Battery Talk: Battery Application Break Down 12/31/2025 (Version 4.0)

	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	I	J	K	L	M	N	O	P	Q	R	S	T	U	V	W	X	Y	Z	AA	AB	AC	AD	AE	AF	AG	AH	AJ	AK	AL	AM	AN	AO	AP	AQ	AR	AS	AT	AU	AV	AW	AX	AY	AZ	BA	BB	BC	BD	BE	BF
1										Green Enabling or Required
2										Orange potentially adds a premium/Tie breaker
3										Gray doesn't make money
4				Operating Temperature																											Functional Requirements
5				Cold Temp (< 0 C)									Room Temp (20 - 30 C)									High Temp (>40 C)									Functional Requirements
6		Market	Sub-Market	Wh/kg	Wh/L	Max Discharge Rate	Max Discharge Pulse	Max Charge Rate	Max Charge Pulse	Cycle Life (80%)	Calendar Life	Shelf Life	Wh/kg	Wh/L	Max Discharge Rate	Max Discharge Pulse	Max Charge Rate	Max Charge Pulse	Cycle Life (80%)	Calendar Life	Shelf Life	Wh/kg	Wh/L	Max Discharge Rate	Max Discharge Pulse	Max Charge Rate	Max Charge Pulse	Cycle Life (80%)	Calendar Life	Shelf Life	Safety	$/kWh	$ / kWh / Cycle	Non FEOC
7		Aerospace	Planes
8			eVTOL																																Cathode	Cathode Density g/cc	Anode	Anode Density g/cc	Cathode Nominal Voltage vs Li/Li+ (v)	Anode Nominal Voltage vs Li/Li+ (v)	Cell Nominal Voltage (v)	Cathode Capacity (mAh/g)	Cathode Loading (mg/cm2)	Cathode Binder (%)	Cathode Additive (%)	Cathode Porosity (%)	Anode Capacity (mAh/g)	Anode Binder (%)	Anode Additive (%)	N/P	Anode Porosity (%)	Separator Thickness (um)	Separator Porosity (%)	Al Foil Thickness (um)	Cu Foil Thickness (um)	Electrolyte ml to Ah Ratio	Electrolyte Density (g/cc)
9			Low Earth Orbit Satellites																																LFP	3.6	Gr (90-100%) + Si (0 - 10%)	2	3.4	0.2	3.2	146 - 160	23 - 33	1 - 3	2 - 6	20 - 35	350 - 550	2 - 3	1 - 3	1.04 - 1.26	21-38	7 - 18	53	10 - 27	10 - 15	1.25 - 2.5	1.26 - 1.289
10			Medium Earth Orbit Satellites																																LFP	3.6	Metallic Silicon	2.33	3.4	0.2	3.2	146 - 160	23 - 33	1 - 3	2 - 6	20 - 35	3400 - 4200	10 - 15	5 - 10	1.1 - 1.9	21-38	7 - 18	53	10 - 27	10 - 15	1.25 - 2.5	1.26 - 1.289
11			Geostationary Orbit Satellites																																LFMP	3.7	Gr (90-100%) + Si (0 - 10%)	2	3.9	0.2	3.7	130 - 150	19 - 32	3.5 - 4	3.5 - 8	23 - 36	350 - 550	2 - 3	1 - 3	1.04 - 1.26	21-38	7 - 18	53	10 - 27	10 - 15	0.8 - 3.3	1.26 - 1.289
12			Unmaned Aerial Systems																																LFMP	3.7	Metallic Silicon	2.33	3.9	0.2	3.7	130 - 150	19 - 32	3.5 - 4	3.5 - 8	23 - 36	3400 - 4200	10 - 15	5 - 10	1.1 - 1.9	21-38	7 - 18	53	10 - 27	10 - 15	0.8 - 3.3	1.26 - 1.289
13		Automotive	Moped																																NMC	4.7	Gr (90-100%) + Si (0 - 10%)	2	3.8	0.2	3.6	180-210	18 - 35	1 - 4	2 - 4	9-26	350 - 550	2 - 3	1 - 3	1.04 - 1.26	21-38	7 - 18	53	10 - 27	10 - 15	1.3 - 2.8	1.26 - 1.289
