Type of analysis

Short summary

Peer-reviewed paper

Climate impacts; Cost; Growth; Job figures; Short-term multipliers

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(01)00235-X

While economic effects of The Netherlands’s tax deductibility of interest returns and dividend yields from green projects were positive, increasing growth, employment, and net tax income, environmental effects were mixed. This instrument skewed towards energy and building.

Academic policy brief

Ex-ante; Meta-analysis; Commentary

Job figures; Energy supply; Literature review; Policy recommendations

Green jobs; Structural unemployment; Energy capacity

https://community-wealth.org/sites/clone.community-wealth.org/files/downloads/paper-kammen-et-al.pdf

Expanding use of renewable energy is good for both energy self-sufficiency and employment, based on 13 independent reports analysing clean energy in the US and Europe.

Peer-reviewed paper

Ex-post; Commentary

Agriculture; Conservation; Soil erosion; Household income

C1; B1; B2 no direct equivalent for P in new archetypes

https://www.jstor.org/stable/4129667

Conservation set-aside program to prevent soil erosion may be able to target better, as some farmers reconvert land back to cultivation after end of program, while fiscal savings may be generated if payments reflected differences in opportunity cost between plots.

Peer-reviewed paper

Growth; Job figures; Climate impacts

Green jobs; Tradeoffs; Comparative; Regulations

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2007.05.002

Emissions restrictions, along with counteracting labour market policy, could eliminate negative direct economic effects of sectoral rigidities that lead to short-term economic imperfections.

Literature review; Costs; Energy supply; Climate impacts

Regulation; Policy recommendations; Distortionary fiscal policy; Innovation; Technology risk

http://hdl.handle.net/1853/23053

The critical role of new technologies in achieving GHG stabilisation is underscored by the fact that most greenhouse gases emitted over the next century will come from equipment and infrastructure that has not yet been built. As a result, new technologies and fuels have the potential to transform the nation's energy system while meeting climate change as well as energy security and other goals. Fiscal policies can be distortionary and ineffective or unfavourable.

Think tank report; Academic policy brief

Job figures; Cost; Job multipliers; Timeliness

γ; 𝜂; λ; U; smart grids is sub-archetype 𝜂 - 5

https://peri.umass.edu/publication/item/292-green-recovery-a-program-to-create-good-jobs-start-building-a-low-carbon-economy

Accelerating the implementation of a green recovery program would secure energy security, combat global warming, and create jobs, realising returns sooner and boosting the economy at a critical time.

Peer-reviewed paper

Climate impacts; Literature review

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.05.004

Green public procurement is a promising method to promote environmentally sound product design and reduce environmental impacts of products in furniture, particularly in production and disposal.

Academic policy brief

Policy recommendations; Long-run multipliers; Job multipliers; Timeliness

Comparative; Finance; Carbon price; Sustainable growth; Assessing stimulus; Leveraging coinvestment

http://www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/publication/an-outline-of-the-case-for-a-green-stimulus/

Policies to tackle climate change could form a central part of a fiscal package designed to moderate economic slowdown, providing an effective boost to the economy and increasing labour demand, while building the foundations for sound, sustainable, and strong growth in the future.

Think tank report

Ex-ante; Commentary

Job figures; Cost; Energy prices; Climate impacts; Policy recommendations; Timeliness

λ; Y; ψ; B; γ; 𝜂 - 5; L C4C was changed to B, unsure if correct

https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/6603341.pdf

Well-tailored green recovery can create jobs and stimulate the economy – every billion dollars invested in green recovery creates 30,100 jobs and saves $450m in energy costs. They can also reduce cost of future climate and energy policy. Successful programs will implement quickly and complement, rather than seek to replace, future energy and climate legislation.

Meta-analysis; Ex-post; Commentary

Job figures; Cost; Short-run multipliers

https://web.stanford.edu/group/emf-research/docs/occasional_papers/OP64.pdf

Advantages of increased jobs from renewable energy are vastly overstated at costs prevailing today, and a dramatic breakthrough in costs needed if renewable energy is to become a job generator. Economic costs therefore are more important than job creation metrics.

Academic policy brief

Meta-analysis; Ex-post; Commentary

Job figures; Cost; Energy supply; Policy recommendations; Job multipliers

https://ideas.repec.org/p/uma/perips/green_economy_of_ontario.html

Ontario’s Green Energy Act has capacity to produce substantial benefits in environmental protection and expansion of employment, spanning a wide range of occupations and those in low-paying positions would have more opportunity for advancement relative to other low-paid jobs.

