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Efflux of thoracic ductInto junction of internal jugular and left subclavian0.6646612682
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Branches of left coronary arteryAnterior interventricular (LAD), circumflex0.8030900862
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Muscles supplied by accessory nervesternocleidomastoid muscle and the trapezius muscle0.7424892182
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Azygous systemAlternative drainage from thoracic, abdominal and back regions. Azygous vein runs up right side. Join by hemiazygous vein at T9 and by accessory hemiazygous vein at T80.7355253364
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Path of R vagusRight of trachea. Enters thorax at beginning of R subclavian0.62732461
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Fissures of the lungsOblique (both), plus transverse (right only)0.02730439174
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Transverse sectionNO. It's an AXIAL section0.3031057531
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Masseter musclezygomatic arch and maxilla => coronoid process and ramus of mandible0.5089095056
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Innervation of SCMmotor: accessory nerve; sensory: cervical plexus0.04172103695
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LingulaProjection of the upper lobe of the left lung that serves as the homologue of the middle lobe0.581745908
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Branches of subclavian artery (5)VITamin C and D. Vertebral artery, Internal thoracic artery, Thyrocervical trunk, Costocervical trunk, Dorsal scapular artery0.87819733
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Sphenoethmoidal recessNarrow recess above the superior concha into which the sphenoidal sinus opens0.4448910058
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How to find the coronary sinusFollow the crista terminalis0.1059981193
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Types of atrial septum defectOstium primum ASD, Sinus venosus ASD, Ostium secundum ASD (incl. PFO)0.007859546611
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Aortic sinuses and functionsPosterior (=> left coronary), Anterior (=> right coronary), Non-coronary0.8492895098
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Ansa cervicalisLoop of nerves that are part of the cervical plexus. Lies superficial to the internal jugular vein in the carotid sheath.0.516757849
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Path of umbilical arteriesUp median umbilical ligament (covered by median umbilical folds); Up anterior abdominal wall to umbilicus0.1601496909
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Where does the aorta bifurcate?L4 (umbilicus)0.2482599483
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Fate of thyrocervical trunkDivides into inferior thyroid artery, suprascapular artery and transverse cervical artery0.7054611696
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Blood supply to the lungsDescending aorta => Bronchial arteries => Lungs0.3020821388
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Internal thoracic arteryArises from 1st part of subclavian. Branches into musculophrenic and superior epigastric arteries0.295362951
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Location of AV nodeWall of RA, just anterior to opening for coronary sinus0.2443457878
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CN XIAccessory0.8730023866
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Things crossing the 1st ribSubclavian vein => anterior scalene => subclavian artery => brachial plexus => scalenus medius0.7083180205
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Site of chest drain tubeIn the mid- or anterior- axillary line, behind pectoralis major (to avoid having to dissect through this thick muscle). On expiration, the diaphragm rises to the 5th rib at the level of the nipple, and thus chest drains should be placed above this level. Practically, the highest rib space that can be easily felt in the axilla (usually the 4th or 5th) is the most appropriate.0.2598907093
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Cervical plexusFormed from anterior rami of C1-C4. C2-C3 => head and neck. C3-C4 => shoulder and chest.0.7730431565
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Palatine uvulaConic projection from the posterior edge of the middle of the soft palate, composed of connective tissue containing a number of racemose glands, and some muscular fibers (musculus uvulae)0.8240343591
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Paranasal sinusesFrontal, Ethmoidal, Sphenoidal, Maxillary0.1324901005
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Muscular triangleBounded in front by the median line of the neck from the hyoid bone to the sternum; behind, by the anterior margin of the Sternocleidomastoideus; above, by the superior belly of the Omohyoideus.0.2164105684
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Moderator band(septomarginal trabecula). Muscular band of heart tissue found in the right ventricle. Carries part of the right bundle branch of the AV bundle to the anterior papillary muscle (short-cut => coordinated contraction)0.4968296671
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Location of cardiac plexusBehind aortic arch. Above pulmonary trunk bifurcation; anterior to tracheal bifurcation0.5781356797
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Medial umbilical ligamentObliterated part of the umbilical artery0.9827376157
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Origin of S4Turbulent blood flow from atria to ventricles. Occurs before S1 - at the end of diastole0.8443101297
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Facial arteryBranch of the external carotid artery that supplies structures of the face. Cervical and facial branches0.2412298211
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Surfaces of the lungsCostal, Vertebral, Diaphragmatic, Cardiac0.4151207508
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Oblique pericardial sinusBounded by the 4 pulmonary veins. Blind.0.9201427152
