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1 | List of Biomaterial Fossil Papers | ||||||||||
2 | Peer-reviewed journal articles that descibe biological material including tissue and DNA still inside fossils. | DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.10126.61766 | researchgate.net/project/biomaterial-fossils-list-at-bflistrsrorg | bflist.rsr.org | |||||||
3 | Brian Thomas, Ph.D. | icr.org | [tinyurl.com/4htm54w9] see also: icr.org/fresh-fossils | icr.org/brian_thomas | |||||||
4 | Joel Tay, Th.M. | creation.com | T. rex: | ||||||||
5 | |||||||||||
6 | Biomaterial "aged" 250M+ years in red. | ||||||||||
7 | |||||||||||
8 | # | Year | Description (gray cells for dinosaur remains) | Conv. Age | Reference | Link | Notes / Excerpts (papers do not qualify for this page if they report only soft tissue imprints or permineralization; they must document extant endogenous biological materal) | Vol (Issue), pp, DOI, etc. | Dinosaur papers: | ||
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10 | |||||||||||
11 | 127 | 2025 | T rex, B can, Tri blood vessels | 65-80MY | Schweitzer et al. ...vascular remains from Mesozoic Nat Sci Reps | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-85497-y | "We were also able to eliminate modern bacterial biofilm as the primary source of the vessel-like structures..." | dino | |||
12 | 126 | 2025 | Plesiosaur skin hydrocarbons | 183MY | Marx, M. Skin, scales...Plesiosaur. Curr Biol | https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(25)00001-6#fig1 | |||||
13 | 125 | 2025 | Edmondosaurus collagen, hydroxyproline | 68MY | Tuinstra et al. ...Endogenous Collagen in Edmontosaurus... Anal Chem | https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.analchem.4c03115# | dino | ||||
14 | 124 | 2023 | Sinornithosaurus feather keratin | 120MY | Slater et al. Preservation of corneous B-proteins in...Feathers. Nat Ecol Evol | https://www.ucc.ie/en/sefs/news/2023/dinosaur-feathers-reveal-traces-of-ancient-proteins.html | "...spectra for feathers from the archaic bird Confuciusornic (Jehol biota, Cretaceous, NE China) show strong, distinct peaks for cystine, cysteine and especially cysteic acid.". 'Feathers' from Sinornithosaurus and Confuciusornis | dino | |||
15 | 123 | 2022 | Dreadnaughtus blood vessels | 75MY | Schroeter et al. Soft-Tissue...of Dreadnoughtus...MDPI Biology. | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/11/8/1158 | "Thus, the hypothesis that the collagen I signal we have retrieved from D. schrani is of exogenous origin is not supported." | dino | |||
16 | 122 | 2022 | Turtle blood vessels and osteocytes | 65MY | Voegele et al. Soft tissue and biomolecular preservation..., Biology | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/11/8/1161 | "As osteocytes were found only in fossil samples and still embedded within bony tissues, it is parsimonious to infer that these structures originated from the fossil material and not the environment." | doi.org/10.1038/s41559-023-02177-8 | |||
17 | 121 | 2021 | Caudipteryx chromatin/DNA | 125MY | Zheng et al. Nuclear preservation in the cartilage of Caudipteryx, Comm Biol | nature.com/articles/s42003-021-02627-8 | Caudipteryx chromatin (positive H&E stain for DNA). "[T]he chromatin threads... in Caudipteryx were identified specifically in a non-ironized cell, this suggest iron may not always play a role in cellular nor nuclear preservation." | icr.org/article/13073/ | 22:45 | ||
18 | 120 | 2021 | Parts of proteins in titanosaur eggshell | ~70MY | Dhiman et al. Protein fragments in late Cretaceous eggshell, Paleontology | onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/pala.12565 | "...we provide incontrovertible evidence for the preservation of proteinaceous moieties in Maastrichtian dinosaur eggshell using pyrolysis-GC9GCTOFMS." | 7/13/2021:1-11 | dino | ||
