Battery Talk: Battery Application Break Down 1/01/2024 (Version 2.0)

	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	I	J	K	L	M	N	O	P	Q	R	S	T	U	V	W	X	Y	Z	AA	AB	AD	AE	AF	AG
1	Battery Talk: Battery Application Break Down 1/01/2024		Li-Ion (NMC811-Gr)		Li-Ion (NCA-Gr)		Li-Ion (LFP-Gr)		Li-Ion (LCO-Gr)		Li-Ion High Voltage (LNMO)		Lithium Metal (High Ni-Li)		Silicon (High Ni- Majority Silicon)		Sodium ion (NaMOx) **Not Commercial		Lithium Sulfur Battery (LSB) ** Not Commercial		Solid State Sulfidic Lithium Metal Anode **Not Commercial			Solid State Oxidic Lithium Metal Anode **Not Commercial			Price	Total Cell Cost

2	Manufacturing Processes for Key Battery Chemistries		Anode	Cathode	Anode	Cathode	Anode	Cathode	Anode	Cathode	Anode	Cathode	Anode	Cathode	Anode	Cathode	Anode	Cathode	Anode	Cathode	Anode	Elyte	Cathode	Anode	Elyte	Cathode	$	$9.77
3	Electrode Production	Extruding and Calendering											X				X		X		X			X			Anode	Cathode	Process Step Costs taken from: "UBS report on EV Battery Makers 2021-03-03.pdf"
4		Gassing											X				X		X		X			X					Figure 23: Manufacturing cost split for LG Chem 78 Ah pouch cell in Poland [USD/kWh]
5		Lamination											X				X		X		X			X					Their Cited Source : P3 automotive GmbH, UBS Evidence Lab *Unscaled cost for all cells
6		Mixing	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X		X	X	X		X		X		X	X		X	X	$0.44	$0.31
7		Coating Active Material	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X		X	X	X		X		X			X			X	$0.22	$0.19
8		Coating Electrolyte																				X
9		Sintering																								X
10		Calendering	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X		X	X	X		X		X		X	X				$0.31	$0.25
11		Slitting	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X		X	$0.35	$0.30
12		Drying	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X		X	X	X		X		X							$0.62	$0.49
13	Cell Production	Cutting	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X		X
14		Aerosol Deposition																							X
15		Tempering																							X
16		Stacking	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	$1.62
17		Pressing																			X	X	X
18		Contacting	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	$0.28
19		Enclosing	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	$1.03
20		Filling	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X							$0.50
21	Conditioning	Formation	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X							$2.46
22	Conditioning	Ageing	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	$0.40
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24	Performance Metrics for Key Battery Chemistries		Li-Ion (NMC811-Gr)		Li-Ion (NCA-Gr)		Li-Ion (LFP-Gr)		Li-Ion (LCO-Gr)		Li-Ion High Voltage (LNMO)		Lithium Metal (High Ni-Li)		Silicon (High Ni- Majority Silicon) **Prototype Phase		Sodium ion (NaMOx) **Market Soon (CATL)		Lithium Sulfur Battery (LSB) **Not Commercial		Solid State Sulfidic Lithium Metal Anode **Not Commercial			Solid State Oxidic Lithium Metal Anode **Not Commercial						https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2023/09/future-sodium-ion-batteries-could-be-ten-times-cheaper-for-energy-storage.html
