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1 | Location | Sub-Region | Year Study Conducted | Age | Sources | Sample Size | Sampling Strategy | Survey Description | Administration Method | Response Rate | Weighting | Threshold for PG Questions | Assessment Instrument | Gambling Availability | Past-Year Gambling Prevalence | Problem Gambling Prevalence | Standardized Problem Gambling Prevalence | Standardization Calculations | Demographic Correlates of PG | Game Correlates of PG | Comments | Reference URL | Reference URL | Reference URL |
2 | AUSTRALIA | 1999 | 18+ | Productivity Commission. (1999). Australia’s Gambling Industries. Report No. 10. Chapter 6. What is Problem Gambling? & Appendix F. National Gambling Survey. Canberra: AusInfo. | 3,498 full interviews from initial sample of 10,525 | modified random digit dialing; random selection within household; stratified by region, age, gender; all regular gamblers sampled, but only 1/4 nonregular gamblers and 1/2 nongamblers | ‘attitudes toward gambling’ | telephone interview | 47% | region, age, gender, household size; adjustment made for the random selection of 1/4 nonregular gamblers and 1/2 nongamblers | participated in a form of gambling (other than lottery games and Instant win tickets) 1/week or more | SOGS-PY | 105 People per EGM in 1999. 71 people per EGM in NSW/ACT; 158 people per EGM in Victoria; 116 people per EGM in Queensland; 117 people per EGM in South Australia; 1576 people per EGM in Western Australia; 198 people per EGM in Tasmania; 158 people per EGM in Northern Territory. | 82% (excluding raffles); 80% NSW; 81% Victoria; 86% Queensland; 77% South Australia; 84% Western Australia; 77% Tasmania; 80% ACT; 80% Northern Territory. | 2.8% (3-4); 2.1% (5+); 4.9% combined(SOGS 5+ for individual states/territories: 2.55% New South Wales, 2.45% South Australia, 2.14% Victoria, 2.06% Australian Capital Territory, 1.89% Northern Territory, 1.88% Queensland, 0.70% Western Australia, 0.44% Tasmania) | 3.9% | Australia: 4.9 * .72 * 1.44 * .76 = 3.9%(4.16% New South Wales, 4.00% South Australia, 3.49% Victoria, 3.36% Australian Capital Territory, 3.08% Northern Territory, 3.07% Queensland, 1.14% Western Australia, 0.72% Tasmania) | age 18-25; males; separated/divorced; unemployed; slightly lower income; less education; non-English spoken at home; student | EGMs, race betting, casino table games | http://www.pc.gov.au/projects/inquiry/gambling/docs/finalreport | ||||
3 | AUSTRALIA | 2013 | 18+ | Dowling, N. A., Youssef, G. J., Jackson, A. C., Pennay, D. W., Francis, K. L., Pennay, A., & Lubman, D. I. (2015). National estimates of Australian gambling prevalence: Findings from a dual-frame omnibus survey. Addiction. doi: 10.1111/add.13176 | 1,768 in PGSI sub-sample; original sample of 2,000 | dual-frame (landline / mobile) sample design using CATI random digit dialling (RDD) aimed to obtain a nationally representative sample; selected from each household using a random allocation to the “next birthday method”; landline frame used probability proportional to size quotas for 15 geographic strata | telephone interview | AAPOR Response Rate was 19.5% (21.7% landline; 17.8% mobile), the cooperation rate was 43.1% (38.0% landline; 49.7% mobile), and the refusal rate was 33.0% (42.0% landline; 24.4% mobile) | age, gender, educational attainment, country of birth, geographical location, telephone status; in-scope persons in each household, number of landline telephone connections; adjusted for the overlapping chances of selection for persons with both landline and mobile telephones into both sample frames | PGSI | 63.90% | PGSI: 1.9% (3-7); 0.4% (8+); 2.3% combined | higher for mobile phone respondents vs. landline respondents | dual-frame (50% landline and 50% mobile telephone) computer assisted telephone interviewing; first to comprehensively explore the impact of dual-frame sampling approaches in a nationally representative sample with standard measures of gambling participation and problems. | http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.13176 | |||||||||
4 | BELGIUM | 2006 | 16-99 | Druine, C., Delmarcelle, C., Dubois, M., Joris, L., & Somers, W. (2006). Etude quantitative des habitudes de Jeux de hasard pour l'offre classique et un ligne en Belgique [Quantitative study on online and offline gambling behaviour in Belgium]. Bruxelles: Foundation Rodin. Druine (2009). Belgium. In G. Meyer, T. Hayer, & M. Griffiths (Eds.), Problem Gambling in Europe: Challenges, Prevention, and Interventions. New York: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-09486-1 (citing Druine et al., 2006). | 3,002 | telephone interview | DSM-IV-PY (DSM-IV-MR) | 384 people per EGM in 2006 | 59.7% | 1.6% (3-4); 0.4% (5+); 2.0% combined | 2.8% | 2.0 * 1.19 * 1.59 * .74 = 2.8% | male; age 16-24; single; lower socioeconomic | "EGMs; casino; horse race betting; sports betting; Internet; telephonephone-in quizzes" | http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09486-1 | |||||||||
5 | BRAZIL | 2005-2006 | 14+ | Tavares, H., Carneiro, E., Sanches, M., Pinsky, I., Caetano, R., Zaleski, M., & Laranjeira, R. (2010). Gambling in Brazil: Lifetime prevalences and socio-demographic correlates. Psychiatry Research, 180(1), 35-41. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2010.04.014 | 3,007 (2346 of which were 18+) | Stratified sampling of gender and geographic region; household member with most recent birthday selected; 3 attempts for each household. | face-to-face residential interview | 66.4% | household size, gender, education, age, and geographic region | Everyone administered the two question Lie/Bet Questionnaire (LBQ). Individuals scoring as probable problem gambler on the LBQ (i.e., answering at least one of the two questions affirmatively) were administered the NODS-L (18+) or DSM-IV-Juvenile-PY if they were aged 14 – 17. | DSM-IV-L (NODS-L & DSM-IV-Juvenile; Fisher, 1992) | No EGMs in 2006 | (12% engage in monthly gambling) | 1.3% (1-4); 1.0% (5+); 2.3% combined | 0.9% | (2.3 * 1.19 * .44 * .76 = 0.9%) | young, male, unemployed, nonstudent | First study to investigate the prevalence of gambling and problem gambling in a national Latin–American sample. The standardized rate must be seen as very tentative because of the overly stringent criteria used before administering the problem gambling assessment instrument. Another problem is that the DSM-IV-Juvenile questions use a mixture of current and past year time frames, whereas the NODS-L has a lifetime time frame. This study is not included in the tables or the analyses. | http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2010.04.014 | |||||
6 | CANADA | 2000 | 18+ | Ferris, J., & Wynne, H. (2001). The Canadian Problem Gambling Index: Final Report. Submitted to the Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse. Ferris, J., & Wynne, H. (2001). The Canadian Problem Gambling Index: User Manual. January 28, 2001. Submitted to the Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse. | 3120 | Random digit dialing stratified by region (Atlantic, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba/Saskatchewan, Alberta/BC. Household member with most recent birthday selected. | ‘gambling survey’ | telephone interview | No | gambled in past 12 months | CPGI, SOGS-PY, DSM-IV-PY | 53,877 EGMs in 1999. Estimated population in 1999 is 30,750,000. Approximately 570 people per EGM in 1999. | CPGI: 2.4% (3-7); 0.9% (8+); 3.4% combined SOGS-PY: 1.3% (3-4); 1.3% (5+); 2.6% combined DSM-IV-PY: 0.7% (5+) | 2.2% | CPGI: 3.4 *.58 * 1.59 * .74 = 2.3% SOGS-PY: 2.6 * .72 * 1.59 * .74 = 2.2% DSM-IV-PY: 0.7 * 2.60 * 1.59 * .74 = 2.1% Average = 2.2% | males; 18-24 age group; 25-34 age group; under $20,0000 annual income | http://www.ccsa.ca/2003%20and%20earlier%20CCSA%20Documents/ccsa-008805-2001.pdf | http://www.ccsa.ca/2003%20and%20earlier%20CCSA%20Documents/ccsa-009381-2001.pdf | ||||||
7 | CANADA | 2002 | 15+ | Marshall, K., & Wynne, H. (2003). Fighting the odds. Perspectives on Labour and Income, 4(12), 5-13. | 24997 | Gambling module included in Cycle 1.2 of the Canadian Community Health Survey-Mental Health and Well-being (CCHS 1.2). Target population excludes those living in the 3 territories, individuals living on reserves or crown land, residents of institutions, full-time members of the Armed Forces, and residents of some remote regions. | ‘well-being and health practices’ (gambling a component of a larger general survey on health) | face-to-face residential interview (86%) | 77% | Gambling more than 5 times on some form of gambling in past year. People excluded, however, is they said ‘they were not a gambler’ regardless of their frequency of gambling. | CPGI | 436 people per EGM in 2002. 1246 people per EGM in BC; 282 people per EGM in AB; 177 people per EGM in SK; 165 people per EGM in MB; 611 people per EGM in ONT; 372 people per EGM in QU; 293 people per EGM in NB; 216 people per EGM in NS; 337 people per EGM in PEI; 200 people per EGM in NL. | 76% (75% BC; 72% AB; 76% SK; 74% MB; 75% ON; 79% QU; 76% NB; 78%NS; 75% PEI; 75% NL). | 1.5% (3-7); 0.5% (8+); 2.0% combined (CPGI 3+ for individual provinces: 3.1% Manitoba, 3.0% Saskatchewan, 2.1% Alberta, 2.0% Ontario, 1.9% British Columbia, Nova Scotia, 1.6% Quebec; sample sizes too small for other provinces) | 1.2% | Canada: 2.0 * 0.58 = 1.2% (1.80% Manitoba, 1.74% Saskatchewan, 1.22% Alberta, 1.16% Ontario, 1.10% British Columbia, 1.10% Nova Scotia, .93% Quebec) | male; younger age; less education; Aboriginal; province; alcohol dependence; stress | VLTs; casinos; sports lotteries; horse racing (using CPGI 5+ threshold) | Unlike most surveys that collect sensitive demographic information at the very end, much of this is collected at the very outset of the CCHS. In addition the person is asked to provide his/her name, the names of all the other people living in the residence, and his/her date of birth. | http://publications.gc.ca/collections/Collection-R/Statcan/75-001-XIE/0120375-001-XIE.pdf | ||||
8 | CANADA | 2006-2007 | 18+ | Williams, R.J. & Wood, R.J. (2008). Prevalence of Gambling and Problem Gambling in Canada 2006/2007. Unpublished analysis of prevalence data collected by the authors in 2006/2007. Some details of this study are reported in Wood, R.T. & Williams, R.J. (2009). Internet Gambling: Prevalence, Patterns, Problems, and Policy Options. Final Report prepared for the Ontario Problem Gambling Research Centre, Guelph, Ontario. January 5, 2009 | 8496 | random digit dialing | ‘gambling survey’ | telephone interview | 45.6% | age, gender, household size | any past year gambling | CPGI (entire sample); random 25% of sample also administered SOGS-PY, DSM-IV-PY (NODS-PY), and PPGM. | 377 people per EGM in 2006. In 2007 482 people per EGM in British Columbia; 197 Alberta; 151 Saskatchewan; 141 Manitoba; 556 Ontario; 417 Quebec; 289 New Brunswick; 285 Nova Scotia; 260 Prince Edward Island; 223 Newfoundland. | 70.7% (includes risky stock market but excludes raffles). 75.4% Newfoundland; 72.2% PEI; 72.8% Nova Scotia; 68.9% New Brunswick; 71.7% Quebec; 70.4% Ontario; 71.0% Manitoba; 68.1% Saskatchewan; 70.3% Alberta; 69.7% British Columbia. | CPGI: 2.4% (3-7); 0.8% (8+); 3.2% combined SOGS-PY: 1.4% (3-4); 1.0% (5+); 2.4% combined DSM-IV-PY: 1.1% (3-4); 0.9% (5+); 2.0% combined PPGM: 1.8% (CPGI 3+ for individual provinces: 4.4% BC, 3.6% AB, 3.5% ONT, 1.7% QU other provinces not reported due to small sample size) | 2% | CPGI: 3.2 * .58 * 1.44 * .76 = 2.0% SOGS-PY: 2.4 * .72 * 1.44 * .76 = 1.9% DSM-IV-PY: 2.0 * 1.19 * 1.44 * .76 = 2.6% PPGM: 1.8 * 1.44 * .76 = 2.0% (CPGI: 2.79% British Columbia, 2.29% Alberta, 2.22% Ontario, 1.08% Quebec) | male; age 18 – 29; mental health problems; illicit drug use; tobacco use; Aboriginal, Asian, or ‘Other’ ethnicity; lower income; less education | casino table games; horse race betting; Internet gambling; sports betting | http://hdl.handle.net/10133/693 | ||||
9 | CANADA | 2018 | 18+ | Williams, R. J., Leonard, C. A., Belanger, Y. D., Christensen, D. C., el-Guebaly, N., Hodgins, D. C., McGrath, D. S., Nicoll, F. & Stevens, R. M. G. (2021). Gambling and problem gambling in Canada in 2018: Prevalence and changes since 2002. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 66(5), 485-494. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0706743720980080 | 23,952 | Introductory letters explaining the purpose of the survey were first sent to selected households. CCHS interviews were subsequently conducted between January and December 2018 by computer-assisted telephone interviewing (75%) and computer-assisted face-to-face interviews (25%). The interview was available in both English and French with interpretative services available for several other languages. However, the CCHS containing the Gambling Module was only fielded for a 6-month period (July to December 2018) and only in the provinces (no territories). A total of 45,636 households were eligible. Of these, 30,995 households agreed to participate, and CCHS surveys were ultimately obtained from 26,648 individuals (58.4% overall response rate). Because the Gambling Module was restricted to ages 15 and older and did not permit proxy respondents, a smaller number of individuals were actually eligible (25,639), with 24,982 CCHS Gambling Module surveys ultimately obtained, with 23,952 of these being from adults (18+). | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8107954/ | |||||||||||||||||
10 | CYPRUS [NORTHERN] | 2007 | 18-65 | Çakıcı, M. (2012) The prevalence and risk factors of gambling behavior in Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry, 13(4), 243-249. | 929 | Household interviews; in urban areas, interviewers started from a street determined at random, in rural areas interviewers started from the center of the village and went north, east, south and west; research covered every third household; male-female quota was taken into consideration; age quotas; last birthday method. | gambling behaviour' | Face-to-face residential interviews | SOGS-L [Turkish Version] | 55% (Lifetime gambling participation) | 2.2% (8+) | male, age 18-29, being unmarried or divorced, having no children | http://www.scopemed.org/?mno=31832 | |||||||||||
