue. Theoretically, the article bridges the research on online harassment and gender in journalism. Empirically, it draws on a nationwide survey of journalists combined with data from semi-structured interviews conducted with 25 women journalists to explore the gendered experiences of online abuse. Journalists feel an increasing hostility aggravated by the digital environment. Half of the surveyed professionals experienced online abuse, including sexual harassment. Journalists evidenced low trust in protection mechanisms and feelings of resignation towards online abuse, seen as intrinsic to the job. The interviews further revealed a perceived connection between gender and online abuse: women recognized the sexualized nature of online abuse, which they linked to the broader cultural context of gender inequality. | https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/20984#:~:text=Half%20of%20the%20surveyed%20professionals,as%20intrinsic%20to%20the%20job. | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
83 | Women Journalists in Mexico: They Will Not Silence Our Voices | 2023 | Valderrama, Yennué Zárate | UAM Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana – Xochimilco | Book Chapter | The Routledge Companion to Journalism in the Global South | Routledge | What are the challenges that Mexican women journalists face in a hostile environment for the press? Mexico is one of the deadliest countries in which to practice journalism. More than 160 reporters have been assassinated since 2000. Within this context, female journalists face a four-layered challenge: firstly, to work in a country with a high level of anti-press violence; secondly, the state and situation of their gender in a country riddled with femicide; thirdly, their sources, colleagues, and bosses immersed in a patriarchal structure of naturalized misogyny; and fourthly, the state. This chapter examines and reveals, through in-depth, semi-structured interviews of women journalists from several parts of Mexico who cover the beat of hard news, the challenges they face when doing their work with various actors. This research aims to shed light into the world of local female journalists in Mexico that could mirror the situation of female journalists in the Global South. | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003298144-40/women-journalists-mexico-yennu%C3%A9-z%C3%A1rate-valderrama | No | ||||||||||||||||||
84 | “You Feel Like You Don’t Have the Freedom to Do Your Work”: Exploring Fijian Women Journalists’ Experiences of Sexual Harassment | 2024 | Hanusch, Folker; Singh, Shailendra; Leonhardt, Birte and Panapasa, Geraldine | Article | Journalism Practice | DOI: 10.1080/17512786.2024.2317815 | The topic of violence against women in journalism has received growing attention in scholarship, especially in terms of digital forms of harassment. At the same time, many women journalists continue to experience direct forms of harassment in the pursuit of their work. Focusing on the Pacific Island nation of Fiji, this study contributes to scholarship on sexual harassment in journalism by examining the experiences of more than 40 journalists, employing both a standardized survey and in-depth interviews. Our findings demonstrate how widespread sexual harassment is, with colleagues and superiors, as well as politicians and businesspeople the most frequent culprits. Women journalists report a harrowing range of cases, and the results show that inadequate safeguards contribute to sexual harassment’s wide-ranging effect on their personal and professional lives. | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17512786.2024.2317815 | Yes | |||||||||||||||||||
85 | Pakistani Women Journalists: Occupational Hazards in Their Intersectionalities of Gender, Culture and Profession | 2024 | Baloch, Haroon ur Rasheed; Firdaus, Amira; Aksar, Iffat Ali; Yusop, Farrah Dina; Gong, Jiankun and Sharif, Humaira | Universiti Malaya; Xiamen Universiti Malaysia and Krirk University | Article | Journalism Practice | DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2024.2308538 | Grounded in the intersections of culture, gender and occupation, this paper explores the challenges and barriers faced by “elite” Pakistani women working in a journalistic profession steeped in male dominance shaped by patriarchal values. One-on-one in-depth interviews were conducted with nine highly experienced women journalists from television, radio, digital and print media. The findings reveal a range of occupational hazards confronting women journalists in Pakistan: (i) Pervasive exclusion and discrimination relegating women to soft news beats and imposing hard glass ceilings’ hindering career progression; (ii) Systemic income disparities and job precarity, emphasizing pronounced economic disadvantage for female journalists; (iii) Instances of sexual and emotional harassment at the workplace; (iv) Prevalent online public harassment and cyberbullying; and (v) Psychological stressors arising from the trauma of harassment compounded by the stigma of seeking psychological help. These findings underscore the critical interplay of gender and culture within the journalism profession, accentuating not only employment disparities but also exclusion, discrimination, and harassment. These factors not only obstruct career advancement but also inflict psychological trauma. | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17512786.2024.2308538 | No | ||||||||||||||||||