25	Gravimetric Energy Density Wh/kg (cell level)		265-290		250-280		160-200		180-200		150-165		400-450		325-350		130-160		300-500		300-450			300-450
26	Volumetric Energy Density Wh/L (cell level)		650-800		400-600		250-400		300-450		280-300		700-1000		750-900		150-250		450-650		800-1100			800-1100
27	Nominal Voltage (V)		3.7 (2.5 - 4.2)		3.6 (3.0-4.2)		3.2 (2.5 - 3.65)		3.6 (3.0 - 4.5)		4.0 (3.0 - 5.0)		3.7 (2.5 - 4.2)		3.7 (2.5 - 4.2)		3 (1.0 - 4.2)		2.1 (1.8 - 2.4)		3.7 (2.5 - 4.2)			3.7 (2.5 - 4.2)
28	Cell Cost $/kWh 2023		$112.70		$120.30		98.5		123.6		No Data		No Data		No Data		*40-80 (CATL)		No Data		No Data		No Data		No Data
29	Cycle Life (C/2+ rate)		1500		1000		2000		750		250-500		200-400		**500		**3000-6000		**150-300		**250-500			**250-500				Legend
30	Self Discharge (Qual)		Avg		Avg		Avg		Avg		Bad		Bad		Avg		**Avg		**Bad		**Good			**Good				Great
31	Calender aging (Qual)		Avg		Avg		Avg		Avg		Bad		Avg		Avg		**Avg		**Avg		**Bad			**Bad				Good
32	Rate Capability (Qual)		Avg		Avg		Avg		Good		Avg		Good		Good		**Avg		**Avg		Good			**Poor				Avg
33	Safety (Qualitative)		Poor		Poor		Avg		Poor		Good		Bad		Poor		**Good		**Avg		**Poor			**Good				Poor
34	High Temperature Operation (60C+)(Qual)		Bad		Bad		Bad		Bad		Bad		Bad		Bad		**Good		Poor		**Good			**Good				Bad
35	Low Temperature Operation (10C-)(Qual)		Avg		Avg		Avg		Avg		Avg		Avg		Avg		**Bad		**Good		**Bad			**Bad
36	Recycle Value (Li, Co, Ni, Cu) for Cost/Effort		Avg		Avg		Poor		Good		Poor		Avg		Avg		**Bad		**Bad		**Poor	to	Bad	**Poor	to	Bad
37	Possible Form Factors and Challenges		No Restriction		No Restriction		No Restriction		No Restriction		No Restriction		No Restriction		High Swelling		No Restriction		No Restriction		manufacturing limitations			manufacturing limitations
38	Applications Matched to Preferred Performance Metrics
39	Applications Matched to Preferred Performance Metrics		Li-Ion (NMC811-Gr)		Li-Ion (NCA-Gr)		Li-Ion (LFP-Gr)		Li-Ion (LCO-Gr)		Li-Ion High Voltage (LNMO)		Lithium Metal (High Ni-Li)		Silicon (High Ni- Majority Silicon)		Sodium ion (NaMOx) **Not Commercial		Lithium Sulfur Battery (LSB) ** Not Commercial		Solid State Sulfidic Lithium Metal Anode **Not Commercial			Solid State Oxidic Lithium Metal Anode **Not Commercial					2022 Battery Market in Billions USD
40	Aerospace	Planes (Wh/Kg > Rate > Safety/Reliability)	Avg		Bad		Bad		Bad		Bad		Bad		Avg		**Bad		**Good		**Good			**Good					96.30	Planes	146.66	Aerospace
41		Drones (Wh/Kg > Rate > Cost)	Avg		Bad		Avg		Avg		Bad		Great		Great		**Avg		**Good		**Poor			**Poor					24.39	Drones		Sum of submarkets shown
42		Low Earth Orbit Satellites (Wh/kg > Cycle Life > Safety/ Reliability)	Avg		Avg		Poor		Avg		Bad		Bad		Poor		**Avg		**Good		**Good			**Good					5.16	Low Earth Orbit Satellites