11 | CZECH REPUBLIC | 2012 | 15-64 | Mravčík, V., Grohmannová, K., Chomynová, P., Nečas, V., Grolmusová, L., Kiššová, L., Nechanská, B., Fidesová, H., Kalina, K., Vopravil, J., Kostelecká, L., Jurystová, L. (2012) Annual Report: The Czech Republic – 2011 Drug Situation. Prague: Office of the Government of the Czech Republic. | 2134 | 6,210 households was addressed as part of the survey; final sample comprised 2,134 respondents | Face-to-face residential interviews | 62% | Gambling in past 12-months | PGSI | 25.5% (past-year); 58.2% (lifetime) | PGSI: 1.7% (3-7); 0.6% (8+); 2.3% combined | younger age groups | VLTs; EGMs; online players of betting games operated by entities outside the Czech Republic; casino players. | Collected as part of a national survey of drug addiction by the the National Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. "Focusing specifically on substance use, this study of a representative sample of the population of the Czech Republic aged 15–64 follows up on the 2008 General Population Survey on the Use of Psychotropic Substances in the Czech Republic as far as its questionnaire, sample size, and extent are concerned." | https://www.drogy-info.cz/data/obj_files/1619/706/GAMBLING%20REPORT_2013_EN_fin_web_fin.pdf | ||||||||
12 | DENMARK | 2005 | 18-74 | Bonke, J., & Borregaard, K. (2006). The Prevalence and Heterogeneity of At-Risk and Pathological Gamblers - The Danish Case [Working Paper 15:2006]. Danish National Institute of Social Research. | 8153 | Random sample of Danish civil registry. Letter sent in advance to notify participants of the study. | Telephone interview. Face-to-face residential interview for people who could not be contacted by phone. | 70% | gender, age, region, marital status | losing more than 35 Danish kroner (~$7 U.S.) in a single day of gambling | DSM-IV-PY & DSM-IV-L (NODS; entire sample) & SOGS-PY & SOGS-L (pre-test sample) | 286 People per EGM in 2006 | 77% | DSM-IV-PY: 0.3% (3-4); 0.1% (5+); 0.4% combined DSM-IV-L: 0.4% (3-4); 0.3% (5+); 0.7% combined SOGS-PY: 0.8% (3-4); 0.2% (5+); 1.0% combined SOGS-L: 1.2% (3-4); 0.5% (5+); 1.7% combined | 0.5% | DSM-IV-PY: 0.4 * 1.19 * 1.44 * .76 = 0.5% | males; no children living at home; lower socioeconomic status; 18-44 | slots; poker and dice games; sports betting | http://pure.sfi.dk/ws/files/236757/2006_15_WP.pdf | |||||
13 | ESTONIA | 2004 | 15-74 | Faktum Uuringukeskus. (2004). Elanike kokkupuuted hasart- jaõnnemängudega (Gambling prevalence in Estonia). Tallinn: Faktum. Laansoo, S. (2005). Patoloogiline hasartmängimine: ulatus Eestis ning seosed käitumuslike ja isiksuslike riskifaktoritega (Pathological gambling in Estonia and the relationships with behavioural and personal risk factors). Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Tallinn, Estonia. Laansoo & Niit (2009). Estonia. In G. Meyer, T. Hayer, & M. Griffiths (Eds.), Problem Gambling in Europe: Challenges, Prevention, and Interventions. New York: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-09486-1 (citing Faktum Uuringukeskus, 2004). | 986 | “Omnibus survey” (i.e., presumably many topics other than gambling) | SOGS-L (Estonian version) | 990 People per EGM in 2004 | 61% (“have played games of chance”) | 2.6% (3-4); 2.4% (5+); 5.0% combined lifetime | 1.6% | 5.0 * .72 * .44 = 1.6% | males; 15-29; lower education | casino games; slot machines | http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09486-1 | |||||||||
14 | ESTONIA | 2006 | 15-74 | Turu-uuringud. (2006). Elanikkonna kokkupuude hasart- jaõnnemängudega (Gambling prevalence in Estonia). Tallinn: Turu- uuringud. Laansoo & Niit (2009). Estonia. In G. Meyer, T. Hayer, & M. Griffiths (Eds.), Problem Gambling in Europe: Challenges, Prevention, and Interventions. New York: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-09486-1. | 2005 | Stratified | “omnibus survey” (i.e., presumably many topics other than gambling) | self-administered | SOGS-L (Estonian version) | 1182 People per EGM in 2006 | 75% (“admitted to have played games of chance”) | 3.1% (3-4); 3.4% (5+); 6.5% combined lifetime | 2.1% | 6.5 * .72 * .44 = 2.1% | males; 15-29; lower education; students; higher income; worker (as opposed to ‘specialist’); urban; greater impulsivity; greater alcohol use; avoidance coping | greater number of games; casino games; slots | Faktum & Ariko was the survey company: http://www.faktum-ariko.ee/2 | http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09486-1 | ||||||
15 | FINLAND | 2003 | 15-74 | Ilkas, H., & Turja, T. (2003). Penningsspelsundersökning. Helsinki: Ministry of Social Affairs and Health. Jonsson, J. (2006). An overview of prevalence surveys of problem and pathological gambling in the Nordic countries. Journal of Gambling Issues, 18. Jaakkola (2009). In G. Meyer, T. Hayer, & M. Griffiths (Eds.), Problem Gambling in Europe: Challenges, Prevention, and Interventions. New York: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-09486-1 Finland. (citing Ilkas & Turja, 2003). | 5013 | Sampling from telephone registers stratified by age, gender and geographic residence. | telephone interview | gambling twice a month in past year | SOGS-L | 338 People per EGM in 2002 | 74% | 4.0% (3-4); 1.5% (5+); 5.5% combined | 2.1% | 5.5 * .72 * .44 * 1.59 * .74 = 2.1% | 15-24; low income | higher number of games; slots; sports betting | http://www.camh.net/egambling/issue18/jonsson.html | http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09486-1 | ||||||
16 | FINLAND | 2007 | 15+ | Aho, P., & Turja, T. (2007). Gambling in Finland 2007. Helsinki: Ministry of Social Affairs and Health. | 5008 | random sample from Finnish Population Information System | telephone interview | 48% | age, gender, location | SOGS-PY & SOGS-L | 277 People per EGM in 2006 | 73% (87% Lifetime) | SOGS-PY: 2.1% (3-4); 1.0% (5+); 3.1% combined SOGS-L: 3.6% (3-4); 1.6% (5+); 5.2% combined | 2.4% | 3.1 * .72 * 1.44 * .76 = 2.4% | males; age 18-24 | slot machines | https://www.easg.org/media/file/conferences/novagorica2008/thursday/1610-ses4/pajula_mari.pdf | ||||||
17 | FINLAND | 2011-2012 (October-January) | 15-74 | Turja, T., Halme, J., Mervola, M., Järvinen-Tassopoulos, J., Ronkainen, J-E. (2012). Suomalaisten Rahapelaaminen 2011 [Finnish Gambling 2011]. Helsinki: National Institute for Health and Welfare. | 4484 | Random sample from Finnish Population Register. 16,000 people were sent a letter describing the study. The 4,871 people without a registered phone number were asked to provide a phone number if they wished to participate. | “research on Finnish gambling” | telephone interview | 39.9% | Yes | Gambling in past 12 months. | SOGS-PY | 19,745 EGMs in 2010, with population of 5,351,427, this equates to 271 people per EGM in 2010. Note: the number reported in the World Count of Gaming Machines (9,431) is not accurate. | 78% | SOGS-PY: 1.7% (3-4); 1.0% (5+); 2.7% combined | 1.5% | 2.7 * 0.72 * 1.44 * .53 = 1.5% | males; age 15-34 | Internet gambling; casino gambling; private betting, horse race betting | The survey description correction weight is 0.53 in the present study because of a response rate <45% (i.e., 39.9%), whereas this weight was 0.76 in the 2007 and 2003 Finnish studies because of response rates >45% (i.e., 48% in 2007). If a 0.76 weighting was applied in the present study the standardized rate would be 2.1% rather than 1.5%. | http://www.thl.fi/thl-client/pdfs/948b7a38-bd15-4d6c-91ae-c0b565cc3cb9 | |||
18 | FRANCE | 2009-2010 (October-July) | 18-75 | Costes, J-M., Pousett, M., Eroukmanoff, V., le Nezet, O., Richard, J-B., Guignard, R., Beck, F., & Arwidson, P. (2011). Les Niveaux et Pratiques des Jeux de Hasard et D'argent en 2010. French Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction and the National Institute for Prevention and Health Education. September 2011. | 25,034, but only 2,762 were administered problem gambling questions | 23,605 contacted via random digit dialing with random selection within household; this was supplemented by interviewing 2,944 individuals who only had cellphones. | Included in a larger survey of health behaviors (Health Barometer 2010) | telephone interview | 60% | Household size, number of landlines, and ‘national reference data’ | played at least 52 times and / or has wagered at least 500 euros over the last 12 months | CPGI | 3,657 people per EGM in 2010 | 47.8% | 0.9% (3-7); 0.4% (8+); 1.3% combined | 1.09% | 1.3 * .58 * 1.44 = 1.09% | Male (75.5%); younger age (average age of 41); lower education; lower income; substance abuse (alcohol, tobacco, in particular) | Larger number of gambling formats; Rapido (lottery with draws every 5 minutes); Internet gambling (horse racing, sports betting, poker). | The threshold to administer problem gambling questions is overly stringent, thus true rates of problem gambling are likely slightly higher. | http://www.ofdt.fr/BDD/publications/docs/eftxjcr9.pdf | |||
19 | GERMANY | 2006 | 18-65 | Buth, S. & Stöver, H. (2008). Glücksspielteilnahme und Glücksspielprobleme in Deutschland: Ergebnisse einer bundesweiten Repräsentativbefragung [Gambling and gambling problems in Germany: Results of a national survey]. Suchttherapie, 9, 3-11. Meyer & Hayer (2009). Germany. In G. Meyer, T. Hayer, & M. Griffiths (Eds.), Problem Gambling in Europe: Challenges, Prevention, and Interventions. New York: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-09486-1 (citing Buth & Stover, 2008) | 7980 | Random sampling | leisure habits, interview starts with questions concerning general leisure activities | 50% telephone; 50% self-administered online (this may be an Online Panel survey) | 55.8% phone; 68% online | age, gender, education, region, and nationality | gambled at least 1/week or €50/month on some form | DSM-IV-PY (DIGS-PY) | 407 People per EGM in 2006 | 39.2% | 0.64% (3-4); 0.56% (5+); 1.2% combined | 1.4% | (1.2 * 1.19 = 1.4%) | male; age 18-29; relative with gambling problems | greater number of games; EGMs, horse racing, casinos; sports betting | BISDRO 2007. Funded by the Verband der Lottovermittler (association of independent Lotto-providers). This study not included in the tables or analyses (as 50% of the sample may have been from an Online Panel). | http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=20112715 | http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09486-1 | ||
20 | GERMANY | 2006 | 18-64 | Bühringer, G., Kraus, L., Sonntag, D., Pfeiffer-Gerschel, T. & Steiner, S. (2007). Pathologisches Glücksspiel in Deutschland: Spiel- und Bevölkerungsrisiken [Pathological gambling in Germany: Gambling and population based risks]. Sucht, 53(5), 296-308. Kraus, L., & Baumeister, S. (2008). Studien design und Methodik des Epidemiologischen Sucht surveys 2006 [Study design and methodology of the 2006 Epidemiological Survey of Substance Abuse]. Sucht, 54, S6–S15. http://www.ift.de/literaturverzeichnis/Kraus_Baumeister_2008_Sucht_54_S6-S15.pdf | 7912 | Two step selection. Geographically representative sampling and then random sample from the population registers for that community. Oversampling of younger age groups. | Part of a general survey on substance use and abuse. | Self-administered mail-in survey (n = 6,598). Supplemented with telephone interviews for those who did not respond after 3 reminders (n = 1,314). | 48% | age, gender, geography | Spent at least €50/month on some form of gambling in past year | DSM-IV-PY (DIGS-PY) | 407 People per EGM in 2006 | 49.4% (Lifetime =71.5%) | 0.20% (3-4); 0.29% (5+); 0.49% combined | 0.6% | 0.49 * 1.19 = 0.6% | card games on Internet; EGMs | ESA 2006. Funded by Ministry of Health. | http://www.lsgbayern.de/fileadmin/user_upload/lsg/Praxishandbuch_neu/20110221_HB_komplett.pdf | http://www.ift.de/literaturverzeichnis/Kraus_Baumeister_2008_Sucht_54_S6-S15.pdf | |||
21 | GERMANY | 2007 | 16-65 | Bundeszentrale für gesundheitliche Aufklärung (BZgA) (2008). Glücksspielverhalten und Problematisches Glücksspielen in Deutschland 2007 [Gambling behaviour and problem gambling in Germany in 2007. Federal Center for Health Education]. Bundeszentrale für gesundheitliche Aufklärung (BZgA) (2012). Glücksspielverhalten und Glücksspielsucht in Deutschland. Ergebnisse aus drei repräsentativen Bevölkerungsbefragungen 2007, 2009 und 2011 [Results from three representative population surveys 2007, 2009 and 2011. Federal Centre for Health Education]. January 2012. | 10001 | Random digit dialing. Selection within the household of the person with the next birthday. | Unspecified, starting with leisure activities | telephone interview | 63.3% | # telephones per household, age, sex, education, region | Gambled on some form of gambling at least once in past 12 months. | SOGS-PY | 407 People per EGM in 2006 | 55% | 0.41% (3-4); 0.19% (5+); 0.6% combined | 0.62% | 0.6 * .72 * 1.44 = 0.62% | Male; age 18-25 | EGM (Casino and Non Casino), sports betting, Poker. | BZgA 2007. Funded by German Lotto and Toto-Bloc. The rate of problem gambling is probably underestimated because some SOGS-items weren’t answered by the respondents caused by a filter mistake. | http://www.bzga.de/pdf.php?id=e3424fa656f5a2a402a2d92003669dc5 | http://www.bzga.de/forschung/studien-untersuchungen/studien/gluecksspiel/?sub=68 | ||
22 | GERMANY | 2010 | 14-64 | Meyer, C., Rumpf, H.-J., Kreuzer, A.-., de Brito, S., Glorius, S., Jeske, C., Kastirke, N., Porz, S., Schön, D., Westram, A., Klinger, D., Goeze, D., Bischof, G. & John, U. (2011). Pathologisches Glücksspielen und Epidemiologie (PAGE): Entstehung, Komorbidität,Remission und Behandlung. Endbericht an das Hessische Ministerium des Innern und für Sport . Universitäten Greifswald und Lübeck. | 15023 | Landlines + 1,001 cell phones (1st known prevalence study to use cell phones) with sampling of German communities proportional to size. Additional recruiting of problem gamblers by media campaigns, popular gambling venues (gambling halls, casinos), treatment institutions, prisons, credit counseling centres, and self-help groups. This supplemental sample was not used in the prevalence estimates. | telephone interviews | 52.4% (landline), 56.6% cell phones | Number of telephone numbers in the household, age, gender, education, unemployment, immigrant status (separated for landline and cell phones) | > 10 days gambling in lifetime | DSM-IV-L & DSM-IV-PY | 388 people per EGM in 2010 | 45% | 0.31% (3-4) + 0.35 (5+); 0.67% combined | 0.61% | 0.67 * 1.19 * 1.44 * .53 = 0.61% | male, younger people, lower education, unemployment, immigrant | EGMs, Poker, ‘other sports betting’ | PAGE 2010. Funded by the 16 federal states of Germany under the gambling state treaty. | |||||