Think tank report; Academic policy brief

Ex-ante; Commentary

Climate impacts; Cost; Growth; Job figures; Short-run multipliers; Timeliness

Green jobs; Leveraging coinvestment; Policy recommendations

https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/green/reports/2009/06/18/6192/the-economic-benefits-of-investing-in-clean-energy/

While a carbon cap would have, at worst, a minimally negative impact on US long-term growth, clean-energy policies can go further in stimulating growth by generating jobs and output.

Peer-reviewed paper

Ex-post; Commentary

https://instituteforenergyresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/090327-employment-public-aid-renewable.pdf

Spanish example of green jobs finds them to be counterproductive, as it destroys jobs and leads to a net destruction in jobs per MW.

Peer-reviewed paper

Ex-post; Meta-analysis

Green jobs; Socioeconomic dimensions; Input-output; Wind; Gender

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.02.049

Wind energy deployment creates a significant number of jobs when other energy sectors are shrinking – most of which are in wind turbine manufacturers (predominantly male).

Think tank report

Literature review; Theory

Net jobs; Green jobs; Labour market modelling; Input-output

https://www.instituteforenergyresearch.org/green-jobs-fact-or-fiction/

Highly questionable whether a government campaign for green jobs would have net economic benefits through distortionary impacts, higher-cost alternative energy sources, and job losses.

Think tank report

Literature review; Theory

https://www.instituteforenergyresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/morriss-green-jobs-myths.pdf

Literature promoting green jobs have embedded dubious assumptions and techniques within their analyses.

Job figures; Climate impacts; Job multipliers; Cost

Natural assets; Forestry; Green jobs; Urban green spaces

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/294865496_Creating_forestry_jobs_to_boost_the_economy_and_build_a_green_future

Forestry is labour intensive, with relatively low capital investment, and investments in upstream forestry activities are able to generate more jobs than most other sectors.

Peer-reviewed paper

Job figures; Energy supply

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.10.044

All non-fossil fuel technologies create more jobs per unit energy than coal and natural gas in the US.

Peer-reviewed paper

Cost; Short-run multipliers; Job figures; Policy recommendations

Comparative; Debt; Global imbalance; Green New Deal; International coordination

https://ideas.repec.org/a/wej/wldecn/420.html

A green economic recovery, if properly enacted, should help alleviate, rather than worsen, large fiscal deficits, long-term RIR rises, inflation, and global imbalances

Peer-reviewed paper

Ex-post; Commentary

Climate impacts; Theory; Cost

Finance; Credit; Green banking; Procurement; International coordination; Government agencies

https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1070496510371192

Green finance policies, like green tax, procurement, credit, insurance, security, have proved resistant to massive economic upheaval following GFC, but future success depends on data and dissemination, technical guidance, and true financial incentives.

Peer-reviewed paper

Ex-post; Commentary

Energy supply; Cost; Job figures; Climate impacts; Energy prices

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2010.03.029

German renewable energy policy, in particular, feed-in tariff scheme, failed to harness market incentives to ensure a viable and cost-effective introduction of RE technologies, and government support mechanisms have subverted these incentives. R&D measures may have been preferable to helping existing tech penetrate markets.

Short-run multipliers; Long-run multipliers; Climate impacts; Cost; Energy supply; Job figures; Growth

Green jobs; Imports; Exports; Energy capacity; Cost saving; Co-benefits;

https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/19956

Most beneficial green programs are those that can stimulate employment in the short run, and lead to learning curve effects in the long run, but most green stimulus programs have significant trade-offs between the two impacts. There are also trade-offs between large employment effects and high-skill jobs.

International organization report

Ex-ante; Commentary

Growth; Policy recommendations

Innovation; Econometrics; Macroeconomic modelling; Tax

https://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/publications/economic_paper/2010/pdf/ecp413_en.pdf

A model-based analysis of cost-efficiency of policy options that could direct innovation is developed, and an appropriate policy mix would stimulate short-term green R&D, while spreading out R&D to all sectors in the medium-term

Government agency report

Ex-post; Meta-analysis

Short-run multipliers; Long-run multipliers; Job figures; Climate impacts; Policy recommendations; Cost; Timeliness

https://ec.europa.eu/environment/enveco/growth_jobs_social/pdf/studies/green_recovery_plans.pdf

Most successful packages in economic terms tailored for local requirements and optimally must include a balance between short term economic, and long term environmental benefits, which could be enhanced by investment plans and co-financing, while energy efficiency measures, R&D and innovation bring long-term economic benefits.

Socioeconomic dimensions; Poverty; Net jobs; Carbon tax; Regulation

𝜇; 𝜏; γ; C1; B1; B2 no direct equivalent for P in new archetypes

http://www.espa.ac.uk/files/espa/Greengrowth.pdf

Due to initial poverty and high dependence of environmental capital, poor likely to suffer most due to low resources for mitigation and for investment in adaptation. Green growth ideas may cause a slow-down in the effectiveness of growth to reduce poverty.