19 | 119 | 2021 | Nerve fragments, sheath, from Triceratops bone | 65MY | Armitage, First Report of Triceratops Occipital Condyle Nerves, Microsc Today | cambridge.org/core/journals/microscopy-today/article/first-report-of-peripheral-nerves-in-bone-from-triceratops-horridus-occipital-condyle/AE0FA022206E67ED3B53A24A9071967D | "In this study we provide evidence of nerve fragments, characterized by a double helical wrapping of collagen fibers, from a Triceratops condyle collected at the Hell Creek Formation, MT." | 29(2):20-25 | dino | ||
20 | 118 | 2020 | Edmontosaurus Type I collagen | 70MT | Ullman et al. Molecular tests...for Biomolecular Preservation. Nat Sci Rep's | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-72648-6 | "ABC extracts of Edmontosaurus fibula SRHS-DU-231 incubated with anti-chicken collagen I antibodies (see Supporting Information) yielded absorbance values over 500% those of associated sediment " | dino | |||
21 | 117 | 2020 | Mongolemys osteocytes, blood vessels | 80MY | Cadena, Edwin-Alberto. In situ SEM/EDS of soft tissues in 3 fossil turtles | https://peerj.com/articles/9833/ | "For the first time, I herein report the preservation of osteoblasts-like in fossil vertebrates, particularly in the Messel Pit turtle A. crassesculpta" | ||||
22 | 116 | 2020 | Dino eggshell peptide bonds and chelating ligands | 200MY | Norell, Wiemann, et al. The first dinosaur egg was soft, Nature | nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2412-8 | "Hard eggshells preserve PFPs still-intact peptide bonds and contain abundant chelating ligands"; PFP, protein fossilization products, is a term Wiemann, Yang, & Norell introduced in 2018 | 583:406–410 | dino | ||
23 | 115 | 2020 | Hypacrosaurus cartilage; apparent chromosomes | 75MY | Bailleul, Schweitzer et al. Evidence of proteins, chromosomes, DNA, NS Rev | academic.oup.com/nsr/advance-article/doi/10.1093/nsr/nwz206/5762999 | "Isolated [hadrosaur] chondrocytes... positive response to two DNA assays"; "Collagen II is not produced by microbes"; In supplemental material: "chromosomes are very clear" | doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwz206 | dino | ||
24 | 114 | 2020 | Triceratops blood clots, veins, valves, nerve fibers | 65MY | Armitage, Solliday, Dinosaur blood clots in vessel canals, Microscopy Today | cambridge.org/core/journals/microscopy-today/article/uv-autofluorescence-microscopy-of-dinosaur-bone-reveals-encapsulation-of-blood-clots-within-vessel-canals/8762E671960898DAC303973A5A2A93F6 | "dinosaur neurovascular bundles travel as a triad of veins, vessels, and nerve fibers, as in other vertebrates." Re: Schweitzer and heme, "free iron was unavailable, at least in these... bones" | 28(5):30-38 Sept 2020 | dino | ||
25 | 113 | 2019 | Hadrosaur eumelanin, blood vessel, osteocytes | 66MY | Fabbri, Wieman. et al., Three-dimensional soft tissue, Palaeontology | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/pala.12470?af=R | 3D-preserved dark brown eumelanin-rich granules from Hadrosaur skin (possibly grey skin), blood vessel fragments, osteocytes. | 63(2):185–193, Mar 2020. | dino | ||
26 | 112 | 2019 | Permian marker plant's lignin biopolymers | ~255MY | Tewari et al. Biomarker signatures of Glossopteris plant. Palaeogeography PP | sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031018218300890?via%3Dihub | 531, Part B | ||||
27 | 111 | 2019 | T. rex cortical bone blood vessel structures | 66MY | Boatman, Schweitzer et al. Tissue and protein preserved in T. rex, N Sci Rep | nature.com/articles/s41598-019-51680-1 | Full title: "Mechanisms of soft tissue and protein preservation in Tyrannosaurus rex." Preemptive criticism: rsr.org/biomaterial-fossil-proposed-mechanisms | SR9:15675 | dino | ||