23 | GERMANY | 2009 (March-May) | 16-65 | Bundeszentrale für gesundheitliche Aufklärung (BZgA) (2010). Glücksspiel-verhalten in Deutschland 2007 und 2009. [Gambling Behavior in Germany in 2007 and 2009. Federal Centre for Health Education]. January 2010. Bundeszentrale für gesundheitliche Aufklärung (BZgA) (2012). Glücksspielverhalten und Glücksspielsucht in Deutschland. Ergebnisse aus drei repräsentativen Bevölkerungsbefragungen 2007, 2009 und 2011 [Results from three representative population surveys 2007, 2009 and 2011. Federal Centre for Health Education]. January 2012. | 10000 | Random digit dialing. Random selection of adult within household. | leisure habits, interview starts with questions concerning general leisure activities | telephone interviews | 61.6% | Number of telephone numbers in the household, age, gender, education, region. | Gambled on some form of gambling at least once in past 12 months. | SOGS-PY | 412 people per EGM in 2008. | 53.8% | 0.64% (3-4); 0.45% (5+); 1.09% | 1.13% | 1.09 * .72 * 1.44 = 1.13% | Male; age 16-25; elementary school education; immigrant; unemployed | Greater number of gambling formats; Internet-casino gambling; EGMs, keno, casino table games | BZgA 2010. Funded by German Lotto and Toto-Bloc. | http://www.bzga.de/forschung/studien-untersuchungen/studien/gluecksspiel/?sub=55 | http://www.bzga.de/forschung/studien-untersuchungen/studien/gluecksspiel/?sub=68 | ||
24 | GERMANY | 2009 (May-October) | 18-64 | Kraus, L., Sassen, M., Pabst, A., & Buhringer, G. (2010). Kurzbericht Epidemiologischer Suchtsurvey 2009. Zusatzauswertungen zum Glücksspielverhalten: Prävalenz des (pathologischen) Glücksspiels. November 2010. Kraus, L., & Pabst, A. (2010). Studiendesign und Methodik des Epidemiologischen Suchtsurveys 2009. Sucht, 56, 315-326. | 8030 | Two step selection. Geographically representative sampling and then random sample from the population registers for that community. Oversampling of younger age groups. | Part of a general survey on substance use and abuse. | 3,731 self-administered mail-in survey, 927 self-administered online survey, 3,376 telephone interview | 50.1% | Age, gender, citizenship, education. | Spent at least €50/month on some form of gambling in past year | DSM-IV-PY (DIGS-PY) | 412 people per EGM in 2008. | 45.2% | .19% (3-4) + .27 (5+); 0.46% combined | 0.84% | 0.46 * 1.19 = 0.55% Averaged with the 2009 BzGA study = 0.84% | Males; age 18 - 29 | ESA 2009. Funded by Ministry of Health. | https://www.ift.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Literatur/Berichte/ESA_2009_Gluecksspiel-Zusatzauswertung.pdf | ||||
25 | GERMANY | 2011 (April-June) | 16-65 | Bundeszentrale für gesundheitliche Aufklärung (BZgA) (2012). Glücksspielverhalten und Glücksspielsucht in Deutschland. Ergebnisse aus drei repräsentativen Bevölkerungsbefragungen 2007, 2009 und 2011 Bundeszentrale für gesundheitliche Aufklärung (BZgA) [Results from three representative population surveys 2007, 2009 and 2011. Federal Centre for Health Education]. January 2012. | 10002 | Random digit dialing of landlines, with oversampling of 16-25 year olds. Random selection of adult within household. | leisure habits, interview starts with questions concerning general leisure activities | telephone interviews | 59.9% | Number of telephone numbers in the household, age, gender, education, region. | Gambled on some form of gambling at least once in past 12 months. | SOGS-PY | 388 people per EGM in 2010. | 50.7% | 0.51% (3-4); 0.49% (5+); 1.00% combined | 0.88% | 1.0 * .72 * 1.44 = 1.0% Combined with the AWI 2011 study = .88% | Males; age 21-25; low level of education; immigrant; unemployment | Sports betting; slot machines; greater number of gambling formats | BZgA 2011. Funded by German Lotto and Toto-Bloc | http://www.bzga.de/forschung/studien-untersuchungen/studien/gluecksspiel/?sub=68 | |||
26 | GERMANY | 2011 (Feb-March) | 18+ | Haase, H. & Puhe, H. (2011). Spielen mit und um Geld in Deutschland. TNS Emnid. October 2011. | 15002 | Random digit dialing of landlines. Random selection of adult within household. | starting question leisure activities, then immediate recording of gambling activities | telephone interviews | 58.2% | Yes, by ‘sociodemographic characteristics’. | >50 Euro in an average month | DSM-IV-PY | 388 people per EGM in 2010 | 63.5% | .21% (3-4) + .23 (5+); 0.44% combined | 0.75% | .44 * 1.19 * 1.44 = .75% | young age | Engagement in multiple forms. | Funded by AWI Automaten-Wirtschaftsverbände-Info GmbH (umbrella organization for automat providers including EGMs) | http://www.automatenwirtschaft.de/downloads/emnid-studie-2011-ergebnisse.pdf | |||
27 | GREAT BRITAIN (England, Wales, Scotland) | 1999 | 16+ | Sproston, K., Erens, R., & Orford, J. (2000). British Gambling Prevalence Survey 1999. London: National Centre for Social Research. | 7770 | Random sample of 7,000 addresses from publicly available Postcode Address Files. At each address interviewers attempted to obtain face-to- face interview with 1 person. In addition, everyone 16 and older was asked to fill in self-completion questionnaire and return it in the mail. | ‘gambling behavior’ | Face to face residential interview + self-administered mail in | 65% | age, sex | gambling in past year | SOGS ‘current’ & DSM-IV ‘current’ | 250,000 EGMs in 1999. United Kingdom population in 1999 was 59,113,439. 236 people per EGM. | 72% | SOGS-PY: 1.3% (3-4); 0.8% (5+); 2.1% combined DSM-IV-PY: 0.4% (3-4); 0.2% (5+); 0.6% combined | 0.8% | SOGS-PY: 2.1 * .72 * .76 = 1.1% DSM-IV-PY: 0.6 * 1.19 * .76 = 0.5% Average = 0.8% | male; age 16-24; parent who was problem gambler; lowest income group; separated or divorced | greater number of gambling formats; table games; sports and/or horse race betting | http://www.gamblingcommission.gov.uk/research__consultations/research/bgps/bgps_1999.aspx | ||||
28 | GREAT BRITAIN (England, Wales, Scotland) | 2010 | 16+ | Wardle, H., Moody, A., Spence, S., Orford, J., Volberg, R., Jotangia, D., Griffiths, M., Hussey, D., & Dobbie, F. (2011). British Gambling Prevalence Survey 2010. Prepared for The Gambling Commission. London: National Centre for Social Research. | 7756 | Random sample of 9,775 addresses from England, Scotland and Wales selected from the Postcode Address File. Interviewers visited each address and attempted to gain a face to face interview with an adult at that address. Everyone age 16+ was asked to complete an individual questionnaire using computer-assisted self-interviewing. An advance letter was also sent to all sampled addresses. Participants received £5 for participation. An attempt was made to conduct a telephone interview for participants who refused or could not be contacted at home. | “The first few questions are about your leisure activities.” Unlike previous surveys, the 2010 survey was given a survey title that did not explicitly mention the term gambling (i.e., ‘Leisure time: Lottery and Recreation Study 2010’). | computer-assisted self-interview + supplemental telephone interviews | 47% | age, sex and regional distribution | Gambling in past 12-months. | CPGI; DSM-IV-PY | 251 people per EGM in 2010 | 73% | CPGI: 1.8% (3-7); 0.7% (8+); 2.5% combined DSM-IV-PY: 0.5% (3-4); 0.4% (5+); 0.9% combined | 1.3% | CPGI: 2.5 * .58 = 1.4% DSM-IV-PY: 0.9 * 1.19 = 1.1% Average = 1.3% | male, younger, parents who gambled regularly and had experienced gambling problems, tobacco smoker; DSM-IV problem gambling was also associated with being Asian/Asian British whereas CPGI problem gambling was associated with being unemployed and being in bad health. | larger number of gambling formats; poker at a pub/club (12.8%); online slot machine style games (9.1%); fixed odds betting terminals (EGMs)(8.8%) | Data collection in 2010 was computer-assisted for the first time. | http://www.gamblingcommission.gov.uk/research__consultations/research/bgps/bgps_2010.aspx | |||
29 | GREAT BRITAIN (England, Wales, Scotland) | 2006-2007 | 16+ | Wardle, H., Sproston, K., Orford, J., Erens, B., Griffiths, M., Constantine, R., & Pigott, S. (2007). British Gambling Prevalence Survey 2007. London: National Centre for Social Research. | 9003 | Random sample of 10,144 households. At each address interviewers attempted to obtain face-to-face interview with 1 person. In addition, each person 16+ asked to fill in self-completion questionnaire and return (either online or paper & pencil). Participants received £5 for participation. An attempt was made to conduct a telephone interview for participants who refused or could not be contacted at home. | ‘gambling attitudes and activities’ | face-to-face residential (except problem gambling section which was self-administered) + self-administered mail-in or online + supplemental telephone interviews | 52% | age, sex, region | spent money on gambling activity in past 12 months | CPGI & DSM-IV-PY | 223 people per EGM in U.K. in 2006 | 68% | CPGI: 1.5% (3-7); 0.5% (8+); 2.0% combined DSM-IV-PY: 0.3% (3-4); 0.3% (5+); 0.6% combined | 0.7% | CPGI: 2.0 *.58 * .76 = 0.9% DSM-IV-PY: 0.6 *1.19 * .76 = 0.5% Average = 0.7% | male, age 16-34; parent who is/was problem gambler; single, low income; minority group membership | greater number of gambling formats; spread betting (sports betting); fixed odds betting terminals (EGMs); betting exchanges (Internet); Internet gambling | http://www.gamblingcommission.gov.uk/research__consultations/research/bgps/bgps_2007.aspx | ||||
30 | GREAT BRITAIN (England & Scotland) | 2012 | 16+ | Wardle, H., Seabury, C., Ahmed, H., Payne, C., Byron, C., Corbett, J., & Sutton, R. (2014). Gambling behaviour in England and Scotland: Findings from the Health Survey for England 2012 and Scottish Health Survey 2012. Prepared for The Gambling Commission. | [England] Past year gambling participation data were obtained from 7,359 people. Problem gambling data were obtained from 6,791 adults. [Scotland] Past year gambling participation data were obtained from 4,393 adults aged 16 and over. Problem gambling data were obtained from 4,081 adults. | See Section 1.2.1 of the report "Sample and response" for full details. | Presented as a health survey. | Data collection for both the HSE and SHeS followed the same procedures. Interviews were carried out face-to-face using computer-assisted interviewing. | [England] Interviews were carried out at 64% of sampled eligible households; Interviews were obtained with 85% of adults in ‘co-operating’ households; individual response rate, based on all eligible households, was estimated to be 56% among adults. [Scotland] Interviews were carried out at 66% of sampled eligible households. Interviews were obtained with 90% of adults in ‘co-operating’ households (where at least one person was interviewed). The individual response rate, based on all eligible households, was estimated to be 56% among adults. | Yes. See Section 1.2.4 "Weighting combined data." Full details of the weighting strategies used for the HSE and SHeS individually can be found in their respective technical reports. | Gambled at least once in past 12-months. | PGSI (CPGI); DSM-IV-PY | 65% | CPGI: 1.0% (3-7); 0.4% (8+); 1.4% combined DSM-IV-PY: 0.5% (3+) | Being male, being from Black/Black British, Asian/Asian British or other non-White backgrounds, having low mental wellbeing and having ever had high blood pressure. | Report provides information about gambling behaviour in England and Scotland using data combined from the Health Survey for England (HSE) 2012 and the Scottish Health Survey (SHeS) 2012. | http://www.gamblingcommission.gov.uk/pdf/Gambling%20behaviour%20in%20England%20Scotland%2010072014.pdf | http://hdl.handle.net/1880/50217 | ||||||
31 | GREAT BRITAIN (Wales) | 2015 | 16+ | Gambling Commission. (2016). Welsh problem gambling survey. Birmingham, UK: Author. | 4048 | sample is designed to be representative of the adult population resident in Wales aged 16 and over. The unit of sampling is Lower Layer Super Output Area (LSOA) and 69 interviewing points throughout the Wales are selected with probability proportional to resident population, after stratification by Local Authority and Social Grade. | Not indicated | Data collection for both the HSE and SHeS followed the same procedures. Interviews were carried out face-to-face using computer-assisted interviewing. | age, gender | Gambled at least once in past 12-months. | PGSI (CPGI); DSM-IV-PY | 61% | Problem gambler according to either DSM-IV or PGSI = 1% | http://www.gamblingcommission.gov.uk/docs/Welsh-Problem-Gambling-Survey-2015.xlsx | ||||||||||
32 | GREAT BRITAIN (England, Scotland & Wales) | 2015 | 16+ | Conolly, A., Fuller, E., Jones, H., Maplethorpe, N., Sondaal, A., & Wardle, H. (2017). Gambling behaviour in Great Britain in 2015: Evidence from England, Scotland and Wales. London: NatCen Social Research. | Survey methodology varied between countries, particularly in Wales. See Appendix A. | Health survey (England/Scotland); Survey on a wide variety of interesting topics (Wales) | Face-to-face; paper self-completion (England/Scotland); computer-assisted self-completion (Wales). | Yes. See Section 1.2.2 for details. | Past year gambling | PGSI (CPGI); DSM-IV-PY | 63% | CPGI: 1.1% (3-7); 0.6% (8+); 1.7% combined; DSM-IV-PY: 0.7% (3+) | male | spread betting, betting via a betting exchange, playing poker in pubs or clubs, betting offline on events other than sports or horse or dog racing, and playing machines in bookmakers. | "...we would caution against making cross national comparisons between Wales and the other two countries because of the underlying differences in how the data were collected. Cross national comparisons between England and Scotland can be made as the data were collected using very similar methods." | http://www.gamblingcommission.gov.uk/PDF/survey-data/Gambling-behaviour-in-Great-Britain-2015.pdf | ||||||||
33 | GREAT BRITAIN (England, Scotland & Wales) | 2017 | 16+ | Conolly, A., Davies, B., Fuller, E., Heinze, N., & Wardle, H. (2018). Gambling behaviour in Great Britain in 2016: Evidence from England, Scotland and Wales. London: NatCen Social Research. | Survey methodology varied between countries, particularly in Wales. | Yes. See Appendex A. for details. | Past year gambling | PGSI (CPGI); DSM-IV-PY | 57% | CPGI: 1.1% (3-7); 0.5% (8+); 1.6% combined; DSM-IV-PY: 0.6% (3+) | male | played machines in bookmakers (13.7%), bet offline on events (other than horse or dog racingor other sports events) (13.1%),reported another gambling activity not covered by the survey questions(11.6%),bet offline on dog racing (9.5%),or gambled onlineon slots, casino or bingo games (9.2%). | This report provides information about gambling behaviour in Great Britain using data combined from the Health Survey for England (HSE) 2016, the Scottish Health Survey (SHeS) 2016 and the Wales Omnibus in 2016. | https://www.gamblingcommission.gov.uk/PDF/survey-data/Gambling-behaviour-in-Great-Britain-2016.pdf | ||||||||||
34 | GREAT BRITAIN (England, Scotland & Wales) | 2018 | 16+ | Gambling Commission. (2019). Gambling participation in 2018: Behaviour, awareness and attitudes. Annual Report. Birmingham: Author. | Combination of telephone and online surveys. | 46% (past four-weeks) | Data on rates of problem, moderate and low-risk gambling are taken from our latest Combined Health Survey 2016 (which incorporates the Health Survey for England, the Scottish Health Survey and the Welsh Problem Gambling Survey) due to its use of the full PGSI (Problem Gambling Severity Index) and DSM-IV screens. | https://www.gamblingcommission.gov.uk/PDF/survey-data/Gambling-participation-in-2018-behaviour-awareness-and-attitudes.pdf | ||||||||||||||||
