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Reproductive Injustice
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Visuals by Visualizing Palestine
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Fact, figure, or termDescriptionSourceYear (published)Doc TitlePageLinkLast Accessed (web pages)Notes
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COLONIAL VIOLENCE AND REPRODUCTIVE INJUSTICE IN THE WEST BANK
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Reproductive Justice definitionSisterSong Women of Color Reproductive Justice Collective defines Reproductive Justice as "the human right to maintain personal bodily autonomy, to have children, to not have children, and to parent children in safe and sustainable communities." They also provide context on the history of this term: "Indigenous women, women of color, and trans people have always fought for Reproductive Justice, but the term was invented in 1994. Right before attending the International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo, where the entire world agreed that the individual right to plan your own family must be central to global development, a group of black women gathered in Chicago in June of 1994. They recognized that the women’s rights movement, led by and representing middle class and wealthy white women, could not defend the needs of women of color and other marginalized women and trans people. We needed to lead our own national movement to uplift the needs of the most marginalized women, families, and communities.

These women named themselves Women of African Descent for Reproductive Justice, and RJ was born. Rooted in the internationally-accepted human rights framework created by the United Nations, Reproductive Justice combines reproductive rights and social justice. The progenitors of RJ launched the movement by publishing a historic full-page statement with 800+ signatures in The Washington Post and Roll Call. Just three years later, in 1997, SisterSong was formed to create a national, multi-ethnic RJ movement."
SisterSong-
What is Reproductive Justice?
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https://www.sistersong.net/reproductive-justice
January 3, 2024
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Safety, freedom, autonomy, and accessInspired by the U.S. Campaign for Palestinian Rights guide "PALESTINE: A Reproductive Justice Issue," which draws on the SisterSong framework, we used the themes of safety, freedom, autonomy, and access to analyze some of the power systems that deny reproductive justice in the context of Israeli military occupation in the West Bank.
U.S. Campaign for Palestinian Rights
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PALESTINE: A Reproductive Justice Issue
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https://uscpr.org/activist-resource/grassroots-advocacy-toolkit/palestine-a-reproductive-justice-issue/
January 3, 2024
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ISRAEL DENIES AUTONOMY
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2003 Citizenship and Entry into Israel Law"Israel’s Citizenship and Entry into Israel Law (Temporary Order)—2003 bars Palestinians from the West Bank and Gaza from residing with their spouse in Israel or East Jerusalem...Israeli officials have openly justified the law by pointing to demographics."
Human Rights Watch
2022
Submission by Human Rights Watch to the United Nations Human Rights Committee in Advance of its review of Israel
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https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/02/03/submission-human-rights-watch-united-nations-human-rights-committee-advance-its#_ftn96
January 3, 2024
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30,000 Palestinian families are at risk of forced separation due to Israel's "citizenship law" since 2003."The [Citizenship and Entry] law forces a difficult choice for the thousands of couples – 30,000 where one spouse is a Palestinian citizen of Israel, according to the Haifa-based human rights group the Mossawa Center – who marry despite these restrictions. They must either live separately or have the Israeli citizen or resident spouse move to the West Bank, despite Israeli military orders prohibiting Israelis from living in Area A...moving to the OPT has led Palestinian Jerusalemites to lose their residency status and jeopardizes the eligibility of both Israeli citizens and residents to exercise rights related to residency or citizenship such as the right to receive social security benefits. This difficult choice has splintered thousands of Palestinian and mixed families."
Human Rights Watch
2022
Submission by Human Rights Watch to the United Nations Human Rights Committee in Advance of its review of Israel
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https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/02/03/submission-human-rights-watch-united-nations-human-rights-committee-advance-its#_ftn96
January 3, 2024
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ISRAEL DENIES FREEDOM
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100% increase in Palestinian political prisoners from Sep
2023-Dec 2024 (10,154 prisoners total)
Based on 5,088 Palestinian prisoners in Israeli prison as of September 2023, compared to 10,154 as of December 2024, a 99.56% increase. HaMoked maintains a chart of monthly prisoner totals from May 2008 to present.
HaMoked2025
10,221 "Security" Inmates Are Held In Prisons Inside Israel
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https://hamoked.org/prisoners-charts.php
January 3, 2024
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Mass incarceration separates spouses, divides parents and children, and increases hardships on families.An estimated 70% of Palestinians have at least one relative in Israeli prison.
