| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | AA | AB | AC | AD | AE | AF | AG | AH | AI | AJ | AK | AL | AM | AN | AO | AP | AQ | AR | AS | AT | AU | AV | AW | AX | AY | AZ | BA | BB | BC | ||
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1 | REF NUMBER | Title | Authors | Year | Expert Space | Trainee Space | Nr. Collaborators | Time | Application Domain | Setup Symmetry | Interaction Medium - Expert (to Trainee) | Interaction Medium - Trainee (to expert) | Output - Expert | Output - Trainee | Perspective Sharing | User Studies? | Training / Assistance | Notes | Country where research was conducted | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2 | Real | AR | VR | Real | AR | VR | Experts | Trainees | Synch | Asynch | Health | Sports | Education | Industry and Maintenance | Navigation | Other? | Symm | Asymm | Controllers | MidAir Gestures/Bare Hands | Touch Screen | Keyboard&Mice | Head Gaze | Eye Gaze | No interaction | Controllers | MidAir Gestures/Bare Hands | Touch Screen | Keyboard&Mice | Head Gaze | Eye Gaze | No interaction | Visual | Audio | Haptics | Smell | Visual | Audio | Haptics | Smell | 1st Person PoV | 3rd Person PoV | Both | Yes (Nr. People) | No | |||||||||||
3 | 1 | Distant Assist Cursor (DAC): Designing an Augmented Reality System to Facilitate Remote Collaboration for Novice Users | Kervegant C,Castet J,Vauchez J,Bailly C | 2021 | x - desktop | x - Projection based AR | 1 | 1 | x | All purpose approach/device | x - (desktop Real - Projection AR) | expert uses a traditional computer and share the corresponding mouse cursor to guide the local user | x - can only speak | x - sees a portion of the trainees workspace that is being captured by a camera in 1st person view. | x - phone | x - sees a projected cue from the expert (white luminous dot) | x - phone | x - expert sees 1p pov of the trainee. | 20 participants as expert + 1 local user (actor) | Assistance | AR remote collaboration system for sharing a virtual cursor. DAC relies on a camera and a projector sharing the same optical center. | France | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
4 | 2 | Mixed Reality Light Fields for Interactive Remote Assistance | Mohr P,Mori S,Langlotz T,Thomas BH,Schmalstieg D,Kalkofen D | 2020 | x - mobile - Samsung Galaxy S9 smartphone | x - mobile - Samsung Galaxy S9 smartphone | 1 | 1 | 1 | General Approach - use case scenarios: the calibration of an oscilloscope and the maintenance of a computer | x (mobile AR - mobile AR) | x - identification of objects (using a circular outline around the object ), the communication of object movements (using a arrow), placement of objects (drawing the outline of the object at the target place), handwriting. | x | x - sees a portion of the local trainee's workspace: Local user captures an overview of the environment by acquiring a spaced collection of images by pointing the tracked mobile camera at objects identified as potentially interesting. | x - sees real local environment + annotations from the expert in his environment | x | experiment 1 - 20, experiment 2 - 16, experiment 3 - 10 | assistance | They introduce an interaction method for quickly annotating light fields in 3D space without requiring surface geometry to anchor annotations. | Austria | New Zealand | Australia | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
5 | 3 | A User Study on Mixed Reality Remote Collaboration with Eye Gaze and Hand Gesture Sharing | Bai H,Sasikumar P,Yang J,Billinghurst M | 2020 | VR headset (HTC Vive Pro Eye) with a built-in eye tracker + Leap Motion. | AR display (Magic Leap One) | 1 | 1 | x | General Approach | x (AR-VR) | x - Tracked with Leap Motion | x | x -immersed in 3D Live Panorama/reconstruction of trainees environment. Also sees own gaze ray. | x | x - sees real local environment + hands and gaze raycast from the expert in his environment | x | x | x - 24 participants in pairs | assistance | System that enables a local worker to share a live 3D panorama of his/her surroundings with a remote expert. The remote expert can also share task instructions back to the local worker using visual cues in addition to verbal communication. User study shows sharing augmented gaze and gesture cues from the remote expert to the local worker provide a significantly stronger sense of co-presence | New Zealand | Switzerland | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
6 | 4 | On the Shoulder of the Giant: A Multi-Scale Mixed Reality Collaboration with 360 Video Sharing and Tangible Interaction | Piumsomboon T,Lee GA,Irlitti A,Ens B,Thomas BH,Billinghurst M | 2019 | x (HTC Vive) | x (HTC Vive) | 1 | 1 | x | General Approach | x(AR-VR) | x | "wave" - summoning and denying the expert | x - immersed in 360 live video shared by the trainee | x | x - sees real local environments + avatar representation of expert attached to the camera he controls | x | x - local trainee can put expert on shoulder (1st px pov) or put in on a surface in a tripod (3rd p pov) | x - 24 trainees / 1 "actor" expert | assistance | Explored four 360-camera placement positions on the Giant. The results show users prefer a shoulder mounted camera view, while a view frustum with a complimentary avatar is a good visualization for the Miniature virtual representation. | Australia | New Zealand | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
7 | 5 | Loki: Facilitating Remote Instruction of Physical Tasks Using Bi-Directional Mixed-Reality Telepresence | Thoravi Kumaravel B,Anderson F,Fitzmaurice G,Hartmann B,Grossman T | 2019 | x - The user wears a mixed-reality display (HTC Vive + Zed Mini) allowing them to transition between AR and VR | x - The user wears a mixed-reality display (HTC Vive + Zed Mini) allowing them to transition between AR and VR | x - The user wears a mixed-reality display (HTC Vive + Zed Mini) allowing them to transition between AR and VR | x - The user wears a mixed-reality display (HTC Vive + Zed Mini) allowing them to transition between AR and VR | 1 | 1 | x | x | General Approach | x - same hardware for both users but allows: VR -VR, AR-AR and AR-VR | x - 6DoF Vive Controllers | x - 6DoF VIVE controllers | x - sees Avatar of trainee (AR) + Hologplyph (VR) + video of trainee (VR) and annotations (AR and VR) | x | x - sees Avatar of expert (AR) + Hologplyph (VR) + video of expert (VR) and annotations (AR and VR) | x | x | training | approach for bidirectional mixed-reality telepresence systems for teaching physical tasks, where they leverage video, audio, and spatial capture with both AR and VR to allow users to explore and annotate the local and remote environments. | Canada | USA | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