35 | HONG KONG | 2001 | 15-64 | Wong, I. L. K., & So, E. M. T. (2003). Prevalence estimates of problem and pathological gambling in Hong Kong. American Journal of Psychiatry,160, 1353–4. Centre for Social Policy Studies of The Department of Applied Social Sciences & The General Education Centre of The Hong Kong Polytechnic University. (2002, March). Report on a Study of Hong Kong People’s Participation in Gambling Activities. Commissioned By Home Affairs Bureau. | 2004 | Random digit dialing with random selection of individual within the household. Six attempts at each number over a 10 day period. | telephone interview | 57.4% | No, but the “sample was comparable (through t test analyses) to 2001 census figures for gender and age”. | DSM-IV (modified Chinese version) (designated as PY because no specific time frame provided) | No EGMs in Hong Kong. | 78.0% (legal gambling = 77.8%; illegal gambling = 4.2%) | 4.0% (3-4); 1.8% (5+); 5.8% combined | 7.6% | 5.8 * 1.19 * 1.44 *.76 = 7.6% | male; lower education; lower income | horse racing; sports betting; casino table games | http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/160/7/1353 | http://www.hab.gov.hk/file_manager/en/documents/whats_new/gambling/report-eng.pdf | |||||
36 | HONG KONG | 2005 | 15-64 | Social Sciences Research Centre (2005). A Study of Hong Kong People's Participation in Gambling Activities. University of Hong Kong. Commissioned by Home Affairs Bureau, Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Dec 2005. | 2093 | Random digit dialing with 6 attempts in a 23 day window. Random selection within household (next birthday). | ‘participation in gambling activities’ | telephone interview | 23.7% (CASRO calculation derived from data in the report) | age, gender | DSM-IV (modified Chinese version) (designated as PY because no specific time frame provided) | No EGMs in Hong Kong. | 81.1% (legal gambling = 80.4%; illegal gambling = 2.1%) | 3.1% (3-4); 2.2% (5+); 5.3% combined | 4.8% | 5.3 * 1.19 * 1.44 * .53 = 4.8% | male; lowest family income group | horse racing, soccer betting, casino table games, social gambling | http://www.hab.gov.hk/file_manager/en/documents/publications_and_press_releases/20051214gambling_hkureport_e.pdf | |||||
37 | HONG KONG | 2011 (July-August) | 15-64 | Hong Kong Polytechnic University (2012). A Study of Hong Kong People's Participation in Gambling Activities. Department of Applied Social Sciences. The Hong Kong Polytechnic University. Commissioned by the Secretary for Home Affairs, Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. March 2012. | 2024 | Random digit dialing of listed residential phone numbers with 3 attempts to contact each sampled respondent. Sample was supplemented with telephone numbers not listed in the directory. Random selection within household (selecting person with next birthday). | ‘participation in gambling activities’ | telephone interview | 14.8% (CASRO calculation derived from data in the report) | DSM-IV (modified Chinese version) (designated as PY because no specific time frame provided) | No EGMs in Hong Kong in 2011. | 62% | 1.9% (3-4); 1.4% (5+); 3.3% combined | 4.4% | 3.3 * 1.19 * 2.18 * .51 = 4.4% | male; less education; lower family income group | horse racing, soccer betting, Macau casinos | http://www.hab.gov.hk/file_manager/en/documents/publications_and_press_releases/20051214gambling_hkureport_e.pdf | ||||||
38 | HONG KONG | 2016 | 15-64 | Hong Kong Polytechnic University (2017). Report on the Study ofHong Kong People’s Participation in Gambling Activities in 2016. Department of Applied Social Sciences. The Hong Kong Polytechnic University. Commissioned by the Ping Wo Fund. | 2045 | Random digit dialing of listed residential phone numbers with 3 attempts to contact each sampled respondent. Sample was supplemented with telephone numbers not listed in the directory. Random selection within household (selecting person with next birthday). | telephone interview | 59.31% "cooperation rate" | Yes | DSM-V (Chinese) | 61.50% | 1.4% (4-9 items). | male, aged 50+, unemployed | horserace betting, mahjong, Mark-Six lottery, Macau casinos wagering, Macau horserace betting | Also included a youth survey (aged 15-22). | http://www.hab.gov.hk/file_manager/en/documents/policy_responsibilities/others/gambling_report_2016.pdf | ||||||||
39 | HUNGARY | 2007 | 18-64 | Kun B., Balázs H., Arnold, P., Paksi, B., & Demetrovics, Z. (2011). Gambling in western and eastern Europe: The example of Hungary. Journal of Gambling Studies. doi:10.1007/s10899-011-9242-4 | 2710 | Sampling addresses from the civil registry stratified by geographical location, degree of urbanization and age. | Problem gambling assessed as part of a more thorough assessment of all addiction: “National Survey on Addiction Problems” | face-to-face residential interview; self-administered SOGS | 85.1% | Yes | ever gambled on a weekly basis in their lifetime | SOGS-L | 304 people per EGM in 2006 | (65.3% Lifetime) | 1.9% (3-4); 1.4% (5+); 3.3% combined | 1% | 3.3 * .72 *.44 = 1.0% | males; age 18-24; less education; lower income; smoker; heavier drinking; lifetime cannabis use | http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10899-011-9242-4 | |||||
40 | ICELAND | 2000 | 16-75 | IMG-Gallup (2000). Vidhorfsrannsókn [Attitude survey]. Report. Reykjavik: Íslenskar Markadsrannsóknir. Ólason D. T., Barudottir, S. K., & Gretarsson, S. J. (2005). Prevalence of pathological gambling among adults in Iceland. Paper presented at the 6th conference on research in Social Sciences, Reykjavík, Iceland. Jonsson, J. (2006). An overview of prevalence surveys of problem and pathological gambling in the Nordic countries. Journal of Gambling Issues, 18. | 1500 | randomly drawn from the national register | 70.5% | DSM-IV-L (NODS-L) | 0.7% (3-4); 0.6% (5+); 1.3% combined | 0.7% | 1.3 * 1.19 * .44 = 0.7% | Males | http://www.camh.net/egambling/issue18/jonsson.html | |||||||||||
41 | ICELAND | 2005 | 18-70 | Olason, D. T., & Gretarsson, S. J. (2009). Iceland. In G. Meyer, T. Hayer, & M. Griffiths (Eds.), Problem Gambling in Europe: Challenges, Prevention, and Interventions (pp. 137-151). New York: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-09486-1 Jonsson, J. (2006). An overview of prevalence surveys of problem and pathological gambling in the Nordic countries. Journal of Gambling Issues, 18. Ólason, D. T. (2009). Gambling and Problem Gambling Studies among Nordic Adults: Are they Comparable? Conference presentation @ 7th Nordic Conference, Helsinki, Finland, May, 2009. | 3358 | randomly drawn from the national register | telephone interview + a few self-administered mail-in (n = 100) | 69.8% | gender, age, residency | DSM-IV-PY (DIGS-PY) & CPGI | 280 People per EGM in 2008 | 69% | DSM-IV-PY: 0.5% (3-4); 0.6% (5+); 1.1% combined CPGI: 1.1% (3-7); 0.5% (8+); 1.6% combined | 1.2% | DSM-IV-PY: 1.1 * 1.19 * 1.44 * .76 = 1.4% CPGI: 1.6 * .58 * 1.44 * .76 = 1.0% Average = 1.2% | male; 18-25; less education; single; ADHD; cognitive distortions | larger number of games; private card games; EGMs | http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09486-1 | http://www.camh.net/egambling/issue18/jonsson.html | |||||
42 | ICELAND | 2007 | 18-70 | Ólason, D.T. (2009). Gambling and Problem Gambling Studies among Nordic Adults: Are they Comparable? Conference presentation @ 7th Nordic Conference, Helsinki, Finland, May, 2009. | 3009 | randomly drawn from the national register | telephone interview | 63.4% | Not indicated, but presumed. | CPGI | 280 People per EGM in 2008 | 69.4% (11.8% weekly) | 1.3% (3-7); 0.3% (8+); 1.6% combined | 1% | 1.6 * .58 * 1.44 *.76 = 1.0% | slot machines; poker; Internet poker | http://www.snsus.org/pdf/2009/gambling_and_problem_gambling_studies_among_nordic_adults_are_they_comparable_olason_snsus_2009_helsinki.pdf | |||||||
43 | ICELAND | 2011 | Olason, D.T., Hayer, T., Brosowski, T., & Meyer G. (2015). Gambling in the mist of economic crisis: Results from three national prevalence studies from Iceland. Journal of Gambling Studes [Epub ahead of print]. | 1887 | randomly drawn from the national register | telephone interview | CPGI | 76.2% | 1.7% (3-7); 0.8% (8+); 2.5% combined | males; age group 18–25; primary education | https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10899-015-9523-4 | |||||||||||||
44 | IRELAND, Republic of | 2014-2015 | 15+ | National Advisory Committee on Drugs and Alcohol (NACDA). (2016). Prevalence of drug Use and gambling in Ireland and drug use in Northern Ireland Bulletins 1 & 2. Dublin: Author. | 7005 (Republic of Ireland) | Face-to-face interviews; computer-assisted personal interviewing (CAPI); those who are normally resident in households | Face-to-face | Yes - by gender, age and former Health Board region to maximise its representativeness of the general population. | 64.5% | In 2014/15, in Ireland, the survey asked about the last year and last month prevalence of Gambling for the first time. Lifetime prevalence was not asked. Gambling includes all forms of gambling, buying a lottery ticket or scratchcard in person, playing lottery games online, gambling in a bookmaker’s shop, gambling online or by telephone, placing a bet at a horse or dog racing meeting, playing games at a casino, playing gaming/slot machines, playing card games for money with friends/family, playing bingo in person and other such as work sweepstakes. | https://www.health-ni.gov.uk/sites/default/files/publications/health/all-ireland-dps-2014-15-bulletin-1.pdf | https://www.health-ni.gov.uk/sites/default/files/publications/health/all-ireland-dps-2014-15-bulletin-2.pdf | ||||||||||||
45 | ISLE OF MAN | 2012 | 16+ | Askari, M. (2012). Isle of Man gambling prevalence survey 2012. Prepared for The Alcohol Advisory Service, in association with IOM Department of Health, Mental Health Services and the IOM Gambling Supervision Commission. | 1942 | A postal questionnaire was sent to 4000 randomly selected addresses chosen from the Small Users Postcode Address File. | Isle of Man Lottery & Gambling study | postal questionnaire | 51% | Yes - to reflect the relative size of each group of the population. | Gambling in past 12-months | DSM-IV-PY | 78% | 97.0% (0); 2.4% (1); 0.5% (2); 0.2% (6) | unemployed and unable to work due to long term disability; lived in a household as a couple. | Questionnaire design was compatible with a larger gambling prevalence survey, the 2010 British Gambling Prevalence Survey (BGPS 2010). | http://hdl.handle.net/1880/49352 | |||||||
46 | ITALY | 2008 | 18-74 | Barbaranelli, C. (2010). Prevalence and Correlates of Problem Gambling in Italy. 8th European Conference on Gambling Studies and Policy Issues, September 14-17, 2010 and www.lottomaticagroup.com/eng/pdf/social/pre_sintesi_7_10_new.pdf | 2000 | Quota sampling for geographic area, city size, age, gender | CPGI and SOGS cross classification (presumably using the SOGS-PY) | 291 People per EGM in 2008 | 54% | 1.27% (5+) | 2.3% | 1.27 * (2.17+1.49)/2 = 2.3% | male, divorced, higher income, a parent with gambling problems, gambling at a younger age, more gambling fallacies, higher depression and anxiety, greater impulsivity, higher risk taking, greater motivation to gamble for symbolic, economic, and hedonistic motives, lower self- efficacy | larger number of games; horse racing, card games, EGMs, casinos | http://www.easg.org/media/file/vienna2010/presentations/Friday/0930/P5/3_Claudio_Barbaranelli.pdf | http://www.lottomaticagroup.com/eng/pdf/social/pre_sintesi_7_10_new.pdf | ||||||||
47 | ITALY | 2010 | 18-74 | Barbaranelli, C., Vecchione, M., Fida, R., & Podio-Guidugli, S. (2013). Estimating the prevalence of adult problem gambling in Italy with SOGS and PGSI. Journal of Gambling Issues, 28, 1-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4309/jgi.2013.28.3 | 1979 | Self-report questionnaire consisting of about 300 items adminstered to each participant; Data were collected by GFK Eurisko between June 2010 (pilot) and July 2010 (study). A quota sample, balanced by geographical area (four areas), city size (five groups), and age by gender (12 groups), was used. Participants were contacted by an interviewer, and then invited to fill out a questionnaire. The questionnaire was individually administered to participants at their own house. Individuals received a reimbursement of about 20 euros for their participation. About 5% of the persons who were first contacted later declined to participate and were replaced by other participants with homogeneous characteristics. | self-report questionnaire | Weights have been defined by considering level of education (four levels), occupation (nine categories), penetration/diffusion into the Italian population of the games considered in the survey (12 categories), geographical area (four zones) by size of city (five levels), and gender (two categories) by age (six categories) (note: frequencies used for the weighting procedure are available from the first author). | SOGS [Italian Version]; CPGI [Italian Translation] | SOGS: probably pathological = 2.05%; CPGI: problem gambling = 2.17% | Results preliminarily demonstrated that the psychometric properties of the SOGS and PGSI can be confirmed in the Italian population; a social desirability scale was included in the questionnaire. | http://dx.doi.org/10.4309/jgi.2013.28.3 | ||||||||||||
48 | ITALY | 2010-2011 | 15-64 | Colasante, E., Gori, M., Bastiani, L., Siciliano, V., Giordani, P., Grassi, M., & Molinaro, S. (2012). An assessment of the psychometric properties of Italian version of CPGI. Journal of Gambling Studies. | 5292 | Cross-sectional study of a representative randomized sample of the Italian population between 15 and 64 years, extracted randomly from the registry lists of selected municipalities in the sample design. | postal questionnaire | 35% | CPGI [Italian Version] | 4.3% (3-7); 1.3% (8+); 5.6% combined | Data for this study were drawn from IPSAD–Italia® 2010–2011 (Italian Population Survey on Alcohol and other Drugs); also included the Lie/Bet questionnarie; aim of the study included assessment of the psychometric properties of the CPGI. | http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10899-012-9331-z | ||||||||||||
