ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZAAABAC
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Line WikipediaLine nameMap
colour[100]
RoundelOpening
date
TypeLengthTerminiNumber of stationsDepotsCurrent
rolling
stock
Train length (Cars)Power supplyAverage weekday ridership, 2017 [101]Trips
per
annum
Average trips
per mile
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As of Jan 2021×1000, 2016/17[102]
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The London Underground (also known simply as the Underground, or by its nickname the Tube) is a rapid transit system serving Greater London and some parts of the
adjacent
counties of Buckinghamshire, Essex and Hertfordshire in the United Kingdom.

The Underground has its origins in the Metropolitan Railway, the world's first underground passenger railway. Opened in January 1863, it is now part of the Circle,
Hammersmith & City and Metropolitan lines. The first line to operate underground electric traction trains, the City & South London Railway in 1890, is now part of the
Northern line.[6] The network has expanded to 11 lines, and in 2017/18 was used for 1.357 billion passenger journeys,[2] making it the world's 12th busiest metro system.
The 11 lines collectively handle up to 5 million passenger journeys a day
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Line WikipediaLine nameMap
colour[100]
RoundelOpening
date
TypeLengthTerminiNumber of stationsDepotsCurrent
rolling
stock
Number
of cars
Average weekday ridership, 2017 [101]Trips
per
annum
Average trips
per mile
Tony Marshall photos on Facebook
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As of Jan 2021×1000, 2016/17[102]
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Bakerloo lineBakerlooBrown
1906Deep tube23.2 km
14.5 mi
Harrow & Wealdstone
Queen's Park
Stonebridge Park
Waterloo
Elephant & Castle
25Stonebridge Park
London Road
Queen's Park
1972 Stock74 rail system401,123117,0008,069https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.4704718342990180&type=3
9
Central lineCentralRed
1900[a]Deep tube74.0 km
46.0 mi
West Ruislip
Ealing Broadway
Northolt
White City
North Acton
Hainault
Woodford
Epping
Loughton
Leytonstone
Newbury Park
49West Ruislip
Hainault
White City
1992 Stock84 rail system1,021,084288,8006,278https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.4732907586837922&type=3
10
Circle lineCircleYellow
1871[b]Sub surface27.2 km
17.0 mi
Hammersmith (via Moorgate and Ladbroke Grove)Edgware Road (via Embankment and Notting Hill Gate)36HammersmithS7 Stock[105]74 rail system257,39173,0004,294https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.4769709403157740&type=3
11
District lineDistrictGreen
1868Sub surface64.0 km
40.0 mi
Ealing Broadway
Kensington (Olympia)
Richmond
Wimbledon
High Street Kensington
Edgware Road
Tower Hill
Barking
Upminster
60Upminster
Ealing Common
Lille Bridge
S7 Stock[105]74 rail system842,991226,1005,652https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.4786906881437992&type=3https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.4787302101398470&type=3
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Hammersmith & City lineHammersmith and CitySalmon Pink
1864[c]Sub surface25.5 km
15.8 mi
HammersmithPlaistow
Barking
29HammersmithS7 Stock[105]74 rail system231,19361,0003,860https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.4774887059306641&type=3
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Jubilee lineJubileeGrey
1979Deep tube36.2 km
22.5 mi
Stanmore
Wembley Park
Willesden Green
North Greenwich
West Ham
Stratford
27Neasden
Stratford Market
1996 Stock74 rail system999,561280,40012,462https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.4806040509524629&type=3
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Metropolitan lineMetropolitanMagenta
1863Sub surface66.7 km
42 mi
Amersham
Chesham
Uxbridge
Watford
Rickmansworth
Harrow-on-the-Hill
Wembley Park
Baker Street
Aldgate
34NeasdenS8 Stock84 rail system352,46480,9001,926https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.4836510636477616&type=3
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Northern lineNorthernBlack
1890[d]Deep tube58.0 km
36.0 mi
Edgware
High Barnet
Mill Hill East
Finchley Central
Golders Green
Kennington
Morden
50Edgware
High Barnet
Golders Green
East Finchley
Morden
1995 Stock64 rail system1,123,342294,0008,166https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.4876398429155503&type=3https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.4876426599152686&type=3