28 | 110 | 2019 | Precambrian chitin (from glucose) from fungi walls | ~950MY | Loron et al. Early fungi from the Proterozoic era in Arctic Canada, Nature | nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1217-0 | 10.1038/s41586-019-1217-0 | ||||
29 | 109 | 2019 | Partially unracemized feather amino acids in amber | 99MY | McCoy, Collins et al. Amino acids from feathers in amber, Scientific Reports | nature.com/articles/s41598-019-42938-9 | "Burmese amber sample shows less racemisation than the Baltic amber sample which is unexpected given that Burmese amber ~99 Ma is approximately twice as old as Baltic amber ~44 Ma" | 9(6420):1-8 | |||
30 | 108 | 2019 | Sugars from Cretaceous fungi in mudstones & coal | ~25-70MY | Marynoswki et al. Indicators of fungal metabolism, Int'l J of Coal Geology | sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0166516218304695 | "co-occurrence of trehalose, mannitol and arabitol in the sedimentary rocks... suggests their fungal origin, because these... are major compounds present in most modern fungi" | May 2019, pp 51-61 | |||
31 | 107 | 2019 | Lebanon's hagfish fossil with skin protein remnants | ~100MY | Miyashita, et al. Hagfish from the Cretaceous Tethys Sea, Proc. Nat'l Acad Sci | pnas.org/content/116/6/2146 | "The chemical mapping is consistent with the fact that a major component of hagfish slime is tightly coiled, mucin-coated α-keratin threads" | icr.org/article/ancient-fossil-still-has-hagfish-slime-residue | 10.1073/pnas.1814794116 | ||
32 | 106 | 2019 | Edmontosaur osteocytes, blood vessels, collagen | 66MY | Ullmann, Nellermoe et al. Patterns of cellular preservation Cretaceous Res. | sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667118304324?via%3Dihub | In vast Edmontosaurus bonebed, each specimen yields abundant osteocytes, blood vessels, and collagen; surprisingly, there's no correlation between burial depth nor spongy or dense bone. | 99:1-13 | dino | ||
33 | 105 | 2019 | Anchiornis feather keratin | 160MY | Pan, Schweitzer et al. Direct evidence of feather molecular evolution PNAS | pnas.org/content/early/2019/01/23/1815703116 | "Keratins have [enhanced] preservation potential over other nonbiomineralized tissues." This is presumed apparently because feathers are not normally saturated in hemoglobin. See rsr.org/ms. | 10.1073/pnas.1815703116 | |||
34 | 104 | 2018 | Flexible portions of skin layers, red-brown liver trace | 180MY | Lindgren, Schweitzer et al. Icthyosaur homeothermy and crypsis, Nature | nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0775-x | "still-flexible remnants of the original scaleless skin... epidermal and dermal... cellular, sub-cellular biomolecular constituents... also possible internal organ trace... red-brown liver... in rib cage." | 564:359–365 | |||
35 | 103 | 2018 | Bacteriochlorophyll (still pink & biological) pigments | 1.1GY | Gueneli et al 1.1-billion-year-old porphyrins, Proc. Nat'l Acad of Sciences | pnas.org/content/115/30/E6978 | Senior lead researcher Assoc Prof Jochen Brocks, Australian National University, "What we’ve found is the [so far] oldest biological colour." | theguardian.com/science/2018/jul/09/scientists-discover-worlds-oldest-colour-bright-pink-sahara | doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1803866115 | ||
36 | 102 | 2018 | Bivalve organics in the late Cretaceous | 66MY | Myers et al. Cretaceous Pinna organic matrix & shell microstructure, Geology | pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geology/article-abstract/46/8/711/543297/exceptional-preservation-of-organic-matrix-and?redirectedFrom=fulltext | "interprismatic proteins are preserved with intact peptide bonds, and suggest an abundance of the amino acid glycine" | icr.org/article/more-exceptional-preservation-of-organic-material/ | 46 (8):711-714 | ||