86 | Sexual Harassment in the Nigerian Media Environment | 2024 | Taiwo-Obalonye, Juliana | Journalist | Book Chapter | Sexual Harassment and the Law in Africa | Routledge | The media industry of Nigeria has been significantly impacted by sexual harassment and it has had a very negative effect on women media workers. One major issue which I will articulate in my chapter is the absence of an overarching media policy framework addressing sexual harassment with clear penalties to punish perpetrators. In my chapter, I define sexual harassment as an offence primarily perpetrated by men in the industry who hold senior positions in the media industry. I discuss the importance of a media regulatory framework and I use the Nigerian Bar Association sexual harassment policy as an example of what the media industry should emulate. My chapter includes a survey with key informant interviews. This helped to indicate the prevalence of the problem of sexual harassment through the lens of survivors in an anecdotal style whilst external research and surveys from other sources have been incorporated in my chapter to inform the conclusions and recommendations. | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003373308-11/sexual-harassment-nigerian-media-environment-juliana-taiwo-obalonye | No | ||||||||||||||||||
87 | How News Organizations Cultivate and Maintain Sexist Newsrooms via Gendered Journalistic Norms, Sexual Harassment, and the Boys’ Club | 2024 | Blumell, Lindsey E. and Mulupi, Dinfin | City, University of London and University of Maryland | Article | Women's Studies in Communication | DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07491409.2024.2342842 | This study used in-depth interviews and focus groups of editors and journalists in Kenya (N = 55) to show how news organizations fail to prioritize gender equality. All participants identified a gendered hierarchy in newsrooms, which participants believed connects to other inequalities such as story assignment, pay, safety, and promotion. Most women participants had experienced sexual harassment at work multiple times. Participants also stated exclusive socialization for men, aka a “boys’ club,” was central to how newsrooms function and advantaged men in terms of building networks, promotions, scoops, work assignments, and increased job security. By linking the various negative outcomes of gendered work environments, this study adds to feminist communication scholarship by showing how organizations reinforce gendered inequalities rather than eliminating them. It also calls on gatekeeping research to focus on meso- and macro-level influences as a necessary shift away from placing responsibility on the individual level alone. | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/07491409.2024.2342842#abstract | No | ||||||||||||||||||
88 | Infrastructural platform violence: How women and queer journalists and activists in Lebanon experience abuse on WhatsApp | 2024 | Riedl, Martin J. ; El-Masri, Azza; Trauthig, Inga K. and Woolley, Samuel C. | The University of Tennessee and the University of Texas | Article | New Media & Society | DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448241248372 | Technology-facilitated abuse and violence disproportionately affect marginalized people. While researchers have explored this issue in the context of public-facing social media platforms, less is known about how it plays out on more private messaging apps. This study draws on in-depth interviews with women and queer journalists and activists in Lebanon to illustrate their experiences of infrastructural platform violence on WhatsApp. Specifically, we distinguish between identity-based violence propagated on platforms, and violence propagated by platforms due to infrastructural neglect of vulnerable populations. Our results document how perpetrators employ the affordances of WhatsApp in harmful ways. We highlight the individual emotional and reputational toll of doxxing and harassment campaigns. The study also showcases the societal ramifications of silencing and self-censorship, as well as infrastructural platform failures. Findings underscore the need to shift attention in platform studies toward populations and geographies whose safety has systemically been neglected by technology companies. | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/14614448241248372 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