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Piccadilly linePiccadillyDark blue
1906Deep tube71.0 km
44.3 mi
Cockfosters
Arnos Grove
Oakwood
Acton Town
Hatton Cross
Heathrow Terminals 2 & 3
Heathrow Terminal 5
Northfields
Rayners Lane
Uxbridge

[106]
53Cockfosters
Northfields
1973 Stock64 rail system710,647206,9004,670https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.4848241165304563&type=3https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.4848280191967327&type=3
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Victoria lineVictoriaLight blue
1968Deep tube21.0 km
13 mi
Brixton
Victoria
Walthamstow Central
Seven Sisters
16Northumberland Park2009 Stock84 rail system955,823263,40020,261https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.4748969795231701&type=3
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Waterloo & City lineWaterloo and CityTurquoise
1898[e]Deep tube2.5 km
1.5 mi
BankWaterloo2WaterlooModified 1992 Stock44 rail system59,49216,90011,267https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.4732919580170056&type=3
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As time has gone on, there are other lines that have been added and removed from the Underground Map:
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CrossrailElizabethPurple
TBC - 2022TBCTBCTBCTBCTBCTBCTBCTBCTBCTBCTBCTBChttps://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.4903418113120201&type=3
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DLRDocklands Light Railway00645F 'blue stone' (very dark cyan)
31 August 1987Light Metro38 km
24 mi
Bank
Tower Gateway
Stratford International
Stratford
Lewisham
Woolwich Arsenal
Beckton
Canary Wharf
Canning Town
45-High-floor bi-directional single-articulated Electric Multiple Units2 or 3750 V DC third rail See Wikipedia116.8See Wikipedia
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Emirates cable carEmiratesRed and White
28 June 2012Cable Car1 km
0.62 mi
Greenwich PeninsulaRoyal Victoria Dock2N/AGondola Lift--See WikipediaSee WikipediaSee Wikipedia
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London OvergroundEast London LineOrange
1933Suburban Rail-Highbury & IslingtonNew Cross
New Cross Gate
West Croydon
Crystal Palace
23-Class 3785750 V DC third rail See WikipediaSee WikipediaSee Wikipedia
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London OvergroundGospel Oak to Barking lineOrange
1981 (as a line, but some stations were there before this became a separate line)Suburban Rail13 miGospel OakBarking12-Class 710 Aventra4 or 5
25 kV 50 Hz AC Overhead lines
See WikipediaSee WikipediaSee Wikipedia
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London OvergroundLea Valley linesOrange
First section 20 June 1839
Enfield was reached on 1 March 1849
Final section completed 1891
Suburban Rail-Chingford
Enfield Town
Hertford East
London Liverpool Street
Stratford
31Ilford &
Sidings at Chingford
Class 317
Class 379 "Electrostar"
Class 710 "Aventra"
Class 745 "FLIRT"
4 or 5
25 kV 50 Hz AC Overhead lines
See WikipediaSee WikipediaSee Wikipedia
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London OvergroundNorth London lineOrange
1850 (as North London Railway)Suburban Rail-RichmondStratford23Willesden TMDClass 378 Capitalstar and 710 AventraBetween 4 and 7
25 kV 50 Hz AC Overhead lines
See WikipediaSee WikipediaSee Wikipedia
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London OvergroundSouth London LineOrange
1 May 1867 by London, Brighton & South Coast Railway Suburban Rail-London Victoria
Clapham Junction
London Bridge
Surrey Quays
7-Class 378 "Capitalstar"
Class 455
Class 375 "Electrostar"
Class 465 "Networker"
Class 466 "Networker"
4 or 5750 V DC third rail See WikipediaSee WikipediaSee Wikipedia
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London OvergroundWatford DC lineOrange
1912 by London and North Western RailwaySuburban Rail-Watford JunctionLondon Euston19Stonebridge Park (LUL)
Willesden TMD
Class 710 Aventra 4 or 5
25 kV 50 Hz AC Overhead lines
See WikipediaSee WikipediaSee Wikipedia
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London OvergroundRomford to UpminsterOrange
7th June 1893 by London, Tilbury and Southend RailwaySuburban Rail - Branch Line3 miRomfordUpminster2This branch line links in with TfL Rail services, so the depot is a TfL rail oneClass 710 Aventra 4 or 5
25 kV 50 Hz AC Overhead lines
See WikipediaSee WikipediaSee Wikipedia
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TfL RailTfL Rail (to become Elizabeth Line)Blue
Service started 31 May 2015, but many stations were in use before thisSuburban Rail