49 | LITHUANIA | 2006 | 18-64 | Skokauskas (2009). Lithuania. In G. Meyer, T. Hayer, & M. Griffiths (Eds.), Problem Gambling in Europe: Challenges, Prevention, and Interventions. New York: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-09486-1 | 1002 | No established instrument used. | 6305 People per EGM in 2008 | “30.1% of respondents admitted they had gambled” | 2.1% reported they had financial problems because of their gambling; 2.0% reported they had psychological problems; 0.1% reported they had ‘other’ problems. 13.0% did not answer the question about problems. | 2.1% | >2.1%. Note: single item questions asking about the presence of gambling-related problems always significantly underestimates true rates of problem gambling (e.g., Rockloff et al., 2011. Validation of a one item screen for problem gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies. DOI:10.1007/s10899-010-9232-y). | This dataset not considered reliable by author; results are from an opinion poll on gambling. | http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09486-1 | |||||||||||
50 | MACAU | 2003 | 15-64 | Fong , D. K. C., & Orozio, B. (2005). Gambling participation and prevalence estimates for pathological gambling in a far east gambling city: Macau. UNLV Gaming Research & Review Journal, 9(2), 15-28. | 1121 | Half of all residential telephone numbers provided by the only fixed-line telephone service provider were randomly drawn; random selection within household. | telephone interview | 68% | lifetime participation in gambling | DSM-IV (modified Chinese version) (designated as PY because no specific time frame provided) | 550 People per EGM in 2002 | 67.9% | 2.5% (3-4); 1.8% (5+); 4.3% combined | 6% | 4.3 * 1.19 * 1.59 * .74 = 6.0% | males; monthly personal income of less than MOP 8,000 | casino gambling; betting on soccer; mahjong house gambling | |||||||
51 | MACAU | 2013 | 15-64 | Institute for the Study of Commercial Gaming, University of Macao (2014). A study of Macao people’s participation in gambling activities 2013. Commissioned By Macao Social Welfare Bureau. Retrieved from http://www.ias.gov.mo/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/2014-05-16-120116-76.pdf | 2158 | telephone interview | Not indicated | 49.5% | 1.9% probable problem gamblers; 0.9% probable pathological gamblers | soccer/basketball betting; casino gambling | Report summary indicates that similar reseach studies were undertaken in 2010 and 2007; rate of problem/pathological gambling noted as being lower than in 2010. | http://www.ias.gov.mo/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/2014-05-16-120116-76.pdf | ||||||||||||
52 | NETHERLANDS | 2004 | 16+ | De Bruin, D.E., Meijerman, C.J.M., Leenders, F.R.J., & Braam, R.V. (2006). Verslingerd aan meer dan één spel: Een onderzoek naar de aard en omvang van kansspelproblematiek in nederland [Wired to more than one game. A study on the nature and extent of problem gambling in the Netherlands]. Den Haag: Research and Documentation Centre of the Ministry of Justice, commissioned by the Ministry of Justice. Goudriaan et al (2009). The Netherlands. In G. Meyer, T. Hayer, & M. Griffiths (Eds.), Problem Gambling in Europe: Challenges, Prevention, and Interventions. New York: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-09486-1 (citing De Bruin et al., 2006). | 5575 | Households randomly selected based on Dutch postal codes. Those with a landline are phoned. Those without a landline (32%) are given a questionnaire and asked to complete online or via paper and pencil and return via mail. This procedure is also used for people with a landline who could not be contacted. Person with the next birthday within the household asked to complete the survey/questionnaire. Pre-notification letter sent to households. Ten call attempts. | Predominantly telephone interview. However, respondents could also complete online or via paper & pencil and mail-in. | 28% | gender, age, education, ethnicity, household size | SOGS-PY & SOGS-L | 2579 People per EGM in 2004 | 71.7% (87% gambled in Lifetime) | SOGS-PY: 0.6% (3-4); 0.3% (5+); 0.9% combined SOGS-L: 1.5% (3-4); 1.0% (5+); 2.5% combined | 0.5% | 0.9 * .72 * 1.44 *.53 = 0.5% | male; age 30-50; nonwestern; unemployed; single; lower education | larger number of gambling formats; illegal gambling; slots; cards & dice; casino games | http://www.wodc.nl/images/ob238_volledige%20tekst_tcm44-59674.pdf | http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09486-1 | |||||
53 | NETHERLANDS | 2011 | 16+ | Bieleman, B., Biesma, S., Kruize, A., Zimmerman, C., Boendermaker, M., Nijkamp, R., & Bak, T. (2011). Gokken in kaart: Tweede meting aard en omvang kansspelen in Nederland. Groningen-Rotterdam: WODC, ministerie van Veiligheid en Justitie. | 6,000 surveys conducted among the Dutch population aged 16 and older and 500 interviews with regular players. | |||||||||||||||||||
54 | NEW ZEALAND | 1991 | Abbott, M.W., & Volberg, R.A. (1991). Gambling and Problem Gambling in New Zealand. Research Series No. 12. Wellington: Department of Internal Affairs. Abbott, M.W., & Volberg, R.A. (1992). Frequent Gamblers and Problem Gamblers in New Zealand. Research Series No. 14. Wellington: Department of Internal Affairs. Abbott, M.W., & Volberg, R.A. (1996). The New Zealand national survey of problem and pathological gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies, 12(2), 143-160. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01539171 Volberg, R.A., & Abbott, M.W. (1994). Lifetime prevalence estimates of pathological gambling in New Zealand. International Journal of Epidemiology, 23, 976-983. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/23.5.976 | 4053 | random digit dialing; random selection within household; up to 8 callbacks | “The survey we are doing has to do with betting activities or games, in which there is an element of luck or chance.” | telephone interview | 66% | age, gender and household size | SOGS-PY & SOGS-L | (95% - Lifetime) | SOGS-PY: 2.1% (3-4); 1.2% (5+); 3.3% combined SOGS-L: 4.3% (3-4); 2.7% (5+); 7.0% combined | 2.6% | 3.3 * .72 * 1.44 * .76 = 2.6% | 18-29; males; Maori & Pacific Islander; unemployed; single | race track betting; EGMs | http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01539171 | http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/23.5.976 | ||||||
55 | NEW ZEALAND | 1999 | 18+ | Abbott, M.W., & Volberg, R.A. (2000). Taking the Pulse on Gambling and Problem Gambling in New Zealand: A Report on Phase One of the 1999 National Prevalence Survey. Wellington: Department of Internal Affairs. Abbott, M.W., Volberg, R.A., & Rönnberg, S. (2004). Comparing the New Zealand and Swedish national surveys of gambling and problem gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies, 20(3), 237-258. doi:10.1023/B:JOGS.0000040278.08853.c0 | 6452 | prenotification letter sent to listed telephone numbers; survey conducted by Statistics New Zealand | “The survey has to do with betting activities or games in which there is an element of luck or chance, for example Lotto, TAB or Telebingo.” | telephone interview | 75% | Yes | any lifetime gambling | SOGS-Past 6 months & SOGS-L | 14,877 EGMs in 1999. Estimated population of 3,800,000 in 1999. 255 people per EGM. | (94% - Lifetime; 86% - Past 6-months) | SOGS-6 months: 0.8% (3-4); 0.5% (5+); 1.3% combined SOGS-L: 1.9% (3-4); 1.0% (5+); 2.9% combined | 1% | 1.3 * .72 * 1.44 * .76 = 1.0% | Pacific Island ethnicity; Mäori; born outside New Zealand, Europe, Australia and North America; Catholic; households with incomes between $40,001 and $50,000; male | casino games; EGMs; telebingo | http://www.dia.govt.nz/pubforms.nsf/URL/TakingthePulse.pdf/$file/TakingthePulse.pdf | http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JOGS.0000040278.08853.c0 | |||
56 | NEW ZEALAND | 2010 | 15+ | Health Sponsorship Council. (2012). New Zealanders’ knowledge, views and experience of gambling and gambling harm: Results from the 2010 Health and Lifestyles Survey. Wellington: Author. http://archive.hsc.org.nz/sites/default/files/publications/Gambling%20Overview-%20fnl-120608.pdf | 1740 | The survey was designed to be able to produce nationally representative estimates. The 2010 HLS adopted a multi-stage, stratified, probability-proportional-to-size (PPS) of the meshblocks, sampling design. | health and lifestyles' | face-to-face residential interviews | Adult Sample: 55.5% (unweighted); 56.7% (weighted) | gender, ethnicity and age | gambled on one of the listed gambling activities in the last 12 months. | CPGI | 81% | 2.3% (3-4); 0.7% (5+); 3.0% combined | living in more deprived areas; Māori and Pacific ethnicities | continous forms of gambling; EGMs; 4 or more gambling formats | The gambling section of the 2010 HLS contained more than 80 questions and was the largest section of the questionnaire. The 2010 HLS also included questions relating to tobacco control, healthy eating and sun safety. | http://archive.hsc.org.nz/sites/default/files/publications/Gambling%20Overview-%20fnl-120608.pdf | ||||||
57 | NEW ZEALAND | 2002-2004 | 15+ | Mason, K. (2006). Problem Gambling in New Zealand: Analysis of the 2002/03 New Zealand Health Survey. Wellington: Ministry of Health. | 12929 | Complex multi-stage design, with stratification and clustering. Pre-survey letters were sent to selected households before the interviewer visited the house, and up to 10 callbacks were made to each selected household. | face-to-face residential interview | 72% | Yes - to represent the New Zealand adult civilian population aged 15 and over, who are non-institutionalised, live in permanent private dwellings and are usually resident in New Zealand. | custom 10 question gambling screen | 158 people per EGM in 2002 | 69.4% | 1.2% (“current problem gambling”); 1.9% (combined problem gambling and at-risk gambling) | age 25-34; male; Maori or Pacific ethnicity; employed; living alone; lower educational attainment; hazardous drinking; smokers; poorer health; mental health problems | The custom gambling screen and scoring system were developed for the 2002/03 New Zealand Health Survey by the Ministry of Health and a contracted technical specialist, as it was thought no existing gambling screen met the criteria required for the screen. | http://www.moh.govt.nz/moh.nsf/pagesmh/5025/$File/problemgamblingnz-occbulletin32.pdf | ||||||||
58 | NEW ZEALAND | 2006-2007 | 15+ | Mason, K. (2009). A Focus on Problem Gambling: Results of the 2006/07 New Zealand Health Survey. Wellington: Ministry of Health. | 12488 | Random sample of small areas (meshblocks), and from these a sample of households was selected, and from each household one adult and one child (if there were any residing in the household) were randomly selected. Oversampling for\ Māori, Pacific and Asian peoples to ensure sufficient sample sizes for these groups. Up to 10 call-backs. | “Health Survey” | face-to-face residential interview | 68% | age, gender, District Health Board area and ethnic group. | gambled on one of the listed gambling activities in the last 12 months. | CPGI | 197 People per EGM in 2006 | 65.3% | 1.3% (3-4); 0.4% (5+); 1.7% combined | 1% | 1.7 * .58 = 1.0% | age 35-44; males; Maori & Pacific people; socioeconomic deprivation; less education; smoker; hazardous drinker; anxiety or depressive disorder | greater number of gambling formats | http://www.moh.govt.nz/moh.nsf/pagesmh/9072/$File/a-focus-on-problem-gambling-results-200607-nz-health-survey.pdf | ||||
59 | NORTHERN IRELAND | 2010 | 16+ | Department for Social Development [Northern Ireland]. (2010). Northern Ireland Gambling Prevalence Survey 2010. Belfast: Author | 1032 | Random sample of 2,069 addresses selected from the Pointer Database, the most up-to-date listing of private households in Northern Ireland. At each address, interviewers attempted a short, face to face, interview with one household member. | ‘gambling attitudes and activities’ | Face-to-face residential interview; although CPGI section completed privately. | 57% | age, gender, and regional distribution | CPGI | 457 people per EGM in Ireland in 2010 | 75.3% | 5.3% (3-7); 2.2% (8+); 7.5% combined | 3.3% | 7.5 * .58 * .76 = 3.3% | males; age 18 to 29; single | EGMs, horse race betting, football betting, online gambling | http://www.dsdni.gov.uk/northern_ireland_gambling_prevalence_survey_2010.doc | |||||
60 | NORWAY | 1997 | 18+ | Götestam K.G., & Johansson, A. (2003). Characteristics of gambling and problematic gambling in the Norwegian context: A DSM-IV based telephone interview study. Addictive Behaviors, 28, 189–97.doi:10.1016/S0306-4603(01)00256-8 Götestam & Johansson (2009). Norway. In G. Meyer, T. Hayer, & M. Griffiths (Eds.), Problem Gambling in Europe: Challenges, Prevention, and Interventions. New York: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-09486-1 (citing Götestam & Johansson, 2003). | 2014 | random-digit telephone dialing of residential dwellings; up to 8 call-backs made to complete an interview | telephone interview | 47.8% | age * sex * geography weights calculated, but were not applied to the problem gambling prevalence rates | DSM-IV (designated as PY because no specific time frame provided) | 28,600 EGMs in 1999. Population of 4,438,547 in 1999. 155 people per EGM. | Not specifically indicated, although 31.2% reported never gambling. | 0.45% (3-4); 0.15% (5+); 0.6% combined | 0.8% | 0.6 * 1.19 * 1.59 * .74 = 0.8% | age 18-30; males | slots; lotteries | http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4603(01)00256-8 | http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09486-1 | |||||
61 | NORWAY | 2002 | 15-74 | Lund, I., & Nordlund, S. (2003). Pengespill og pengeproblemer i Norge (Rapport nr. 2/2000). Oslo: Statens institutt for rusmiddelforskning. Gotestam & Johansson (2009). Norway. In G. Meyer, T. Hayer, & M. Griffiths (Eds.), Problem Gambling in Europe: Challenges, Prevention, and Interventions. New York: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-09486-1 (citing Lund & Nordlund, 2003). Jonsson, J. (2006). An overview of prevalence surveys of problem and pathological gambling in the Nordic countries. Journal of Gambling Issues, 18. | 5235 | random selection of people from the national registry | phone + mail in for those not contacted by phone | 55% (telephone response rate = 65.3%; postal response rate = 40.8%) | SOGS-PY & SOGS-L; DSM-IV-PY & DSM-IV-L (NODS) | 150 People per EGM in 2002 | 81% | SOGS-PY: 0.4% (3-4); 0.2% (5+); 0.6% combined DSM-IV-PY: 0.4% (3-4); 0.3% (5+); 0.7% combined SOGS-L: 0.7% (3-4); 0.3% (5+) 1.0% combined DSM-IV-L: 0.8% (3-4); 0.6% (5+); 1.4% combined | 0.7% | SOGS: 0.6 * .72 * 1.59 * .74 = 0.5% DSM-IV-PY: 0.7 *1.19 * 1.59 * .74 = 1.0% Average = .7% | males | larger number of games; EGMs; sports betting | http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09486-1 | http://www.camh.net/egambling/issue18/jonsson.html | ||||||