14			Motorcycle																																NMC	4.7	Gr (50%) + Si (50%)	2.29	3.8	0.2	3.6	180-210	18 - 35	1 - 4	2 - 4	9-26	686 - 1800	6 - 10	3 - 6	1.04 - 1.26	21-38	7 - 18	53	10 - 27	10 - 15	1.3 - 2.8	1.26 - 1.289
15			Sports Car																																NMC	4.7	Metallic Silicon	2.33	3.8	0.2	3.6	180-210	18 - 35	1 - 4	2 - 4	9-26	3400 - 4200	10 - 15	5 - 10	1.1 - 1.9	21-38	7 - 18	53	10 - 27	10 - 15	1.3 - 2.8	1.26 - 1.289
16			Sedan																																NMC	4.7	Lithium Metal	0.534	3.8	0	3.8	180-210	18 - 35	1 - 4	2 - 4	9-26	3860	0	0	1.21 - 1.3	0	7 - 18	53	10 - 27	10 - 15	1.3 - 2.8	1.26 - 1.289
17			Sports Utility Vehicle																																LMR	3.27	Gr (90-100%) + Si (0 - 10%)	2	3.9	0.2	3.7	230 - 260	13 - 22	3 - 5	3 - 5	42 - 56	350 - 550	2 - 3	1 - 3	1.04 - 1.26	21-38	7 - 18	53	10 - 27	10 - 15	2 - 5	1.26 - 1.289
18			Heavy Duty Trucks																																LMR	3.27	Si	2.33	3.9	0.2	3.7	230 - 260	13 - 22	3 - 5	3 - 5	42 - 56	3400 - 4200	10 - 15	5 - 10	1.1 - 1.9	21-38	7 - 18	53	10 - 27	10 - 15	2 - 5	1.26 - 1.289
19			Industrial Trucks																																Sulfur	2.12	Lithium Metal	0.534	2.1	0	2.1	1000-1300	4-6	1-10	3 - 5	50-60	3680	0	0	1.5-3	0	7 - 18	53	10 - 27	10 - 27	3-5	1.12 - 1.35
20		Consumer Electronics	Computers & Tablets																																NFMnO	4.76	Hard Carbon	1.8	3.1-3.2	0.15	3.0-3.1	130-140	5-20	2-5	5-10	20-40	300-340	5-10	3-8	1.05-1.3	30-60	7 - 18	53	10 - 27	10 - 27	1.1-3.3	1.25-1.40
21			Smart Phones & Watches																																NFPP	3.1	Hard Carbon	1.8	3.0-3.2	0.15	2.9-3.0	108-110	5-20	2-5	5-10	20-40	300-340	5-10	3-8	1.05-1.3	30-60	7 - 18	53	10 - 27	10 - 27	1.1-3.3	1.25-1.40
22			Power Tools & Gardening
23			E-Bikes
24		Grid	Commercial and Industrial
25			Residential
26			Utility
27			Mobile
28		Medical Devices	Defibrillators																																LFP	3.6	Gr + 10 - 50% Si	2.29	3.4	0.2	3.2	146 - 160	23 - 33	1 - 3	2 - 6	20 - 35	686 - 1800	6 - 10	3 - 6	1.04 - 1.26	21-38	7 - 18	53	10 - 27	10 - 15	1.25 - 2.5	1.26 - 1.289
29			Surgical Tools																																LFMP	3.7	Gr + 10 - 50% Si	2.29	3.9	0.2	3.7	130 - 150	19 - 32	3.5 - 4	3.5 - 8	23 - 36	686 - 1800	6 - 10	3 - 6	1.04 - 1.26	21-38	7 - 18	53	10 - 27	10 - 15	0.8 - 3.3	1.26 - 1.289
30			Pacemakers																																LMR	3.27	Gr + 10 - 50% Si	2.29	3.9	0.2	3.7	230 - 260	13 - 22	3 - 5	3 - 5	42 - 56	686 - 1800	6 - 10	3 - 6	1.04 - 1.26	21-38	7 - 18	53	10 - 27	10 - 15	2 - 5	1.26 - 1.289