8 | 6 | Mini-Me: An Adaptive Avatar for Mixed Reality Remote Collaboration | Piumsomboon T,Lee GA,Hart JD,Ens B,Lindeman RW,Thomas BH,Billinghurst M | 2018 | x (HTC Vive) | x (Hololense HMD) | 1 | 1 | x | General Approach - use case scenarios: assisting a local worker and collaboration in urban planning | x (AR-VR) | Pointing (by holding down a trigger button on the controller) + Raycast | "Pinch/air tap" - enabling/disabling the expert | x - sees all recontructed environment of the local trainee in VR | x | x - sees real local environment + avatar representation of the expert in his environment | x | x | x - 16 trainees / 1 "actor" expert | assistance | Mini-Me avatar represents the VR user’s gaze direction and body gestures while it transforms in size and orientation to stay within the AR user’s field of view. | Australia | New Zealand | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
9 | 7 | Multi-View Gesture Annotations in Image-Based 3D Reconstructed Scenes | Nuernberger B,Lien KC,Grinta L,Sweeney C,Turk M,Höllerer T | 2016 | x - desktop | Mobile AR | 1 | 1 | x | x | General approach | x (desktop - Mobile AR) | x | x - Google Project Tango Tablet | Can follow the trainee's device pose or virtually navigate independently of the local user’s view. | x | x - sees local environment + annotations of the expert | x | x - expert chooses | 12 participants | assistance | Multi-view annotation method. Interactive disambiguation of the 2D gestures via a second annotation drawn from another viewpoint, triangulating two drawings to achieve a 3D result. | USA | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
10 | 8 | OptoBridge: Assisting Skill Acquisition in the Remote Experimental Collaboration | Sun H,Zhang Z,Liu Y,Duh HB | 2016 | x - desktop + LeapMotion | Optical See Through HMD | 1 | 1 | x | learning of skills to set up an interferometer, calibrate the light path, and observe the phenomena of equal inclination interference | x (desktop - AR) | x - though leap motion | x | Sees the trainee's environment streamed to his computer in a first person perspective (recorded by the trainee's HMD) | x - sees local environment + AR tags placed by the expert + expert's hands | x - trainee captures his perspective of the workspace with integrated camera on the HMD and streams to expert | x | Training | Enables the remote teacher to monitor the experimental scenario as well as the detailed optical phenomena through the transmitted video captured on the local side. The local learner is equipped with HMD and can be indicated by virtual hands and augmented annotations controlled by the teacher’s gestures and follow the guidance to get their skills practiced. | China | Australia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
11 | 9 | Virtual Replicas for Remote Assistance in Virtual and Augmented Reality | Oda O,Elvezio C,Sukan M,Feiner S,Tversky B | 2015 | x - can switch between AR and VR (Sony HMZ-T3W opaque stereo HWD) | x - can switch between AR and VR (Sony HMZ-T3W opaque stereo HWD) | x - Canon HM A1 stereo video-see-through HWD | 1 | 1 | x | x - "maintenance and repair" | x - (VR-VR) | x - (AR-VR) | Anotates and manipulates virtual replica through tracked mouse, lazy susan turntable, and Leonar3Do bird controller. | x | x - sees video stream of portion of the local trainee workspace | x- sees anotated and manipulated virtual replicas created by the expert in his envoronment | Expert can switch seamlessly between a mirrored VR representation of the trainee's environment, and shared live or frozen AR views from the perspective of the local user. | x - 22 participants in pairs | task assistance | expert can create and manipulate virtual replicas of physical objects in his virtaul environment to refer to parts of the trainees physical objects and to indicate actions on them. The expert points in 3D to portions of virtual replicas to annotate them. OR. The expert demonstrates actions in 3D by manipulating virtual replicas, supported by constraints and annotations. Assumes that manipulable physical objects have been modeled and are tracked in 6dof. | USA | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
12 | 10 | In Touch with the Remote World: Remote Collaboration with Augmented Reality Drawings and Virtual Navigation | Gauglitz S,Nuernberger B,Turk M,Höllerer T | 2014 | x - desktop - touchscreen interface | x - mobile AR (tablet) | 1 | 1 | x | General approach - use case in industry/maintenance | x - (desktop- mobile AR) | x - Using a single finger, the remote user can draw annotations into the scene. | x | x - expert can freeze the viewpoint , save the current viewpoint, and go to the live view or any previously saved view. Note: only parts of the scene that have previously been observed by the local user’s camera are known and can be rendered. | x - sees annotations from the expert in his local environment through mobile AR | Expert can see live (first person view) or navigate to parts that were previously captured by the trainee's camera | x - 11 participants | assistance | Touchscreen interface for creating freehand drawings as world stabilized annotations and for virtually navigating a scene reconstructed live in 3D | USA | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
13 | 11 | Designing a Remote Video Collaboration System for Industrial Settings | Domova V,Vartiainen E,Englund M | 2014 | x - desktop | x - mobile AR (tablet) | 1 | 1 | x | x | x - (desktop- mobile AR) | x - can annotate (drawing ) and point (pointer based) | x - can annotate (drawing ) and point (pointer based) | x - sees live stream from local workspace and can take a snapshot "feezing" the view" + sees annotations and pointers fro the local trainee | x - sees annotations and pointer from the expert in his local environment through mobile AR + can see the "frozen" viewpoint from the expert | x | x - 4 trainees and 2 experts | assistance | Smartphone/tablet application used by the field worker to capture and stream video to a desktop application of the remote expert. Note: Participants expressely mentioned they missed a voice/chat environment that for them was vital in such settings. | Sweden | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