62 | NORWAY | 2005 | 15-70+ | Kavli, H., & Berntsen, W. (2005). Undersøkelse om pengespill [Study of gambling for money]. Spillevaner og spilleproblemer I befolkningen. Oslo: MMI. Götestam, K.G., & Johansson, A. (2009). Norway. In G. Meyer, T. Hayer, & M. Griffiths (Eds.), Problem Gambling in Europe: Challenges, Prevention, and Interventions (pp. 209-218). New York: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-09486-1 Ólason, D. T. (2009). Gambling and Problem Gambling Studies among Nordic Adults: Are they Comparable? Conference presentation @ 7th Nordic Conference, Helsinki, Finland, May, 2009. | 3135 | Randomly selected from landline (50%) and cell phone numbers (50%) with quotas for gender, age, and region. Individuals were asked if they were willing to participate. If they agreed they were sent a questionnaire in the mail. | “a study of Norwegians’ attitudes to gambling and gambling habits” | self-administered mailed-in surveys | estimated to be as low or lower than 25% | age, gender, region | CPGI | 151 people per EGM in 2004 | 92.5% | 3.6% (3-7); 1.9% (8+); 5.5% combined | 1.7% | 5.5 * .58 * .53 = 1.7% | Study conducted by Synovate (formerly known as Market and Media Institute (MMI)). This study was critiqued by Volberg, RA, Abbott, MW, & Munck (May 29, 2006). Review of Kavli & Bernsten, Study on Gambling Habits and Gambling Problems in the Population. | http://www.google.ca/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CBoQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spillevett.no%2Fbinary%2F7087%2Ffile%3Fdownload%3Dtrue&ei=GSvhTen4BqPmiALv39iRBg&usg=AFQjCNFWv-buxeZ12nzGVbiSA7lV7yZsmA | http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09486-1 | http://www.snsus.org/pdf/2009/gambling_and_problem_gambling_studies_among_nordic_adults_are_they_comparable_olason_snsus_2009_helsinki.pdf | ||||
63 | NORWAY | 2007 | 15-70+ | Kavli, H. (2007). Spillevaner og spilleproblemer i den norske befolkningen. Analyserapport 2007. Synovate MMI. Götestam, K. G., & Johansson, A. (2009). Norway. In G. Meyer, T. Hayer, & M. Griffiths (Eds.), Problem Gambling in Europe: Challenges, Prevention, and Interventions (pp. 209-218). New York: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-09486-1 Ólason, D. T. (2009). Gambling and Problem Gambling Studies among Nordic Adults: Are they Comparable? Conference presentation @ 7th Nordic Conference, Helsinki, Finland, May, 2009. | 3135 | Randomly selected from landline (50%) and cell phone numbers (50%) with quotas for gender, age, and region. Individuals were asked if they were willing to participate. If they agreed they were sent a questionnaire in the mail. | “a study of Norwegians’ attitudes to gambling and gambling habits” | self-administered mailed-in surveys | 22% | age, gender, region | CPGI | Slot machines were removed from Norway in July 2007 and reintroduced in January 2009. | 2.6% (3-7); 1.7% (8+); 4.3% combined | 1.3% | 4.3 * .58 * .53 = 1.3% | Study conducted by Synovate (formerly known as Market and Media Institute (MMI)). | http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09486-1 | |||||||
64 | NORWAY | 2007 | 16-74 | Bakken, I. J., Götestam, K. G., Gråwe, R. W., Wenzel, H. G. & Øren, A. (2009). Gambling behavior and gambling problems in Norway 2007. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 50, 333-339. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9450.2009.00713.x Ólason, D. T. (2009). Gambling and Problem Gambling Studies among Nordic Adults: Are they Comparable? Conference presentation @ 7th Nordic Conference, Helsinki, Finland, May, 2009. | 3482 | Random sample of 10,000 people from the national population register mailed a survey. | self-administered mailed-in surveys (or completed online) | 36.1% | age, gender, geography | DSM-IV-PY & DSM-IV-L (NODS) | Slot machines were removed from Norway in July 2007 and reintroduced in January 2009. | 67.9% | DSM-IV-PY: 0.4% (3-4); 0.3% (5+); 0.7% combined DSM-IV-L: 1.1% (3-4); 0.7% (5+); 1.7% combined | 0.9% | 0.7 * 1.19 * .53 = .4% Averaged with Synovate 2007 Study = 0.9% | male; 16-24; born outside Norway; lower education; single | slot machines; instant win | conducted by SINTEF organization | http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.2009.00713.x | http://www.snsus.org/pdf/2009/gambling_and_problem_gambling_studies_among_nordic_adults_are_they_comparable_olason_snsus_2009_helsinki.pdf | ||||
65 | NORWAY | 2008 | 16-74 | Bakken, I.J. & Weggeberg, H. (2008). Pengespill og pengespillproblem i Norge 2008 [Gambling Behaviour and Problem Gambling in Norway 2008]. SINTEF Rapport A8499. Ólason, D. T. (2009). Gambling and Problem Gambling Studies among Nordic Adults: Are they Comparable? Conference presentation @ 7th Nordic Conference, Helsinki, Finland, May, 2009. | 3441 | 10,000 surveys mailed out to random sample from the national population register. | self-administered mailed-in surveys (or completed online) | 35% | age, gender, geography | DSM-IV-PY (NODS) | Slot machines were removed from Norway in July 2007 and reintroduced in January 2009. Note: World Count of Gaming Machines incorrectly reports 250 people per EGM in 2008 | 77% | 0.6% (3-4); 0.2% (5+); 0.8% combined | 0.5% | .8 * 1.19 * .53 = 0.5% | male; 16-24; born outside Norway; lower education; single | greater number of games; Internet gambling; slots | conducted by SINTEF organization | http://www.sintef.no/uploadpages/218303/a8499.pdf | |||||
66 | NORWAY | 2008 | 15-70+ | Kavli, H. & Torvik, F.A. (2008). Spillevaner og spilleproblemer i befolkningen 2008 [Playing habits and gambling problems in the population 2008]. Synovate. Norsk Tipping Annual Reports | 3165 | Randomly selected from landline (50%) and cell phone numbers (50%) with quotas for gender, age, and region. Individuals were asked if they were willing to participate. If they agreed they were sent a questionnaire in the mail. | “a study of Norwegians’ attitudes to gambling and gambling habits” | self-administered mailed-in surveys | 23% | Age, gender, region | CPGI | Slot machines were removed from Norway in July 2007 and reintroduced in January 2009. | 2.1% (3-7); 1.9% (8+); 4.0% combined | 0.87% | 4.0 * .58 * .53 = 1.23% Averaged with Bakken, I.J. & Weggeberg, H. (2008) = 0.87% | 70% male; under age 30; low income; lower educational attainment; urban; single; unemployed/students/retirees/pensioners | Study conducted by Synovate. | http://www.spillevett.no/binary/7089/file?download... | https://www.norsk-tipping.no/selskapet/english/annual_reports | |||||
67 | NORWAY | 2010 | 15-70+ | Pran, K.R. & Ukkelberg, A. (2010). Spillevaner og spilleproblemer I befolkningen 2010 Synovate Norge. Norsk Tipping Annual Reports | 4636 | Randomly selected from landline (50%) and cell phone numbers (50%) with quotas for gender, age, and region. Individuals were asked if they were willing to participate. If they agreed they were sent a questionnaire in the mail. | “a study of Norwegians’ attitudes to gambling and gambling habits” | self-administered mailed-in surveys “The methodology used by the survey company, Synovate, was revised between the 2008 and 2010 surveys. This raises questions over the comparability of the two surveys”. | 14% | Age, gender, region | CPGI | 1,686 people per EGM in 2010. | 2.3% (3-7); 2.1% (8+); 4.4% combined | 1.35% | 4.4 * .58 * .53 = 1.35% | 80% male; under age 30; low income; less education; urban and northern Norway; single; unemployed and pensioners | Internet gambling | Study conducted by Synovate. | www.spillevett.no/binary/36282/file?download... | https://www.norsk-tipping.no/selskapet/english/annual_reports | ||||
68 | SERBIA | 2014 | 18-64 | Terzic-Supic, Z., Jelic, M., Santric-Milicevic, M., Kilibarda, B., Mirkovic, M., Bankovic-Lazarevic, D., & Todorovic, J. (2019). National survey on lifestyles and gambling in serbia: Gambling participation and problem gambling in adult population. International Gambling Studies, 19(2), 265-281. | 5385 | This cross-sectional study was a secondary analysis of the data from the National Survey on Lifestyles in Serbia: Substance Abuse and Gambling, conducted during 2014 (Kilibarda et al., 2014). Participants were aged 18–64 and were recruited from the general population in Serbia. | face-to-face residential interview | PGSI | https://doi.org/10.1080/14459795.2018.1552713 | |||||||||||||||
69 | SINGAPORE | 2004-2005 | 18+ | Ministry of Community Development, Youth and Sports (2005, April). Ministry of Community Development, Youth and Sports Survey. Singapore: Author. | 2004 | random sample of residences with oversampling of minority ethnic groups | face-to-face residential interview | 90% | Yes | DSM-IV-PY | 2,433 people per EGM in 2004 | 58% (of those 18 and above) | 2.0% (3-4); 2.1% (5+); 4.1% combined | 4.9% | 4.1 * 1.19 = 4.9% | male; Chinese; 30-49; higher income; divorced/separated; less than university education | http://www.mcys.gov.sg/MCDSFiles/download/gambling_survey.pdf | |||||||
70 | SINGAPORE | 2007-2008 | 18+ | Ministry of Community Development, Youth and Sports (2008). Report of Survey on Participation in Gambling Activities Among Singapore Residents, 2008. Singapore: Author. | 2300 | random sample of residences; oversampling of minority ethnic | face-to-face residential interview | 89% | Yes | DSM-IV-PY | 2,277 People per EGM in 2008 | 54% | 1.2% (3-4); 1.7% (5+); 2.9% combined | 3.5% | 2.9 * 1.19 = 3.5% | male; Chinese; 30-59; less than university education; married; middle income | http://www.mcys.gov.sg/MCDSFiles/Resource/Materials/GamblingSurveyReport2008.pdf | |||||||
71 | SINGAPORE | 2011 (May-August) | 18+ | National Council on Problem Gambling (2012). Report of Survey on Participation in Gambling Activities among Singapore Residents, 2011. Singapore: Author. February 23, 2012. | 3315 | random sample of residences; oversampling of minority ethnic | face-to-face residential interview | 81% | Yes | DSM-IV-PY | 2,351 People per EGM in 2010 | 47% | 1.2% (3-4); 1.4% (5+); 2.6% combined | 3.1% | 2.6 * 1.19 = 3.1% | male; Chinese; 18-29 & 40-49; less than university education; married; middle income | http://www.knowtheline.sg/pdf/2011_NCPG_Gambling_Participation_Survey_23_Feb_2012.pdf | |||||||
72 | SINGAPORE | 2014 (March-August) | 18+ | National Council on Problem Gambling (2015). Report of Survey on Participation in Gambling Activities among Singapore Residents, 2014. Singapore: Author. February 5, 2015. | 3000 | A probability disproportionate stratified sampling method was used to select the subjects. From a sampling frame of residents’ addresses, a randomly selected sample of 3,000 Singapore residents was interviewed using a structured questionnaire between March 2014 and August 2014. The minority ethnic groups were over-sampled. | face-to-face residential interview | 73% | Yes. based on corresponding cohort proportions from published resident figures by the Department of Statistics as of 2014. | DSM-IV-PY | 44% | 0.5% (3-4); 0.2% (5+); 0.7% combined | Male; Chinese; aged 40 to 49 years; aged 60 years & above; lower education; monthly personal income of $1,000-$1,999 and $3,000- $3,999. | http://www.ncpg.org.sg/en/pdf/2014%20NCPG%20Gambling%20Participation%20Survey_FINAL.pdf | ||||||||||
73 | SOUTH AFRICA | 2005 | 18+ | Collins, P. & Barr, G. (2006). Gambling and Problem Gambling in South Africa: The National Prevalence Study 2006. National Centre for the Study of Gambling at the University of Cape Town. | 3003 | 1000 from Gauteng; 1000 from Western Cape; 1003 in KwaZulu-Natal (chosen as these 3 provinces account for 80% of all gambling expenditure); sample is only representative of the 12 million who have relatively easy access to legal forms of gambling; also surveyed 1000 living in exceptional poverty. Approximately 90% of those surveyed lived in flats or houses made of brick, as opposed to living in shacks or other informal kinds of dwelling. Person must have had knowledge of household finances. | ‘leisure/recreational activities’ | face-to-face residential interview | Gamblers Anonymous 20 Questions – Lifetime | 2,204 People per EGM in 2004 | 91.7% have gambled | 7+ = 4.8% Extrapolating from the 2000/2001 study to get a SOGS score: 1.4% SOGS-PY 5+ / 3.8% GA = ? / 4.8 GA; ? = 1.8% SOGS-PY 5+ | 2.7% | (1.8 * 1.49 = 2.7%) | nonwhite; poor and middle income | Results are very tentative due to the nonrepresentative sampling and the extrapolation to a SOGS 5+ rate from a GA20 rate. This study is not reported in the tables or included in the analyses. | http://www.responsiblegambling.co.za/media/user/documents/NRGP%20Prevalence%20Study%202006.pdf | |||||||
74 | SOUTH AFRICA | 2008 | 18+ | Ross, D., Barr, G., Collins, P., Dellis, A., Hofmeyr, A., Kincaid, H., Rousseau, J., Schuhr, A., Sharp, C., Visser, M., & Vuchinich, R. (2010). Summary of Basic Data on from the National Urban Prevalence Study of Gambling Behaviour. The Research Division of the National Responsible Gambling Programme. Collins, P. & Barr, G. (2009). Gambling and Problem Gambling in South Africa: A Comparative Report. A report prepared for the South African Responsible Gambling Foundation. | 3000 | 1,000 randomly drawn from the three main metropolises (Johannesburg-Tshwane, Cape Town and eThekweni (Durban)); sample designed to be demographically representative of the adult population of South Africa as a whole without selection for members of households with knowledge of household finances. Approximately 60% of those surveyed lived in flats or houses made of brick, as opposed to living in shacks or other informal kinds of dwelling. [This survey differs from previous S. African studies as it includes a lower proportion of relatively affluent South Africans]. “The most notable difference in the way the data was collected was that the 2005 sample was deliberately skewed towards the ‘developed or first world’ sector of the South African economy rather than towards it ‘developing or third world’ sector.” | face-to-face residential interview | any participation in gambling | Gamblers Anonymous 20 Questions; CPGI | 2,075 People per EGM in 2008 | 52.1% | CPGI: 8% (3-7); 3% (8+); 11% combined | 6.4% | 11.0 *.58 = 6.4% | younger age; depression; substance abuse | Ranking games based on proportions of participants at high risk for problem gambling, we obtain, from highest to lowest: Dice games for money, Card games for money, Roulette, Fafi / iChina tied with Sports betting, Horse racing and other animal events tied with Electronic gaming machines, Lucky draws, Scratch cards tied with Slot machines tied with Bingo, Lottery / Lotto; casino gambling is negatively associated with problem gambling. | Survey administered by Ipsos-Mori. | http://www.responsiblegambling.co.za/media/user/documents/Summary%20of%20basic%20data%20on%20from%20the%20National%20Urban%20Prevalence%20Study%20of%20Gambling%20Behaviour%20-%20March%202010.pdf | http://www.responsiblegambling.co.za/media/user/documents/NRGP%20Comparative%20Report%20-%20June%202009.pdf | |||||
