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1 | Martin's Bridge Marshfield, 2025 VAWS Workshop Graminoids | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
2 | 7/29/2025 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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4 | Bolded names = plants discussed during workshop (at least by Matt) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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6 | Family | Graminoid Species Present | Comments | Wetland Indicator | ||||||||||||||||||||||
7 | Cyperaceae | Carex crawfordii (Crawford's sedge) | Section Ovales / Cyperoideae. Very narrow perigynia, clustered spikes, scales acuminate | FACW | ||||||||||||||||||||||
8 | Cyperaceae | Carex crinita (Fringed sedge) | Section Phacocystis. Long pendulous spikes, base of plant smooth, carpellate scale body truncate with awn emerging from small notch at top of scale body. Compare with Cx. gynandra (rough base of plant, carpellate scale body tapering to awn | OBL | ||||||||||||||||||||||
9 | Cyperaceae | Carex haydenii (Hayden's sedge) | Section Phacocystis. Plump perigynia (widest above middle), carpellate scales exceed perigynia (reddish brown), spikes diverge from axis considerable (more spreading), faintly ladder-fibrillose sheaths, taller culms (vs Cx. stricta with more ascending spikes, culms not conspicuously exceeding leaves; ladder fibrillose sheaths, flatter perigynia widest below middle, scales shorter than perigynia) | OBL | ||||||||||||||||||||||
10 | Cyperaceae | Carex hystericina (Porcupine sedge) | Section Vesicariae. Perigynia with conspicuous veins, body only slightly inflated; lowest spike on slightly drooping peduncles, perigynia beaks not at sharp to tough as Cx. pseudocyperus | OBL | ||||||||||||||||||||||
11 | Cyperaceae | Carex intumescens (Greater bladder sedge) | Section Lupulinae. Plump inflated perigynia, sometimes confused w Cx. folliculata. Cx. intumescens w red base and wider perigynia. Robust specimens approach Cx. grayi but this species has evidently spherical spikes, with tightly adhered perigynia. | FACW | ||||||||||||||||||||||
12 | Cyperaceae | Carex lacustris (Lakeside sedge) | Section Paludosae. Blue green M-shaped leaves, forms large colonies with proportionately few fertile culms, spikes with ascending perigynia that gradually taper to beak, contrasting dark scales, ligules much longer than wide, | OBL | ||||||||||||||||||||||
13 | Cyperaceae | Carex lurida (Sallow sedge) | Section Vesicariae. Corn-cob like spikes with lowest spike coming off at ~90 deg angle from stem. Easily confused with Cx baileyi but Cx. baileyi has proportionally longer beaks, narrow leaves, more delicate looking overall | OBL | ||||||||||||||||||||||
14 | Cyperaceae | Carex projecta (Necklace sedge) | Section Ovales / Cyperoideae. Nodding inflorescence with spikes becoming more congested distally; leaf sheaths loose and spongy, not tightly appressed to stem, almost wing-like on spine of sheath | FACW | ||||||||||||||||||||||
15 | Cyperaceae | Carex retrorsa (Retrorse sedge) | Section Vesicariae. Reflexed lower perigynia, carpellate scales lacking awns - compare with Cx. lurida (scales with awns, lower perigynia not reflexed) and Cx. lupulina (lower perigynia not reflexed) | OBL | ||||||||||||||||||||||
16 | Cyperaceae | Carex scoparia (Pointed broom sedge) | Section Ovales / Cyperoideae. Most common of section Ovales, scales acuminate at tip, perigynia ovate, spikes taper at both ends (ellipsoid), tawny golden brown | FACW | ||||||||||||||||||||||
17 | Cyperaceae | Carex stipata (Awl-fruited sedge) | Section Vulpinae. Sharply triangular spongy stem, perigynia truncate at base, leaf sheath membranous with numerous cross partitions - often confused w Cx. laevivaginata (S3) but Cx. laevivaginata has yellow thickened leaf sheaths at summit, lacking cross partitions | OBL | ||||||||||||||||||||||
18 | Cyperaceae | Carex stricta (Tussock sedge) | Section Phacocystis. See Cx. haydenii. Culms often shorter than leaves, carpellate scales not evidently exceeding length of perigynia, basal leaf sheaths evidently ladder-fibrillose | OBL | ||||||||||||||||||||||
19 | Cyperaceae | Carex utriculata (Swollen-beaked sedge) | Section Vesicariae. Leaves V-shaped yellow green to green leaves, perigynia horizontally spreading in spike, body inflated, large colonial species | OBL | ||||||||||||||||||||||