14 | 12 | Object-Based Touch Manipulation for Remote Guidance of Physical Tasks | Adcock M,Ranatunga D,Smith R,Thomas BH | 2014 | x - desktop | x - projection based AR (spacial augmented reality SAR) | 1 | 1 | x | x - General Approach | x- (desktop - SAR) | x - can sketch on top of video stream or "move" boxed representations of the physical objects (tracked with a kinect) | x | x - sees live video of the trainee's workspace with the projected cues + a virtual representation of physical objects (bounded boxes) | x - no audio channel but participants could talk during the sessions as they were co-located | x - sees local environment with projected cues from the expert | x - no audio channel but participants could talk during the sessions as they were co-located | Studied a top and side camera - found top is better for object-based interactions while for scketching its same same | x - 12 pairs (24) | assistance | Enables a remote expert to observe a live stream of local worker’s environment and directly specify object movements via a touch display. Local trainee sees cues through SAR. They evaluate two methods of remote worker interaction, object-based and sketch-based, and also investigate the impact of two camera positions, top and side. Found for object-based interactions the top view was better, and no diference in sketching. | Australia | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
15 | 13 | 3D Helping Hands: A Gesture Based MR System for Remote Collaboration | Tecchia F,Alem L,Huang W | 2012 | Stereoscopic HMD | x - desktop | 1 | 1 | x | General approach - use case Lego assembly | x - (VR - Desktop) | x - tracked with kinect | x | x - is immersed in a 3D rendering of the trainee's space (captured with a kinect) and seees own hands in that environment | x - sees a "replica" of own environment on the screen, with AR expert's hands superposed | x | 1 actor trainee + 4 expert participants | assistance | 3D meshes captured from the worker space and the helper space are co-located and fused together so that four hands are available in the virtual scene: 2 from the worker and 2 from the helper. | Italy | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
16 | 14 | T.A.C: Augmented Reality System for Collaborative Tele-Assistance in the Field of Maintenance through Internet | Bottecchia S,Cieutat JM,Jessel JP | 2010 | x - desktop | x - MOVST AR goggles | 1 | 1 | x | x | x - (Desktop - AR) | x - able to select parts of the image to outline and place pre-defined alements such as arrows to direct local trainee | x | x - can see a stream of the local trainee's environment on a screen | X | x -sees own environment with augmented cues from the expert (arrown, annotations, outlines) | X | x | yes but no info on how many participants | assistance | France | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
17 | 15 | ShiSha: Enabling Shared Perspective With Face-to-Face Collaboration Using Redirected Avatars in Virtual Reality | Hoppe AH,van de Camp F,Stiefelhagen R | 2021 | x - HTC Vive Pro | x - HTC Vive Pro | 1 + | 1 + | x | General Approach | x (VR HMD - VR HMD) | x | x | x - sees virtual world + dyad of the other trainees/experts "artificalliy" positioned on his side/front, with ray cast to point to the workspace | x | x - sees virtual world + dyad of the other trainees/experts "artificalliy" positioned on his side/front, , with ray cast to point to the workspace | x | x - To provide all users with the same perspective, each authority-user stands at the ideal location, e.g. in front of an object of interest, in her/his authority world. To avoid overlapping with the avatars of connected-users, their avatars are shifted to different locations, e.g. to the left or right of the authority-user. This allows a shared perspective interaction with the advantages of a side-by side/face-to-face communication. | 32 in pairs | both ("support") | They place all users at the same location to provide a shared perspective. To avoid overlapping body parts, the avatars of the other connected users are shifted to the side. A redirected body pose modification corrects the resulting inconsistencies. | Germany | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
18 | 16 | I’m in Control! Transferring Object Ownership Between Remote Users with Haptic Props in Virtual Reality | Auda J,Busse L,Pfeuffer K,Gruenefeld U,Rivu R,Alt F,Schneegass S | 2021 | x - VR HMD (HTC Vive Pro) | x - Oculus Rift | 1 | 1 | x | General Approach | x (VR HMD - VR HMD) | x - hands tracked via tracking gloves: OptiTrack motion capture system (only wrist position - static fingers) | x - hands tracked via tracking gloves: OptiTrack motion capture system (only wrist position - static fingers) | x - sees virtual world + own hands + partner's hands. | x - tecnique to enhance ownership of virtual objects with haptic props. SingleOwnership restricts virtual objects to local haptic props, while SharedOwnership allows collaborators to take over ownership of virtual objects using local haptic props. | x - sees virtual world + own hands + partner's hands. | x - tecnique to enhance ownership of virtual objects with haptic props. SingleOwnership restricts virtual objects to local haptic props, while SharedOwnership allows collaborators to take over ownership of virtual objects using local haptic props. | x - face to face | 12 trainee and 2 actor experts | training or assistance | Focus on enabling passive haptics for ownership of virtual objects. | Germany | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
19 | 17 | How About the Mentor? Effective Workspace Visualization in AR Telementoring | C. Lin; E. Rojas-Muñoz; M. E. Cabrera; N. Sanchez-Tamayo; D. Andersen; V. Popescu; J. A. Barragan Noguera; B. Zarzaur; P. Murphy; K. Anderson; T. Douglas; C. Griffis; J. Wachs | 2020 | x (LCD Monitor - desktop) | x - Microsoft’s HoloLens | 1 | 1 | x | Surgical telementoring, specifically for cricothyroidotomy training in austere settings. | General Approach | x (LCD tabletop - AR HMD) | x - can anottate image with his fingers (free hand sketched incision lines, or dragged-and-dropped instrument icons.) | x | x - sees trainee's workspace captured by a head mounted camera. | x - they can talk to each other | x - sees own local space + AR annotations from the expert rendered on top | x - they can talk to each other | x - trainee wears an HMD with incorporated camera and streams image from 1st pov to the expert | Pilot with 30 people + study 20 trainees and 2 experts (actors) | Training | Method for robust high-level stabilization of a mentee first-person video to provide effective workspace visualization to a remote mentor. Why? -> As the mentee moves their head, the mentor’s visualization of the workspace changes frequently, unexpectedly, and substantially and can cause disturbances. | USA | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