(Metro service)
Total 36 miles between 2 linesLiverpool Street Shenfield13-Class 345 Aventra7 or 9
25 kV 50 Hz AC Overhead lines
See WikipediaSee WikipediaSee Wikipedia
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TfL RailTfL Rail (to become Elizabeth Line)Blue
Service started 31 May 2015, but many stations were in use before thisSuburban Rail
(Metro service)
Total 36 miles between 2 linesReading
Heathrow Terminal 4
Paddington18-Class 345 Aventra7 or 9
25 kV 50 Hz AC Overhead lines
See WikipediaSee WikipediaSee Wikipedia
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TramlinkTramlinkGreen
2000Light Rail Transit28 km
17 mi
WimbledonBeckenham Junction
Elmers End
New Addington
39-Bombardier CR40002Overhead line (750 V DC)See WikipediaSee WikipediaSee Wikipedia
35
ThameslinkThameslinkPink
1988, but some stations are older than thisSuburban Rail-Bedford
Peterborough
Cambridge
Kings Cross
Orpington South
Wimbledon
Sevenoaks
Horsham
115-Class 700 Desiro City8 or 12750 V DC third rail See WikipediaSee WikipediaSee Wikipedia
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The London Underground in England is one of the few networks that uses a four-rail system.
The additional rail carries the electrical return that, on third rail and overhead networks, is provided by the running rails.
On the London Underground, a top-contact third rail is beside the track, energized at +420 V DC, and a top-contact fourth rail is located centrally between the running rails at −
210 V DC, which combine to provide a traction voltage of 630 V DC.
The same system was used
for Milan's earliest underground line, Milan Metro line 1, whose more recent lines use an overhead catenary or a third rail.
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The key advantage of the four-rail system is that neither running rail carries any current.
This scheme was introduced because of the problems of return currents, intended to be carried by the
earthed (grounded) running rail, flowing through the iron tunnel linings
instead.
This can cause electrolytic damage and even arcing if the tunnel segments are not electrical
ly bonded together.
The problem was exacerbated because the return current also had a tendency to flow through nearby iron pipes forming the water and gas mains.
Some of these, particularly Victorian mains that predated London's underground railways, were not constructed to carry currents and had no adequate electrical bonding
between pipe segments. The four-rail system solves the problem.
Although the supply has an artificially created earth point, this connection is derived by using resistors which ensures that stray earth currents are kept to manageable levels.
Power-only rails can be mounted on strongly insulating ceramic chairs to minimise current leak, but this is not possible for running rails which have to be seated on stronger
metal chairs to carry the weight of trains.
However, elastomeric rubber pads placed between the rails and chairs can now solve part of the problem by insulating the running rails from the current return should there
be a leakage through the running rails.
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City & South London Railway was built with tunnels of only 10.5 ft (3.20 m) diameter. Enlarged for Northern line to 12.0 ft (3.66 m)
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Central line with tunnels of 11 ft 8 1⁄4 in (3.56 m), increased on curves, reduced to 11 ft 6 in (3.51 m) near to stations. This makes Central line trains unique on the London
Underground
system because, although the loading gauge of the rolling stock is the same as the other 'tube' lines, the smaller size of the tunnel requires that the positive
conductor rail is 1.6 in (41 mm) higher than on all other lines.
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A Parliamentary committee headed by James Stansfeld then reported on 23 May 1892, "The evidence submitted to the Committee on the question of the diameter of the
underground tubes containing the railways has been distinctly in favour of a minimum diameter of 11 ft. 6 in." After that, all tube lines were at least that size.[27]
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Piccadilly line with tunnels of 12.0 ft (3.66 m)
47
Victoria line with tunnels of 12.5 ft (3.81 m); enlarged to reduce air friction.
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A brief history of the Underground
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From its creation to the present day, London Underground 150-year history has been an eventful one.