89 | “There Were No Repercussions, Nothing, Life Continued” Experiences of Harassment by Female Journalists | 2024 | Mpofu, Shepherd; Matsilele, Trust and Hlungwani, Trevor | Birmingham City University; University of South Africa | Book Chapter | Patterns of Harassment in African Journalism | Routledge | The chapter explores the challenges associated with harassment for entry-level to mid-career journalists across South Africa’s hybrid media platforms. The study employed a qualitative methodology consisting of semi-structured interviews with 12 entry-level and mid-career journalists with industry experience ranging from one to six years. Our findings confirm previous studies from the Global South confirming the pervasiveness of sexual harassment in newsrooms. This study established that there is generally an unwillingness of mostly male-dominated management structures in dealing with reports of sexual harassment. Second, we found that journalists, who are sexually harassed by sources and or even by their managers, end up censoring themselves, delivering compromised work and ultimately stunting the democratic project in society. We also found that experiences of female journalists in South Africa specifically, and the Global South more broadly, are not distinct from experiences of harassment in the Global North. We argue that patriarchy seems to be the mainstay in the negative experiences of sexual harassment of women journalists across the globe, which ultimately often renders their voices mute. These findings suggest the need for policies to mitigate the harassment of journalists if their democratic role is to be sustained in South Africa. | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781032697604-3/repercussions-nothing-life-continued-shepherd-mpofu-trust-matsilele-trevor-hlungwani?context=ubx&refId=9c2784f9-b4a5-46b6-b47f-74a97284f97b | No | ||||||||||||||||||
90 | Being a Woman-Journalist in a Polarized Context in Mozambique | 2024 | Tsandzana, Dércio | Eduardo Mondlane University | Book Chapter | Patterns of Harassment in African Journalism | Routledge | This chapter addresses the issue of harassment in the media space in Mozambique. In fact, the issue of harassment of women in the media is a complex and multifaceted problem that can manifest in many ways. One aspect of this issue is the representation of women in media. Women are often objectified and portrayed in a sexualized manner in advertising, movies, TV shows, and other forms of media. This can contribute to a culture of sexism and misogyny, which can lead to harassment and violence against women. Another aspect of the issue is the harassment of women who work in the media industry. In general, women who work in journalism, broadcasting, and other media-related fields often face harassment and discrimination based on their gender. This can include sexual harassment, online harassment, and other forms of abuse. In recent years, there has been increased attention and discussion around these issues, with many women sharing their experiences of harassment and abuse in the media industry. This situation happens not only in countries of the Global North, but also in the South. To minimize the situation, some organizations have also taken steps to address the problem, including implementing policies and procedures to prevent and respond to harassment. One example of this is the limited representation of women in leadership positions within media organizations in Mozambique. In addition to that, this chapter shows that the situation of harassment against women in the media space seems to be a forgotten issue in Mozambique, as there is no debate on the subject or there are few reported cases. | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781032697604-4/being-woman-journalist-polarized-context-mozambique-d%C3%A9rcio-tsandzana?context=ubx&refId=91b37105-31d1-467c-beb5-506e06773704 | No | ||||||||||||||||||
91 | Emergent Forms and Patterns of Online Harassment of Women Journalists in African countries | 2024 | Makwambeni, Blessing and Rudo Makwambeni, Patricia | Cape Peninsula University and University of Cape Town | Book Chapter | Patterns of Harassment in African Journalism | Routledge | The internet and digital platforms have contributed to the democratisation of the public sphere. A number of studies have shown how the internet and new digital platforms have brought subaltern voices into the mainstream. However, recent studies show that on the flip side, the cybersphere also promotes new forms of harassment that tend to disproportionately target women. In the field of journalism, online harassment that targets women journalists has reached epidemic proportions. Although several scholars have examined the threat posed by online harassment on women journalists, most of these studies have been conducted in developed countries. There is limited understanding of how the scourge manifests itself in African countries where patriarchy is still deeply entrenched, legislation is underdeveloped, and the media ecology is largely unsafe. Using a scoping review of existing literature on online harassment of women journalists in African countries, and a theoretical lens consisting of cyberfeminism and the role of the media in a democracy, this study examines emergent forms and patterns of online harassment experienced by women journalists in African countries, the