20 | 18 | An Augmented Reality Online Assistance Platform for Repair Tasks | Sun L,Osman HA,Lang J | 2021 | x (mobile AR - Mi Note 2 smartphone) | x (mobile AR - Honor 6x smartphone) | 1 | 1+ | x | Repair Tasks | x (mobile AR - mobile AR) | x - to control interface BUT has a physical copy of the same componet as the trainee | x | x - sees own physical replica of the object the trainee is trying to repair, and a virtual replica of the components the trainee is moving at that moment. | x - they can talk to each other | x - sees own workspace with the expert's operations on his own replica displayed and overlaid as 3D virtual objects on it | x - they can talk to each other | x | 30 "trainees" and 1 "actor" expert | Assistance | Mobile AR platform that assists a remote expert in guiding users through repair tasks online. Remote expert can compose complex instructions and present them to users using 3D virtual objects. Different from other remote assistance methods, the proposed method assumes the existence of two copies of the same product, one on the expert side and the other on the new user’s side. | Canada | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
21 | 19 | A Technique for Mixed Reality Remote Collaboration Using 360 Panoramas in 3D Reconstructed Scenes | Teo T,F. Hayati A,A. Lee G,Billinghurst M,Adcock M | 2019 | x - VR HMD (HTC Vive) | x - Microsoft’s HoloLens + RICOH Theta V mounted on it | 1 | 1 | x | General approach | x - (AR HMD - VR HMD) | x - with raycasts to point | x | x - is immersed in a static reconstruction of the trainee's space. Can move freely. Can opt to switch into a live 360 panorama video at any time by pressing a button on the VR controller. Also sees a representation of the trainee's head (ball) | x - Voice Over IP (VoIP) | x - sees own worspace augmeted with a representation of the expert (low polygon virtual head) plus a "hands" (cilindrical rep of controllers) with raycasts | x - Voice Over IP (VoIP) | x - Can either move freely and independently from trainee in a reconstructed environment, or opt to immerse into the same point of view as the local user and see live view of the local user’s environment (streamed through a camera). - expert loses the ability to move independently, but they can still look around independently. | 10 participants (in five pairs) | Assistance | Explores a prototype system that combines 360 panoramas into a 3D reconstructed scene. Limitation: the prototype may not be applicable for tasks that involves moving large objects that may change the room layout since there is no live 3D reconstruction of the environment | Australia | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
22 | 20 | 360Anywhere: Mobile Ad-Hoc Collaboration in Any Environment Using 360 Video and Augmented Reality | Speicher M,Cao J,Yu A,Zhang H,Nebeling M | 2018 | x - Projection Based AR | x - Projection Based AR | 1+ | 1+ | x - ( extra feature: can rewind the live stream by 10 seconds, e.g., in case they missed something important) | Provides functionality for saving all digital artifacts in a session at their exact positions, as well as a snapshot of the current 360-degree stream (including all annotations and projections), which can be loaded at a later point in time even if the system was restarted. | General approach | x (Projected AR - Projected AR) | x - drawing, placing images, and writing text directly into the 360-degree stream. | x - can see other collaborator's gaze zone and share their own | x - drawing, placing images, and writing text directly into the 360-degree stream. | x - can see other collaborator's gaze zone and share their own | x - see augmeted annotations projected onto own environmnet provided by the trainees + trainees' environment through live 360 feed on screen + Gaze (“colored cones that indicate where each collaborator is looking in the 360-degree stream”) | separate Skype-like channel for additional audio-visual communication | x - see augmeted annotations projected onto own environmnet provided by the experts + experts' environment through live 360 feed on screen + Gaze (“colored cones that indicate where each collaborator is looking in the 360-degree stream”) | separate Skype-like channel for additional audio-visual communication | x - everyone can opt to “gain control of everyone’s 360 feed, so that the direction of viewing is synchronized across all collaborators” | 10 students | Assistance | Through a projective AR set-up, remote collaborators are able to add digital annotations to a real-world environment by drawing directly into a 360-degree video stream. Explore different features to tackle existing 360 stream approaches limitations such as lack of gaze awareness, out of synch views and missed gestures. | China | USA | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
23 | 21 | Virtual Interactive Presence in Global Surgical Education: International Collaboration Through Augmented Reality | Davis MC,Can DD,Pindrik J,Rocque BG,Johnston JM | 2016 | x - Mobile AR | x - Big Screen | 1 | 1+ (co-located team of trainees) | x | surgical assistance and training | x - (Mobile AR - Desktop) | x - to use gestures like pointing or show a tool | x - draw on live stream | x | x - sees live video transmission of trainees from fixed perspective chosen by them. | x - audio channel | x - see a semitransparent overlay of remote image on their local station image (as a single image) | x | x - perspective is chosen by the trainee team | 27 ETV/CPCs were performed at Children’s Hospital, all for aqueductal stenosis | both | Allows surgeons to provide real-time virtual assistance and training: provides a hybrid perspective of local and remote video feeds, allowing a remote surgeon to digitally" reach into the surgical field" to highlight anatomic structures and providing a visual demonstration of complex operative techniques. | USA | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