37 | 101 | 2018 | Dickinsonia lipid biomarkers showing cholesteroids | 558MY | Bobrovskiy et al. Steroids establish Ediacaran Dickinsonia as animal, Science | science.sciencemag.org/content/361/6408/1246 | "lipid biomarkers extracted from organically preserved Ediacaran macrofossils... Dickinsonia... produced cholesteroids..." But Google: Günter Bechly dickinsonia, for his rebuttal. | 361(6408):1246-1249 | |||
38 | 100 | 2018 | Starch (a polysaccharide) in a forest deposit | 280MY | Liu et al. Fossil starch reveals early plant–animal mutualism, Geology | pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geology/article/46/5/423/529024/280myold-fossil-starch-reveals-early-plantanimal | "ultrathin sections of the megaspores indicate that they may have been produced after the megaspores were fertilized" and "used to attract and reward animals... for megaspore dispersal" | 46(5):423-426 | |||
39 | 99 | 2017 | Sea turtle muscle protein, beta-keratin, pigment | 54MY | Lindgren, Schweitzer et al. Juvenile sea turtle, Nature: Scientific Reports | nature.com/articles/s41598-017-13187-5 | 3-inch long turtle (as with entire list, no report that it was found coated in biological iron) | 7(13324):1-13 | |||
40 | 98 | 2017 | Bird preening (sebaceous) gland still containing oil | 48MY | O'Reilly et al. Uropygial gland lipids in 48MY-old bird, Proc. Royal Soc. B | rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/284/1865/20171050 | icr.org/article/10401 | 284(1865) | |||
41 | 97 | 2017 | Dinosaur eggshell color by protoporphyrin/biliverdin | 66MY | Wiemann et al. Dinosaur egg color: oviraptors laid blue-green eggs, PeerJ | peerj.com/articles/3706/ | "Preserved dinosaur egg color... pushes the current limits of the vertebrate molecular and associated soft tissue fossil record..." | PeerJ 5:e3706 | dino | ||
42 | 96 | 2017 | Ginkgo leaves "full of organic molecules" | 200MY | Vajda et al. Molecular signatures of leaves unexpected, Nature Eco & Evol | nature.com/articles/s41559-017-0224-5 | icr.org/article/fossil-plants-contain-original-molecules | s41559-017-0224-5 | |||
43 | 95 | 2017 | Melanin in nodosaurus dino (and other biologicals) | 112MY | Brown et al. Exceptionally preserved armored dinosaur, Current Biology | cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(17)30808-4 | Borealopelta markmitchelli | 27(16):2514-2521.e3 | dino | ||
44 | 94 | 2017 | Tick-related mammalian "red blood cells" | 20-45MY | Poinar, Tick erythrocytes reveal piroplasms, Journal of Medical Entomology | academic.oup.com/jme/article/3073510/Fossilized-Mammalian-Erythrocytes-Associated-With | 54(4):895-900 | ||||
45 | 93 | 2017 | Nothosaurus coracoid vessel, hydroxyproline | ~225MY | Surmik et al. Intraosseous fossilized middle Triassic soft tissue, Sci of Nature | ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28280877 | 104(3-4):25 | ||||
46 | 92 | 2017 | Reconfirmation of B. canadensis dinosaur collagen | 80MY | Schroeter, Schweitzer et al. Expansion of sequence, J of Proteome Research | pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00873 | 16(2):920-932 | dino | |||
47 | 91 | 2017 | Lufengosaurus rib collagen | 195MY | Lee et al. Collagen in an early Jurassic sauropod, Nature Communications | nature.com/articles/ncomms14220 | ncomms14220 | dino | |||
48 | 90 | 2016 | Proteinaceous amide groups in chert | 1.88GY | Alleon, Bernard et al. Molecular preservation of 1.88 Ga... organic..., Nature | nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/ncomms11977 | ncomms11977 | ||||