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
2021
Palestinian Prisoner Payments
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https://ceipfiles.s3.amazonaws.com/pdf/PalestinianPrisonerPayments_FactSheet_final.pdf
January 3, 2024
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"Since 1967, over 800,000 Palestinians, including children as young as 12, have been arrested and detained under authoritarian rules enacted, enforced and adjudicated by the Israeli military. Palestinians are subject to long detention for expressing opinions, gathering, pronouncing unauthorised political speeches, or even merely attempting to do so, and ultimately deprived of their status of protected civilians. They are often presumed guilty without evidence, arrested without warrants, detained without charge or trial and brutalised in Israeli custody."
United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner
2023
Dismantle Israel’s carceral regime and “open-air” imprisonment of Palestinians: UN expert
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https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/07/dismantle-israels-carceral-regime-and-open-air-imprisonment-palestinians-un
January 3, 2024
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A 2016 report by Addameer illustrates various ways that mass incarceration economically impacts Palestinian families, including through court fees, canteen payments, family visits, lost income to families when a working family member is imprisoned.
Addameer2016
The Economic Exploitation of Palestinian Political Prisoners
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https://www.addameer.org/sites/default/files/publications/final_report_red_2_0.pdf
January 3, 2024
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All family visits have been barred for Palestinian prisoners since Oct 2023.As of November 2024, Israeli National Security Minister Itamar Ben Gvir had extended a complete ban on family visits for over 10,000 Palestinian political prisoners, in violation of international law.Times of Israel2024
Ben Gvir extends ban on family visits for security prisoners
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https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/ben-gvir-extends-ban-on-family-visits-for-security-prisoners/
January 3, 2024
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28x higher prevalence of psychological problems among Palestinian children with an incarcerated parent.A 2015 study by Shehadeh et al found higher levels of PTSD and general mental health problems in Palestinian children who had a father in Israeli prison. The study found that children with an incarcerated parent reported psychological and behavioral problems with a prevalence of 28 times higher than children without experiences of detention in their family.
Shehadeh A, Loots G, Vanderfaeillie J, Derluyn I
2015
The Impact of Parental Detention on the Psychological Wellbeing of Palestinian Children
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https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0133347
January 3, 2024
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ISRAEL DENIES SAFETY
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174% increase in home demolitions by the Israeli military from 2022 to 2024, averaging 17 homes demolished per week in 2024.
Israel demolished 327 residential structures in the West Bank in 2022, compared to 896 in 2024, a 174% increase since 2022. This amounts to an average of 17 homes demolished per week in 2024. OCHA publishes data on Israeli home demolitions in the West Bank since 2009.
United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
2024
Breakdown of Data on Demolition and Displacement in the West Bank
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https://app.powerbi.com/view?r=eyJrIjoiY2NjMTVhOTgtNDZlOS00Y2RkLWFkNzAtZjUyYjRlZTZiZTBjIiwidCI6IjBmOWUzNWRiLTU0NGYtNGY2MC1iZGNjLTVlYTQxNmU2ZGM3MCIsImMiOjh9
January 3, 2024
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76% of Palestinian parents felt unable to protect their children after losing their home.
"Demolitions also take an enormous emotional toll on parents and caregivers, with most (76%) reporting that they feel unable to protect their children after losing their homes."
Save the Children
2021
Hope Under the Rubble: the Impact of Israeli Home Demolitions on Palestinian Children and Their Families
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https://www.savethechildren.es/sites/default/files/2021-06/Hope_under_the_rubble_STC.pdf
January 3, 2024
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2 years: average time needed for families to find a permanent replacement residence after their home is demolished.
"Immediately after their home is demolished, most families are forced to find housing wherever they can, either crowding together or breaking up the family unit. Fifty-seven percent of families surveyed never returned to their original residences. Most families took at least two years to find a permanent place of residence."