24 | 22 | Onebody: Remote Posture Guidance System Using First Person View in Virtual Environment | Hoang TN,Reinoso M,Vetere F,Tanin E | 2016 | x - Oculus Rift | x - Oculus Rift | 1 | 1 | x | x - posture training (martial arts but scalable) | x (VR with kinects x2) | x | x | x - sees movements of the trainee overlaid on his body | x - sees movements of the instructor as if they were the instructor (skeletal tracking of an instructor and the student (kinect), rendered as overlaid avatars) - concurrent feedback-> skeleton has colour indications on whether the the trainee is doing poses correctly. | x - allows student to step into the instructor’s body | one instructor and 23 students. | Training | remote posture guidance during sports or physical activity training. Skeletal tracking of the instructor and the students, rendered as virtual avatars. Using a virtual reality headset, the student can visualise the movement of the instructor’s avatar, rendered in place of their own body. Compared performance of Onebody in terms of posture matching accuracy and user’s preference, with pre-recorded video, video conferencing and third person view VR. | Australia | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
25 | 23 | Comparing Visual Representations of Collaborative Map Interfaces for Immersive Virtual Environments | A. Santos-Torres; T. Zarraonandia; P. Díaz; I. Aedo | 2022 | x - Oculus Quest | x - Oculus Quest | 1 | 1 | x | Sensemaking | VR | x | x | condition 1 workspace + avatar condition 2 workspace only | voice in one condition | condition 1 workspace + avatar condition 2 workspace only | voice in one condition | x | 24 participants (dyads) | Both | study conducted colocated, but insights work too for remote. focus on whether or not to present users with an avatar. results indicate that adding an avatar is well perceived by users. scenario is emergency response. no distinction between expert and trainee, all equal collaborators. | Spain | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
26 | 24 | Evaluating Remote Virtual Hands Models on Social Presence in Hand-based 3D Remote Collaboration | B. Yoon; H. -i. Kim; S. Y. Oh; W. Woo | 2020 | x - HTC Vive | x - Meta2 OST HMD | 1 | 1 | 1 | ASL | x - (AR HMD - VR HMD) | x | x | only seeing hands | only seeing hands | x | 48 participants | both | expliring the effects of different tyoes of hand rendering on collaboration. | Korea | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
27 | 25 | Using a Head Pointer or Eye Gaze: The Effect of Gaze on Spatial AR Remote Collaboration for Physical Tasks | P. Wang; X. Bai; M. Billinghurst; S. Zhang; W. He; D. Han; Y. Wang; H. Min; W. Lan; S. Han | 2020 | x - HTC VIVE VR HMD | x - projector-based AR | 1 | 1 | 1 | x (lego assembly) | x - (VR HMD, SAR) | x (annotations) | x | x | Experts sees camera view of local worker. | Sees annotations of remote expert | experts sees 3rd person view. remote workers sees annotated real world | 30 participants | both | exploring the effects of showing remote experts the head pointers and gaze pointer of the local worker. | China | Australia | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
28 | 26 | World-Stabilized Annotations and Virtual Scene Navigation for Remote Collaboration | Gauglitz S,Nuernberger B,Turk M,Höllerer T | 2014 | x - tablet | x - smartphone | 1 | 1 | 1 | x | x - smartphone AR / 2D desktop window | x | x | 2d browser window with view of trainee. 3d reconstruction | sees annotation of remote experts through smartphone in pass-through AR | x | 60 participants (30 dyads) | Assistance | smartphone-based system that allows trainees to see expert annotations in real-time as overlay. Presents expert with 1st person view of remote user and a 3D reconstruction so they can move the camera. | USA | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
29 | 27 | Visual and haptic collaborative tele-presence | Ansar A,Rodrigues D,Desai JP,Daniilidis K,Kumar V,Campos MF | 2001 | x - HMD | x | 1 | 0-1 | x | x | x - only expert has AR headset | x | x | expert sees remote site | robotic arm | x | expert sees perspective of cameras | x | training | Remote system for surgical training and other tasks that require robotic manipulation. | USA | Brazil | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
30 | 28 | Belonging There: VROOM-Ing into the Uncanny Valley of XR Telepresence | Jones B,Zhang Y,Wong PN,Rintel S | 2021 | x | x | 1 | 1 | x | x - online meetings but the technology is not restricted | x - Trainee (local user) weas AR headset to see expert's avator overlay. Expert wears VR headset that livestreams trainee's 360 view and controls a remote robot placed in trainee's local space. | x - to control remote robot | x | expert sees 360 view of the trainee | avatar overlay in AR - overlaid onto the physical robot in trainee's space, which is controlled by the expert | x | 20 participants (10 dyads) | Assistance (? more for meetings..) | UK | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
31 | 29 | Do You Really Need to Know Where “That” Is? Enhancing Support for Referencing in Collaborative Mixed Reality Environments | Johnson JG,Gasques D,Sharkey T,Schmitz E,Weibel N | 2021 | x - desktop + tablet | x - HoloLens | 1 | 1 | x | x - collaborative | x | x | x | map and list for visual guidance | sees visual guidance like arrows generated by the expert | x | 40 participants (20 dyads) | Assistance | Study on the effect of visual referencing guidance | USA | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
32 | 30 | ARTEMIS: A Collaborative Mixed-Reality System for Immersive Surgical Telementoring | Gasques D,Johnson JG,Sharkey T,Feng Y,Wang R,Xu ZR,Zavala E,Zhang Y,Xie W,Zhang X,Davis K,Yip M,Weibel N | 2021 | x - HTC Vive Pro, IMU-equipped gloves and a wireless mouse-pen used for annotations | x - HoloLens v1 | 1 | 1 | x | x - medical | x - novice surgeon (mentee) sees AR with camera-equipped room for room reconstruction, expert surgeon (mentor) sees VR with hand-tracking devices | x - IMU-equipped gloves and wireless mouse-pen for annotations | x - hands need to be performing the surgery | expert sees mentee's first person point of view and room surroudings | expert's avatar, 3D annotations, and procedure clips | x - 6 different live video streams (2 on rolling wheels that can be moved by novice; 2 at the corners of the operating room; 1 for novice's first person point of view; 1 depth camera from the surgical lamp that the novice is holding | 6 novices and 5 experts | Training | Surgical mentoring between novice surgeons and expert surgeons - Novice Surgeon in Augmented Reality receives help from a remote expert on site. The Remote Expert Surgeon in VR interactes with a 3D point-cloud of the patient, and engages with the novice on a surgical procedure. | USA | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