49 | 89 | 2016 | Early Triassic reptile blood vessels, etc. | 247MY | Surmik et al. Organic Matter from Triassic Reptile, PLoS ONE | journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0151143 | icr.org/article/organic-residue-247-million-years-old/ | pone.0151143 | |||
50 | 88 | 2016 | Psittacosaurus dinosaur skin now also has keratin | 130MY | Vinther et al. Camouflage in an Ornithischian dinosaur, Current Biology | cell.com/current-biology/pdf/S0960-9822(16)30706-0.pdf | news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/09/dinosaur-camouflage-fossil-find/ | 26:2456–2462 | dino | ||
51 | 87 | 2016 | Beta-keratin in oviraptor dinosaur claw | 75MY | Moyer, Schweitzer et al. The claw of nesting dinosaur, Proc Royal Society B | rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/283/1842/20161997 | 283(1842):1-7 | dino | |||
52 | 86 | 2015 | Hadrosaur "blood vessels from Brachylophosaurus" | 80MY | Cleland, Schweitzer et al. Blood vessels characterization, J Proteome Res | pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00675 | The first paper to sometimes drop qualifier "like" as in "blood-vessel-like" and state clearly "dinosaur vessels", etc. | 14(12):5252-5262 | dino | ||
53 | 85 | 2015 | Dinosaur collagen and red blood cells | 75MY | Bertazzo, et al. Fibres and cellular structures..., Nature Communications | nature.com/ncomms/2015/150609/ncomms8352/full/ncomms8352.html | ncomms8352 | dino | |||
54 | 84 | 2015 | Dinosaur melanosomes and pigment | 150MY | Lindgren et al. Molecular composition of Jurassic feathers, Scientific Reports | nature.com/articles/srep13520 | srep13520 | dino | |||
55 | 83 | 2015 | A pterosaur's orange claw material | 150MY | Hone et al. A specimen of Rhamphorhynchus with soft tissue, PeerJ | peerj.com/articles/1191/ | "The claw sheathes seen here do seem to be genuinely preserved soft tissues given their clear colour and texture differences to the surrounding matrix." | PeerJ 3:e1191 | |||
56 | 82 | 2014 | Precambrian multicellular animals (metazoans) | 530MY | Moczydłowska et al. Biogeochemisty of Ediacaran Metozoa, J of Paleontology | cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-paleontology/article/microstructure-and-biogeochemistry-of-the-organically-preserved-ediacaran-metazoan-sabellidites/2961F8F4A2E33EA7B8B6CE683896E277 | 88(2):224-239 | ||||
57 | 81 | 2014 | Turtle blood vessels and osteocytes | 55MY | Cadena and Schweitzer. A Pelomedusoid Turtle..., J of Herpetology | https://meridian.allenpress.com/journal-of-herpetology/article-abstract/48/4/461/197058/A-Pelomedusoid-Turtle-from-the-Paleocene-Eocene-of | |||||
58 | 80 | 2014 | Bird, marine reptile, mosasaur, icthyosaur pigments | 55-190MY | Edwards et al. Pigments through time [survey], Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. | onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/pcmr.12271 | "...so far the data show that original chemical retention may be more common than previously believed." | 27(5):684-685 | |||
59 | 79 | 2014 | Turtle, mosasaur, and icthyosaur eumelanin | 55-190MY | Lindren et al. Pigmentation... melanism in extinct marine reptiles, Nature | nature.com/nature/journal/v506/n7489/full/nature12899.html | 506(7489):484-488 | ||||
60 | 78 | 2014 | Gastropod egg capsule chitin | 200MY | Wysokowski et al. Chitin in 200-million-year-old egg capsules, Paleobiology | cambridge.org/core/journals/paleobiology/article/identification-of-chitin-in-200millionyearold-gastropod-egg-capsules/425056844537EFF61EC3B68849653790 | What's an egg capsule? See Wikipedia for "Otheca" and shark cases at: | en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_case_(Chondrichthyes) | 40(4):529-540 | ||