Palestinian Counciling Center
2012
With Our Own Hands: A report on what happens when Israel forces Palestinian families to demolish their own homes
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https://www.pcc-jer.org/sites/default/files/articles_files/with_our_own_hands_combined.pdf
January 3, 2024
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ISRAEL DENIES ACCESS
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793 checkpoints, the separation wall, and arbitrary military closures expose Palestinians to daily political violenceAs of September 2024, OCHA reported "there are 793 movement obstacles which are permanently or intermittently controlling, restricting and monitoring Palestinian movement in the West Bank, including East Jerusalem and the H2 area of Hebron."
United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
2024
Fact Sheet: Movement and Access in the West Bank, September 2024
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https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/fact-sheet-movement-and-access-west-bank-august-2024
January 3, 2024
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Checkpoints impede access to all sexual and reproductive health services, including prenatal, labor, postnatal, and abortion care.As of September 2024, OCHA reported an average of one closure per kilometer on eight major roads that run through the West Bank. Palestinians are forced to take longer routes to circumvent closures, "adversely affecting their access to emergency services."
United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
2024
Fact Sheet: Movement and Access in the West Bank, September 2024
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https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/fact-sheet-movement-and-access-west-bank-august-2024
January 3, 2024
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Nadera Shalhoub-Kevorkian's research on childbirth experiences in East Jerusalem found that "over half of the sample (54.7 per cent) reported that their movement was restricted during pregnancy; these women feared obstacles such as road blocks and health risks resulting from political violence such as inhaling tear gas or being forced to wait standing in the sun or in the cold for hours to be granted passage...When asked to elaborate about the forces restricting their movements, respondents pointed to political factors. Leading among these are military checkpoints (69.2 per cent) and issues related to Jerusalemite ID cards (16.9 per cent). In addition, almost half of our respondents explained that they were delayed in reaching medical treatment or visiting physicians due to political hardships (accessibility issues or fear of being exposed to political violence)."
Nadera Shalhoub-Kevorkian
2015
The Politics of Birth and the Intimacies of Violence Against Palestinian Women in Occupied East Jerusalem
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https://academic.oup.com/bjc/article/55/6/1187/448284
January 3, 2024
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In one study, 25% of pregnant women in East Jerusalem reported exposure to tear gas and 69% reported problems crossing checkpoints.
Nadera Shalhoub-Kevorkian's research on childbirth experiences in East Jerusalem found that "when reflecting upon political hardships faced during their pregnancy...all respondents but four reported that they were exposed to tear gas inhalation during pregnancy (25 per cent) or that they needed to struggle to overcome checkpoints and go through traffic detours due to political violence (69.2 per cent)."
Nadera Shalhoub-Kevorkian
2015
The Politics of Birth and the Intimacies of Violence Against Palestinian Women in Occupied East Jerusalem
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https://academic.oup.com/bjc/article/55/6/1187/448284
January 3, 2024
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GENOCIDE AND REPRODUCTIVE INJUSTICE IN GAZA
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The Genocide Convention defines "imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group" as an act of genocide. Article II(d) of the genocide convention defines "Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group" as one of five acts of genocide.United Nations1951
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
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https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/atrocity-crimes/Doc.1_Convention%20on%20the%20Prevention%20and%20Punishment%20of%20the%20Crime%20of%20Genocide.pdf
January 3, 2024
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Israel's genocide in Gaza is characterized by extreme, systemic reproductive violence and multigenerational attacks targeting Palestinian women, children, and families.
"During the year we have highlighted how the conditions imposed on Gaza have had a disastrous impact on pregnant and breastfeeding women and newborn babies, reminding Israel and the international community of the obligations under the Genocide Convention to desist from imposing measures intended to prevent births of a group."
Kvinna Till Kvinna2024
Obstetric violence: An overlooked tool of genocide in Gaza
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https://kvinnatillkvinna.org/2024/12/12/obstetric-violence-an-overlooked-tool-of-genocide-in-gaza/
January 3, 2024
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"In the context of Gaza, reproductive genocide includes the control and cutting off of vital life-giving sources such as water, fuel, electricity, and food; the denial of life-giving and life-saving medical resources; collective starvation; the murder of elderly men and elderly women; the eradication of entire genealogies; the mass murder of women, the mass murder of children; the mass murder of babies; the murder of pregnant women; the obliteration of medical institutions..."