different responses to the scourge, and the implications on democracy. Our findings show that women journalists in African countries experience different forms of online harassment that include cyberbullying, gendered trolling, threatening messages, and surveillance. Online harassment of women journalists in African countries largely takes place at an individual level as there are limited multi-level strategies that have been developed to engage with the scourge. The evidence analysed in the study shows that female journalists in Africa are more vulnerable to online harassment compared to their counterparts in the Global North due to the absence of multi-level governance interventions, deep-seated patriarchy, and semi-authoritarian contexts in which they work. | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781032697604-5/emergent-forms-patterns-online-harassment-women-journalists-african-countries-blessing-makwambeni-patricia-rudo-makwambeni?context=ubx&refId=cbb25843-3783-4e44-8a79-1546018490f7 | No | ||||||||||||||||||
92 | Gendered Threats and Attacks in and outside the Newsroom Nigerian Female Journalists' Experiences with Harassment | 2024 | Omowonuola Alade, Moyosore | Redeemer's University | Book Chapter | Patterns of Harassment in African Journalism | Routledge | This chapter explores Nigerian female journalists’ lived experiences with harassment in and outside the newsroom. Using a qualitative approach, 12 in-depth interviews were conducted with female journalists in broadcast media houses in Nigeria, and themes that emerged from the data obtained via interviews were used to discuss the study’s findings. The study found that female journalists experience varying forms of harassment in and outside the newsroom, including sexism, gender bias, sexual harassment, physical harassment and attacks, verbal attacks, and unsolicited dates. Female journalists expressed varying emotional responses to harassment experienced in and outside the newsroom. These emotional responses include shock and fear, frustration and venting, feelings of worthlessness, and a firm resolve to succeed in journalism. Also, the study revealed that female journalists predominantly used emotion-focused and problem-focused coping strategies such as ignoring the harassment, confronting and reporting, and taking a break from the work environment to deal with the harassment and threats they encountered. These findings have implications and are relevant to future interventions and policies for improving female journalists’ safety in and outside newsrooms. | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781032697604-6/gendered-threats-attacks-outside-newsroom-moyosore-omowonuola-alade?context=ubx&refId=60a588ef-f6cf-480c-911e-277528de1f86 | No | ||||||||||||||||||
93 | Digital Surveillance, Online and Offline Harassment, and Feminist Media Politics | 2024 | Phiri, Millie | Independent Researcher | Book Chapter | Patterns of Harassment in African Journalism | Routledge | This chapter examines the digital surveillance and harassment experiences faced by female journalists in Zimbabwe in the 2023 pre-election period covering the year 2022 up to August 2023. The examination is based on interviews conducted with seven purposefully selected female reporters and editors in Zimbabwe. It suggests that within our information-driven society, both personal data and physical bodies are subject to surveillance; for female journalists in particular, this surveillance materialises as instances of harassment occurring both online and offline, including within newsroom settings. Evidence shows that there is both the physical and psychological intimidation of female journalists and periods of political unrests are particularly unsettling. Female journalists are subject to unique forms of hostility absent in their male counterparts’ experiences. To cope the journalists, adopt various survival strategies, from cyber defence techniques and keeping a low online profile to outright evasion or extreme cases of leaving the country. The female journalists advocate for thorough protection measures, including legal reforms, strict penalties, and holding online platforms accountable. They emphasise the importance of mental health support, training, and guidance from media organizations, in addition to institutional and legislative action. The chapter employs a feminist perspective to highlight the importance of power dynamics in surveillance. Feminist politics within media call for women not only to be visible but also heard, which can only occur if they have representation in decision-making processes that shape news coverage and can write stories without fearing harassment. Drawing inspiration from the Panopticon theory of surveillance, this chapter explores the idea that individuals may be monitored without their awareness. With this framework in mind, three key questions are addressed: Did journalists experience any form of digital or physical surveillance? Were they subjected to any type of harassment stemming from such monitoring? And did they receive support from media organizations during these incidents? | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781032697604-7/digital-surveillance-online-offline-harassment-feminist-media-politics-millie-phiri?context=ubx&refId=187d65dc-98b4-44b0-b789-8a5c140dbd8b | No | ||||||||||||||||||