Peer-reviewed paper

Job figures; Energy supply; Literature review; Timeliness

https://doi.org/10.3763/cpol.2008.0513

Climate policy has a complex effect on jobs, in short term creating jobs, in medium term, having an economy-wide effect as values and production patterns adjust, and in long term, a large effect through widespread structural adjustment. This “creative destruction” is associated with innovation, job creation, and growth.

Think tank report

Job figures; Cost; Energy supply

Macroeconomic modelling; Tradeoffs; Net jobs; Income; Assessing stimulus; Innovation

http://www.windwatchni.com/uploads/1/6/4/9/16490250/green-jobs.pdf

Labour inputs should be a cost not a benefit, and there is no reason to assume that technical progress and improvements in efficiency will favour RE over non-RE.

International organization report

Theory; Job figures; Growth

Assessing stimulus, Input-output; Econometrics; Macroeconomic modelling

https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@dgreports/@dcomm/@publ/documents/publication/wcms_153458.pdf

A framework for assessing green jobs in developing countries is developed, with the support of input-output methodology

Peer-reviewed paper

Climate impacts; Energy prices

Innovation; technology; comparative advantage

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.08.036

All countries will need to be involved in climate mitigation, and green growth is a necessity, but there is no panacea.

Peer-reviewed paper

Job figures; Policy recommendations

Energy capacity; Input-output; Macroeconomic modelling

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2011.08.016

Policymakers should further promote renewables as they create jobs - every 1% increase in solar PV leads to a 0.68% increase in total employment. A matching educational system and personnel structure is also needed.

International organization report

Ex-post; Commentary

Job figures; Cost; Growth

https://www.ilo.org/inst/research/addressing-crisis-challenges/discussion-paper-series/WCMS_194185/lang--en/index.htm

A variety of post-GFC green stimulus measures are evaluated.

Meta-analysis; Commentary

Short-run multipliers; Cost; Energy prices; Job figures; Timeliness

Finance; Politics; Technology risk; Transaction costs; Debt

https://www.iddri.org/sites/default/files/import/publications/wp1112_european-growth-package.pdf

Investments in green economy can increase economic productivity in the long term, strengthening economic resilience against fossil fuel price increases and further GHG constraints, while having a positive impact for growth and jobs in the short term.

Political economy; Politics; Green jobs; Industrial policy

http://www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/publication/green-growth-economic-theory-and-political-discourse-working-paper-92/

Two forms of green growth, one of long-run economic benefit of environmental protection, and one that environmental policy can be a driver of growth.

Peer-reviewed paper

Policy recommendations; Cost; Climate impacts

Technological change; Innovation; Sustainable growth; Carbon tax

https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/aer.102.1.131

Sustainable growth can be achieved with temporary taxes and subsidies that redirect innovation, optimally with carbon tax, and use of an exhaustible resource in dirty input production helps the switch to clean innovation.

Peer-reviewed paper

Growth; Job figures; Energy prices

Macroeconomic modelling; Tradeoffs; Net jobs; Green jobs; Energy security

https://tarc.exeter.ac.uk/media/universityofexeter/businessschool/documents/centres/tarc/events/masterclasses/GreenJobs.pdf

Tariff policy in Ontario increases employment in “green” sectors but reduces overall employment and labour force participation – RE policies should be promoted for their environmental impact not labour market effect.

Peer-reviewed paper

Meta-analysis; Commentary

Job figures; Energy supply

Net jobs; Green jobs; Input-output; Modelling methodologies

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.03.072

Impact of renewable energy on employment still disputed, and analytical studies using extensive surveys more appropriate for regional studies, while input-output methods more suited to national and international studies.

Academic policy brief

Policy recommendations

Innovation; Finance; Saving; Sustainable growth; Carbon tax

http://www.lse.ac.uk/granthaminstitute/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/PB-Zenghelis-economic-growth-green-investment-innovation.pdf

A protracted economic slowdown is the best time to support investment in green activities as resource costs are low and potential to crowd out alternative investment and employment is small. As interest rates are pushed to zero, low confidence creates a paradox of thrift, where borrowing can stimulate private investment.

Government agency report

Ex-ante; Meta-analysis; Commentary

Policy recommendations; Energy supply; Climate impacts

Innovation; Energy capacity; Strategy; International cooperation; Grid expansion; Energy security

https://elib.dlr.de/76044/

Analysis of energy scenarios for RE, and the energy supply, structural, and economic effects are developed, showing that there are tremendous long-term benefits of an energy system transformation.