33 | 31 | User Behaviour Analysis of Mixed Reality Remote Collaboration with a Hybrid View Interface | Gao L,Bai H,Billinghurst M,Lindeman RW | 2020 | x - HTC Vive | x - Magic Leap AR Display 1 | 1 | 1 | x | x - guidance in remote collaboration | x | x | x | expert can choose between the local worker's first-person view and 360 God-like view | virtual remote guidance cues overlaid, remote expert's head as a red avatar with a semi-transparent view frustum to show the expert's location and view orientation | x - first-person view on HMD or 360 | 28 participants (14 dyads) | Assistance | Visual guidance in remote collaboration. "Experts chose to use the 360 live view with independent view control rather than the 2D FPV with high-resolution" | New Zealand | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
34 | 32 | Mixed Reality Remote Collaboration Combining 360 Video and 3D Reconstruction | Teo T,Lawrence L,Lee GA,Billinghurst M,Adcock M | 2019 | x - Samsung Odyssey | x - HoloLens | 1 | 1 | x | x - collaboration | x | x | x | expert can choose between first-person view from 360 camera or 3D reconstruction | natural hand gestures and visual cues (viewing direction, animated 3D hand model for gestures, and a ray pointer for pointing); arrow to indicate the view frame when out of user's FOV, halo to indicate virtual hands out of FOV | x - first-person view (from 360) and 3D scene seeing each other from a second person view | 20 participants | Assistance | comparing 360 vs. 3D reconstruction. "participants performed significantly better on collaborative search tasks in 360 and felt higher social presence, yet 3D also showed potential to complement" | Australia | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
35 | 33 | Evaluating the Combination of Visual Communication Cues for HMD-Based Mixed Reality Remote Collaboration | Kim S,Lee G,Huang W,Kim H,Woo W,Billinghurst M | 2019 | x - FOVE VR HMD + Leap Motion hand tracker | x - Meta2 AR HMD | 1 | 1 | x | x - collaboration | x | x | x | live video of AR scene | visual cues (virtual hand, sketch, pointer) | x | 16 participants (8 pairs) | Assistance | Comparing hand only vs. hand + sketch vs. hand + pointer vs. hand + pointer + sketch | Australia | Korea | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
36 | 34 | Hand Gestures and Visual Annotation in Live 360 Panorama-Based Mixed Reality Remote Collaboration | Teo T,Lee GA,Billinghurst M,Adcock M | 2018 | x - HTC Vive + Leap Motion | x - HoloLens + Ricoh Theta V | 1 | 1 | x | x - collaboration | x | x | x | AR view seen by the trainee | Visual annotations from the expert through virtual ray pointing | x | 8 participants | Assistance | Australia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
37 | 35 | JackIn Space: Designing a Seamless Transition between First and Third Person View for Effective Telepresence Collaborations | Komiyama R,Miyaki T,Rekimoto J | 2017 | x - CAVE like projection screen environment | x - external cameras | 1 | N | x | x - collaboration | x | x | x | x - first person view and third person view | sees his worspace only, nothing from the expert | x | 8 participants | Assistance | I'm unsure if this paper needs to be included or not. There isn't any interaction between the two remote collaborators. It's not specifically training/assistance setting. | Japan | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
38 | 36 | JackIn Head: Immersive Visual Telepresence System with Omnidirectional Wearable Camera | S. Kasahara; S. Nagai; J. Rekimoto | 2017 | x | x | 1 | 1 | x | x - collaboration | x | x | x | x - first person view of trainee from head-worn 360 camera | x | 6 participants | Assistance | Japan | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
39 | 38 | Workspace Awareness in Collaborative AR Using HMDs: A User Study Comparing Audio and Visual Notifications | Cidota M,Lukosch S,Datcu D,Lukosch H | 2016 | x - laptop | x - META SpaceGlasses | x | x - spatial problem solving | x | x | x | x - video from local user's headset | x - Text messages and virtual objects from the remote user; visual notifications | x - audio notifications when the expert takes actions, which are auto-generated by online text-to-speech synthesizer | x | 12 participants | Assistance | Netherlands | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
40 | 39 | RemoteFusion: Real Time Depth Camera Fusion for Remote Collaboration on Physical Tasks | Adcock M,Anderson S,Thomas B | 2013 | x - PC | x - depth cameras and projectors | 1 | 1 | x | x - annotations | x | x | x | x - view of physical task scene constructed through volumetric fusion of depth cameras | x - annotations | x | x | Assistance | Australia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
41 | 40 | ObserVAR: Visualization System for Observing Virtual Reality Users using Augmented Reality | S. Thanyadit; P. Punpongsanon; T. Pong | 2019 | x - Hololens | x - VR HMD (Cardboard) | 1 | 1+ | x | x - Classroom (colocated students in vr) | x | x | x | Avatar virtual representation of trainees, and where they are looking at / visual cues | Follow Visual cues | x - (trainee) | 9 participants (experts). The participants performed the task for each visualization setting in groups of 20, 30 and 40 students (pre-recorded student data) | Assistance | Hong Kong | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
42 | 41 | Your Place and Mine: Designing a Shared VR Experience for Remotely Located Users | Sra M,Mottelson A,Maes P | 2018 | x - hmd vive | x - hmd vive | 2 | 2 | x | x - Social gathering, Dancing task | x | x | x | full body avatar | Follow dancing moves | x | 28 participants, groups of 2. (dance) Instructors were not participants | Trainning | USA | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
43 | 42 | Collaborative Haptic Exploration of Dynamic Remote Environments | S. Kim; J. Park | 2018 | AR - Desktop | x | 1 | 1 | x | x - guidance, no domain task | x | x - omega.7 haptic device | x | haptic guidance input | visual cues for guidance | haptic cues for guidance | x | 17 | Assistance | Korea | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
44 | 43 | Towards Seamless Interaction between Physical and Virtual Locations for Asymmetric Collaboration | Clergeaud D,Roo JS,Hachet M,Guitton P | 2017 | x | x | x | 1+ | 1 | x | x | Engineering | x | Custom physical artifacts | x | experts discuss the possibilities in a meeting room | a technician immersed in VR tests the selected alternatives | x | Feedback from industry partners | both | France | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