75 | SOUTH AFRICA | 2000-2001 | 18+ | Collins, P., & Barr, G. (2001). Gambling and Problem Gambling in South Africa: A National Study. National Centre for the Study of Gambling at the University of Cape Town. | 5800 | South African adults 18+ living in towns and cities (i.e.,45% of the total adult population); exclusion of people living in Tribal Trust or remote rural areas; approximately 90% of those surveyed lived in flats or houses made of brick, as opposed to living in shacks or other informal kinds of dwelling). Only interviewed members of households who claimed knowledge of total household budgets. Questionnaire translated into all main South African languages and administered to respondents in language of their choice by interviewers fluent in that language. | Leisure/recreational activities? (as was done in the 2006 survey by the same survey firm?) | Face-to-face residential interview. However, the 20 questions from Gamblers Anonymous and from Alcoholics Anonymous were administered by asking respondents to fill out a card and place it (anonymously) in a box. | Gamblers Anonymous 20 Questions (Lifetime, as all the questions ask about ‘ever’); SOGS (designated as PY, as no time frame is specified and the term ‘ever’ has been removed from the questions) | 2,132 people per EGM in 2002 | 74.4% have gambled | GA20-L: 3.8% (7+) SOGS-PY: 1.4% (5+) | 2.1% | (1.4 * 1.49 = 2.1%) | The requirement that the person had to have knowledge of household finances “will have biased respondents in favour of senior members of households”. Results must be seen as very tentative due to the nonrepresentative sampling. This study is not reported in the tables or included in the analyses. | http://www.responsiblegambling.co.za/media/user/documents/gamblingreport_pretext%20design.pdf | ||||||||
76 | SOUTH AFRICA | 2002-2003 | 18+ | Collins, P., & Barr, G. (2003). Gambling and Problem Gambling in South Africa: A National Study. National Centre for the Study of Gambling at the University of Cape Town. | 5816 | Same methodology as the 2000/2001 study. | Leisure/recreational activities? (as was done in the 2006 survey by the same survey firm?) | Face-to-face residential interview. However, the 20 questions from Gamblers Anonymous and from Alcoholics Anonymous were administered by asking respondents to fill out a card and place it (anonymously) in a box. | Gamblers Anonymous 20 Questions - Lifetime | 2,132 people per EGM in 2002 | 79.9% have gambled | 7+ = 4.6% Extrapolating from the 2000/2001 study to get a SOGS score: 1.4% SOGS-PY 5+/ 3.8% GA20 = ? / 4.6% GA20; ? = 1.7% SOGS-PY 5+ | 2.5% | (1.7 * 1.49 = 2.5%) | Repeated the 2001 survey using an identically selected sample but did not use SOGS instrument, as its emphasis on financial consequences (e.g., borrowing, bounced cheques, selling assets) was unsuitable for large portions of the population. Results must be seen as very tentative due to the nonrepresentative sampling and the extrapolation to a SOGS 5+ rate from a GA20 rate. This study is not reported in the tables or included in the analyses. | http://sargf.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Gambling-and-Problem-Gambling-in-South-Africa.pdf | http://sargf.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Gambling-and-Problem-Gambling-in-South-Africa-2003.pdf | |||||||
77 | SOUTH KOREA | 1984 | 18-65 | Lee, C.K., Kwak, Y.S., Yamamoto, J., Rhee, H., Kim, Y.S., Han, J.H., Choi, J.O., & Lee, Y.H. (1990a). Psychiatric epidemiology in Korea. Part I: gender and age differences in Seoul. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 178, 242–246. Lee, C.K., Kwak, Y.S., Yamamoto, J., Rhee, H., Kim, Y.S., Han, J.H., Choi, J.O., & Lee, Y.H. (1990b). Psychiatric epidemiology in Korea. Part II: urban and rural differences. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 178, 247–252. | 5176 | Urban samples from Seoul and rural samples from scattered rural locations; all family members 18 – 65 interviewed if they had lived >3 months in the house | Gambling component contained within a general survey of psychiatric disorders. | face-to-face residential interview | 83.5% | No EGMs in South Korea in 1984. | DSM-III-L (DIS-III) | 1.02% (pathological gambling) | 1.4% | (1.02 * 2.6 * .53 = 1.4%) | age 45-65 | Results very tentative because of the unknown weighting factor that should be applied to the DIS-III and the fact that DIS only has 4 questions, whereas the DSM-III has 8 criteria. Results are not included in the tables or the analysis. | ||||||||
78 | SOUTH KOREA | 2011 | 19+ | Williams, R. J., Lee, C-K., & Back, K-J. (2012). The prevalence and nature of gambling and problem gambling in South Korea. Social Psychiatry & Psychiatric Epidemiology. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00127-012-0580-z | 4,000 telephone; 4,000 Online Panel | Cell Phones: Random digit dialing; age x gender cell quotas that were at least 50% of census figures; 16 attempts for each number with these attempts spread over a 1 month period. Online Panel: age x gender cell quotas that are at least 50% of census figures; 3 email solicitations | “health & recreational behaviour” | telephone interview; self-administered online (Online Panel) | Cell phones: 17.0% Online Panel: 20.2% | age, gender | Gambling at least once a month on some form | CPGI (cell phones); CPGI, PPGM, NODS (online) | 32,796 People per EGM in 2010 | 41.8% | Cell Phone: CPGI: 0.70% (3-7); 0.33% (8+); 1.0% combined Online Panel: CPGI: 7.6% (3-7); 3.8% (8+); 11.4% combined Online Panel: PPGM: 6.3% Online Panel: NODS: 3.1% (3-4); 2.6% (5+); 5.7% combined | 0.84% | 1.0 * .58 * 1.44 = 0.84% | Gambling fallacies; mental health problems; lower income; male; under age 65; gambling motivation (to escape) | Greater number of games; betting on horses, bicycling, or motorboat races; Internet gambling; casino gambling; social gambling; sports betting | First prevalence study to exclusively use cell phones for random digit dialling. | http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00127-012-0580-z | |||
79 | SOUTH KOREA | 2006-2007 | 18-64 | Park, S., Cho, M.J., Jeon, H.J., Lee, H.W., Bae, J.N., Park, J.I., Sohn, J.H., Lee, Y.R., Lee, J.Y. & Hong, J.P. (2010). Prevalence, clinical correlations, comorbidities, and suicidal tendencies in pathological Korean gamblers: results from the Korean Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 45 (6), 621-629. doi:10.1007/s00127-009-0102-9 | 6,510, although only 5,333 fully completed the Korean DIS for pathological gambling | stratified cluster sample based on population census in 2005; random selection within household | Gambling component contained within a general survey of psychiatric disorders. | face-to-face residential interview | 81.7% | age, gender, region | DSM-IV-L (DIS-IV) | 36,878 People per EGM in 2006 | 3.0% (1-4); 0.8% (5+) | 0.9% | 0.8 * 2.6 * .44 = 0.9% | male, age 30 – 49, divorced/separated/widowed, urban living, substance abuse, mood disorders, anxiety disorders | poker; EGMs; horse racing | http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00127-009-0102-9 | ||||||
80 | SPAIN | 2014-2016 | 18-75 | Yáñez, J. A. G. (2017). La transformación del juego problemático en España. [The Transformation of Problematic Gambling/Gaming in Spain]. Revista Española de Sociología. doi:10.22325/fes/res.2017.1 | PGSI; DSM-IV | Review of three national studies that took place between 2014 and 2016. The studies were produced by different authors and used different methodologies. The studies, when combined, indicated a prevalence rate of 0.3% for the Spanish population aged from 18 to 75; Page 8 of the article provides a detailed listing of known Spanish gambling prevalence studies. | http://www.fes-sociologia.com/texto-principal-la-transformacion-del-juego-problematico-en-espan/journal-articles/192/ | |||||||||||||||||
81 | SPAIN | 7 Galicia cities | Becoña (1993d). Becoña, E. (1996). Prevalence surveys of problem and pathological gambling in Europe: The cases of Germany, Holland, and Spain. Journal of Gambling Studies, 12, 179-192. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01539173 Becona, E. (2009). Spain. In G. Meyer, T. Hayer, & M. Griffiths (Eds.), Problem Gambling in Europe: Challenges, Prevention, and Interventions (pp. 137-151). New York: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-09486-1 | 1615 | face-to-face residential | DSM-III-R- PY | 228877 EGMs in 1999. | 1.7% (2-3); 1.6% (4+); 3.3% (2+) | males; low income; 18- 30; lower education; alcohol abuse | EGMs | In 2005 spending per capita in Spain was 642 Euros, one of the highest in the European Union. This study not included in the tables or analyses. | http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01539173 | http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09486-1 | |||||||||||
82 | SPAIN | Andalusia | Irurita (1996). Becoña, E. (1996). Prevalence surveys of problem and pathological gambling in Europe: The cases of Germany, Holland, and Spain. Journal of Gambling Studies, 12, 179-192. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01539173 Becona, E. (2009). Spain. In G. Meyer, T. Hayer, & M. Griffiths (Eds.), Problem Gambling in Europe: Challenges, Prevention, and Interventions (pp. 137-151). New York: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-09486-1 | 4977 | face-to-face residential | DSM-IV-L | 228877 EGMs in 1999. | 1.7% (2-3); 3.3% (4+); 5.0% (2+) | males | EGMs | In 2005 spending per capita in Spain was 642 Euros, one of the highest in the European Union. This study not included in the tables or analyses. | http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01539173 | http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09486-1 | |||||||||||
83 | SPAIN | Andalusia | Ramirez et al. (1999). Becoña, E. (1996). Prevalence surveys of problem and pathological gambling in Europe: The cases of Germany, Holland, and Spain. Journal of Gambling Studies, 12, 179-192. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01539173 Becona, E. (2009). Spain. In G. Meyer, T. Hayer, & M. Griffiths (Eds.), Problem Gambling in Europe: Challenges, Prevention, and Interventions (pp. 137-151). New York: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-09486-1 | 3000 | face-to-face residential | SOGS-L | 228877 EGMs in 1999. | 1.6% (3-4); 1.4% (5+); 3.0% (3+) | 1.4% | 3.0 * 1.19 * .53 * .74 = 1.4% | EGMs | In 2005 spending per capita in Spain was 642 Euros, one of the highest in the European Union. This study not included in the tables or analyses. | http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01539173 | http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09486-1 | ||||||||||
84 | SPAIN | Catalonia | Cayuela (1990) Becoña, E. (1996). Prevalence surveys of problem and pathological gambling in Europe: The cases of Germany, Holland, and Spain. Journal of Gambling Studies, 12, 179-192. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01539173 Becona, E. (2009). Spain. In G. Meyer, T. Hayer, & M. Griffiths (Eds.), Problem Gambling in Europe: Challenges, Prevention, and Interventions (pp. 137-151). New York: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-09486-1 | 1230 | face-to-face residential | SOGS-L | 228877 EGMs in 1999. | 2.5% (3+) | 1.2% | 2.5 *1.19 *.53 *.74 = 1.2% | EGMs | In 2005 spending per capita in Spain was 642 Euros, one of the highest in the European Union. This study not included in the tables or analyses. | http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01539173 | http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09486-1 | ||||||||||
85 | SPAIN | Galicia | 2002 | Becoña, E. (2004). Prevalencia del juego patológico en Galicia mediante el NODS. ¿Descenso de la prevalencia o mejor evaluación del trastorno? Adicciones, 16(3), 173-184. Becoña, E. (1996). Prevalence surveys of problem and pathological gambling in Europe: The cases of Germany, Holland, and Spain. Journal of Gambling Studies, 12, 179-192. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01539173 Becona, E. (2009). Spain. In G. Meyer, T. Hayer, & M. Griffiths (Eds.), Problem Gambling in Europe: Challenges, Prevention, and Interventions (pp. 137-151). New York: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-09486-1 | 1624 | face-to-face residential | DSM-IV-PY & L (NODS) | 228877 EGMs in 1999. | 0.9% L (3-4) 0.3% PY (5+); 0.2% L (3-4) 0.3% PY (5+); 1.1% L (3-4) 0.5% PY (5+) | 1% | .5 * 2.6 *.74 = 1.0% | males; 31- 44; married; alcohol abuse | EGMs | In 2005 spending per capita in Spain was 642 Euros, one of the highest in the European Union. This study not included in the tables or analyses. | http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01539173 | http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09486-1 | http://www.adicciones.es/files/03.%20Becona.pdf | |||||||
86 | SPAIN | Galicia | Becoña & Fuentes (1995) Becoña, E. (1996). Prevalence surveys of problem and pathological gambling in Europe: The cases of Germany, Holland, and Spain. Journal of Gambling Studies, 12, 179-192. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01539173 Becona, E. (2009). Spain. In G. Meyer, T. Hayer, & M. Griffiths (Eds.), Problem Gambling in Europe: Challenges, Prevention, and Interventions (pp. 137-151). New York: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-09486-1 | 1028 | face-to-face residential | SOGS-L | 228877 EGMs in 1999. | 1.4% (3-4); 2.0% (5+); 3.4% (3+) | 1.6% | 3.4 * 1.19 * .53 * .74 = 1.6% | males; 16- 24; lower education | EGMs | In 2005 spending per capita in Spain was 642 Euros, one of the highest in the European Union. This study not included in the tables or analyses. | http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01539173 | http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09486-1 | |||||||||
