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1 | Line Wikipedia | Line name | Map colour[100] | Roundel | Opening date | Type | Length | Termini | Number of stations | Depots | Current rolling stock | Train length (Cars) | Power supply | Average weekday ridership, 2017 [101] | Trips per annum | Average trips per mile | ||||||||||||||
2 | As of Jan 2021 | ×1000, 2016/17[102] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
5 | The London Underground (also known simply as the Underground, or by its nickname the Tube) is a rapid transit system serving Greater London and some parts of the adjacent counties of Buckinghamshire, Essex and Hertfordshire in the United Kingdom. The Underground has its origins in the Metropolitan Railway, the world's first underground passenger railway. Opened in January 1863, it is now part of the Circle, Hammersmith & City and Metropolitan lines. The first line to operate underground electric traction trains, the City & South London Railway in 1890, is now part of the Northern line.[6] The network has expanded to 11 lines, and in 2017/18 was used for 1.357 billion passenger journeys,[2] making it the world's 12th busiest metro system. The 11 lines collectively handle up to 5 million passenger journeys a day | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
6 | Line Wikipedia | Line name | Map colour[100] | Roundel | Opening date | Type | Length | Termini | Number of stations | Depots | Current rolling stock | Number of cars | Average weekday ridership, 2017 [101] | Trips per annum | Average trips per mile | Tony Marshall photos on Facebook | ||||||||||||||
7 | As of Jan 2021 | ×1000, 2016/17[102] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
8 | Bakerloo line | Bakerloo | Brown | 1906 | Deep tube | 23.2 km 14.5 mi | Harrow & Wealdstone Queen's Park Stonebridge Park | Waterloo Elephant & Castle | 25 | Stonebridge Park London Road Queen's Park | 1972 Stock | 7 | 4 rail system | 401,123 | 117,000 | 8,069 | https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.4704718342990180&type=3 | |||||||||||||
9 | Central line | Central | Red | 1900[a] | Deep tube | 74.0 km 46.0 mi | West Ruislip Ealing Broadway Northolt White City North Acton | Hainault Woodford Epping Loughton Leytonstone Newbury Park | 49 | West Ruislip Hainault White City | 1992 Stock | 8 | 4 rail system | 1,021,084 | 288,800 | 6,278 | https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.4732907586837922&type=3 | |||||||||||||
10 | Circle line | Circle | Yellow | 1871[b] | Sub surface | 27.2 km 17.0 mi | Hammersmith (via Moorgate and Ladbroke Grove) | Edgware Road (via Embankment and Notting Hill Gate) | 36 | Hammersmith | S7 Stock[105] | 7 | 4 rail system | 257,391 | 73,000 | 4,294 | https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.4769709403157740&type=3 | |||||||||||||
11 | District line | District | Green | 1868 | Sub surface | 64.0 km 40.0 mi | Ealing Broadway Kensington (Olympia) Richmond Wimbledon | High Street Kensington Edgware Road Tower Hill Barking Upminster | 60 | Upminster Ealing Common Lille Bridge | S7 Stock[105] | 7 | 4 rail system | 842,991 | 226,100 | 5,652 | https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.4786906881437992&type=3 | https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.4787302101398470&type=3 | ||||||||||||
12 | Hammersmith & City line | Hammersmith and City | Salmon Pink | 1864[c] | Sub surface | 25.5 km 15.8 mi | Hammersmith | Plaistow Barking | 29 | Hammersmith | S7 Stock[105] | 7 | 4 rail system | 231,193 | 61,000 | 3,860 | https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.4774887059306641&type=3 | |||||||||||||
13 | Jubilee line | Jubilee | Grey | 1979 | Deep tube | 36.2 km 22.5 mi | Stanmore Wembley Park Willesden Green | North Greenwich West Ham Stratford | 27 | Neasden Stratford Market | 1996 Stock | 7 | 4 rail system | 999,561 | 280,400 | 12,462 | https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.4806040509524629&type=3 | |||||||||||||
14 | Metropolitan line | Metropolitan | Magenta | 1863 | Sub surface | 66.7 km 42 mi | Amersham Chesham Uxbridge Watford Rickmansworth | Harrow-on-the-Hill Wembley Park Baker Street Aldgate | 34 | Neasden | S8 Stock | 8 | 4 rail system | 352,464 | 80,900 | 1,926 | https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.4836510636477616&type=3 | |||||||||||||