20 | Cyperaceae | Carex vesicaria (Lesser bladder sedge) | Section Vesicariae. Clump forming, corncob spikes with ascending inflated perigynia | OBL | ||||||||||||||||||||||
21 | Cyperaceae | Carex vulpinoidea (Fox sedge) | Section Multiflorae. Golden to orangish inflorescence, typically 2 or more spikes at some nodes, flowering stems as long as leaves, firm stem | OBL | ||||||||||||||||||||||
22 | Cyperaceae | Cyperus bipartitus (Shining flatsedge) | Small tufted annual, spikelets flattened in ovoid clusters, floral scales reddish brown in lower portion | FACW | ||||||||||||||||||||||
23 | Cyperaceae | Cyperus squarrosus (Awned flatsedge) | Very small tufted annual, floral scales with reflexed awn | OBL | ||||||||||||||||||||||
24 | Cyperaceae | Cyperus strigosus (Straw-colorted flatsedge) | Bulbous base, bottle-brush-like inflorescence, linear spikes in C. strigosus (C esculentus with tubers on roots, base not swollen) | FACW | ||||||||||||||||||||||
25 | Cyperaceae | Eleocharis acicularis (Needle spikesedge) | Very fine threadlike leaves, forming mats, achenes narrow with parallel lines and grooves, tubercle of different texture than achene body | OBL | ||||||||||||||||||||||
26 | Cyperaceae | Eleocharis obtusa (Blunt spikesedge) | Tufted annual, ovoid to cylindrical spikes, perianth bristles exceed tubercles, achenes smooth, tubercle short triangular, nearly as wide as achene; E. ovata has more unequal stems, narrower tubercle | OBL | ||||||||||||||||||||||
27 | Cyperaceae | Elocharis ovata (Ovoid spikesedge) | Like E. ovata but with narrower tubercle | NI (presumed OBL) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
28 | Cyperaceae | Eleocharis palustris (Common spikesedge) | Very variable, lowest 2 or 3 scales in spike empty; more robust than E. erythropoda (which has only the lowest scale empty) both with achenes with inconspicuous ornamentations, form large colonies in wetlands | OBL | ||||||||||||||||||||||
29 | Cyperaceae | Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (Soft-stem club-bulrush) | Soft spongy round stem, spikes on spreading pedicels from top of culm; plants often appearing leafless | OBL | ||||||||||||||||||||||
30 | Cyperaceae | Scirpus atrocinctus (Black-girdled woolsedge) | Drooping-pendulous inflorescence; black base to bracts, spikelets born usually singly on pedicels, flowering earlier in season, long bristles on achenes | OBL | ||||||||||||||||||||||
31 | Cyperaceae | Scirpus atrovirens (Dark-green bulrush) | Stiffer branches radiating from top of culm, spikes in tight clusters, floral scales dark brown, numerous conspicuous septae (+/- small warty look) in leaves and sheaths, more robust than S. hattorianus typically | OBL | ||||||||||||||||||||||
32 | Cyperaceae | Scirpus cyperinus (Common woolsedge) | Drooping-pendulous inflorescence; flowering mid to late summer, spikelets in wooly glomerules | OBL | ||||||||||||||||||||||
33 | Cyperaceae | Scirpus hattorianus (Mosquito bulrush) | Stiffer branches radiating from top of culm; black pigmentation in scales, usually narrower leaves than S. atrovirens, basal leaves and sheaths lack cross partitions (septae) or with few faint septae | OBL | ||||||||||||||||||||||
34 | Cyperaceae | Scirpus microcarpus (Barber-pole bulrush) | Alternating red - green on stem, inflorescence with widely spreading branches, dense clusters of spikes | OBL | ||||||||||||||||||||||
35 | Cyperaceae | Scirpus pedicellatus (Stalked woolsedge) | Drooping-pendulous inflorescence; flowers borne singly on drooping pedicels, flowering mid to late summer, after S. atrocinctus, bract base brown | OBL | ||||||||||||||||||||||
36 | Juncaceae | Juncus articulatus (Joint-leaved rush) | Loosely tufted to short rhizomatous; stems often dark green, decumbent, appearing stoloniferous. Leaves conspicuously septate, mostly few-flowered clustered (3-5), capsules gradually taper from middle to tip, exceeding tepals, capsules light brown, seeds without tails | OBL | ||||||||||||||||||||||
37 | Juncaceae | Juncus brevicaudatus (Short-tailed rush) | Flowers in glomerules, branches of inflorescence ascending, sometimes curving inward toward axis of inflorescence, seeds with short white tails | OBL | ||||||||||||||||||||||