Climate impacts; Cost; Job figures

Input-output; Green jobs; Finance; Crowding-out; Unemployment; Tax income; Emissions; Macroeconomic analysis

https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/38815/

An extended input-output model to estimate the macroeconomic effects of the rehabilitation measures on public deficit indicate that the programs induce substantial public revenue through income taxes, and SSC weighed against the program cost. If the rehabilitation measures do not crowd out other investment projects, the net effect on the public deficit turns out positive.

International organization report; Working paper

Short-run multipliers; Theory; Growth

Debt; Macroeconomic modelling; Assessing stimulus; Business cycles

https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2016/12/31/Successful-Austerity-in-the-United-States-Europe-and-Japan-26116

Smooth and gradual consolidations are preferred to frontloaded or aggressive consolidations, especially for economies in recession facing high risk premia on public debt, because sheltering growth is key to the success of fiscal consolidation in these cases.

International organization report

Ex-post; Commentary

Policy recommendations

Assessing stimulus; Innovation; Local governance; Finance

𝜂; γ; Y; ψ; X; U; λ; 𝜏; C1; B1; B2 no direct equivalent for P in new archetypes

https://www.oecd.org/cfe/leed/49387595.pdf

There are challenges and opportunities to grow local economic activity, employment and skills in response to climate change, as jobs are lost and created through a restructuring of the economy.

Peer-reviewed paper

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2012.08.041

Green growth is critically examined and the author argues for importance of careful analysis of environmental policies, especially where huge benefits are offered with little or no cost

Peer-reviewed paper

Growth; Theory; Policy recommendations

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.04.045

A new way of thinking about green growth is provided, through radical growth in environmental and resource-saving technologies, along with degrowth in products and processes that undermine long-term living and production. Giving up on economic growth is not the necessary condition to tackle the environmental crisis.

Peer-reviewed paper

Ex-post; Commentary

Theory; Job figures

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2012.08.034

Green jobs are ill-defined, and have been unsuccessful in America, while China relies on fossil fuels still.

Peer-reviewed paper

Policy recommendations; Theory; Literature review

https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.256

Where there is no lack of private money, just a perceived lack of opportunity, low resource costs and a reduced crowding out potential mean that green policies have the potential to generate growth and confidence and transition the global economy to low-carbon.

Peer-reviewed paper

Theory; Literature review; Cost; Climate impacts

https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.257

Green stimulus often ineffective as fiscal stimulus, green instruments, or both while qualifying cases for green stimulus has limited empirical evidence.

Peer-reviewed paper

Ex-post; Commentary

Growth; Cost; Job figures; Energy supply; Climate impacts

Assessing stimulus; Grants; Loans; Leveraging coinvestment; Regulation

https://doi.org/10.1093/reep/res014

Clean energy has resulted in significant job creation and leveraged private investment but has been challenging to implement in an uncertain regulatory environment. Rigorous evaluation is important. Grants are better than tax credits, both are better than loan guarantees.

Peer-reviewed paper

Innovation; Finance; Grants; Econometrics; SMEs

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2013.04.009

Entrepreneurs who value collaboration with researchers and give importance to increase of market demand of green products are more active in all types of eco-innovations, while supply-side factors drive environmental processes and organisational innovations more. Access to subsidies and fiscal incentives do not have any significant effect on the decision to eco-innovate at the firm level.

Peer-reviewed paper

Ex-post; Commentary

Finance; Sector-by-sector analysis; Diamond risk; Regulation; Stock market; Macroeconomic modelling

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2013.01.012

Green policies have mixed effects on abnormal returns with apparent sector-by-sector differences, affecting the long-term systematic risk of industries and leading to the diamond risk phenomenon. Australian market particularly sensitive to carbon pollution reduction scheme announcement.

Peer-reviewed paper

Survey; Commentary

Literature review; Policy recommendations; Energy prices; Timeliness

https://www.jstor.org/stable/41969211

Homeowners are responsive to upfront costs of renovation projects, government subsidies, energy expense savings, time horizons, and thermal comfort improvement. Uncertainty about future energy prices leads to higher preference for status quo. Renovations more likely when climate change considerations are important.

Think tank report

Ex-post; Commentary

Innovation; Trade; Green jobs; Assessing stimulus

https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/57a08a14ed915d622c000551/EoD_HD064_July2013_GreenGrowth_Final.pdf

Evidence and research gaps in green growth are identified, and previous research is mapped

Peer-reviewed paper

Policy recommendations

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eist.2012.11.003

Best way to achieve Schumpterian green growth is a combination of clean R&D subsidies and a carbon tax, or if carbon tax is infeasible, renewables subsidies

Peer-reviewed paper

Comparative advantage; Macroeconomic modelling; Degrowth

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.05.007

Green race will alter the competitive landscape, where successful country-sectors must combine competitive strength with speedy conversion to green products and processes. Each country has niches of green competitiveness.