15 | Northern line | Northern | Black | 1890[d] | Deep tube | 58.0 km 36.0 mi | Edgware High Barnet Mill Hill East Finchley Central Golders Green | Kennington Morden | 50 | Edgware High Barnet Golders Green East Finchley Morden | 1995 Stock | 6 | 4 rail system | 1,123,342 | 294,000 | 8,166 | https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.4876398429155503&type=3 | https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.4876426599152686&type=3 | ||||||||||||
16 | Piccadilly line | Piccadilly | Dark blue | 1906 | Deep tube | 71.0 km 44.3 mi | Cockfosters Arnos Grove Oakwood | Acton Town Hatton Cross Heathrow Terminals 2 & 3 Heathrow Terminal 5 Northfields Rayners Lane Uxbridge [106] | 53 | Cockfosters Northfields | 1973 Stock | 6 | 4 rail system | 710,647 | 206,900 | 4,670 | https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.4848241165304563&type=3 | https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.4848280191967327&type=3 | ||||||||||||
17 | Victoria line | Victoria | Light blue | 1968 | Deep tube | 21.0 km 13 mi | Brixton Victoria | Walthamstow Central Seven Sisters | 16 | Northumberland Park | 2009 Stock | 8 | 4 rail system | 955,823 | 263,400 | 20,261 | https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.4748969795231701&type=3 | |||||||||||||
18 | Waterloo & City line | Waterloo and City | Turquoise | 1898[e] | Deep tube | 2.5 km 1.5 mi | Bank | Waterloo | 2 | Waterloo | Modified 1992 Stock | 4 | 4 rail system | 59,492 | 16,900 | 11,267 | https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.4732919580170056&type=3 | |||||||||||||
19 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
20 | As time has gone on, there are other lines that have been added and removed from the Underground Map: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
21 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
22 | Crossrail | Elizabeth | Purple | TBC - 2022 | TBC | TBC | TBC | TBC | TBC | TBC | TBC | TBC | TBC | TBC | TBC | TBC | https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.4903418113120201&type=3 | |||||||||||||
23 | DLR | Docklands Light Railway | 00645F 'blue stone' (very dark cyan) | 31 August 1987 | Light Metro | 38 km 24 mi | Bank Tower Gateway Stratford International Stratford | Lewisham Woolwich Arsenal Beckton Canary Wharf Canning Town | 45 | - | High-floor bi-directional single-articulated Electric Multiple Units | 2 or 3 | 750 V DC third rail | See Wikipedia | 116.8 | See Wikipedia | ||||||||||||||
24 | Emirates cable car | Emirates | Red and White | 28 June 2012 | Cable Car | 1 km 0.62 mi | Greenwich Peninsula | Royal Victoria Dock | 2 | N/A | Gondola Lift | - | - | See Wikipedia | See Wikipedia | See Wikipedia | ||||||||||||||
25 | London Overground | East London Line | Orange | 1933 | Suburban Rail | - | Highbury & Islington | New Cross New Cross Gate West Croydon Crystal Palace | 23 | - | Class 378 | 5 | 750 V DC third rail | See Wikipedia | See Wikipedia | See Wikipedia | ||||||||||||||
26 | London Overground | Gospel Oak to Barking line | Orange | 1981 (as a line, but some stations were there before this became a separate line) | Suburban Rail | 13 mi | Gospel Oak | Barking | 12 | - | Class 710 Aventra | 4 or 5 | 25 kV 50 Hz AC Overhead lines | See Wikipedia | See Wikipedia | See Wikipedia | ||||||||||||||
27 | London Overground | Lea Valley lines | Orange | First section 20 June 1839 Enfield was reached on 1 March 1849 Final section completed 1891 | Suburban Rail | - | Chingford Enfield Town Hertford East | London Liverpool Street Stratford | 31 | Ilford & Sidings at Chingford | Class 317 Class 379 "Electrostar" Class 710 "Aventra" Class 745 "FLIRT" | 4 or 5 | 25 kV 50 Hz AC Overhead lines | See Wikipedia | See Wikipedia | See Wikipedia | ||||||||||||||
28 | London Overground | North London line | Orange | 1850 (as North London Railway) | Suburban Rail | - | Richmond | Stratford | 23 | Willesden TMD | Class 378 Capitalstar and 710 Aventra | Between 4 and 7 | 25 kV 50 Hz AC Overhead lines | See Wikipedia | See Wikipedia | See Wikipedia | ||||||||||||||
29 | London Overground | South London Line | Orange | 1 May 1867 by London, Brighton & South Coast Railway | Suburban Rail | - | London Victoria Clapham Junction | London Bridge Surrey Quays | 7 | - | Class 378 "Capitalstar" Class 455 Class 375 "Electrostar" Class 465 "Networker" Class 466 "Networker" | 4 or 5 | 750 V DC third rail | See Wikipedia | See Wikipedia | See Wikipedia | ||||||||||||||
30 | London Overground | Watford DC line | Orange | 1912 by London and North Western Railway | Suburban Rail | - | Watford Junction | London Euston | 19 | Stonebridge Park (LUL) Willesden TMD | Class 710 Aventra | 4 or 5 | 25 kV 50 Hz AC Overhead lines | See Wikipedia | See Wikipedia | See Wikipedia | ||||||||||||||