45 | 45 | Applications of Networked Virtual Reality for Tele-Operation and Tele-Assistance Systems in the Mining Industry | Bednarz T,James C,Caris C,Haustein K,Adcock M,Gunn C | 2011 | x - Dome display or LCD monitor display | x - projector/camera pair | 1 | 1 | 1 | mining tele-operation | x | pen | x | feed with stickynote sketches | aumented feed with instructions | x | x | Assistance | Australia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
46 | 46 | Symmetric Model of Remote Collaborative MR Using Tangible Replicas | S. Yamamoto; H. Tamaki; Y. Okajima; K. Okada; Y. Bannai | 2008 | x | x | x | 1 | 1 | 1 | no domain | x | Not a controller, but a physical object | Not a controller, but a physical object | interacting with a physical object | object augmented with remote collaborato's gestures | interacting with a physical onject | x | Five pairs of subjects | both | Japan | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
47 | 47 | Face-to-Face Tabletop Remote Collaboration in Mixed Reality | S. Minatani; I. Kitahara; Y. Kameda; Y. Ohta | 2007 | x - VST | x - VST | 1 | 1 | 1 | no domain | x | x | x | full body avatar interacting in the same physical workspace | full body avatar interacting in the same physical workspace | x | x | both | USA | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
48 | 48 | Does Size Matter? Exploring How Standard and Large-Scale Displays Affect Off-Site Experts during AR-Remote Collaboration | Marques B,Silva S,Dias P,Sousa-Santos B | 2022 | x- large scale display or standard display | x-pad ar | 1 | 1 | 1 | x | x | x | x | screen shots from the pad that trainee is holding, which is an AR figure about the machine. | an AR figure about the target machine captured by the pad backside camera | x | x - 16 participants as the remote user, 1 researcher as the local user | Assistance | comparing large screen/standard screen on expert's side for observing the ar scene captured by the trainee. | Portugal | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
49 | 49 | Avatars for Teleconsultation: Effects of Avatar Embodiment Techniques on User Perception in 3D Asymmetric Telepresence | K. Yu; G. Gorbachev; U. Eck; F. Pankratz; N. Navab; D. Roth | 2021 | x-Vive | x-Microsoft Hololens | 1 | 1 | 1 | no domain | x | x-vive tracker on arm/legs | x | 3d point cloud / 3d virtual avatar of the trainee | 3d virtual avatar of the expert | x | x - 24 participants into 12 pairs | both | comparing 3d point cloud/avatar as the presentation of the local user in the view of the remote user | Germany | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
50 | 50 | A User Study on View-sharing Techniques for One-to-Many Mixed Reality Collaborations | G. Lee; H. Kang; J. Lee; J. Han | 2020 | x-Vive | x-Microsoft Hololens | 1 | n | x | search/assembly | x | x | x | 2d video/360 video/3d model(3rd perspective) | x-instructions | x | x - 2 local users, 8 remote experts | both | comparing three ways of sharing the view of multiple local users to the remote expert, who gives instructions | Korea | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
51 | 51 | Augmented Virtual Teleportation for High-Fidelity Telecollaboration | T. Rhee; S. Thompson; D. Medeiros; R. dos Anjos; A. Chalmers | 2020 | HTC Vive + Zed Mini | x-oculus rift | 1 | 1 | x | design/training/assistance | x | x | x | 3d avatar | 360 degrees video | x | x - 40 in total, 20 local, 20 remote | both | contributes a system (setup) for High-Fidelity Telecollaboration | New Zealand | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
52 | 52 | Immersive Telepresence and Remote Collaboration using Mobile and Wearable Devices | J. Young; T. Langlotz; M. Cook; S. Mills; H. Regenbrecht | 2019 | x-phone/headset based ar, shared environment | x-phone-based ar with the hand gesture of the remote user | 1 | 1 | x | sharing the whole environment with remote user | x | x-when remote user wears ar headset | x | x | segmented hand gesture | segmented hand gesture | x | x - 19 as the remote users | both | an interface to share the current environment with a remote user | New Zealand | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
53 | 53 | A User Study on MR Remote Collaboration Using Live 360 Video | G. A. Lee; T. Teo; S. Kim; M. Billinghurst | 2018 | x-HMD with leap motion | x-see through AR HMD | 1 | 1 | x | search task | x | x | x | 360 panorama video shared by host, with visual cues of hands/regions | view awareness cues(regions) | x | x -12 participants, 6 pairs | both | investigating the effect of indepedent view of remote user in 360 panorama video shared by the local user | Australia | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
54 | 54 | Evaluation of Hand Gesture Annotation in Remote Collaboration Using Augmented Reality | S. Yamada; N. P. Chandrasiri | 2018 | x-desktop screen | x-Microsoft Hololens | 1 | 1 | x | puzzle placement | x | x | x | the first person view shared by the worker (local user) | virtual hand/sketches as the instructions | x | x - 10 as workers, 1 as helper | assistance | compare virtual hand vs sketches as the instructions from the helper to the worker | Japan | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
55 | 55 | Collaborative Production Line Planning with Augmented Fabrication | D. Aschenbrenner; M. Li; R. Dukalski; J. Verlinden; S. Lukosch | 2018 | x-Microsoft Hololens | x-Microsoft Hololens | 1 | 2 | x | x-installation of a new production line | x - remote expert with desktop as control interface | x | x | three modes were discussed, 1) first person view of the local user, 2) 3rd person view of the scene, 3) "god mode" with miniature visualization of the scene | AR content of the components that need to be added to the product line | x | x | assistance | two local users have different roles, customer and consultant, the remote user is expert for providing advices, AR is used for different purposes, for visualization purpose for the local users, and for sense making for the remote user | Netherlands | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