31			Monitoring Devices																																NaVPO	3.4	Hard Carbon	1.8	3.2-3.5	0.15	3.2-3.3	115-120	5-20	2-5	5-10	20-40	300-340	5-10	3-8	1.05-1.3	30-60	7 - 18	53	10 - 27	10 - 15	1.1-3.3	1.25-1.40
32		Military	Infantry
33			Backup Power
34			Missiles
35			Communications																																		Green Enabling or Required
36																																					Orange potentially adds a premium/Tie breaker
37																																					Gray doesn't make money
38
39
40				Operating Temperature																											Functional Requirements
41				Cold Temp (< 0 C)									Room Temp (20 - 30 C)									High Temp (>40 C)									Functional Requirements
42		Cathode	Anode	Wh/kg	Wh/L	Max Discharge Rate	Max Discharge Pulse	Max Charge Rate	Max Charge Pulse	Cycle Life (80%)	Calendar Life	Shelf Life	Wh/kg	Wh/L	Max Discharge Rate	Max Discharge Pulse	Max Charge Rate	Max Charge Pulse	Cycle Life (80%)	Calendar Life	Shelf Life	Wh/kg	Wh/L	Max Discharge Rate	Max Discharge Pulse	Max Charge Rate	Max Charge Pulse	Cycle Life (80%)	Calendar Life	Shelf Life	Safety	$/kWh	$ / kWh / Cycle	Non FEOC
43		LFP	Graphite	2	2	3	4	2	3	4	4	4										3	3	4	4	4	4	4	4	4				**
44		LFP	Silicon	2	2	3	4	1	2	2	3	3										3	3	4	4	3	3	2	2	2				**
45		LFMP	Graphite	2	2	3	4	2	3	3	3	3										3	3	4	4	3	3	3	3	3				**
46		LFMP	Silicon	2	2	3	4	1	2	2	3	3										3	3	4	4	2	2	2	2	2				**
47		LMR	Graphite	2	2	2	3	1	2	2	2	2										4	4	3	3	1	1	1	1	1				**
48	Reference Point	NMC	Graphite	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3										3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3				**
49		NMC	Gr + 50% Si	3	3	3	3	2	2	2	2	2										4	4	3	3	2	2	2	2	2				**
50		NMC	Silicon	3	3	3	3	1	2	1	2	2										4	4	3	3	1	1	1	1	1				**
51		NMC	Lithium Metal	4	4	3	3	1	1	1	1	1										5	5	2	2	1	1	1	1	1				**
52		Sulfur	Lithium Metal	4	4	2	2	1	1	1	1	1										5	5	1	1	1	1	1	1	1				**
53		NFMnO	Hard Carbon	2	2	2	2	2	2	3	3	3										2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2				**
54		NFPP	Hard Carbon	1	1	2	2	2	2	4	4	4										1	1	2	2	2	2	4	4	4				**
55
56	Best
57	Good
58	Average
59	Poor
60	Worst
61
62
63
64
65
66										Form Factor	Energy Density (Wh/L) - Volumetric	Specific Energy (Wh/kg) - Gravimetric	Key Trade-Off
67										Pouch	Maximizes Volume & Gravimetric Energy. Achieves the highest performance in both metrics due to lightweight, flexible casing and efficient active material packing.	Best (Highest Wh/kg)	Fragility; Challenging Thermal/Mechanical Management
68										Prismatic	High; Excellent packing efficiency in battery packs.	Mid-Range; Casing adds some weight.	Susceptible to swelling; Complex thermal management due to size.
