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FIELDLEVELDETERMNISTIC METRICENSEMBLE METRICPROBABILISTIC METRICTEMPORAL ATTRIBUTENOTABLE THRESHOLDSREGIONVERIFICATION APPROACHVALIDATION SOURCECLIMATOLOGY SOURCECOMMENTS
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TIER 1
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Electron DensityF-RegionRMSE, MAE, ME--10 min-Global, Tropics+Mid-Lat+Poles - tiegrid-to-obsLangmuir probe/particle detector, Ionosondes, GNSSreference model
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TECIntegratedRMSE, MAE, ME, and ETS, FBias--10 min125, 175Global, Tropics+Mid-Lat+Poles - tiegrid-to-obsGNSSreference model
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Solar Wind (Vp)F-RegionRMSE, MAE, ME--10 min2; 500, 1000Global, Polargrid-to-obsParticle detector, Satellite at L1, ACE, DSCOVRreference model
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TIER 2
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O/N2 Ratio
Column Integrated
RMSE, MAE, ME--10 min10%Global, and Tropics+ Mid-Latitudes+Polesgrid-to-grid, grid-to-obsGOLD and GUVI satellite; Airglow Emissions; Mass Spectrometryreference model
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f0F2
at peak plasma density - coupled with height
RMSE, MAE, ME--10 min, hourly<10%, 30%, 50% monthlyGlobal, and Tropics+ Mid-Latitudes+Polesgrid-to-obsIonosondes, GNSSreference model
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Plasma DriftF-RegionRMSE, MAE, ME--10 min-Global, Tropics+Mid-Lat+Poles - tiegrid-to-obsParticle Detector, High Rate GNSS, Ionosondes - Mihailreference model
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Proton DensityF-RegionRMSE, MAE, ME--10 min-Global, Tropics+Mid-Lat+Poles - tiegrid-to-obsParticle Detectorreference model
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TIER 3
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IMF-BzF-RegionRMSE, MAE, ME--10 min-5, -10 to -100 by 30Global, Polargrid-to-grid, grid-to-obsMagnetometer, Satellite at L1, EUV imaging, ACE, DSCOVRreference model
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Kp IndexF-RegionETS, FBias, HSSRPSS, Rank HistogramsReliability Diagram, BSS and decompositionhourly0.5, 4, 7 ,8.66,9; Global, Polargrid-to-grid, grid-to-obsNOAA SWPC obs, Global magnetometerreference model
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Electron Energy Fluxintegrated valueRMSE, MAE, ME--1 min <10%Global, and Tropics+ Mid-Latitudes+Polesgrid-to-grid, grid-to-obsMass spectrometer, Auroral imaging FUV/EUVreference model
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F10.7F-RegionRMSE, MAE, ME--daily 10, 100,400Global, Polargrid-to-obsNOAA SWPC obs, 10cm radio receiver, ground-based measurements, solar EUV from GOESreference model
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TIER 4
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U/V Winds250kmRMSE, MAE, ME--10 min-Global, Tropics+Mid-Lat+Poles - tiegrid-to-obsMeteor Radar, FPIreference model
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U/V Winds80kmRMSE, MAE, ME--10 min-Global, Tropics+Mid-Lat+Poles - tiegrid-to-obsMeteor Radar, FPIreference model
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SYM-H and DstF-RegionRMSE, MAE, ME--10 min-Global, Polargrid-to-grid, grid-to-obsMagnometerreference model
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Aurora Boundaryintegrated valueRMSE, MAE, MECRPSS, Spread Skill, Rank HistogramsReliability Diagram, BSS and decomposition1 min60deg, 30degGlobal, and Tropics+ Mid-Latitudes+Polesgrid-to-obs but would need to be griddedGround-based Auroral Imager; Iridium satellies Magnetic field measurements; Particle Detectorsreference model
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