87 | SWEDEN | 1997-1998 | 15-74 | Rönnberg, S., Volberg, R.A., Abbott, M.W., Moore, W.L., Andre´n, Munck, I., Jonsson, J., Nilsson, T., & Svensson, O. (1999). Gambling and Problem Gambling in Sweden. Report Number Two of the National Institute of Public Health Series on Gambling. Stockholm: National Institute of Public Health. Volberg, R.A., Abbott, M.W., Ronnberg, S., & Munck, I.M. (2001). Prevalence and risks of pathological gambling in Sweden. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 104(4), 250-256. Abbott, M. W., Volberg, R. A., & Rönnberg, S. (2004). Comparing the New Zealand and Swedish national surveys of gambling and problem gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies, 20(3), 237-258.doi: 10.1023/B:JOGS.0000040278.08853.c0 | 7139 | stratified by age, gender, and education; oversampling of age 15-17 (n = 1000) and immigrants (n = 500) | “I am calling from Statistics Sweden for a large study of people's gambling habits and the addiction to gambling in Sweden.” | 89% phone; 11% mail (ones who could not be contacted by phone) | 71.9% | yes | SOGS & DSM-IV-PY (DSM-IV-MR) | 8,000 EGMs in 1999. Estimated population in 1999 was 8,911,296. 1114 people per EGM. | 89% (95% Lifetime); Note: Reported as 88% in 2008-09 study results. | SOGS-PY: 1.4% (3-4); 0.6% (5+); 2.0% combined SOGS-L: 2.7% (3-4); 1.2% (5+); 3.9% combined DSM-IV-PY: 0.6% (3+); 0.3% (5+); 0.9% combined | 1.4% | SOGS-PY: 2.0 * .72 * 1.44 * .76 = 1.6% DSM-IV-PY: 0.9 * 1.19 * 1.44 * .76 = 1.2% Average = 1.4% | males; 15-24; gambling at an early age; immigrants; more likely receive social welfare; socially unstable childhood; adopted; gambling fallacies; dissociative states; negative life experiences; depression; alcohol abuse; personality disorders; substance use | casinos; EGMs | http://www.spelinstitutet.se/reports/objects/gambling_and_problem_gambling_in_sweden.pdf | http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JOGS.0000040278.08853.c0 | ||||
88 | SWEDEN | 2008-2009 | 16-84 | Swedish National Institute of Public Health (2009, November 24). SWELOGS – a Population Study on Gambling and Health 2008/09: A Presentation of Key Findings from the First Data Collection. Breakfast seminar World Trade Center, Stockholm. Swedish National Institute of Public Health. (2011). Spel om pengar och spelproblem i Sverige 2008/2009, SWELOGS, Swedish Longitudinal Gambling Study. Report No. 3. | 15000 | “a study about gambling and health” | telephone interview + mail (for individuals uncontactable by phone) | 63% | Yes | SOGS-PY & SOGS-L; CPGI | 1,017 People per EGM in 2002 | 70% | SOGS-L: 2.4% (3-4); 1.8% (5+); 4.2% combined SOGS-PY: 1.2% (3-4); 0.8% (5+); 2.0% combined CPGI: 1.9% (3-7); 0.3% (8+); 2.2% combined | 1.5% | SOGS-PY: 2.0 * .72 * 1.44 * .76 = 1.6% CPGI: 2.2 * .58 * 1.44 * .76 = 1.4% Average: 1.5% | males; 16-24; poorer mental health | Internet gambling; bingo, EGMs, poker, casino games; gambling on multiple forms | http://www.fhi.se/Documents/Vart-uppdrag/spel/SWELOGS/frukostseminarium-nov-2009-english.pdf | http://www.fhi.se/PageFiles/10965/R2010-23-Spel-om-pengar-o-spelproblem.pdf | |||||
89 | SWITZERLAND | 1998 | 18+ | Bondolfi, G., Osiek, C., & Ferrero, F. (2000). Prevalence estimates of pathological gambling in Switzerland. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 101(6), 473–475. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0447.2000.101006473.x Bondolfi & Ferrero (1999). Cited in Hafeli, J. (2009). Switzerland. In G. Meyer, T. Hayer, & M. Griffiths (Eds.), Problem Gambling in Europe: Challenges, Prevention, and Interventions (pp. 317-326). New York: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-09486-1 | 2526 | stratified for age, gender, region, occupation | telephone interview | 59% | Yes | SOGS-PY | 8,595 EGMs in 1999. Population in 1999 was 7,164,434. 834 people per EGM. | 2.2% (3-4); 0.8% (5+); 3.0% combined | 2.4% | 3.0 * .72 * 1.44 * .76 = 2.4% | alcohol abuse; males, singles, people under age 29; people who began gambling in adolescence | proximity to gambling, especially EGMs outside casinos | http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0447.2000.101006473.x | http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09486-1 | ||||||
90 | SWITZERLAND | 2005 | 18+ | Bondolfi, G., Jermann, F., Ferrero, F., Zullino, D., & Osiek, C.H. (2008). Prevalence of pathological gambling in Switzerland after the opening of casinos and the introduction of new preventive legislation. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 117(3), 236-239. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2007.01149.x | 2803 | Random digit dialing. Up to 30 attempts made to contact each number. Quotas for sex, age and occupational status. | telephone interview | 47% | Yes | SOGS-PY & SOGS-L | 659 people per EGM in 2004 | SOGS-PY: 0.8% (3-4); 0.5% (5+); combined = 1.3% SOGS-L: 2.2% (3-4); 1.1% (5+); combined = 3.3% | 1% | 1.3 * .72 * 1.44 * .76 = 1.0% | No significant differences found between non-gamblers/non-problem gamblers and problem/pathological gamblers. | Replication of 1998 survey; method used was identical to the previous survey. | http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2007.01149.x | |||||||
91 | SWITZERLAND | 2006-2007 | 14+ | Brodbeck, J., Durrenberger, S., & Znoj, H. (2007). Grundlagenstudie Spielsucht: Prävalenzen, Nutzung der Glücksspielangebote und deten Einfluss auf die Diagnose des Pathologischen Spielsen [Baseline study: Prevalences and consumption of games of change and their influence on the diagnosis of pathological gambling]. Bern: University of Bern. Hafeli, J. (2009). Switzerland. In G. Meyer, T. Hayer, & M. Griffiths (Eds.), Problem Gambling in Europe: Challenges, Prevention, and Interventions (pp. 317-326). New York: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-09486-1 (citing Brodbeck et al., 2007). | 4497 | Random sampling of listed landline phone numbers (excluding the 3% with unlisted; and the 12-15% of households only with a cell phone) with subsample sizes stratified to regional size; random selection within household. | telephone interview | 40.4% participation rate | Yes | Spending at least CHF 500 per month ($634 USD) on gambling at some point in their lives + an attempt to control their gambling behaviour at some point in their lives. | DSM-IV-L (NODS) | 2,191 People per EGM in 2006 | (34.4% participated in at least one game of chance during the month prior to the survey) | 0.6% (3-4); 0.3% (5+); 0.9% combined | 0.4% | (0.9 * 1.19 * .44 * 1.44 * .53 = 0.4%) | Males | EGMs | These figures are unreliable due to the overly stringent criteria required to be administered the problem gambling instrument: a) using a monetary loss as a threshold (especially a very high one) excludes many problem gamblers who deny losses (but will acknowledge the frequency of their gambling); b) requiring an admission of an attempt to control gambling excludes problem gamblers who have not yet attempted this. This study is not included in the tables or the analyses. | http://www.gesundheitsfoerderung-uri.ch/fileadmin/dateien/dokumente/Wissen/grundlagenstudie_spielsucht.pdf | http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09486-1 | |||
92 | UNITED STATES | 1975 | 18+ | U.S. Commission on the Review of the National Policy Toward Gambling. (1976). Gambling in America: Final Report. Washington, DC: Author. Kallick, M., Suits, D., Dielman, T., & Hybels, J. (1979). A Survey of American Gambling Attitudes and Behavior. Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan. National Opinion Research Center. (1999). Gambling Impact and Behavior Study. Chicago: Author. | 1,736 (reported as 1,749 in NORC report) | Three-stage sample design; First, a set of primary sampling units (counties, large cities, and boroughs) were selected at random to represent all of the household dwellings in the country. Approximately 3,250 households were then selected randomly within these primary sampling units (including an oversample of households in 12 of the largest U.S. cities). Random selection of individual within households, with a two-to-one oversample of males. This initial household contact was the “screening” stage, completed in approximately 2,680 households, or 82.5% of those sampled. Survey carried out by the Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan. | face-to-face residential interviews | 75.5% | gender (adjusting for oversampling), geography, household type, income, race, education, and occupation | “Clinical analysis” based on a) the similarity of the respondent answered 18 questions relative to how 274 known compulsive gamblers answered the same questions; b) observations recorded by the interviewer at the end of each interview; c) betting patterns reported by the respondent. | Most casino style gambling expansion occurred after 1989 (after 1988 IGRA). | 61% (Lifetime = 68%) | As a result of this clinical examination, it was estimated that 0.77% of the national sample could be classified as "probable" compulsive gamblers, with another 2.33% as "potential" compulsive gamblers. | Males | The 1975 survey included a supplementary adult survey of 296 persons in three counties in the State of Nevada. This study not included in the tables or analyses. | http://hdl.handle.net/1880/41368 | http://cloud9.norc.uchicago.edu/dlib/ngis.htm | |||||||
93 | UNITED STATES | 1998 | 18+ | National Opinion Research Center. (1999). Gambling Impact and Behavior Study. Chicago: Author. | 2947 | Random digit dialing (n = 2,417)+ Patron survey sample (n = 530). Weighting procedure in order to combine the telephone survey respondents and the patron survey respondents. | Telephone Questionnaire: “You've been selected to represent your household by participating in the Gambling Impact and Behavior Study which is sponsored by the National Gambling Impact Study Commission.” Patron Questionnaire: “Now I would like to ask about your experience with various kinds of gambling.” | telephone interview | (cooperation rate of 55.5%) | patron survey appropriately weighted | Losing $100 or more in a single day of gambling, and/or been behind at least $100 across an entire year at some point in their lives. | DSM-IV-PY & DSM-IV-L (NODS) | Most casino style gambling expansion occurred after 1989 (after 1988 IGRA). 582,604 EGMs in 1999. With population of 272,690,813 this makes 47 people per EGM. | 63% (86% Lifetime) | DSM-IV-PY: 0.7% (3-4); 0.6% (5+); 1.3% combined DSM-IV-L: 1.5% (3-4); 1.2% (5+); 2.7% combined | 1.7% | 1.3 * 1.19 * 1.44 * .76 = 1.7% | males; age 50-64 | http://cloud9.norc.uchicago.edu/dlib/ngis.htm | |||||
94 | UNITED STATES | 1999-2000 | 18+ | Welte, J. W., Barnes, G. M., Wieczorek, W.F., Tidwell, M. C., & Parker, J. (2002). Gambling participation in the U.S. - results from a national survey. Journal of Gambling Studies, 18(4), 313-337. doi: 10.1023/A:1021019915591 | 2630 | Random digit dialing with random selection of individual within the household; geographically stratified | telephone interview | 65.4% | household size, gender, age, race | DSM-IV-PY (DIS-IV-PY) | Most casino style gambling expansion occurred after 1989 (after 1988 IGRA). 582,604 EGMs in 1999. With population of 272,690,813 this makes 468 people per EGM. | 82% | 2.1% (3-4); 1.4% (5+); 3.5% combined | 4.6% | 3.5 * 1.19 * 1.44 * .76 = 4.6% | males; Blacks, Hispanics and Asians; lower socioeconomic status | http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021019915591 | |||||||
95 | UNITED STATES | 2001-2002 | 18+ | Petry, N.M., Stinson, F.S., & Grant, B.F. (2005). Comorbidity of DSM-IV pathological gambling and other psychiatric disorders: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 66, 564-574. | 43,093 (PG was assessed in a probability subsample of 3435 of the 9282 respondents) | Problem gambling part of a much larger survey on substance use/abuse. | face-to-face residential interview | 81% | Yes | To be routed into the Gambling section of the interview, respondents had to acknowledge having “gambled” at least 5 times in any one year of their life, resulting in about one-quarter of respondents being administered questions about problem gambling. | DSM-IV-L (Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule – DSM-IV) | 426 People per EGM in 2002 | 0.42% (5+) | 0.48% | 0.42% * 2.6 * .44 = 0.48% | Alcohol use disorder, drug use disorder, tobacco use, mood disorder, anxiety disorder, personality disorder, male, black, age 45-64, not married, residing in western or southern U.S. | The threshold for administering PG questions is too stringent, as it requires respondents to self-identify as a gambler. Consequently, the obtained rate of problem gambling is also an underestimate. | http://www.psychiatrist.com/abstracts/abstracts.asp?abstract=200505/050503.htm | ||||||
96 | UNITED STATES | 2001-2003 | 18+ | Kessler, R.C., Hwang, I., LaBrie, R., Petukhova, M., Sampson, N.A., Winters, K.C., et al. (2008). DSM-IV pathological gambling in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Psychological Medicine, 38(9), 1351-1360. doi: 10.1017/S0033291708002900 | 3,435 (PG was assessed in a probability subsample of 3435 of the 9282 respondents) | $50 for participation | Problem gambling part of a much larger survey on mental health conditions. | face-to-face residential interview | 70.9% | Yes | Person reports gambling 100 or more on some type of gambling PLUS person endorses at least one of four questions about problem gambling (i.e., interference with responsibilities at work, school or home; repeated arguments or serious problems with family, friends, neighbors, or coworkers; hiding gambling from friends or family; claim to be winning when actually losing). | DSM-IV-L (CIDI-Lifetime) | 426 People per EGM in 2002 | (Lifetime =78.4%) | 2.3% (1-4); 0.6% (5+); 2.9% combined | 1.5% | (2.9 * 1.19 * .44 = 1.5%) | young; male; black; gambling earlier | larger number of gambling formats; card games; sports betting with bookie; EGMs; betting on horse racing or cock/dog fights | Past year rates of problem gambling (5+) were “estimated” to be 0.3%, but the mechanism for estimating these past year rates was not specified. The standardized rate is very tentative because of the overly stringent criteria used before administering the problem gambling assessment instrument. This study is not included in the tables or the analyses. | http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291708002900 | |||
97 | UNITED STATES | 2011-2013 | 18+ | Welte, J. W., Barnes, G. M., Tidwell, M. O., Hoffman, J. H., & Wieczorek, W. F. (2014). Gambling and problem gambling in the United States: Changes between 1999 and 2013. Journal of Gambling Studies [Epub ahead of print]. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10899-014-9471-4 | 2963 | Random digit dialing with random selection of individual within the household; geographically stratified | telephone interview | 54.0% (landline sample); 62.7% (cell phone sample) | Yes, adjustments to account for selection by landline or cell phone; also weighted for gender, age and race distribution of U.S. population. | DSM-IV-PY (DIS-IV-PY); SOGS | 76.9% | 3.6% (3-4); 1.0% (5+); 4.6% combined | male, black, Hispanic, lower socio-economic status | Replication of 1999-2000 survey by Welte et al.; measures and methodology for both surveys was the same; respondents paid $30. | http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10899-014-9471-4 | |||||||||
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100 |