69										Cylindrical	Lowest; Round shape leaves gaps when packed.	Lowest; Rigid can adds weight.	Best Thermal Management; Most Robust/Stable.
70
71
72
73
74	Cold Temperature (< 0 °C)			Cold Temperature (< 0 °C)									Room Temperature (20–30 °C)									High Temperature (> 40 °C)
75		Cathode	Anode	Wh/kg	Wh/L	Max Discharge	Max Discharge Pulse	Max Charge	Max Charge Pulse	Cycle Life	Calendar Life	Shelf Life	Wh/kg	Wh/L	Max Discharge	Max Discharge Pulse	Max Charge	Max Charge Pulse	Cycle Life	Calendar Life	Shelf Life	Wh/kg	Wh/L	Max Discharge	Max Discharge Pulse	Max Charge	Max Charge Pulse	Cycle Life	Calendar Life	Shelf Life
76		LFP	Graphite	2	2	3	4	2	3	4	4	4	2	2	4	5	5	5	5	5	5	3	3	4	4	4	4	4	4	4
77		LFP	Silicon	2	2	3	4	1	2	2	3	3	2	2	4	5	4	4	3	4	4	3	3	4	4	3	3	2	2	2
78		LMFP	Graphite	2	2	3	4	2	3	3	3	3	3	3	4	5	4	4	4	4	4	3	3	4	4	3	3	3	3	3
79		LMFP	Silicon	2	2	3	4	1	2	2	3	3	3	3	4	5	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	4	4	2	2	2	2	2
80		LMR	Graphite	2	2	2	3	1	2	2	2	2	4	4	3	3	2	2	2	2	2	4	4	3	3	1	1	1	1	1
81		NMC	Graphite	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3
82		NMC	Gr + 50% Si	3	3	3	3	2	2	2	2	2	4	4	3	3	2	2	2	2	2	4	4	3	3	2	2	2	2	2
83		NMC	Silicon	3	3	3	3	1	2	1	2	2	4	4	3	3	1	2	1	2	2	4	4	3	3	1	1	1	1	1
84		NMC	Lithium Metal	4	4	3	3	1	1	1	1	1	5	5	3	3	1	1	1	1	1	5	5	2	2	1	1	1	1	1
85		Sulfur	Lithium Metal	4	4	2	2	1	1	1	1	1	5	5	2	2	1	1	1	1	1	5	5	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
86		NFMnO	Hard Carbon	2	2	2	2	2	2	3	3	3	2	2	2	2	2	2	3	3	3	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2
87		NFPP	Hard Carbon	1	1	2	2	2	2	4	4	4	1	1	2	2	2	2	4	4	4	1	1	2	2	2	2	4	4	4
88
89	Room Temperature (20–30 °C)	Cathode	Anode	Wh/kg	Wh/L	Max Discharge	Max Discharge Pulse	Max Charge	Max Charge Pulse	Cycle Life	Calendar Life	Shelf Life
90		LFP	Graphite	2	2	4	5	5	5	5	5	5
91		LFP	Silicon	2	2	4	5	4	4	3	4	4
92		LMFP	Graphite	3	3	4	5	4	4	4	4	4
93		LMFP	Silicon	3	3	4	5	3	3	3	3	3
94		LMR	Graphite	4	4	3	3	2	2	2	2	2
95		NMC	Graphite	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3
96		NMC	Gr + 50% Si	4	4	3	3	2	2	2	2	2
97		NMC	Silicon	4	4	3	3	1	2	1	2	2
98		NMC	Lithium Metal	5	5	3	3	1	1	1	1	1
99		Sulfur	Lithium Metal	5	5	2	2	1	1	1	1	1
100		NFMnO	Hard Carbon	2	2	2	2	2	2	3	3	3