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United Kingdom Germany France Italy Spain Poland Netherlands Belgium Sweden Austria Portugal Greece Hungary Czech Republic Ireland Finland Denmark Slovakia Croatia Lithuania Slovenia Latvia Estonia Luxembourg Malta Cyprus Bulgaria Romania
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GDP 3.1 trillion USD 4.2 trillion USD 3.0 trillion USD 2.2 trillion USD 1.6 trillion USD 1.6 trillion USD 900 billion USD 620 billion USD 650 billion USD 500 billion USD 300 billion USD 300 billion USD 250 billion USD 380 billion USD 550 billion USD 300 billion USD 400 billion USD 120 billion USD 70 billion USD 70 billion USD 60 billion USD40 billion USD 30 billion USD 80 billion USD 20 billion USD 24 billion USD 90 billion USD 300 billion USD
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GDP growth 4.0% 0.2% 0.9% 0.7% 1.5% 1.5% 2.1% 1.5% 1.3% 1.8% 2.5% 2.0% 4.2% 3.1% 5.6% 2.3% 2.2% 3.5% 5.0% 5.0% 4.3% 4.5% 4.9% 3.0% 4.2% 3.5% 3.5% 4.0%
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GDP p.Person 45,000 USD 50,800 USD 44,100 USD 37,000 USD 34,800 USD 34,800 USD 52,000 USD 53,200 USD 63,000 USD 56,000 USD 29,500 USD 28,000 USD 25,000 USD 35,000 USD 109,000 USD 54,000 USD 69,000 USD 22,000 USD 18,000 USD 18,000 USD 30,000 USD 20,500 USD 23,000 USD 130,000 USD 45,000 USD 27,000 USD 13,000 USD 15,500 USD
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Unemployment rate 3.8% 5.3% 7.4% 7.8% 12.1% 12.1% 3.3% 5.5% 6.5% 4.5% 6.5% 12.7% 3.7% 3.2% 4.7% 7.8% 4.2% 6.0%6.2%6.2% 4.8% 6.0% 5.6% 5.0% 3.9% 7.1% 4.8% 5.1%
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Inflation rate 3.2% 2.8% 3.1% 2.6% 3.3% 3.3% 3.0% 3.2% 3.4% 3.0% 2.4% 2.1% 6.5% 3.0% 4.0% 2.8% 3.3% 3.2% 3.0% 3.0% 2.9% 2.9% 3.1% 2.9% 2.4% 2.1%2.3 3.7%
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Price-to-Income Ratio9.59.611.29.48.78.78.17.59.38.26.87.36.27.88.57.5 8.06.5 6.0 6.07.46.46.27.2 7.07.26.56.7
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Commercial and retail property rental yield 4.5% 4.1% 4.0% 4.3% 5.0% 5.0% 5.2% 5.4% 5.1% 4.8% 6.0% 6.5%6.2% 5.4% 5.7% 5.0% 5.3% 6.0% 6.5% 6.5% 5.2% 6.0% 6.1% 4.8% 5.5%6.2% 6.0% 6.1%
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Rental Income from Residential Property 3.7% 3.2% 3.0% 3.4% 4.2% 4.2% 3.8% 3.6% 3.5% 3.9% 4.4% 4.1% 4.8% 4.1% 4.0% 3.6% 3.9% 4.2% 4.5% 4.5% 4.1% 4.2% 4.3% 3.5% 4.0% 4.3% 4.2% 4.4%
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Rising Property Prices: Historical and Current Price Dynamics 7.3% 6.5% 5.8% 4.9% 6.1% 6.1% 6.0% 4.7% 8.1% 5.3% 5.5% 5.2% 7.0% 6.3% 7.4% 6.3%6.2% 7.3% 6.0% 6.0% 6.0% 5.7% 6.5% 5.3%6.2% 5.8% 5.0%6.2%
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Vacancy rate 7.1% 7.4%6.2% 7.1% 6.8% 6.8% 5.5% 6.0% 5.8% 5.2% 7.0% 8.0% 7.5% 6.4% 6.3%6.2% 5.5% 7.2% 7.0% 7.0% 6.5% 6.3% 6.0% 4.2% 6.0% 6.3% 7.2% 6.9%
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Construction Cost Index: Changes in Construction Costs 4.2% 5.1% 4.7% 4.5% 4.2% 4.2% 4.3% 4.3% 4.6% 4.0% 4.1% 4.8% 5.2% 4.3% 5.2% 4.1% 4.4% 4.5% 4.4% 4.4% 4.4% 4.3% 4.2% 3.7% 4.1% 4.0% 4.5% 4.3%
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Construction Permits: Number of Projects Issued and Completed 250,000 286,000 410,000 310,000 375,000 375,000 200,000 180,000 250,000 220,000 150,000 120,000 150,000 220,000 130,000 140,000 180,000 120,0009090 90,000 80,00050 10,000 8,000 10,000 110,000 150,000
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Demand Analysis 80% occupancy. 85% occupancy 82% occupancy 78% occupancy 80% occupancy. 80% occupancy. 85% occupancy. 80% occupancy. 84% occupancy. 83% occupancy. 78% occupancy. 75% occupancy. 80% occupancy. 82% occupancy. 85% occupancy. 80% occupancy. 82% occupancy. 80% occupancy. 80% occupancy. 80% occupancy. 80% occupancy. 75% occupancy. 80% occupancy. 85% occupancy. 80% occupancy. 80% occupancy. 80% occupancy. 80% occupancy.
