NorthernAppalachiaSchool_TOXIC PLANTS_Central_PA.xlsx

	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	I
1	Latin Binomial	Common Name	Family	Common look-alikes	Toxic Constituents	Parts Toxic	Toxicity Effects	Topical Toxicity	Safe Practical Uses

2	Aconitum napellus	Monkshood	Ranunculaceae	Geranium	Aconitine	All parts (roots most toxic)	Diarrhea, convulsions, ventricular arrhythmia and death; depolarizes sodium channels	Mild toxicity: paraesthesia, including tingling and feelings of coldness in the extremities, headache, nausea, and heart palpitations	-
3	Actaea pachypoda	Baneberry	Ranunculaceae	Black Cohosh	Unknown (possibly glycosides)	All parts (berry and roots most toxic)	Severe pain and burning of mouth and throat; salivation; severe stomach cramps, headache, diarrhea; dizziness and hallucinations. Toxic if eaten in large quantities. Roots and berries can be lethal.	Does not cause contact dermatitis	-
4	Ageratina altissima	White Snakeroot	Asteraceae	Boneset	Trematone and glycosides	All parts (roots most toxic)	Qeakness, nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, delirium, cardiac damage, prostration and eventually, coma, death	None known	-
5	Apocynum cannibidium	Dogbane	Apocynaceae	Milkweed	Cardiac glycosides	All parts	Cardiac arrest, nausea, vomiting, weakness, diarrhea	The milky sap from stems can cause blisters on skin, contact dermatitis	Cordage
6	Arisaema triphyllum	Jack-in-the-Pulpit	Araceae	Triliums	Calcium oxalate	All parts	Causes severe pain of the mouth if ingested; burning and swelling of lips, tongue, and throat, excessive drooling, and vomiting	May cause burning or tingling of the skin if handled. Does not cause contact dermatitis	-
7	Ascelpias syriaca	Milkweed	Apocynaceae	Dogbane	Cardiac glycosides	All parts (flower least toxic)	Vomiting, stupor, weakness, spasms	None known	Shoots & Flowers edible with proper preparation, sap may be used topically for warts
8	Atropa belladona	Deadly Nightshade	Solanaceae	Other nightshades	Tropine alkaloids	All parts	Lethal in very small doses. Fever, rapid pulse, dilation of pupils, hot and dry flushed skin, headache, dry mouth, difficulty of swallowing, burning of the throat, hallucinations, convulsion, death	None known	-
9	Celastrus orbiculatus, C. scandens	Oriental Bittersweet, American Bittersweet	Celastraceae	Vining honeysuckles, often grows in multiflora rose (can be mistaken for rose hips if not paying attention)	Possibly evonosid or euonymin	All parts	Vomiting, diarrhea, weakness, convulsions	None known	-
10	Cicuta maculata	Water Hemlock	Apiaceae	Apiaceae family espc. Angelica, Sambucus	Cicutoxin	All parts	Lethal in very small doses. Muscle spasms, dilated pupils, dizziness, diarrhea, stomach pain, convulsions/seizures, tremors, fever, bloat, respiratory depression, death	Can cause blistering of the skin, numbness, etc. when handled	-
11	Conium maculatum	Poison Hemlock	Apiaceae	Apiaceae family	Piperidine alkaloids (Coniine)	All parts	Lethal in very small doses. Salivation, vomiting, diarrhea, muscular weakness, paralysis, nervousness, trembling, dilation of pupils, weak pulse, convulsions, coma.	Can cause blistering of the skin, numbness, etc. when handled	-
12	Convallaria majalis	Lily of the Valley	Asparagaceae	Ramps	Cardiac glycosides & saponins	All parts	Irregular/slow pulse, abdominal pain and diarrhea, low blood pressure, disorientation, coma, seizures. Toxic only if eaten in large quantities.	None known	-
13	Datura stramonium	Jimsonweed	Solanaceae	Other nightshades	Tropane alkaloids	All parts (seeds most toxic)	Hot, dry, and flushed skin, pupil dilation, headache, delirium, hallucinations, amnesia, respiratory depression, arrhythmias, rapid and weak pulse, convulsions, coma, death	Unknown, toxins may be absorbed transdermally enough to produce altered state	-