31 | London Overground | Romford to Upminster | Orange | 7th June 1893 by London, Tilbury and Southend Railway | Suburban Rail - Branch Line | 3 mi | Romford | Upminster | 2 | This branch line links in with TfL Rail services, so the depot is a TfL rail one | Class 710 Aventra | 4 or 5 | 25 kV 50 Hz AC Overhead lines | See Wikipedia | See Wikipedia | See Wikipedia | ||||||||||||||
32 | TfL Rail | TfL Rail (to become Elizabeth Line) | Blue | Service started 31 May 2015, but many stations were in use before this | Suburban Rail (Metro service) | Total 36 miles between 2 lines | Liverpool Street | Shenfield | 13 | - | Class 345 Aventra | 7 or 9 | 25 kV 50 Hz AC Overhead lines | See Wikipedia | See Wikipedia | See Wikipedia | ||||||||||||||
33 | TfL Rail | TfL Rail (to become Elizabeth Line) | Blue | Service started 31 May 2015, but many stations were in use before this | Suburban Rail (Metro service) | Total 36 miles between 2 lines | Reading Heathrow Terminal 4 | Paddington | 18 | - | Class 345 Aventra | 7 or 9 | 25 kV 50 Hz AC Overhead lines | See Wikipedia | See Wikipedia | See Wikipedia | ||||||||||||||
34 | Tramlink | Tramlink | Green | 2000 | Light Rail Transit | 28 km 17 mi | Wimbledon | Beckenham Junction Elmers End New Addington | 39 | - | Bombardier CR4000 | 2 | Overhead line (750 V DC) | See Wikipedia | See Wikipedia | See Wikipedia | ||||||||||||||
35 | Thameslink | Thameslink | Pink | 1988, but some stations are older than this | Suburban Rail | - | Bedford Peterborough Cambridge Kings Cross | Orpington South Wimbledon Sevenoaks Horsham | 115 | - | Class 700 Desiro City | 8 or 12 | 750 V DC third rail | See Wikipedia | See Wikipedia | See Wikipedia | ||||||||||||||
36 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
37 | The London Underground in England is one of the few networks that uses a four-rail system. The additional rail carries the electrical return that, on third rail and overhead networks, is provided by the running rails. On the London Underground, a top-contact third rail is beside the track, energized at +420 V DC, and a top-contact fourth rail is located centrally between the running rails at − 210 V DC, which combine to provide a traction voltage of 630 V DC. The same system was used for Milan's earliest underground line, Milan Metro line 1, whose more recent lines use an overhead catenary or a third rail. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
38 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
39 | The key advantage of the four-rail system is that neither running rail carries any current. This scheme was introduced because of the problems of return currents, intended to be carried by the earthed (grounded) running rail, flowing through the iron tunnel linings instead. This can cause electrolytic damage and even arcing if the tunnel segments are not electrically bonded together. The problem was exacerbated because the return current also had a tendency to flow through nearby iron pipes forming the water and gas mains. Some of these, particularly Victorian mains that predated London's underground railways, were not constructed to carry currents and had no adequate electrical bonding between pipe segments. The four-rail system solves the problem. Although the supply has an artificially created earth point, this connection is derived by using resistors which ensures that stray earth currents are kept to manageable levels. Power-only rails can be mounted on strongly insulating ceramic chairs to minimise current leak, but this is not possible for running rails which have to be seated on stronger metal chairs to carry the weight of trains. However, elastomeric rubber pads placed between the rails and chairs can now solve part of the problem by insulating the running rails from the current return should there be a leakage through the running rails. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
40 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
41 | City & South London Railway was built with tunnels of only 10.5 ft (3.20 m) diameter. Enlarged for Northern line to 12.0 ft (3.66 m) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
42 | Central line with tunnels of 11 ft 8 1⁄4 in (3.56 m), increased on curves, reduced to 11 ft 6 in (3.51 m) near to stations. This makes Central line trains unique on the London Underground system because, although the loading gauge of the rolling stock is the same as the other 'tube' lines, the smaller size of the tunnel requires that the positive conductor rail is 1.6 in (41 mm) higher than on all other lines. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