Working paper; Academic policy brief

Policy recommendations; Literature review; Timeliness

Carbon tax; Technological change; Innovation; Path dependence

https://newclimateeconomy.report/workingpapers/workingpaper/path-dependence-innovation-and-the-economics-of-climate-change-2/

Shifting our fossil-fuelled civilisation to clean modes of production and consumption requires deep transformations in our energy and economic systems. Innovation in physical technologies and social behaviours is key to this transformation but innovation has not been at the heart of economic models of climate change.

Academic policy brief

Ex-post; Meta-analysis; Commentary

Policy recommendations; Job figures; Energy supply; Cost; Literature review; Job multipliers

Green jobs; Input-output; Modelling methodologies; Tradeoffs; Counterfactuals

https://d2e1qxpsswcpgz.cloudfront.net/uploads/2020/03/low-carbon-jobs.pdf

Renewables and energy efficiency more labour intensive than fossil-fuels, both in short-term construction, and in average plant lifetime. If economy is expected to return to full employment, “job creation” not a meaningful concept, and overall economic efficiency is more important.

International organization report

Meta-analysis; Commentary

Short-run multipliers

Macroeconomic modelling; Assessing Stimulus

https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/TNM/Issues/2016/12/31/Fiscal-Multipliers-Size-Determinants-and-Use-in-Macroeconomic-Projections-41784?fbclid=IwAR06DqAkiAoGYxHu9J_QCZiLcWVe66vYgPHXghceCsorAb6EpSpbLV35cec

General guidance on the definition, measurement, and use of fiscal multipliers.

Academic policy brief

Policy recommendations; Literature review

Green jobs; Carbon tax; Labour market modelling

http://portal.gms-eoc.org/uploads/resources/3382/attachment/Looking_for_green_jobs_the_impact_of_green_growth_on_employment_GGGI_Grantham_Research_Institute_on_Climate_Change_on_the_Environment_0.pdf

At present not possible for policymakers to assess conflicting claims about quality and quantity of green jobs that have already been created due to paucity of evidence and good data.

Peer-reviewed paper

Energy supply; Climate impacts; Job figures; Growth; Cost

Patents; Grants; Loans; Socioeconomic dimensions; Comparative

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.10.060

Stimulus programs in America have had a positive effect on RE sector despite the lack of “cap-and-trade”.

Peer-reviewed paper

Theory; Climate impacts

Macroeconomic modelling; Tradeoffs; Debt

https://doi.org/10.1017/S1365100513000813

Reallocating government expenditures towards the environment can procure a double dividend by raising growth and improving environmental conditions, and endogenous Ramsey fiscal policy eliminates the possibility of an “environmental and economic poverty trap”. Under exogenous discounting, green spending reforms are the optimal response under Ramsey fiscal policy.

Think tank report

Literature review; Job figures; Cost; Climate impact; Energy supply

Regression; Econometrics; Green New Deal; Finance

https://lup.lub.lu.se/search/publication/8832014

South Korea Green New Deal has been successful as traditional fiscal stimulus but not as an instrument of environmental policy in the short term. This is explained by a lack of complementary pricing reforms, insufficient renewable energy uptake, and improvements in energy intensity incapable of offsetting the negative effects of economic growth. The GND may have played a role in providing impetus for long-term action to enhance green growth policies in the energy sector.

Ex-post; Meta-analysis; Commentary

Comparative; Job multipliers; Job figures; Climate impacts; Policy recommendations; Short-run multipliers; Long-run multipliers; Growth

Finance; Politics; Technology risk; Assessing stimulus; Comparative; International Coordination

https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781315147710

Carefully designed and directed spending measures can have beneficial results for environment and employment, such as weatherization and RE investments, but others such as subsidies and investments in CCS need more caution.

Dynamic discrete choice analysis; Demand stimulus; Tradeoffs; Counterfactual analysis; Econometrics

https://ideas.repec.org/p/gwi/wpaper/2016-25.html

Elements of vehicle scrappage programs, as in the US example, designed to achieve environmental benefits, could significantly impact the program’s impact on demand stimulus.

Peer-reviewed paper

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304105571_Literature_Review_The_Green_Economy_Clean_Energy_Policy_and_Employment

Green economy has positive effects on employment in developed and developing countries but can have negative effects in some countries like Spain. Research so far, is inconclusive.

Peer-reviewed paper

Policy recommendations

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2016.05.052

Support for renewables among those in oil/gas sector similar to population at large but stimulating new avenues for employment is a necessary component of mitigation policy.

