| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Category | Properties | Harmony | Cosmos | Polkadot | EOS | Tezos | Ethereum 2.0 | |
2 | Validator | Committee Size | 250 * 4 shards | 125 (up to 300) | 100 (up to 1000) | 21 | 130 | 111 | |
3 | Committee Selection | The top 1000 most staked validators | Top 125 most staked validators | Top 100 most staked validators | Top 21 most voted block producers | Randomly selected based on stake Need at least 8k XTZ (1 roll) | Randomly selected among all validators who staked exactly 32 ETH | ||
4 | Voting power | Weighted by effective stake | Weighted by stake | Equal for all validators | Equal for all | Weighted by stake | equal for all | ||
5 | Block proposer | Takes turns | Chance of being block proposer is based on stakes | Take turns | Take turns | Chance of being block proposer is based on stakes | Randomly selected with equal chance | ||
6 | Hot/Cold key separation | Yes | Yes | Yes (with additional control key to further separate cold key's functionality) | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
7 | Reward | Block rewards (validators) | Proportional to validators' effective stake | Proportional to validators' stakes | Equal for all validators | Equal for all validators (0.25% inflation to BP - Fixed block rewards for all; 0.75% to standby BP distributed based on percentage of votes. 4% for development fund) | Proportional to validators' stakes | Equal for all validators | |
8 | Block rewards (delegators) | After commission fees, distribute the rest in proportion to delegated stakes | After commission fees, distribute the rest in proportion to delegated stakes | After commission fees, distribute the rest in proportion to delegated stakes | N/A | After commission fees, distribute the rest in proportion to delegated stakes | N/A | ||
9 | Reward Calculator | N/A | link | link | link | link | N/A | ||
10 | Payout schedule | every block (~5s) | every block (~6s) | Recorded every 5s, Payout every 1 hour | every block (~500ms) | delegation become active after 7 cycles; reward locked after another 5 cycles (15 days) | N/A | ||
11 | Transaction Fee | Normal Gas fee | Block proposer gets: 1% more if 2/3 signatures included; 5% more if 100% signatures included; (2% of txn fee goes to reserve pool of cosmos) | N/A | No Explicit Fee | Normal Gas Fee + storage fee | N/A | ||
12 | Slashing | Double Signing Penalty | Minimum 2% slash; 33% if 1/3 validators double sign; Half burn + half goes to reporter | 5% penalty; all stakes are automatically unbonded and can't be rebond for 21 days; validator jailed forever | N/A | No Slashing | Security deposit of 512 XTZ (per block) for baking and 64 XTZ for endorsement will be slashed; half goes to reporter + half burned | Minimum 1ETH slashed; Goes up linearly as the number of validators slashed at the same time | |
13 | Unavailability Condition | 66% of the block missed during an epoch | 95% missed blocks in last 10k blocks (16hours) | Offline for "offline_slash_grace + unstake_theshold" times (e.g. 4 + 10 = 14) | didn't produce blocks for the last 24 hours | Missed all blocks for 5 cycles (15 days) | offline for 18 days | ||
14 | Unavailability Penalty | validator put into inactive mode and not included in shard assignment until they explicitly turn their mode back to active. | 0.01% penalty; validator jailed for 10 mins | Slashing on the stake | BP removed from consensus | Become passive (jailed) for 1 cycle | if block is finalizing: the amount of block reward will be slashed; if block is not finalizing: Upto 60.8% stake will be slashed in 18 days | ||
15 | Validator Stake Centralization | No | Susceptible | No (Equal power for all) | Susceptible | Susceptible | No (Equal power for all) | ||
16 | Staking | Bond/Unbond | Every epoch | Anytime | Every era (1 hour) | Anytime | Anytime | Anytime | |
17 | Dynamic Staking Adjustment | Yes | No (have to withdraw and re-delegate | Yes | N/A | Yes | N/A | ||
18 | Stake Locking/Withdraw Delay | 7 epoch | 21 days | 12 weeks | Vote/staked tokens are locked for 3 days | Security deposit locked for 5 cycles (15 days) | 18 hours minimum or depending on the withdraw queue | ||
19 | Token Economics | Annual Inflation Rate | 4% | 7%-20% (~7% at current) | 2.5%-10% (10% at target) | 5% (fixed) | 5.51% (fixed) | ~1% (TBD) | |
20 | Annual Staking Return | 10-20% | ~10% (current) | 2.5%-50% (20% at target) | 1.84% | 7% (now) | ~0.8-8.2% | ||
21 | Target Staking Rate (at highest inflation) | No Target | 66% | 50% | N/A | N/A | N/A | ||
22 | x |