Palestinian Feminist Collective
2024
The Palestinian Feminist Collective Condemns Reproductive Genocide in Gaza
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https://palestinianfeministcollective.org/the-pfc-condemns-reproductive-genocide-in-gaza/
January 3, 2024
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ISRAEL TARGETS FAMILIES
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2 mothers killed every hour by Israeli forces during first 100 days of genocide.In January 2024, UN Women reported "around 70 per cent of people killed in Gaza are today estimated to be women and children, including two mothers per hour killed since the beginning of the crisis."UN Women2024
Press release: Two mothers are killed in Gaza every hour as fighting exceeds 100 days
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https://www.unwomen.org/en/news-stories/press-release/2024/01/press-release-two-mothers-are-killed-in-gaza-every-hour-as-fighting-exceeds-100-days
January 3, 2024
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3,000+ women became widows and heads of household from Oct 2023-Apr 2024.By April 16, 2024, UN Women reported "3,000+ women have become widows, and new heads of households, following their male partner’s death"UN Women2024
Facts and figures: Women and girls during the war in Gaza
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https://arabstates.unwomen.org/en/what-we-do/peace-and-security-2/facts-and-figures-women-and-girls-during-the-war-in-gaza
January 3, 2024
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4,836 families left with one or two surviving members and 902 families completely erased (no surviving members) by August 2024.As of August 2024, 902 Palestinian families had been completely wiped out, 1,364 were left with only one surviving member, and 3,472 Palestinian families were reduced to just two surviving members.
Gaza Government Media Office via Al Jazeera
2024
Know their names: Palestinian families killed in Israeli attacks on Gaza
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https://www.aljazeera.com/news/longform/2024/10/8/know-their-names-palestinian-families-killed-in-israeli-attacks-on-gaza
January 3, 2024
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ISRAEL DENIES REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
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4,000 embryos destroyed when Israel bombed Gaza's largest fertility clinic."When an Israeli shell struck Gaza's largest fertility clinic in December, the explosion blasted the lids off five liquid nitrogen tanks stored in a corner of the embryology unit. As the ultra-cold liquid evaporated, the temperature inside the tanks rose, destroying more than 4,000 embryos plus 1,000 more specimens of sperm and unfertilized eggs stored at Gaza City's Al Basma IVF centre."Reuters2024
Gaza's IVF embryos destroyed by Israeli strike
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https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/5000-lives-one-shell-gazas-ivf-embryos-destroyed-by-israeli-strike-2024-04-17/
January 3, 2024
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60,000 pregnant women in Gaza facing genocidal conditions and lack of access to healthcare."Approximately 60,000 pregnant women in Gaza have little-to-no access to adequate prenatal health services"
International Rescue Committee
2024
Pregnant women and mothers in Gaza are fighting to keep themselves and their babies alive amidst healthcare collapse, the IRC warns
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https://www.rescue.org/press-release/pregnant-women-and-mothers-gaza-are-fighting-keep-themselves-and-their-babies-alive
January 3, 2024
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700,000 women and girls unable to access adequate menstruation supplies or contraception as Israel blocks humanitarian aid"The U.N. estimates that some 700,000 women and girls in Gaza experience menstrual cycles but don't have adequate access now to basic hygiene products like pads, toilet paper or even running water and toilets because of the war. These conditions put women and girls in Gaza at risk of reproductive and urinary tract infections, according to the U.N."
UN reported in NPR
2024
Another layer of misery: Women in Gaza struggle to find menstrual pads, running water
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https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2024/01/11/1224201620/another-layer-of-misery-women-in-gaza-struggle-to-find-menstrual-pads-running-wa
January 3, 2024
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300% increase in miscarriages"Miscarriages have risen at least 300% since October last year."
International Planned Parenthood Federation
2024
Press Release: Gaza nine months on, pregnant women carry the burden of conflict
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https://www.ippf.org/media-center/press-release-gaza-nine-months-pregnant-women-carry-burden-conflict
January 3, 2024
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ISRAEL TARGETS INFANTS
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93% of children under 2 years old unable to meet their nutritional needs"According to UNICEF’s latest post-distribution monitoring (PDM) assessment, carried out between 20 and 24 May across the Gaza Strip, 93% of children aged 6–23 months had eaten two or fewer food groups in the 24 hours preceding the survey, (7% had eaten three or four), while among pregnant and breastfeeding women, 96% had eaten two or fewer food groups. The high level of deprivation in dietary diversity, and de facto micronutrient deprivation, can seriously jeopardize both women’s health and their children’s development."