Think tank report

Climate impacts; Theory

Debt; Externalities; Industrial Policy; Game theory; Macroeconomic modelling; Grants; Finance

https://ideas.repec.org/p/fem/femwpa/2016.31.html

Restraints on upstream subsidies erode global welfare when environmental externalities are large enough relative to political distortions. Climate finance is an effective alternative if political distortions are large, and carbon costs are not undervalued.

Peer-reviewed paper

Literature review; Growth

Poverty; Exports; Resource dependence; International coordination; Development

θ; C1; B1; B2 no direct equivalent for P in new archetypes

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reseneeco.2016.05.001

In developing countries, green growth must be reconciled with two key structural features of poor economies – primary products account for majority of export earnings, and substantial share of rural population located on less favoured agricultural land and remote areas, creating poverty traps. Green growth must overcome these two features, fostering forward and backward linkage of primary production, and addressing rural poverty.

Government agency report

Ex-post; Commentary

Cost; Job figures; Energy supply

Energy capacity; Energy security; Economic rationale; Green jobs

https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/page/files/20160225_cea_final_clean_energy_report.pdf

Clean energy investments of ARRA contributed to economic recovery, supporting roughly 900k job years in innovative clean energy fields from 2009 to 2015, and laying the groundwork for remarkable growth in clean energy.

Peer-reviewed paper

Cost; Short-run multipliers; Literature review

Car scrappage; Grants; Exports; Imports; Macroeconomic modelling; Econometrics

http://pep.vse.cz/artkey/pep-201605-0004_cross-border-effects-of-car-scrapping-schemes-the-case-of-the-german-car-scrapping-programme-and-its-effects-o.php

German programme provided significant boost for Czech personal car exports, coupled with increased imports due to large import requirements of the Czech automotive segment, contributing around 0.4-0.5% real GDP growth.

Growth; Literature review

Car scrappage; Grants; Liquidity; Program uptake

https://www.nber.org/papers/w22878.pdf?fbclid=IwAR1vNDITEaRWpPM0sg4Lis257xYlURX0FzAQMz04dr6jyPqSZYkHnl9WOjE

Car Allowance Rebate System in the US caused roughly 500k purchases but provided less liquidity for households owning clunkers securing loans – for these, participation rate was low, due to liquidity constraints.

Peer-reviewed paper

Job figures; Job multipliers; Cost

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2016.11.012

9 clean energy, and 2 fossil fuel, multipliers are estimated, while $1m of spending supports 2.65 FTE jobs in fossil fuels vs. 7.49 in renewables

Peer-reviewed paper

Ex-post; Commentary

Energy supply; Growth; Literature review

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.06.011

Fuzzy-set QCA shows that less wealthy EU states are not too poor to be green, extended to renewable energy, which is promoted both because and in spite of the means.

Peer-reviewed paper

Ex-post; Commentary

Job figures; Literature review

Household income; Macroeconomic modelling; Econometrics; Green jobs

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.09.030

Provision of green goods and services have greened states and industries. Industries that increase share of green employment have reduced productivity in goods production, but not in services supply. Industries that increased provision of green goods and services grew more slowly and demanded more medium educated workers while simultaneously reducing their demand for lower skilled workers.

International organization report

Policy recommendations; Job figures; Theory

https://www.oecd.org/environment/Employment-Implications-of-Green-Growth-OECD-Report-G7-Environment-Ministers.pdf

Ambitious green policies that improve environmental quality while maintaining economic growth do not have to harm overall employment if they are well implemented.

Peer-reviewed paper

Energy supply; Job multipliers; Climate impacts; Job figures; Growth

Supply chains; Input-Output; Energy; MF-EIO; Non-energy products

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2018.07.015

Green growth in Canada can prioritize activities that generate economic and job growth at minimal environmental pressure and providing a longer structural change path for improving supply chains of other economic activities.

Job figures; Long-run multiplier; Cost

https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/144514/1383_Chhabra.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y&fbclid=IwAR0YWWB6JvgMiDlbQBUFB03FXBFhd1W1TQmxggc_uDxjVF7arBUkChSvEAY

Over five-year disbursement period, ARRA each million USD in R&D and science spending created twenty-seven additional jobs, and every job-year cost about $15000

Peer-reviewed paper

Ex-post; Commentary

Job figures; Job multipliers

Green jobs; Industrial policy; Wage premium

https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lby038

Green employment is pro-cyclical, highly skilled, commands a 4% wage premium, and is geographically concentrated, while employment positively correlates with subsidies, local knowledge, and was resilient to the recession. One additional green job is associated with 4.2 new local jobs in non-tradeable non-green activities (2.2 in crisis period).