14	Digitalis spp.	Foxglove	Plantaginaceae	Scullcap (specifically D. lanata)	Cardiac glycosides (Digitoxin)	All parts	Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach pain, severe headache, irregular and slow pulse, tremors, unusual color visions, convulsions, cardiac arrhythmia, death	Transdermal absorption seems unlikely -does not cause contact dermatitis	-
15	Euphorbia lathyris	Gopher Spurge	Euphorbiaceae	None known	Diterpene esters in latex	All parts	Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea when ingested	Redness, swelling, blisters after some delay following contact with skin	-
16	Euphorbia marginata	Snow on the Mountain	Euphorbiaceae	None known	Diterpene esters in latex	All parts	Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea when ingested	Redness, swelling, blisters after some delay following contact with skin	-
17	Heracleum mantegazzianum	Giant Hogweed	Apiaceae	Apiaceae familt	Furanocoumarins	All parts	No known cases of ingestion (I don't think you'd get that far along in the process)	Reaction may occur from even brushing up against it.Severe contact dematitis, blistering, and photosensitization. Severe cases may result in amputation, scarring, blindness, or death	Edible when thoroughly cooked
18	Ilex spp.	Holly	Aquifoliaceae	Oregon Grape	Saponins	Berries	Vomiting, diarrhea, bdominal cramping, and occasionally dermatitis. There can be allergic sensitization and worsening dermatitis with repeat exposures. Rarely, mydriasis, hyperthermia, and drowsiness	None known	-
19	Kalmia latifolia	Mountain Laurel	Ericaceae	Blueberry	Grayanotoxin, arbutin, and andromedotoxin	All parts	Interferes with normal skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and nerve function. Clinical effects typically occur within a few hours after ingestion, and can include acute digestive upset, excessive drooling, loss of appetite, frequent bowel movements/diarrhea, colic, sweating, abdominal pain, depression, weakness, loss of coordination, stupor, watering of eyes and nose, nausea, cardiac failure, vomiting, leg paralysis, weak heart rate, death	None known	-
20	Narcissus pseudonarcissus	Daffodil	Amaryllidaceae	Daylillies	Phenanthridine alkaloids (lycorine) and calcium oxalates	All parts (bulbs most toxic)	Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, salivation, trembling, convulsions, low blood pressure, cardiac arrhythmia	Contact dermatitis ("lily rash") following the handling of bulbs, flowers, and stems	-
21	Ornithogalum umbellatum	Star of Bethlehem	Asparagaceae	Wild Garlic, Spring Beauties	Cardiac glycosides (convallatoxin and convalloside)	Aerial parts	Nausea, salivation, vomiting, diarrhea, and shortness of breath, as well as pain, burning, and swelling of lips, tongue, and throat, death	May cause skin irrtation with prolonged handling	Bulbs are edible raw (verified: I didn't die. They taste like crap)
22	Phytolacca americana	Poke	Phytolaccaceae	Elderberry	Saponins	All parts except berry flesh (seeds are toxic)	Nausea, pink foamy diarrhea, respiratory distress, muscle spasms, thirst, lethargy, excessive salivation, urinary incontentince, severe gastroinstinal pain; note: only recorded cases of lethality involved consumption of massive quantities - otherwise all toxicity cases make a full recovery <1 week	May cause contact dermatitis	Roots & berries medicinal (low dose), young shoots & leaves edible with proper preparation, most toxic parts: seeds, roots, mature leaf/stem
23	Petasites spp.	Sweet Coltsfoot	Asteraceae	Tussilago	Pyrrolizine alkaloids	All parts	Hepatotoxic when used in high doses or for long periods of time	None known	Low dose medicinal
24	Ranunculus spp.	Buttercup	Ranunculaceae	Sochan	Protoanemonin, released from the glycoside ranunculin.	All parts	Burning of the mouth, abdominal pain, vomiting, hypersalivation, depression, anorexia, wobbly gait, and bloody diarrhea	Skin redness, burning sensation, and blisters following contact with sap	Some species are supposedly edible when cooked (not verified)