61 | 77 | 2014 | Extinct aquatic bird Gansus feather melanosomes | ~125MY | Moyer, Schweitzer et al. Melanosomes or Microbes, Scientific Reports | nature.com/articles/srep04233 | "have refined the age of the Xiagou Formation lacustrine beds to the early Aptian stage" | srep04233 | |||
62 | 76 | 2013 | Triceratops osteocytes; soft sheets of fibrillar bone | 65MY | Armitage, Anderson, Soft sheets of horn fibrillar bone, Acta Histochemica | sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065128113000020 | Published in Italy (Acta Histochemica) | Hear interviews with the authors at: | rsr.org/triceratops | 115(6):603-608 | dino |
63 | 75 | 2013 | Vauxia sea sponge chitin | 505MY | Ehrlich et al. 505-million-year old chitin in Vauxia gracilenta, Scientific Reports | nature.com/articles/srep03497 | srep03497 | ||||
64 | 74 | 2013 | Lufengosaurus embryo bone protein | 190MY | Reisz, Embryology of early Jurassic dino with evidence of organic... Nature | nature.com/articles/nature11978 | nature.com/news/oldest-dinosaur-embryo-fossils-discovered-in-china-1.12779 | False: Earliest 'known' organic remains of a terrestrial vertebrate. See 1966 below. | 496(7444):210-214 | dino | |
65 | 73 | 2013 | Signature of blood in mosquito gut | 46MY | Greenwalt et al. Hemoglobin-derived porphyrins. Proc. Nat'l Acad of Sci | pnas.org/content/early/2013/10/08/1310885110.abstract | smithsonianscience.org/2013/10/blood-molecules-preserved-for-millions-of-years-in-abdomen-of-fossil-mosquito/?utm_medium=referral&utm_source=pulsenews | 10-14-2013 | |||
66 | 72 | 2013 | Dino DNA & proteins actin, tubulin, PHEX, histone | 66-80MY | Schweitzer et al. Analyses of dino osteocytes support endogenous... Bone | ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23085295 | "All of our assays require at least 4 or more bases to generate reactivity... each capitalizing on different aspects of the chemistry of DNA... [show] identical patterns..." | 52(1):414-23 | dino | ||
67 | 71 | 2013 | Biological material in crinoids | 350MY | O'Malley et al. Taxon-specific organic molecules, Geology | geology.gsapubs.org/content/early/2013/01/17/G33792.1.abstract | 41(3):347-350 | ||||
68 | 70 | 2012 | Cuttlefish ink sac | 160MY | Glass et al. Jurassic period eumelanin pigment, Proc. Nat'l Acad. of Sciences | pnas.org/content/109/26/10218.abstract?sid=b46190e9-09ce-4c52-ac78-de00da96d75b | web.archive.org/web/20120525074302/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/05/120521-squid-cuttlefish-ink-sacs-fossils-melanin-science-simon/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed:+ng/News/News_Main+(National+Geographic+News+-+Main)&utm_content=Google+Reader | 109(26):10218-10223 | |||
69 | 69 | 2012 | Archaeopteryx black melanin organosulpher residue | 150MY | Carney et al. Color and nature of Archaeopteryx feather, Nature | nature.com/articles/ncomms1642 | "not due to precipitation of the inorganic mineral" | ncomms1642 | |||
70 | 68 | 2012 | Jurassic turtle osteocytes | 145MY | Cadena, Schweitzer, Osteocytes preservation from the Jurassic, Bone | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S8756328212008654 | 51(3):614-620 | ||||
71 | 67 | 2011 | Chitin arthropod (scorpion) and eurypterid proteins | 417MY | Cody et al. Molecular signature of Paleozoic chitin-protein complex, Geology | geology.geoscienceworld.org/content/39/3/255.abstract | 39(3):255-258 | ||||
72 | 66 | 2011 | Type 1 collagen in Cretaceous mosasaur humerus | ~70MY | Lindgren et al. Microspectroscopic evidence of bone proteins, PLoS ONE | journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0019445 | Its "4.68%±0.1 of modern 14C" attributed to contamination yet Nature 2017 on "Carbon fixation" finds cynobacteria get "virtually all" its carbon from the bone; not the atmosphere; rsr.org/14c | 6(4): e19445 | |||