Academic policy brief

Ex-ante; Commentary

Policy recommendations

Finance; Green New Deal; Politics; Industrial policy

https://www.mmu.ac.uk/media/mmuacuk/content/documents/business-school/future-economies/Dan-Bailey-Green-New-Deal.pdf

A green transformation of the obstructive, modus operandi, British state, needed before a green transformation of the British economy can be orchestrated.

Peer-reviewed paper

Ex-ante; Commentary

Policy recommendations; Climate impacts; Energy supply; Cost; Job figures

Green New Deal; Energy security; Green jobs

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2019.12.003

Green New Deal all-sector energy roadmaps are developed for 143 countries, including transitioning all energy to 100% WWS, which needs less energy, costs less, and creates more jobs than current energy.

International organization report

Ex-post; Ex-ante; Commentary

Growth; Job figures; Climate impacts; Energy supply

Sustainable growth; Green jobs; International coordination

https://www.iea.org/reports/sustainable-recovery?fbclid=IwAR2wTX4FAFuw6ht2GK0qtpVaFt6R8LietTRr4Pd0BLxiJTSsQwkkO71603A

The Sustainable Recovery Plan set out in this report shows governments have a unique opportunity to boost economic growth, create millions of new jobs, and put GHG emissions into structural decline.

Corporate report

Ex-post; Ex-ante; Commentary

Cost; Growth; Climate impacts; Job figures

Capital mobilization; Green jobs; Sustainable growth; Grants; Loans; Regulation; Politics

https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/sustainability/our-insights/how-a-post-pandemic-stimulus-can-both-create-jobs-and-help-the-climate?fbclid=IwAR2-ODF335xs9FnzGey65djzRkv_8-LctUJh9TvtCPSwFQCdL0VzrtEZruo

Low-carbon stimulus spending can spur economic recovery and job creation, particularly compared to fossil fuels.

Peer-reviewed paper

Ex-ante; Commentary

Growth; Climate impacts; Cost

Green New Deal; Finance; Debt; Monetary policy; International coordination; Trade; Behavioural change

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-020-00426-z

Further fiscal stimuli, with larger government borrowing, and an infrastructure investment package concentrated on green deals both have significant environmental consequences. Fiscal stimuli will increase demand for energy, transport, and agricultural products. Green investments not the sole component of a sustainable long-term growth strategy: public investments will be directed towards health and social care, and fibre networks.

Academic policy brief

Growth; Policy recommendations

http://www.lse.ac.uk/granthaminstitute/publication/does-it-pay-for-firms-to-go-green/

Firms that diversify into green market space have higher profit margins and lower asset turnover, and low operating efficiency of assets may explain why high profit margins do not translate into profitability, except for within the energy sector, which highlights the importance of comprehensive policy frameworks targeting decarbonisation of key emissions-intensive sectors.

Think tank report

Climate impacts; Policy recommendations

Just transition; International coordination; Regulation

https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8663057/file/8663059

The “Great Lockdown” appears to provide some opportunities in light of a green and just transition, and recovery plans should tackle both economy and climate, while maintaining the managed decline of fossil fuels.

Think tank report

Fossil market; Energy capacity; Oil discovery

https://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/examining-risks-of-new-oil-and-gas-production-in-canada.pdf

While oil and gas will remain vulnerable to trends of falling global oil demand and price, long-term net zero targets will require the country to untangle itself from oil and gas production and pursue more sustainable and resilient avenues for economic recovery and growth.

Academic policy brief

Theory; Growth; Policy recommendations

Sustainable growth; Innovation; Monetary policy; Bailouts; Finance

𝜂; ψ; γ; 𝜇; B No direct equivalent for E in new archetypes

https://www.mmu.ac.uk/media/mmuacuk/content/documents/business-school/future-economies/Greening-the-Green-Shoots-of-Recovery.pdf

A large shift in the Overton Window towards acceptable fiscal and monetary intervention means that there is opportunity to finance transformation over preservation.

Peer-reviewed paper

Policy recommendations

Green New Deal; Finance; Debt; Innovation; Green jobs; Income

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10640-020-00437-w

For G20 economies, investing in a workable and affordable green transition is essential, learning from the US and South Korea following the 2008-2009 Great Recession and implementing policies for a sustained economic recovery. Priorities for public spending include green innovation and infrastructure, smart grids, transport systems, charging station networks, and sustainable cities.

Policy recommendations

Game theory; Mitigation; Informational assymmetries

https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3604140

COVID-19 and climate change share the same microeconomic foundations and the pandemic is a mock laboratory of climate change.