94 | Open Access: Invisible in This Visual World? Work and Working Conditions of Female Photographers in the Global South | 2024 | Mitra, Saumava; Witherspoon, Brenda L. and Creta, Sara | Dublin City University; Iowa State University | Book Chapter | Journalism and Safety | Routledge | Recent studies have shed light on the masculine nature of the doxa that underpins the field of photography. Other studies have explored the patterns of inequity faced by local-foreign photographers in the Global South who straddle a transnational field of photography within which actors from the Global North and South collaborate but residual economic and symbolic power remain with agents and institutions centred in the Global North. This study draws upon and extends both these lines of inquiry through exploring the professional experiences of 20 female-identifying photographers based in 18 countries across four different geo-cultural regions in the Global South. The article discusses their experiences of marginalisation as marked by three broader themes: precarity, isolation and invisibility/partial visibility. Through this, the article highlights how the gender-based exclusions shown to be inherent in the doxa of national fields of photography may be understood to be additionally intersected by geo-cultural exclusions in what is recognised as cosmopolitan capital within the doxa of local-foreign photographic practice. | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003544517-11/open-access-invisible-visual-world-work-working-conditions-female-photographers-global-south-saumava-mitra-brenda-witherspoon-sara-creta | No | ||||||||||||||||||
95 | “People Don't Like Journalists, Especially Women!”: Comparing the Online and Offline Harassment Faced by Local Journalists | 2025 | Hart, Kaitlyn and Sharma, Neelam | Idaho State University | Article | Journalism Practice | DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2024.2441279 | Journalists often have to navigate the online and offline challenges ranging from social media attacks to in-field harassment. The difference, however, lies in the severity of attacks that women have to endure in the field, which results in the actions that they undertake to safeguard themselves and their families. In this mixed-method study, we surveyed 70 journalists (43 women and 27 men) primarily working in the Intermountain West region in the USA. We found that while both men and women equally experienced social media harassment, women journalists are more likely to take precautions for their safety online. Significantly more women journalists described being pushed at political events, threatened online and in-person, intimidated by weapons, and considered leaving the profession, etc. Implications of these findings in the professional field of journalism are discussed. | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17512786.2024.2441279#abstract | No | ||||||||||||||||||
96 | OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES FACE WOMEN JOURNALISTS IN THE MEDIA FIELD | 2025 | Jo‘rayeva, Iroda | Uzbekistan University of Journalism and Mass Communications | Article | International Journal of Artificial Intelligence | 1(3) pp. 1737–1740 | This article analyzes the role of women journalists in the media sphere of Uzbekistan and the world, the opportunities available to them, and the challenges they face. Women's journalism plays an important role not only in delivering information but also in promoting gender equality in society. The article highlights the professional achievements of women journalists, their working conditions, and the issues of safety and leadership, supported by statistical data and real-life examples. | https://inlibrary.uz/index.php/ijai/article/view/89095 | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
97 | Women journalists and online harassment: a human rights approach | 2025 | Sampaio-Dias, Susana; João Silveirinha, Maria and Miranda, João | University of Portsmouth and University of Coimbra | Book Chapter | Insights on Journalism and Human Rights | Routledge | Worldwide, women journalists are often subjected to discrimination and misogynistic abuse while carrying out their professional duties. This chapter represents an explorative study of the mechanisms by which human rights laws can be employed to support and protect women journalists operating in online contexts. It delves into the nuanced and multifaceted responsibilities of various stakeholders, including governments, online platforms, and news organisations, in ensuring the safety and well-being of women journalists. The chapter discusses legal frameworks, the emotional impact of online harassment on journalists, and some existing informal initiatives developed to face the issue, as well as the challenges that arise in the pursuit of safeguarding the rights of women journalists in online environments. | https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781032662589-8/women-journalists-online-harassment-susana-sampaio-dias-maria-jo%C3%A3o-silveirinha-jo%C3%A3o-miranda | No | ||||||||||||||||||