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Sinus VenosusOnly found in the embryonic heart, between the two venae cavae. Incorporated into the wall of the right atrium to form a smooth part (the sinus venarum), separated from the rest of the atrium by the crista terminalis0.00006336300247
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Waldeyer's tonsillar ringLymphoid tissue ring located in the pharynx and to the back of the oral cavity. Comprises Pharyngeal, Tubal, Palatine and Lingual tonsils0.5852615009
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Between which two vessels does the upper part of the left vagus run?Between common carotid and subclavian arteries0.6024674848
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Septum secundumSemilunar in shape. Grows downward from the upper wall of the atrium immediately to the right of the primary septum and ostium secundum. Shortly after birth it fuses with the primary septum, and consequently the foramen ovale is closed. Fusion may be incomplete => upper part of the foramen remains patent.0.1411865551
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Drainage of anterior cardiac veinsDirectly into RA0.6498399925
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CXR interpretationName, Date, AP/PA, Air, Bones, Cardiac, Diaphragm, Extras (ABCDE)0.952852444
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Heart holesForamen ovale => fossa ovalis0.2074933323
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Layers of innermost intercostalsTransversus thoracis (anterior), intercostalis intimi (middle), subcostalis (posterior; often cross more than one intercostal space)0.5143397186
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Trabeculae carnaeRounded or irregular muscular columns which project from the inner surface of the right and left ventricles of the heart0.07071615585
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Pectinate musclesIn R atrium. => ridged appearance in front of crest. Confined to the inner surface of the auricula in L atrium0.5270342664
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Cause of tachycardia in PERight sided heart failure causes less blood to get to the left side of the heart => hypotension and reflex tachycardia. If the RV pressure is very high, the intraventricular septum may impinge on the LV cavity leading to further compromise on LV function0.6122299762
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Anterior intercostal branchesArrise from the internal thoracic artery to supply the upper five or six intercostal spaces0.4087085231
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Sympathetic trunkpaired bundle of nerve fibers that run from the base of the skull to the coccyx.0.3803315926
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Path of left phrenicAlong L side of L subclavian. Crosses L vagus superficially as it approaches aortic arch. Crosses anterior to root of L lung; descends across pericardium to diaphragm0.473761339
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Nerves of the thoracic wallIntercostal, Long thoracic, Medial and Lateral pectoral, Dorsal scapular, Thoracodorsal0.178048891
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Fate of costocervical trunkSplit => highest intercostal artery and deep cervical artery0.6083220211
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Innervation of the heartT1 - T40.299564832
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Transverse pericardial sinusRuns between pulmonary artery/aorta and vena cava. Continuous. Useful in surgery to occulde blood flow0.158490259
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Drainage of great cardiac veinArea supplied by left coronary artery. Forms main tributary of coronary sinus0.6174408783
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Choice of vein for coronary bypassGreat saphenous. Same diameter, few valves.0.7925593804
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Pericardial layersFibrous, serous. Serous => visceral and parietal. Parietal is fused to fibrous.0.678774141
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Coronary sinusLocated in the right atrium. Runs transversely in the groove between the left atrium and ventricle on the posterior surface of the heart. Opens into the right atrium, between the inferior vena cava and the atrio-ventricular orifice, just superior to the septal leaflet of the tricuspid valve. Protected by a semicircular fold of the lining membrane of the auricle, the coronary valve (the valve of Thebesius)0.2661950059
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Submental triangleBounded behind by the anterior belly of the Digastricus; in front by the midline of the neck between the mandible and the hyoid bone; below, by the body of the hyoid bone; floor is formed by the Mylohyoideus0.02195530089
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Origin of umbilical arteryOne of the first branches of the internal iliac0.6813806638
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Nerves of the thoraxSympathetic trunk, Phrenic nerve (L + R), Vagus nerve (L + R)0.7253793582
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Longus colli muscleTransverse processes of C5 to T3 => anterior arch of atlas0.9942819161
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Umbilical artery in the adultBranch of the anterior division of the internal iliac artery. Gives rise to the superior vesical arteries. In males, it also gives rise to the artery to the ductus deferens.0.1681552674
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Branches of descending thoracic aorta (7)Bronchial, Oesophageal, Pericardial, Mediastinal, Posterior intercostals (9 pairs), Subcostal, Superior phrenic0.09343854558
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Interventricular groovesAnterior longitudinal sulcus is situated on the sternocostal surface of the heart, close to its left margin. Posterior longitudinal sulcus is on the diaphragmatic surface near the right margin.0.05903552801
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Commonest site for lung abscess formation in supine positionRight lower lobe0.7779076607