43 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
44 | A Parliamentary committee headed by James Stansfeld then reported on 23 May 1892, "The evidence submitted to the Committee on the question of the diameter of the underground tubes containing the railways has been distinctly in favour of a minimum diameter of 11 ft. 6 in." After that, all tube lines were at least that size.[27] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
45 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
46 | Piccadilly line with tunnels of 12.0 ft (3.66 m) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
47 | Victoria line with tunnels of 12.5 ft (3.81 m); enlarged to reduce air friction. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
48 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
49 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
50 | A brief history of the Underground | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
51 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
52 | From its creation to the present day, London Underground 150-year history has been an eventful one. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
53 | London Underground milestones | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
54 | 1843 | Constructed by Sir Marc Brunel and his son Isambard, the Thames Tunnel opens | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
55 | 1863 | On 10 January, The Metropolitan Railway opens the world's first underground railway, between Paddington (then called Bishop's Road) and Farringdon Street | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
56 | 1868 | The first section of the Metropolitan District Railway, from South Kensington to Westminster (now part of the District and Circle lines), opens | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
57 | 1869 | The first steam trains travel through the Brunel's' Thames Tunnel | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
58 | 1880 | Running from the Tower of London to Bermondsey, the first Tube tunnel opens | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
59 | 1884 | The Circle line is completed | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
60 | 1890 | On 18 December, The City and South London Railway opens the world's first deep-level electric railway. It runs from King William Street in the City of London, under the River Thames, to Stockwell | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
61 | 1900 | The Prince of Wales opens the Central London Railway from Shepherd's Bush to Bank (the 'Twopenny Tube'). This is now part of the Central line | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
62 | 1902 | The Underground Electric Railway Company of London (known as the Underground Group) is formed. By the start of WWI, mergers had brought all lines - except the Metropolitan line | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
63 | 1905 | District and Circle lines become electrified | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
64 | 1906 | Baker Street & Waterloo Railway (now part of the Bakerloo line) opens and runs from Baker Street to Kennington Road (now Lambeth North). Great Northern, Piccadilly & Brompton Railway (now part of the Piccadilly line) opens between Hammersmith and Finsbury Park | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
65 | 1907 | Charing Cross, Euston & Hampstead Railway (now part of the Northern line) opens and runs from Charing Cross to Golders Green and Highgate (now Archway). Albert Stanley (later Lord Ashfield) is appointed General Manager of the Underground Electric Railway Company of London Limited | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
66 | 1908 | The name 'Underground' makes its first appearance in stations, and the first electronic ticket-issuing machine is introduced. This year also sees the first appearance of the famous roundel symbol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
67 | 1911 | London's first escalators are installed at Earl's Court station | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
68 | 1929 | The last manually-operated doors on Tube trains are replaced by air-operated doors | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