98 | Silenced voices: the covert war on Pakistani women journalists in digital arenas | 2025 | Iqra Iqbal &Sara Chinnasamy | Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) | Article | Media Asia | https://doi.org/10.1080/01296612.2025.2534736 | The research discusses the experiences of Pakistani women journalists in dealing with gendered disinformation, cyber intimidation, and institutional disregard in online media. Guided by social feminism and intersectionality theory, the research relies on qualitative interviews with a sample of seven Pakistani women journalists. The findings show how patriarchal frameworks and intersecting identities such as gender, religion, and class influence the form and severity of online abuse. Participants described being attacked using misogynist discourses, shaming of bodies, and campaigns of professional discrediting, with the purpose of silencing and exclusion of women in journalism. Online abuse comprised doxxing, cyberbullying, and religious targeting of Muslim and non-Muslim journalists, reinforcing cultural and moral expectations being imposed on women. The attacks were not contained to the online arena, but resulted in psychological distress, self-censorship, and disrupted family life. Media organisations and legal frameworks often offered symbolic rather than substantive responses to online abuse. The study underscores the urgent need for collective policy action and institutional reform to address the systemic vulnerabilities faced by Pakistani female journalists. It advances global discourse on digital gender-based violence and supports UNSDG 5 by promoting inclusive media, safety measures, and women’s representation in journalism. | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01296612.2025.2534736 | No | ||||||||||||||||||
99 | Protection of Women Journalists in the Inter American System: The Cases of Yoani Sánchez and Jineth Bedoya | 2025 | Garrido, Mariateresa | University of Peace | Book Chapter | Estudiar la Paz | University for Peace | The issue of journalist safety, particularly for women journalists, remains a pressing concern in the region. This article aims to demonstrate how the Inter-American system has addressed the protection of journalists and prioritized the protection of women journalists in the region. It starts with a legal analysis that focuses on identifying the applicable legal framework in the region. The second section evaluates the application of these regulations through the analysis of two emblematic cases within the system: the decision of the Inter-American Commission of Human Rights (IACHR) in the case of journalist Yoani Sánchez, and the decision adopted by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACtHR) in the case of Jineth Bedoya. | https://upeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/Estudiar-la-Paz-45-anos-de-la-UPAZ.pdf | Yes | ||||||||||||||||||
100 | Gender, Security, and the Press Examining the Contributions of Nigerian Female Journalists in Counter-terrorism Narratives Authors | 2026 | Dango, Salamatu E. & Obateru, Taye C. | Federal University of Lafia; University of Jos | Article | Nsukka Journal of Communication Studies | 2(2) | Nigeria is one of the countries facing a high level of insecurity and terrorism and journalists play a crucial role in shaping public understanding of counter-terrorism efforts. Yet, the contributions and experiences of female journalists remain understudied in media and security studies. This study investigates how Nigerian female journalists report, interpret and influence counter-terrorism narratives, focusing on their roles, challenges, and the gendered dimension of their work. Using existing literature, media texts and documented field experiences, the study explores how female journalists contribute to counter terrorism efforts through setting an agenda, human interest framing, and community-level intelligence gathering in their reports. The analysis shows the unique perspectives women bring to security communication, including their emphasis on human interest stories, ethical considerations, and access to vulnerable groups often overlooked by mainstream security reporting. Despite their contributions, Nigerian female journalists face significant challenges such as safety risk, gender bias within the newsroom, limited institutional support, poor payment, and exposure to psychological and physical stress in conflict reporting. This paper argues that recognizing and strengthening the role of female journalists is important for developing inclusive and counter-terrorism narratives in Nigeria. The study contributes to the ongoing research on gender and security by showing how female journalists shape public understanding of terrorism, peacebuilding, and counterterrorism. | https://nsukkajcs.com/index.php/NJCS/article/view/31 | Yes |