73 | 65 | 2011 | Endogenous Mississaepia cuttlebone chitin sheets | 34MY | Weaver et al. Late Eocene cuttlefish B-chitin consistent organics, PLoS ONE | dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0028195 | pone.0028195 | ||||
74 | 64 | 2011 | Lizard tail skin breakdown products | 50MY | Edwards et al. Tissue preservation in 50MY-old reptile skin, Proc Royal Soc B | rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2011/03/12/rspb.2011.0135.full | rspb.2011.0135 | ||||
75 | 63 | 2011 | Type l collagen in T. rex and hadrosaur dinosaurs | 68MY | San Antonio, et al, Dinosaur peptides... mech of protein survival, PLoS ONE | plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0020381 | pone.0020381 | dino | |||
76 | 62 | 2011 | Bird feather pigment from Confuciusornis sanctus | 120MY | Wogelius et al. Biomarkers for eumelanin pigment in fossil record, Science | science.sciencemag.org/content/333/6049/1622 | 333(6049):1622-1626 | ||||
77 | 61 | 2010 | Messel feather highly reflective nanostructure | 40MY | Vinther et al. Structural coloration in a fossil feather, Roy Soc Biology Letters | ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2817243/ | Published online Aug. 26, 2009. "The keratin... has degraded... the preserved layer of melanosomes is apparently highly reflective." | 6(1):128-131 | |||
78 | 60 | 2010 | Archaeopteryx feather shaft original chem remains | 150MY | Bergmann et al. Archaeopteryx feathers & bone chemistry, Proc Nat Acad Sci | ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2889062/?tool=pmcentrez | 107(20):9060-9065 | ||||
79 | 59 | 2010 | Sinosauropteryx compsognathid dino melanosomes | 125MY | Zhang et al. Fossilized melanosomes and the colour of dinos & birds, Nature | nature.com/nature/journal/v463/n7284/full/nature08740.html | 463:1075-1078 | dino | |||
80 | 58 | 2010 | Hadrosaur biomolecules, collagen & other proteins | 80MY | Peterson et al. Microbial biofilms [&] soft tissue in archosaurs, PLoS One | journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0013334 | "compelling evidence countering the argument that these structures are simply microbial biofilm." | pone.0013334 | dino | ||
81 | 57 | 2010 | Psittacosaurus dinosaur skin color | 125MY | Lingham-Soliar et al. Integument & color of a ceratopsian, Science of Nature | springerlink.com/content/3wnn717728x963n2/ | Published in Germany (Naturwissenschaften) | rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/275/1636/775.abstract | Psittacosaurus sample used in PRSB 275:775-780. | 97:479-486 | dino |
82 | 56 | 2010 | Mammal hair in amber | 100MY | Vullo et al. Mammalian hairs in early Cretaceous amber, Science of Nature | adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010NW.....97..683V | 97(7):683-687 | ||||
83 | 55 | 2009 | Hadrosaur vessel proteins, sequenced collagen | 80MY | Schweitzer et al. Biomolecular... protein sequences of hadrosaur, Science | https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1165069 | 324(5927):626-631 | dino | |||
84 | 54 | 2009 | Hadrosaur skin cell structures/macromolecules | 66MY | Manning et al. Chemistry in a mummified hadrosaur, Proc. Royal Society B | rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/276/1672/3429.full | Related: Hadrosaur their teeth were more advanced than today's grazers. | rsr.org/soft#teeth | 276:3429-3437 | dino | |
85 | 53 | 2009 | Salamander muscle, whole | 18MY | McNamara et al. Organic... fossil musculature with ultracellular detail, P RS B | rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/277/1680/423.full | 277(1680):423-427 | ||||
86 | 52 | 2008 | Feather melanocytes | 100MY | Vinther et al. The color of fossil feathers, Royal Society Biology Letters | rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/4/5/522 | 4(5):522-525 | ||||