43		Medium Earth Orbit Satellites (Cycle Life > Wh/kg > Safety / Reliability)	Avg		Avg		Poor		Avg		Bad		Bad		Avg		**Avg		**Avg		**Avg			**Avg					9.60	Medium Earth Orbit Satellites
44		Geostationary Orbit Satellites (Cycle Life > Wh/kg > Safety / Reliability)	Avg		Avg		Poor		Avg		Bad		Bad		Poor		**Avg		**Avg		**Avg			**Avg					11.21	Geostationary Orbit Satellites
45	Automotive	Moped (Wh/Kg > Cost > Self Discharge)	Avg		Avg		Good		Poor		Poor		Bad		Avg		Poor		Bad		**Bad			**Bad				Legend	67.1	Moped	1265.156	Automotive
46		Motorcycle (Rate > Wh/L > Wh/Kg)	Avg		Avg		Poor		Poor		Bad		Avg		Good		**Bad		Poor		**Avg			**Avg				Great	127.4	Motorcycle		Sum of submarkets shown
47		Sports Car (Wh/L > Rate > Cycle Life)	Good		Good		Avg		Avg		Poor		Bad		Avg		**Bad		Bad		**Poor			**Poor				Good	14.266	Sports Car
48		Sedan (Cost > Wh/L > Cycle Life)	Poor		Poor		Avg		Poor		Avg		Bad		Bad		**Avg		Poor		**Bad			**Bad				Avg	449.7	Sedan
49		Sports Utility Vehicle (Wh/L > Cost > Cycle Life)	Avg		Avg		Avg		Avg		Poor		Bad		Poor		**Bad		Poor		**Bad			**Bad				Poor	34.69	Sports Utility Vehicle
50		Pickup Trucks (Wh/L > Wh/Kg > Cycle Life)	Poor		Poor		Poor		Bad		Bad		Bad		Avg		**Bad		**Avg		**Good			**Good				Bad	222	Pickup Trucks
51		Heavy Duty Trucks (Wh/Kg > Cycle Life > Cost)	Poor		Poor		Poor		Bad		Bad		Bad		Poor		**Bad		**Good		**Bad			**Bad					350	Heavy Duty Trucks
52	Consumer Electronics	Computers & Tablets (Wh/L > Cost > Safety / Reliability)	Avg		Poor		Avg		Poor		Good		Bad		Poor		**Poor		**Bad		**Poor			**Poor					474.07	Computers & Tablets	1061.04	Consumer Electronics
53		Smart Phones & Smart Watches (Wh/L > Cost > Safety / Reliability)	Avg		Poor		Avg		Poor		Good		Bad		Poor		**Poor		**Bad		**Poor			**Poor					444.36	Smart Phones & Smart Watches		Sum of submarkets shown
54		Power Tools & Gardening Equipment (Rate > Cost > Safety / Reliability)	Poor		Poor		Avg		Avg		Good		Bad		Poor		**Poor		**Bad		**Bad			**Bad					60.11	Power Tools & Gardening Equipment
55		E-Bikes (Cost >Wh/Kg > Rate)	Avg		Avg		Avg		Avg		Good		Poor		Poor		**Good		**Good		**Bad			**Bad					82.5	E-Bikes
56	Grid	Grid Balancing (Cost/kWh/Cycle > Safety / Reliability > Cycle Life)	Bad		Bad		Bad		Bad		Poor		Bad		Bad		**Good		**Poor		**Bad			**Bad					?	Grid Balancing	40.56	Grid
57	Grid	Residential Storage + Smart Grid (Safety / Reliability > Cost/kWh/Cycle > Cycle Life)	Bad		Bad		Poor		Bad		Avg		Bad		Bad		**Great		**Bad		**Bad			**Bad					40.56	Residential Storage + Smart Grid		Sum of submarkets shown
62	Military	Infantry (Safety / Reliability > Wh/Kg > Wh/L)	Poor		Poor		Poor		Poor		Bad		Bad		Avg		**Bad		**Good		**Good			**Good					17.08		111.1	Military
63		Backup Power (Communications) (Safety/Reliability > Wh/Kg > Wh/L)	Poor		Poor		Bad		Poor		Bad		Bad		Avg		**Bad		**Good		**Avg			**Avg					34.81			Sum of submarkets shown
64		Missiles (Rate > Wh/Kg > Wh/L )	Avg		Avg		Poor		Poor		Bad		Avg		Good		**Bad		**Bad		**Avg			**Avg					59.21
65		Drones (Wh/Kg > Rate > Safety / Reliability)	Avg		Poor		Poor		Poor		Bad		Poor		Avg		**Bad		**Poor		**Avg			**Avg					?