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London Underground milestones
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1843
Constructed by Sir Marc Brunel and his son Isambard, the Thames Tunnel opens
55
1863
On 10 January, The Metropolitan Railway opens the world's first underground railway, between Paddington (then called Bishop's Road) and Farringdon Street
56
1868
The first section of the Metropolitan District Railway, from South Kensington to Westminster (now part of the District and Circle lines), opens
57
1869
The first steam trains travel through the Brunel's' Thames Tunnel
58
1880
Running from the Tower of London to Bermondsey, the first Tube tunnel opens
59
1884
The Circle line is completed
60
1890
On 18 December, The City and South London Railway opens the world's first deep-level electric railway. It runs from King William Street in the City of London,
under the River Thames, to Stockwell
61
1900
The Prince of Wales opens the Central London Railway from Shepherd's Bush to Bank (the 'Twopenny Tube'). This is now part of the Central line
62
1902
The Underground Electric Railway Company of London (known as the Underground Group) is formed. By the start of WWI, mergers had brought all lines -
except the Metropolitan line
63
1905
District and Circle lines become electrified
64
1906
Baker Street & Waterloo Railway (now part of the Bakerloo line) opens and runs from Baker Street to Kennington Road (now Lambeth North). Great Northern,
Piccadilly & Brompton Railway (now part of the Piccadilly line) opens between Hammersmith and Finsbury Park
65
1907
Charing Cross, Euston & Hampstead Railway (now part of the Northern line) opens and runs from Charing Cross to Golders Green and Highgate (now Archway).
Albert Stanley (later Lord Ashfield) is appointed General Manager of the Underground Electric Railway Company of London Limited
66
1908
The name 'Underground' makes its first appearance in stations, and the first electronic ticket-issuing machine is introduced. This year also sees the first appearance
of the famous roundel symbol
67
1911
London's first escalators are installed at Earl's Court station
68
1929
The last manually-operated doors on Tube trains are replaced by air-operated doors
69
1933
The Underground Group and the Metropolitan Railway become part of the London Passenger Transport Board, taking control of all the Capital's railway, bus,
tram, trolleybus and coach services
70
Harry Beck presents the first diagram of the Underground map
71
1940
Between September 1940 and May 1945, most Tube station platforms are used as air raid shelters. Some, like the Piccadilly line, Holborn - Aldwych branch,
are closed to store British Museum treasures
72
1948
The London Passenger Transport Board was nationalised and now becomes the London Transport Executive
73
1952
The first aluminium train enters service on the District line
74
1961
Sees the end of the steam and electric locomotive haulage of London Transport passenger trains
75
1963
The London Transport Executive becomes the London Transport Board, reporting directly to the Minister of Transport
76
1969
The Queen opens the Victoria line
77
1970
The London Transport Executive takes over the Underground and the Greater London area bus network, reporting to Greater London Council
78
1971
The last steam shunting and freight locomotive is withdrawn from service
79
1975
The Victoria line extends to Brixton
80
A fatal accident on the Northern line at Moorgate kills 43 people. New safety measures were introduced
81
1977
The Queen opens Heathrow Central station (Terminals 1 2 3) on the Piccadilly line
82
1979
The Prince of Wales opens the Jubilee line
83
1980
A museum about the birthplace of modern urban transportation, called Brunel Engine House, opens to the public
84
1983
Dot matrix train destination indicators introduced on platforms.
85
1984
The Hammersmith & City and the Circle lines convert to one-person operation
86
1986
The Piccadilly line is extended to serve Heathrow Terminal 4
87
1987
A tragic fire at King's Cross station kills 31 people
88
1988
First completely painted train enters service
89
1989
New safety and fire regulations are introduced following the Fennell Report into the King's Cross fire
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1992
The London Underground Customer Charter is launched
91
1993
Reconstruction work on Angel station ended
92
Work started on the extended Jubilee line from Green Park to Stratford
93
1994
Penalty fares are introduced
94
London Underground takes over the Waterloo & City line and responsibility for the stations on the Wimbledon branch of the District line from Putney Bridge
to Wimbledon Park
95
Aldwych station, and the Central line branch from Epping to Ongar closes
96
1999
London Underground is restructured in preparation for Public Private Partnership
97
The extended Jubilee line opens, offering through services from Stanmore to Stratford
98
2003
The Oyster card is introduced
99
Busking is legalised
100
2005
52 people are killed in bomb attacks on three Tube trains and a bus on 7 July