25	Rhododendron spp.	Rhododendron, Azalea	Ericaceae	Teaberry, Blueberry	Grayanotoxin and andromedotoxin	All parts	Salivation, watering of eyes and nose, abdominal pain, loss of energy, depression, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, weakness, difficult breathing, progressive paralysis of arms and legs, cardiac failure, coma, death	None known	-
26	Sambucus racemosa	Red Elder	Adoxaceae	Black & Blue Elder	Cyanogenic glycosides	All parts (flower least toxic; leaves, bark, fruits most toxic)	Mild toxicity; nausea, vomiting, stupor, weakness	None known	Medicinal when properly prepared
27	Securigera varia	Crown Vetch	Fabaceae	Alfalfa	Nitroglycosides	All parts	Vomiting, diarrhea, slowed pulse	None known	-
28	Senecio spp.	Ragwort, Groundsel	Asteraceae	Sow Thistle, Dandelin, Wild Lettuce	Pyrrolizine alkalioids	All parts	Hepatotoxic when used in high doses or for long periods of time	None known	-
29	Solanum carolinense	Horse Nettle	Solanaceae	Other nightshades; Ground Cherry	Solanine	All parts	Nausea, vomiting, salivation, drowsiness, abdominal pain, diarrhea, weakness, respiratory depression, death	None known	-
30	Solanum dulcamara	Woody Nightshade	Solanaceae	Other nightshades	Solanine, dulcamarine (atropine/anticholanergic-like)	All parts	Salivation, bradycardia, tachycardia, hypotension, and altered mental status have also been documented. Symptoms usually occur several hours after ingestion and may persist for several days. The solanine effects seem more potent in children	None known	-
31	Solanum nigrum	Black Nightshade	Solanaceae	Other nightshades	Solanine	Leaf, stem	Hypersalivation, inappetence, severe gastrointestinal upset, diarrhea, vomiting, drowsiness, CNS depression, abdominal pain, confusion, nausea, behavioral change, weakness, dilated pupils, slow heart rate, death	None known	Ripe berries are edible - large quantities OK. Leaves edible when properly prepared.
32	Symplocarpus foetidus	Eastern Skunk Cabbagge	Araceae	False Hellebore, Ramps	Calcium oxalate	All parts	Severe pain and burning of mouth, lips, and throat, drooling, nausea, excessive drooling, vomiting, difficulty swallowing, and diarrhea	May cause burning and tingling of the skin if handled for long periods	Dried root medicinal, young leaves edible when properly prepared
33	Taxus canadensis	Canada Yew	Taxaceae	Pinaceae & Cupressacea; Fir, Spruce, etc.	Taxine	All parts except aril	Nervousness, trembling, slow pulse, pupil dilation, seizures, difficult breathing, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, weakness, convulsions, death	None known	Arils edible, seed inside (and all other parts) toxic
34	Toxicodendron radicans	Poison Ivy	Anacardiaceae	English Ivy, Virginia Creeper	Urushiol	All parts	Topically: Contact dermitits, red, itchy, painful, blistering skin.... Ingestion: Gastroinestinal and respiratory distress; inhaling poiso ivy smoke can potentially be fatal because it causes lung inflammation and fluid build-up in the lungs	Sever itching and blistering of the skin, delayed reaction upon contact with the plant material or smoke. Symptoms can be avoided by washing affected area immediately with soap and water.	-
35	Toxicodendron vernix	Poison Sumac	Anacardiaceae	Other sumacs; Staghorn Sumac	Urushiol	All parts	Ingestion: fever, coughing, wheezing, gastrointestinal distress. Inhaling poison sumac smoke can potentially be fatal because it causes lung inflammation and fluid build-up in the lungs.	Sever itching and blistering of the skin, delayed reaction upon contact with the plant material or smoke. Symptoms can be avoided by washing affected area immediately with soap and water.	-
36	Vinca spp. / Catharanthus rosea form. Vinca rosea	Periwinkle	Apocynaceae	Violets	Vinblastine	All parts	Low blood pressure, tremors collapse	None known	-
37	Veratrum viride	False Hellebore	Melanthiaceae	Skunk Cabbage, Ramps	Steroidal alkaloids	All parts	Burning of mouth and throat, salivation, headache, stomach pain, vomiting, diarrhea, weakness, sweating, convulsions	Toxins may be absorbed transdermally	-
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