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Housing Shortage: Cities with High Demand 500,000 units. 1.2 million units. 900,000 units 600,000 units 700,000 units. 700,000 units. 500,000 units. 500,000 units. 600,000 units.550,000 units. 450,000 units. 350,000 units. 400,000 units. 500,000 units. 450,000 units. 450,000 units. 400,000 units. 300,000 units. 250,000 units. 250,000 units. 250,000 units. 250,000 units. 150,000 units. 25,000 units. 10,000 units. 15,000 units. 300,000 units. 300,000 units.
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Population growth 0.5% 0.1% 0.2% -0.2% (population decline) 0.3% 0.3% 0.3% 0.4% 0.6% 0.4% 0.3% 0.3% 0.2% 0.4% 1.0% 0.5% 0.4% 0.2% 0.3% 0.3% 0.2% 0.1% 0.3% 2.0% 1.1% 0.8% 0.3% 0.4%
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Level of urbanization83%77%81%71%80%80%92%98%88%58%65%80%71%73%63%85%88%65%57%57%60%68%70%90%95%66%55%55%
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Average household income 42,000 USD 44,500 USD 42,000 USD 35,500 USD 32,500 USD 32,500 USD 45,000 USD 42,000 USD 50,000 USD 39,000 USD 23,000 USD 22,000 USD 18,000 USD 27,000 USD 45,000 USD 37,500 USD 47,000 USD 20,500 USD 15,000 USD 15,000 USD 22,000 USD 16,500 USD 20,000 USD 70,000 USD 30,000 USD 22,500 USD 15,000 USD 18,000 USD
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Age structure 40.3 years 45.7 years old 42.3 years old 46.5 years 44.3 years old 44.3 years old 42.8 years old 42.5 years 41.5 years 44.2 years old 44.1 years old45.3 years 42.0 years 42.7 years 38.5 years old 44.2 years old 42.3 years old 41.5 years 42.0 years 42.0 years 43.3 years old 43.5 years 41.0 years old 39.5 years old 42.0 years 38.5 years old 43.7 years 42.5 years
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Real Estate Registration System: Transparency and Reliability.9/109/108/107/108/108/109/108/109/109/108/107/107/108/109/109/109/108/107/107/108/107/108/109/109/108/107/107/10
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Property Tax: Rates and Tax Benefits. 1.0% 1.25% 1.20% 1.0% 1.1% 1.1% 1.2% 1.0% 1.0% 1.1% 0.3% 0.5% 1.0% 1.0% 0.3% 1.1% 1.0% 1.0% 1.5% 1.5% 1.1% 1.0% 1.1% 0.7% 0.5% 0.3% 0.5% 0.5%
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Tenant Protection Laws: Rent Caps, Tenant Rights.8/108/109/108/108/108/108/108/108/108/108/107/107/108/107/108/108/107/107/107/107/107/107/108/107/107/107/107/10
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Purchase by foreigners: Restrictions or special conditions.7/109/108/107/109/109/107/108/107/107/107/106/108/107/108/107/107/106/106/106/108/107/107/107/106/106/106/106/10
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Real Estate Financing 1.5 trillion USD 900 billion USD 750 billion USD 620 billion USD 580 billion USD 580 billion USD 500 billion USD 450 billion USD 550 billion USD 450 billion USD 400 billion USD 350 billion USD 350 billion USD 500 billion USD 400 billion USD 550 billion USD 600 billion USD 300 billion USD 200 billion USD 200 billion USD 150 billion USD 150 billion USD 120 billion USD 80 billion USD 10 billion USD 10 billion USD 150 billion USD 200 billion USD
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Mortgage Rates: Average rates on loans to purchase real estate. 3.4% 3.5% 3.2% 3.8% 3.6% 3.6% 3.3% 3.1% 3.1% 3.0% 3.4% 3.8% 4.5% 3.4% 3.0% 3.0% 3.5% 4.1% 4.3% 4.3% 3.7% 4.2% 3.9% 2.5% 3.5% 3.4% 4.0% 4.2%
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Leveraged financing ratio: Percentage of borrowed funds in transactions60%65%68%60%62%62%63%60%62%60%60%55%60%60%65%65%62%58%55%55%55%60%58%70%65%60%55%60%
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Lending volumes 1 trillion USD 1.8 trillion USD 1.5 trillion USD 900 billion USD 850 billion USD 850 billion USD 750 billion USD 700 billion USD 800 billion USD 750 billion USD 500 billion USD 600 billion USD 500 billion USD 700 billion USD 800 billion USD 750 billion USD 850 billion USD 500 billion USD 350 billion USD 350 billion USD 200 billion USD 250 billion USD 200 billion USD 100 billion USD 15 billion USD 15 billion USD 300 billion USD 350 billion USD