38 | Juncaceae | Juncus bufonius (Toad rush) | Leaves without septae, inflorescence occupying much of plant height, tepals pointed | FACW | ||||||||||||||||||||||
39 | Juncaceae | Juncus dudleyi (Dudley's rush) | Leaves without septae, flowers mostly solitary, bract exceeds inflorescence, tepals spread in fruit, auricles yellowish and firm | FACW | ||||||||||||||||||||||
40 | Juncaceae | Juncus effusus (Soft rush) | Without leaves, inflorescence appears to emerge laterally along stem (technically a bract but has same form as stem), common clump forming wetland species. Compare w Juncus pylaei - difference comes down to conspicuousness of veins on stem below inf. (J. effusus has many faint veins; J. pylaei with few conspicuous corrugated rib-like veins) | OBL | ||||||||||||||||||||||
41 | Juncaceae | Juncus marginatus (Grasss-leaved rush) | Flowers in +/- hemi-spherical glomerules, leaves flat (many Juncus spp. have round leaves), leaves lack hairs (compare with Luzula multiflora - which has hairy leaves) | FACW | ||||||||||||||||||||||
42 | Juncaceae | Juncus nodosus (Knotted rush) | Flowers in +/- spherical clusters, long bract | OBL | ||||||||||||||||||||||
43 | Juncaceae | Juncus tenuis (Path rush) | Leaves without septae, flat, mostly basal, flowers mostly solitary, leaves with auricles | FAC | ||||||||||||||||||||||
44 | Poaceae | Agrostis capillaris (Colonial bentgrass) | Open panicle inflorescence, spikes with 1 floret; flowering branches of various arrangement but not evidently "tiered" like A. gigantea; flowers typically occurring towards ends of branches; ligule very small, wider than long | FAC | ||||||||||||||||||||||
45 | Poaceae | Agrostis gigantea (Redtop bentgrass) | Open panicle inflorescence, spikes with 1 floret, "tiered" look to inflorescence; ligule >2 mm, branches fork in distal half | FACW | ||||||||||||||||||||||
46 | Poaceae | Agrostis scabra (Rough bentgrass) | Open diffuse and airy panicle inflorescence, spikes with 1 floret | FAC | ||||||||||||||||||||||
47 | Poaceae | Agrostis stolonifera (Creeping bentgrass) | Inflorescences open when fresh, becoming narrow and contracted when mature; mat-forming, bluish green leaves | FACW | ||||||||||||||||||||||
48 | Poaceae | Alopecurus pratensis (Field meadow-foxtail) | Soft spike-like panicle, spikes with conspicuous awn, spikelets with 1 floret, glumes hairy, unawned. Compare with Phleum pratense | FAC | ||||||||||||||||||||||
49 | Poaceae | Anthoxanthum odoratum (Sweet vernalgrass) | Congested inflorescence, spike-like panicle common pasture/roadside, spikelets with 3 florets, the lowest ones sterile or staminate; distal floret bisexual, sweet vanilla-like aroma, early flowering | FACU | ||||||||||||||||||||||
50 | Poaceae | Avena sativa (Oat) | Commercial cereal crop, open panicle, pendulous spikes, large glumes that conceal florets | UPL | ||||||||||||||||||||||
51 | Poaceae | Bromus ciliatus (Fringed brome) | Open panicle, fused leaf sheath margins, multiple florets per spike, stem and leaves hairy, lower glume 1-veined, upper glume 3-veins, glumes with marginal hairs much longer than those on body, lemmas with 2 teeth or lobes at tip | FACW | ||||||||||||||||||||||
52 | Poaceae | Bromus inermis (Smooth brome) | Open pendulous panicle, fused leaf sheath margins, multiple florets per spike, robust and aggressive plant, spikes elongate and narrow, plants lack hairs | UPL | ||||||||||||||||||||||
53 | Poaceae | Calamagrostis canadensis (Bluejoint) | Open panicle, spikelets with single floret, V-shaped glumes, lemmas with tuft of hairs, lemmas awned with awn attached below middle of lemma, blue-green leaves, narrower leaves <6 mm wide, ligules <6 mm long | OBL | ||||||||||||||||||||||
54 | Poaceae | Digitaria sanguinalis (Hairy crabgrass) | Inflorescence with several elongated spike-like branches radiating from top of stem; weedy annual with hairy leaves and lower sheaths | FACU | ||||||||||||||||||||||
55 | Poaceae | Elymus repens (Creeping wild-rye) | Long-rhizomatous, elongated 2-ranked spike, lemmas often awned, glumes awned, multiple florets per spike. Spikes arranged with broad side against axis of inflorescence - see Lolium | FACU | ||||||||||||||||||||||