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67	Contributors and Accreditations				Table Caveats and Process Followed
68	This document was initially created by Jeff Bell and Aubert from Battery Talk for presentations given by them. Updated in Nov-Dec 2022 by the following contributors for use in the Volta Foundation 2022 Battery Report to be shared for free with the worldwide battery community. The intent is for this document to be updated and kept current for future Volta Foundation Battery Reports in 2023 and onwards. Maintained in 2023 by Jeffrey Bell and Aubert Demaray and used in the 2023 Battery Report.				This resource is a work in progress that was created on a best effort basis to provide the following information in one convenient place: 1) a high level synopsis of the common lithium ion/lithium metal battery chemistries 2) manufacturing process differences 3) cell performance differences 4) market matching differences Please keep in mind when you are using this table that cell design and components other than the cathode (this table is largely meant to compare cathode materials) can make a very large difference in cell performance metrics. Disclaimers: 1) All of those working on this project did their best to be objective and unbiased in their review and selection of data and how it is portrayed in this table. 2) This table is largely meant to compare cathode materials 3) Cell design and components other than the cathode can make a very large difference in cell performance metrics. Q&A: 1) How were data selected and compared? Whenever possible, links to articles, papers, journals, publications, and cell spec sheets were used to justify the information provided in this document. When there were conflicting or outdated information, the Authors had to use their own experience and industry knowledge to make decisions. Links can be found in the following tabs. - Cell Performance Spec Sheets: Whenever possible we based performance data on 2021-2022 cell performance specification sheets. Or averages taken from multiple spec sheets. - Costs: have been unstable and increasing for most of 2022. We chose to use Q1-Q2 2022 pricing data because it was the most available and consistent. - New Technology: Several of the technologies included in the table are not commercial yet (Solid State, Majority Silicon, Lithium Sulfur, and Sodium Ion). For these, we used publications and company announcements to try and give the current state of the art estimated or claimed performance numbers. Because these chemistries are not commercial and GWh scale production has yet to be achieved, we didn't give cell or pack costs. 2) Ratings are given qualitatively comparing to other cathode chemistries and are defined as follows: -Great: one of if not the best candidate for the given metric or application. -Good: better than average among the possible cathode chemistries, a good choice for consideration. -Avg: average among the cathode chemistries, an acceptable choice for considering -Poor: below average performance/use compared to the other available cathode chemistries -Bad: other available chemistries are significantly better that this one shouldn't be considered *If you feel that anything in this document is in error please let us know. The Edit Link Below will take you to a editable Google Sheets document with instructions on how to let us know and what we need from you to update it. Thanks in advance for all of your help in making this resource more accurate and therefore more useful to the community.
69	Battery Talk YouTube Page
70	Battery Talk Linkedin Page
71	https://www.linkedin.com/in/aubertdemaray/	Aubert Demaray (Author) (SpectraPower, LLC) (Battery Talk) -Worked on majority of document 2022 and 2023
72	https://www.linkedin.com/in/jeffrey-bell-a6896447/	Jeffrey Bell (Author) (Lyten) (Battery Talk) -Worked on majority of document 2022 and 2023
73	https://www.linkedin.com/in/mouda-a-6a1769244/	Mouda Abusukheila (Author) (Sylvatex) -Worked on LFP/LCO/NMC 2022
74	https://www.linkedin.com/in/zhiwen-edward-huang-19301288/	Zhiwen Huang (Contributor) (Farasis Energy) -Worked on NMC 2022
75	https://www.linkedin.com/in/benjamin-lesel-641287a2/	Benjamin Lesel (Contributor) (founder of NanoDian, Inc.) -Worked on LMO 2022
76	https://www.linkedin.com/in/siva-bohm-7aa81110/	Siva Bohm (Contributor) (Corus UK Ltd) -Worked on Silicon 2022
77	https://www.linkedin.com/in/marco-siniscalchi-62280b151/	Marco Siniscalchi (Contributor) (DPhil candidate at Univ of Oxford) -Worked on Solid state 2022
78	https://www.linkedin.com/in/xiaofeng-cesar-qin-22858417/	Xiaofeng (Cesar) Qin (Contributor) (Rivian)(2022) -Worked on Na-Ion 2022
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81					Please use the following Edit link to suggest changes											Edit Link
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