Policy recommendations

Evaluation framework; Assessing stimulus; Green jobs

https://www.energy-transition-hub.org/files/resource/attachment/ccep2005_low-carbon_stimulus_-_jotzo_longden_anjum.pdf

Promising categories for public stimulus include renewable energy supply, transport infrastructure projects, energy efficiency programs, and land management projects, creating jobs and local economic activity while supporting lower carbon outcomes. Evaluation of public investment options along a clear set of criteria can improve decision-making and transparency to inspire greater public confidence.

International organization report

Policy recommendations; theory

https://www.adaptationcommunity.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Setting-the-Course-Towards-a-Sustainable-Inclusive-and-Resilient-Transformation.pdf

There are many and varied definitions for a 'green recovery'. Motivations for green investment span economic, social, and environmental topics. A wide range of existing tools and approaches can support green recovery planning.

Think tank report

Policy recommendations

Resilient recovery; Climate advantage; Green jobs

https://apo.org.au/sites/default/files/resource-files/2020-05/apo-nid305122.pdf

Politicians have listened to expert scientific advice on COVID-19 and acted. It is urgent they do the same with climate change. A resilient recovery from the coronavirus must prepare Australia for the next major threat - climate change. The potential for job creation in the renewables sector is substantial and can set our country up for the 21st Century.

Ex-ante; Commentary

Theory; Climate impacts

Firms; Households; Macroeconomic modelling; Monetary policy; Carbon tax; Innovation

http://www.lse.ac.uk/granthaminstitute/publication/policy-interactions-and-the-transition-to-clean-technology/

Tackling climate change requires innovating classic research paths, where macroprudential and monetary policies are necessary tools to complement fiscal policies in climate change mitigation.

Think tank report

Policy recommendations

http://climate.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Post-Pandemic-Recovery.pdf

Changes to public opinion suggest potential for positive change once lockdown measures are lifted, while actions and policies to recover from COVID-19 should not neglect or exacerbate climate change.

https://psyarxiv.com/ebzhs

A YouGov survey shows most participants prefer a speech that prioritised environmental protection, even in Conservative voters, suggesting the potential impacts on individual well-being are becoming more important as a motivator of environmental concern in the UK.

International organization report

Policy recommendations

Forests; Green jobs; Wellbeing; Sustainability; Logging; Regulation

𝜇; C1; B1; B2 no direct equivalent for P in new archetypes

https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/wp-content/uploads/sites/45/publication/PB_80.pdf

Forests should be key to the recovery from COVID-19 and building back better, as sustainable forest management and forestry jobs offer opportunities for a green recovery, and healthy forests build resilience against future pandemics.

Peer-reviewed paper

https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3630112

The likelihood of a European energy company bond to be bought as part of the ECB’S PEPP bond purchase program increases with the GHG intensity of the bond issuing firm. The ECB’S PEPP portfolio during the pandemic is likely to become tilted towards companies with anti-climate lobbying activities and less transparent GHGH emissions.

Think tank report

Policy recommendations

Green New Deal; Politics; Media; Inequality; Socioeconomic dimensions; EU; Green recovery alliance; Debt

𝜂; ψ; F; α; B No direct equivalent for E in new archetypes

https://lirias.kuleuven.be/retrieve/575553

The European Green Deal may be a ‘make or break’ moment for the EU to act on climate change through its recovery plan, due to public attention, economic strain and inequalities, and loss of trust within the EU.

International organization report

Policy recommendations

Finance; Bailouts; Technology; Innovation; Industrial policy

https://www.iea.org/commentaries/what-the-2008-financial-crisis-can-teach-us-about-designing-stimulus-packages-today

Governments can achieve both short-term economic gains and long-term benefits by making clean energy part of their stimulus plans, by building on what they already have, and choosing technologies that are ready for scaling up, while remaining wary of large, highly complex projects. Importantly, governments should think big and consider the bigger picture.

Policy recommendations; Literature review; Growth; Climate impacts

Assessing stimulus; Green New Deal; Co-benefits

https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/content/paper/c50f186f-en

It is important to build policy evaluation mechanisms into green stimulus measures, while there is evidence of sufficiently large, timely, and properly designed green stimulus generating economic growth, jobs, and environmental benefits. There are trade-offs between competing objectives, underscoring importance of proper policy design.

Think tank report

Commentary; Meta-analysis

Policy recommendations; Climate impacts; Growth

Assessing stimulus; GHG emissions; Projections

𝜂; λ; 𝜇; ψ; γ; B No direct equivalent for E in new archetypes

http://www.acamedia.info/sciences/sciliterature/globalw/reference/climate_action_tracker/CAT_2020-04-27_Briefing_COVID19_Apr2020.pdf

Green stimulus can deliver employment, climate change mitigation, reduced pollution, energy security, enhanced access to energy. Proposals so far have been a mix of positive and negative, due to a temptation to prioritise shovel ready projects that may favour business-as-usual.