56 | 56 | Geometrically Consistent Projection-Based Tabletop Sharing for Remote Collaboration | D. Iwai; R. Matsukage; S. Aoyama; T. Kikukawa; K. Sato | 2018 | x-projector | x-projector | 1 | 1 | x | x-document sharing and discussion | x | x-touch/pointing gestures on the table captured by the camera | x-touch/pointing gestures on the table captured by the camera | a visualization of the other user's upper limb, e.g., an arm extended from the screen to the table pointing at a sentence on the document on the table | a visualization of the other user's upper limb, e.g., an arm extended from the screen to the table pointing at a sentence on the document on the table | x | x -10 participants, 5 pairs | both | enabling correct visualization of the remote user's upper limb posture, which was incorrect due to different setup on the two sides. | Japan | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
57 | 57 | With a Little Help from a Holographic Friend: The OpenIMPRESS Mixed Reality Telepresence Toolkit for Remote Collaboration Systems | Kolkmeier J,Harmsen E,Giesselink S,Reidsma D,Theune M,Heylen D | 2018 | x-headset | x-Microsoft Hololens | 1 | 1 | x | x | x-block selection, block alignment | x | x | x | spatial mesh of the environment, point clouds of the local user. | visualization of the head and hands of the remote users captured by the headset and controllers. | x | x - 60 participants, 3 tasks * 10 pairs | both | three key features: 1 free viewpoint of the remote user, 2. gesture tracking of the remote user, 3. remote user is visualized with their head and hand positions. | Netherlands | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
58 | 58 | Remote Collaboration With Mixed Reality Displays: How Shared Virtual Landmarks Facilitate Spatial Referencing | Müller J,Rädle R,Reiterer H | 2017 | x-tablet | x-tablet | 1 | 1 | x | spatial referencing, building consistent spatial understanding between two collaborators | x | x | x | virtual objects added to the physical environment and marks of where the other collaborator is at | virtual objects added to the physical environment and marks of where the other collaborator is at | x | x- 32 participants, 16 pairs | assistance | two collaborators are both remote in this project, no physical environment is shared, only the virtual space is shared to two physical environments | Germany | Denmark | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
59 | 59 | TeleAdvisor: a versatile augmented reality tool for remote assistance | Pavel Gurevich, Joel Lanir, Benjamin Cohen, Ran Stone | 2012 | x - desktop | x - projector | 1 | 1 | x | x | x | x | x | Can control which part of the workspace he wants to see (camera view controled by positioning a robotic arm), can also zoom in and out | x | Sees own workspace with annotations projected on top of it (pointer, freehand sketches, text and images) | x | Expert controles camera view, can have 1st person of third person view | x - 3 experts and 10 trainees | assistance | video camera and a small projector mounted at the end of a tele-operated robotic arm: enables a remote expert to view and interact with the workers’ workspace, while controlling the point of view. | Israel | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
60 | 60 | Design and Implementation of TeleAdvisor: a Projection-Based Augmented Reality System for Remote Collaboration | Pavel Gurevich, Joel Lanir, Benjamin Cohen | 2015 | x - desktop | x - projector | 1 | 1 | x | x | x | x | x | Can control which part of the workspace he wants to see (camera view controled by positioning a robotic arm), can also zoom in and out | x | Sees own workspace with annotations projected on top of it (pointer, freehand sketches, text and images) | x | Expert controles camera view, can have 1st person of third person view | x - 4 experts and 20 trainees | assistance | video camera and a small projector mounted at the end of a tele-operated robotic arm: enables a remote expert to view and interact with the workers’ workspace, while controlling the point of view. (Extension of the above with a robotic arm with more DoF) | Israel | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
61 | 61 | The Effect of View Independence in a Collaborative AR System | Matthew Tait, Mark Billinghurst | 2015 | x - desktop | x-headset Vuzix | 1 | 1 | x | object placement | x | x | x | the remote user sees the 3d model of the scene from an independent camera they can control | x | instructions from the remote user | independent view of the scene, with an annotation of the local user's focus area | x - 18 pairs of remote and local users | assistance | contributes an independent view of the remote user as the most significant contribution | New Zealand | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
62 | 62 | Do You See What I See? The Effect of Gaze Tracking on Task Space Remote Collaboration | Kunal Gupta, Gun A. Lee, Mark Billinghurst | 2016 | x-desktop | x-headset AR | 1 | 1 | x | builid LEGO structure | x | x | x | the view of the local worker with their gaze focus area highlighted in red color | x | screen view of the remote helper overlayed to the local space via AR headset | x | x | x-13pairs of remote and local users | assistance | investigated whether the pointer position of the remote helper and/or the gaze focus of the local worker is helpful in co-presense if shared. | New Zealand | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
63 | 63 | Can Eye Help You?: Effects of Visualizing Eye Fixations on Remote Collaboration Scenarios for Physical Tasks | Keita Higuch, Ryo Yonetani, Yoichi Sato | 2016 | x - tracked by POV camera and eye tracker | x - HMD (Brother AirScouter WD200S) or Projector | 1 | 1 | x | general (eval with blocks) | x | x | x | speech | x | Expert sees the first-person POV camera worn on the worker's head | Gaze and hand gesture of the expert either projected onto the space or seen as optical see-through AR | x | x | x - 4 pairs | assistance | collaboration in which one side gives instructions to the worker on the other side | Japan | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
64 | 64 | The Effect of Collaboration Styles and View Independence on Video-Mediated Remote Collaboration | Seungwon Kim, Mark Billinghurst, Gun Lee | 2018 | x - desktop | x - HMD with camera | 1 | 1 | x | object manipulation (user study using Tangram puzzle) | x | x | x | Expert sees the first-person POV camera attached to HMD | Annotations from the expert | x | x - 12 pairs | training (instructions and collaborations) | two types of collaborations: (1) one expert gives instructions to the other trainee, (2) two collaborators work together on the puzzle | Australia | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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