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Grooves of the 1st ribanterior groove transmits the subclavian vein, the posterior the subclavian artery and the lowest trunk of the brachial plexus0.6775471275
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Paraumbilical veinsWithin round ligament and median umbilical ligament. Establish anastomoses between the veins of the anterior abdominal wall and the hepatic portal, hypogastric, and iliac veins. Contribute to caput medusae0.8458122941
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CN XVagus0.6903763663
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Parotid papillasmall elevation of tissue that marks the opening of the parotid duct on the inner surface of the oral cavity just lateral to the 2nd maxillary molar0.3284925528
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Buccinator musclealveolar processes of the maxillary bone and mandible, pterygomandibular raphe => fibres of orbicularis oris0.8417942312
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Plexuses of the thorax (3)Oesophageal, Pulmonary, Cardiac0.6360197645
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Layers of the heart + their blood supplyEpicardium and myocardium: perfused by coronary arteries. Endocardium: no blood supply; act as barrier layer vs deoxygenated blood. cf hard to treat endocarditis0.7702814109
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CN VIIIVestibulocochlear0.1187601575
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Drainage of accessory hemiazygous veinFifth through eighth intercostal spaces. Receives posterior intercostal veins from the 4th, 5th, 6th, and 7th intercostal spaces between the left superior intercostal vein and highest tributary of the hemiazygos vein0.4411261072
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Divisions of coronary arteryRight coronary => marginal artery, posterior interventricular artery. Left coronary => anterior interventricular artery (LAD), circumflex artery0.7901267363
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Parotid ductAKA Stensen's duct. Route that saliva takes from the parotid gland into the mouth. Opens into the vestibule of the mouth next to the maxillary second molar tooth0.4888485324
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Submandibular triangleBounded above, by the lower border of the body of the mandible, and a line drawn from its angle to the mastoid process; below, by the posterior belly of the Digastricus; in front, by the anterior belly of the Digastricus0.8314240337
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Course of hemiazygous veinLeft ascending lumbar vein/renal vein => left crus of diaphragm => ninth thoracic vertebra => across vertebral column, behind aorta/oesophagus/thoracic duct => azygos vein0.6817061903
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Papillary musclesAttach to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves (a.k.a. the mitral and tricuspid valves) via the chordae tendinae and contract to prevent inversion or prolapse of these valves0.03518737441
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Sinus venosusIncorporated into the wall of the right atrium => sinus venarum. Separated from the rest of the atrium by the crista terminalis. Also forms the SA node and the coronary sinus.0.8167285204
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Ostium primum atrial septal defectDefect in the atrial septum at the level of the tricuspid and mitral valves0.7036805869
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CN IIIOculomotor0.4568225633
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Sequence of chest Xray interpretationAP/PA, Rotation, Penetration, Kyphotic/lordotic, Exposure0.2599135227
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Pain felt with aneurysm of ascending aortaChest pain radiating to back0.876206282
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Branches of right coronary arteryMarginal, posterior interventricular0.1459568664
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Parasympathetic innervation of the thyroidsuperior laryngeal nerve and recurrent laryngeal nerve.0.4971175653
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Passage of thoracic ductBetween oesophagus and descending thoracic aorta0.564384504
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Pericardial sinusesTransverse and oblique0.6053889821
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Innervation of the pleuraVisceral: poor. Parietal: better0.490900615
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Ligamentum venosumRemnant of ductus venosus0.6166742919
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Constrictions of the oesophagusPharyngeal, Aortic, Diaphragmatic0.7677732949
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CN IIOptic0.03608841893
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Groups of intercostal arteriesHighest intercostal artery (first and second intercostal spaces); Anterior intercostal branches of internal thoracic artery (upper five or six intercostal spaces); Posterior intercostal arteries (posterior wall)0.2373893736
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Carotid triangleBounded posteriorly by the Sternocleidomastoideus; inferiorly, by the superior belly of the Omohyoideus; superiorly, by the Stylohyoideus and the posterior belly of the Digastricus0.184628764
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Hiatuses of the diaphragmIVC (T8), Oesophagus (T10), Aorta (T12)0.9424791598
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Bones of the zygomatic archzygomatic process of temporal bone and the temporal process of the zygomatic bone0.9444613309
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Path of right phrenic nerveDown R brachiocephalic vein and SVC. Runs anterior to root of R lung, across pericardium to diaphragm0.6943741232
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Supplied by infraorbital nerve (3)Inferior eyelid, nose, upper lip0.1560787938
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Orbicularis oris muscleMaxilla and mandible => skin around lips0.4737202617