87 | 51 | 2008 | Psittacosaurus skin fibers | ~125MY | Lingham-Soliar, Psittacosaurus complex fibre architecture, Proc Royal Soc B | ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2596897/ | 275(1636):775-780 | dino | |||
88 | 50 | 2008 | T. rex amino acid sequences | 68MY | Schweitzer et al. Molecular methods examining..., Comptes Rendus Palevol | sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1631068308000250 | researchgate.net/publication/222219084_Microscopic_chemical_and_molecular_methods_for_examining_fossil_preservation | 7(2-3):159-184 | dino | ||
89 | 49 | 2008 | Osteocyte (bone cells) | 5MY | Bell et al, Mineralized osteocyte: a living fossil, American Journal of Physics | ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18615594 | 137:449-456 | ||||
90 | 48 | 2007 | Tyrannosaurus rex collagen | 68MY | Schweitzer et al. T. rex soft tissue suggests the presence of protein, Science | sciencemag.org/content/316/5822/277.short | 316(5822):277-280 | dino | |||
91 | 47 | 2007 | Triceratops blood vessels, osteocytes | 66MY | Schweitzer, Horner et al. Cellular preservation from Cretaceous, Proc RS B | rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/274/1607/183 | See Table 1 | 274(1607):183-197 | dino | ||
92 | 46 | 2007 | T. rex proteins sequenced | 68MY | Asara, Schweitzer et al. Mastodon & T. rex protein sequences, Science | science.sciencemag.org/content/316/5822/280 | 316(5822):280-285 | dino | |||
93 | 45 | 2007 | T. rex proteinaceous materials, sequenced collagen | 40-150MY | Smejkal, Schweitzer, Will tech. enable dino proteomics, Exp Rev Proteomics | tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1586/14789450.4.6.695?scroll=top&needAccess=true | 4(6):695-699 | dino | |||
94 | 44 | 2006 | Frog bone marrow | 10MY | McNamara et al. Organic preservation of amphibian bone marrow, Geology | geology.gsapubs.org/content/34/8/641?ijkey=c5a35e6b7bf0fd6f515be330120599b4321e122e&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha | In 2006 also, Schweitzer's Dangerous Discovery, dinosaurs smell like cadavers | discovermagazine.com/2006/apr/dinosaur-dna | 34(8):641-644 | ||
95 | 43 | 2005 | Sauropod egg shell ovalbumin protein | ~75MY | Schweitzer et al. Molecular preservation in dinosaur eggshells, P Roy Soc B | researchgate.net/publication/7853645_Molecular_preservation_in_Late_Cretaceous_sauropod_dinosaur_eggshells | 272(1565):775-784 | dino | |||
96 | 42 | 2005 | Avian bone collagen implying "molecular integrity" | ~75MY | Avci, Schweitzer et al. Bone collagen from late Cretaceous, Langmuir | ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15807605 | "No appreciable differences in collagen pull-off properties were measured between fossil and extant bone samples under physiological conditions." | 21(8):3584-3590 | |||
97 | 41 | 2005 | Dinosaurian cellular and sub-cellular preservation | ~68MY | Wittmeyer, Schweitzer, Dino vessels and cells in fossils, J Vert. Paleontology | jstor.org/stable/4524499?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents | 25(3) 65th Ann. Mtg | dino | |||
98 | 40 | 2005 | T. rex vessels, cells, soft flexible connective tissue | 68MY | Schweitzer, Horner et al. T. rex soft-tissue vessels, cellular preserv., Science | sciencemag.org/content/307/5717/1952.abstract | 307(5717):1952-1955 | dino | |||
99 | 39 | 2004 | Isolated non-spore-forming bacteria living in amber | 120MY | Greenblatt et al. Micrococcus luteus - Survival in Amber, Microbial Ecology | digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/bio_fac/355/ | 48(1):120-127 | ||||
100 | 38 | 2003 | Skin fibers | 130MY | E. Frey et al., Palaeobiology of Pterosaurs, Geological Society Publication | catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/7809219 | No. 217 | ||||