69 | 1933 | The Underground Group and the Metropolitan Railway become part of the London Passenger Transport Board, taking control of all the Capital's railway, bus, tram, trolleybus and coach services | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
70 | Harry Beck presents the first diagram of the Underground map | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
71 | 1940 | Between September 1940 and May 1945, most Tube station platforms are used as air raid shelters. Some, like the Piccadilly line, Holborn - Aldwych branch, are closed to store British Museum treasures | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
72 | 1948 | The London Passenger Transport Board was nationalised and now becomes the London Transport Executive | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
73 | 1952 | The first aluminium train enters service on the District line | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
74 | 1961 | Sees the end of the steam and electric locomotive haulage of London Transport passenger trains | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
75 | 1963 | The London Transport Executive becomes the London Transport Board, reporting directly to the Minister of Transport | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
76 | 1969 | The Queen opens the Victoria line | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
77 | 1970 | The London Transport Executive takes over the Underground and the Greater London area bus network, reporting to Greater London Council | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
78 | 1971 | The last steam shunting and freight locomotive is withdrawn from service | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
79 | 1975 | The Victoria line extends to Brixton | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
80 | A fatal accident on the Northern line at Moorgate kills 43 people. New safety measures were introduced | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
81 | 1977 | The Queen opens Heathrow Central station (Terminals 1 2 3) on the Piccadilly line | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
82 | 1979 | The Prince of Wales opens the Jubilee line | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
83 | 1980 | A museum about the birthplace of modern urban transportation, called Brunel Engine House, opens to the public | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
84 | 1983 | Dot matrix train destination indicators introduced on platforms. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
85 | 1984 | The Hammersmith & City and the Circle lines convert to one-person operation | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
86 | 1986 | The Piccadilly line is extended to serve Heathrow Terminal 4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
87 | 1987 | A tragic fire at King's Cross station kills 31 people | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
88 | 1988 | First completely painted train enters service | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
89 | 1989 | New safety and fire regulations are introduced following the Fennell Report into the King's Cross fire | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
90 | 1992 | The London Underground Customer Charter is launched | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
91 | 1993 | Reconstruction work on Angel station ended | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
92 | Work started on the extended Jubilee line from Green Park to Stratford | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
93 | 1994 | Penalty fares are introduced | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
94 | London Underground takes over the Waterloo & City line and responsibility for the stations on the Wimbledon branch of the District line from Putney Bridge to Wimbledon Park | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
95 | Aldwych station, and the Central line branch from Epping to Ongar closes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
96 | 1999 | London Underground is restructured in preparation for Public Private Partnership | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
97 | The extended Jubilee line opens, offering through services from Stanmore to Stratford | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
98 | 2003 | The Oyster card is introduced | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
99 | Busking is legalised | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
100 | 2005 | 52 people are killed in bomb attacks on three Tube trains and a bus on 7 July | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||