56 | Poaceae | Eragrostis cilianensis (Stiking lovegrass) or Eragrostis minor (Little lovegrass) | Open pyramidal-shaped panicle with spreading branches, fowl odor to plant (suggests plants we saw in the sand were E. cilianensis), spikelets with multiple florets, late season species, glandular dots on leaf margins and pedicels | FACU | ||||||||||||||||||||||
57 | Poaceae | Glyceria borealis (Northern manna grass) | Floating leaves in aquatic habitats, inflorescence compact to arching panicles with appressed-ascending branches, inflorescence base often partially concealed by leaf sheath, long cylindrical spikelets >10mm, leaf sheaths fused , multiple florets per spike (8-11), glumes and lemmas unawned | OBL | ||||||||||||||||||||||
58 | Poaceae | Glyceria canadensis (Rattlesnake manna grass | Open inflorescence with dangling broadly ovoid spikelets, multiple florets per spike, seeds rattle in spikes when mature | OBL | ||||||||||||||||||||||
59 | Poaceae | Glyceria grandis (American manna grass) | Robust plants, nodding pyramidal inflorescences, yellow green leaves, glumes acute at tip | OBL | ||||||||||||||||||||||
60 | Poaceae | Glyceria striata (Fowl manna grass) | Open inflorescence, branches spreading to drooping, glumes blunt at tip, leaves narrower than G. grandis | OBL | ||||||||||||||||||||||
61 | Poaceae | Leerzia oryzoides (Rice cut grass | Colonial species forming large colonies with very scabrous leaves, nodes of stem with ring of hairs, open panicle, flattened spikelets, oval, appressed to panicle branch | OBL | ||||||||||||||||||||||
62 | Poaceae | Lolium multiflorum (Italian rye grass) | Inflorescence a spike, spikelets compressed with narrow edge of spike appressed to axis of inflorescence, more florets per spike than L. perenne | NI (presumed FACU) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
63 | Poaceae | Lolium perenne (Perennial rye grass) | Elongated spike, similar to Elymus repens but with spikelet with narrow edge of spikelet against rachis. L. perenne with 9 or fewer florets, glumes ~50%= the length of spike; L. mulitflorum with 11+ florets and shorter glumes | FACU | ||||||||||||||||||||||
64 | Poaceae | Panicum capillare (Witch panicgrass) | Large open and airy inflorescence occupying 50%+ of overall plant height, stems densely hairy | FAC | ||||||||||||||||||||||
65 | Poaceae | Phalaris arundinacea (Reed canary grass) | Dimorphic inflorescence, ligules larger than C. canadensis >6 mm, leaves broader than CalCan. Spikelets with 1 fertile and 2 sterile florets - the sterile florets hairy scale-like appendages at base of fertile floret | FACW | ||||||||||||||||||||||
66 | Poaceae | Poa annua (Annual ble grass) | Small tufted annual with open panicle, usually 3-6 florets per spike, the lemmas often lacking typical cob-web hairs characteristic of many Poa species; leaf margins fusing at tip to form bow-like feature | FACU | ||||||||||||||||||||||
67 | Poaceae | Poa palustris (Fowl blue grass) | Open delicate panicle, spikes with 2-4 florets, lemmas with cobweb hairs, bow-shaped leaf tips, ligules up to ~4 mm long, glumes/lemmas lack awns | FACW | ||||||||||||||||||||||
68 | Poaceae | Poa pratensis (Kentucky blue grass) | Long-rhizomatous, inflorescence open pyramidal-shaped panicle, lower node of panicle often with 3 or more (typically 4 or 5) branches; lemmas with distinct cob-web hairs | FACU | ||||||||||||||||||||||
69 | Poaceae | Schedonorus arundinacea (Tall rye grass) | Leaves with auricles with few small hairs, fescue-like grass, multiple florets, V-shaped glumes, open panicle, leaf sheaths edges overlap | FACU | ||||||||||||||||||||||
70 | Poaceae | Schedonorus pratensis (Meadow rye grass) | Leaves with auricles lacking hairs, fescue-like grass, multiple florets, V-shaped glumes, open panicle, leaf sheaths edges overlap | FACU | ||||||||||||||||||||||
71 | Poaceae | Setaria pumila (Yellow foxtail) | Dense bristly looking spike-like panicle, spikes subtended by several (6+)bristles but glumes and lemmas lack awns; leaf sheaths without hairs | FAC | ||||||||||||||||||||||
72 | Poaceae | Sphenopholis intermedia (Slender wedgescale) | Upper glumes distinctly wider and longer than lower glume, arching to nodding panicle, 2 or 3 florets per spike, lemmas lack awns | FAC | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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