Global Nutrition Cluster
2024
Nutrition Vulnerability and Situation Analysis /Gaza (June 2024)
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https://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/nutrition-vulnerability-and-situation-analysis-gaza-june-2024
January 3, 2024
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170 cases of congenital deformities documented by Nov. 2024, associated with exposure to explosive and chemical weapons."Dr. Hatem Edhair, head of the neonatal unit at Nasser Medical Complex in Khan Younis, told The Electronic Intifada that Israel’s continued assault is having a dramatic effect on pregnant women in Gaza and their newborns. 'More than 170 cases of congenital deformities in newborns were recorded during the last third of the ongoing Israeli war on Gaza, a worrying statistic,' he said of cases at Nasser hospital alone, the largest in central and southern Gaza."
Dr. Hatem Edhair, head of the neonatal unit at Nasser Medical Complex, to the Electronic Intifada
2024
Israeli attacks leading to increase in birth defects
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https://electronicintifada.net/content/israeli-attacks-leading-increase-birth-defects/49866
January 3, 2024
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Studies prior to the genocide in Gaza have found a strong relationship between parents' exposure to white phosphorous and birth deformities.
Naim A, Al Dalies H, El Balawi M, Salem E, Al Meziny K, Al Shawwa R, Minutolo R, Manduca P.
2012
Birth Defects in Gaza: Prevalence, Types, Familiarity and Correlation with Environmental Factors
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https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3386584/
January 3, 2024
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A 2020 study on Gaza found "a major increase in the prevalence in birth defects and preterm babies between 2011 and 2016, respectively from 1.1 to 1.8% and from 1.1 to 7.9%...Negative outcomes at birth in 2016 up to 2019 were associated with exposure of the mothers to the attacks in 2014 and/or to hot spots of heavy metals contamination."
Manduca P, Al Baraquni N, Parodi S.
2020
Long Term Risks to Neonatal Health from Exposure to War—9 Years Long Survey of Reproductive Health and Contamination by Weapon-Delivered Heavy Metals in Gaza, Palestine
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https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7177220/
January 3, 2024
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710+ babies killed within first year of life as of Aug 2024
The Ministry of Health in Gaza published the names and ages of 34,344 Palestinians killed by Israeli forces in Gaza from 7 October 2023 to 31 August 2024. When filtering by age, we found 710 entries for children who were under the age of one at the time they were killed.
Gaza Ministry of Health
2024
34,344 Names of People Killed in Gaza
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https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1PqAxz42cbTNnPijSzAcY83aZzjqKbOXivR4iO9LKGno/edit?gid=0#gid=0
January 3, 2024
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ISRAEL TARGETS CHILDREN
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67 children killed per day on average as of Nov. 2024.
"Israel is killing at least 67 Palestinian children on average each day amid its genocide, UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees (UNRWA) officer Louise Wateridge told Al Jazeera on Friday."
Truthout2024
UNRWA: 67 Children Killed by Israeli Attacks on Average Each Day in Gaza
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https://truthout.org/articles/unrwa-67-children-killed-by-israeli-attacks-on-average-each-day-in-gaza/
January 3, 2024
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35,055+ children lost at least one parent by Oct 2024.
"Additionally, as of 7 October 2024, the MoH noted that 35,055 children had lost one or both parents over the past year."
UNRWA2024
UNRWA Situation Report #151 on the Humanitarian Crisis in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, including East Jerusalem
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https://www.unrwa.org/resources/reports/unrwa-situation-report-151-situation-gaza-strip-and-west-bank-including-east-jerusalem
January 3, 2024
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19,000+ children orphaned or unaccompanied, causing the phenomenon of child-headed households.
"Six months into the war on Gaza, over 10,000 women have been killed, among them an estimated 6,000 mothers, leaving 19,000 children orphaned"
UN Women2024
Six months into the war on Gaza, over 10,000 women have been killed, among them an estimated 6,000 mothers, leaving 19,000 children orphaned
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https://www.unwomen.org/en/news-stories/press-release/2024/04/six-months-into-the-war-on-gaza-over-10000-women-have-been-killed
January 3, 2024
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