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First Olympic Games-776The Olympic Games of ancient Greece have their origins in religious festivals. Among the first competitions to be held at Olympia were foot races between candidates for priestess. Over time, the Games grew in scale and importance, and laws which forbade war and execution during the Olympic Games were enacted. The four-year span between games was known as an Olympiad, and was a standard way to measure time across the Greek world. The games continued until A.D. 393 when Emperor Theodosius outlawed the festivities because of their overtly pagan overtones. The date is the conventional date provided by Eusebius (Jerome's translation, pages 148-149): http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/jerome_chronicle_02_part1.htmOlympia, Greece37.637807, 21.630049Camp and Fisher, World of the Ancient Greekshttp://www.worldcat.org/oclc/681177781
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Belly Amphora-520-510The Belly Amphora was painted by the Andokides Painter and was discovered in Vulci, Italy. It is 53.5 cm high and 22.5 cm in diameter. This amphora is an example of a “bilingual” Attic piece which means it includes black and red figure depictions of similar scenes one in each style on each side of the amphora. This piece was created during the transitional period in Attic pottery as the red figure style surpassed the black figure style as the primary mode of figural depictions on pottery. The scene depicted on both sides is Herakles reclining in the company of the goddess Athena. On the black figure side, they are accompanied by the god Hermes and a nude servant who is mixing wine. On the red figure side, Herakles and Athena are alone and Herakles is sitting up more as Athena offers him a rose.https://www.revolvy.com/main/index.php?s=Belly%20Amphora%20by%20the%20Andokides%20Painter%20(Munich%202301)&item_type=topichttps://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/247/flashcards/271247/jpg/slide951339097984465.jpg<ahref="https://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/final-slides-2/deck/3104760"> Athenian Bilingual Amphora by Elaine W.Vulci, Italy42.424081, 11.630825Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin Februrary 1966https://metmuseum.org/pubs/bulletins/1/pdf/3258216.pdf.bannered.pdf
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Chigi Vase-650-640The Chigi Vase was recovered from a tomb on Mount Aguzzo in central Italy. While the exact origins of its artist are unknown, it is clearly made in the Corinthian style. It is 26.2 cm tall and he design is split into three registers each depicting different scenes. The lowest register depicts a group of men and dogs on a hare hunt. The middle register depicts a lion hunt on one side and the mythic scene of the judgement of Paris on the other. The top most register depicts to opposing hoplite phalanxes accompanied by flute time keepers.http://gjclarthistory.blogspot.com/2015/04/the-chigi-vase.htmlhttp://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/images/pottery/painters/keypieces/tiverios/4-p56-medium.jpg<ahref="http://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/tools/pottery/painters/keypieces/corinthian/chigi.h"> Chigi Vase by M. Tiavieros, Elliniki Techni </a>M. TiveriosMonte Aguzzo, Italy42.068975, 12.982008Hurwit, Jeffrey M. “Reading the Chigi Vase.” Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, vol. 71, no. 1, 2002, pp. 1–22.http://www.jstor.org/stable/3182058
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Founding of Colony at Al Mina-800-750The trading settlement at Al Mina (possibly the ancient city of Poseidion) on the Eastern coast of Asia Minor is often described one of the first trading posts where Greek merchants reopened direct trade with the Near East since the Bronze Age. This outpost was one of the first conduits through which Eastern culture began to flow into the Greek world paving the way for the Orientalizing Period of Greek art in the 7th century. Though not a self-sustaining settlement at its founding, this outpost at Al Mina was one of the first examples of the pattern of Greek expansion and colonization characteristic the 8th and 7th centuries. https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/658535http://www.persee.fr/doc/dha_0755-7256_1986_num_12_1_1709Al Mina, Syria36.061425, 35.973533Popham, Mervyn, et al. “Al Mina and Euboea.” The Annual of the British School at Athens, vol. 75, 1980, pp. 151–161.http://www.jstor.org/stable/30103014
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Siphnian Treasury and its Treasures-530Erected by the Siphians at Delphi, the Siphnian Treasury is documented in two ancient sources. The Siphnian Treasury is a product of no less than three things that characterize the period. (1) Industriousness: the tithe of gold and silver in Siphnos, which equalled the total holdings of any other treasury, were transported more than 350 miles. (2) Piety and impiety: as the riches were dedicated to Delphi, this could be called the cause both of their industriousness and, according to Pausanias, their destruction. (3) Excellence in fine art: the images of the friezes are testament to the skill beyond what the words of an amateur can describe, but these very marble images are no less a signs of piety and of industriousness than those noted above. The Siphnian Treasury itself no longer stands, but the memory of its prosperity and some of the ornate marble images engraved on its friezes exist today.https://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/Sculpture/ashmolean/site/SiphnianTreasurySite.htmhttp://i65.tinypic.com/2jai9gp.png<a href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/artifact?name=Delphi%2C+Siphnian+Treasury+Frieze--North&object=Sculpture">Detailed description and images of the North Frieze, which is the most graphic and most representative of ancient piety</a><br><a href="http://ancient-greece.org/museum/muse-delphi-siphnos.html">Detailed images of all the reminaing friezes.</a></br><a href="http://www.coastal.edu/intranet/ashes2art/delphi2/sanctuary/siphnian_treasury.html">It is not clear either on Perseus or on the Museums of Athens webpage who exactly deserves credit for the images. The artists' reconstructive images on the University of Oxford webpage are credited to either Stewart or Boardman. At this linked page, one can see a photo of the ruins at Delphi, the credit for which is given to Archivision.</a>Delphi, Greece38.481620 N, 22.501642 E.Perseus Project: Herodotus, 3.57-3.58; Pausanias, 10.11.2http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0016.tlg001.perseus-grc1:3.57
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Artefact Integral to Trade: Hoe-500Agora Excavations uncovered this iron hoe to the East of Tholos, a shrine approximately one half-mile from Delphi. Their publication notes that household tools such as iron hammers, drills, nails, screws, and hoes were not cheap. It is also said that these tools are like those found in old-fashioned homes of the modern period. There are also coins found in the same dig, the smithing of which is helpfully explained in an instructive diagram found on page 173 of The Edinburgh Companion to Ancient Greece and Rome (2006, Bishop, Harrison, and Sparks.) Herodotus also writes of one episode in which a smith is putting a hammer to use. One can infer that these tools, owned by a household though they may have been, were the implements of craftsmen, whether the hammer of a smith or the hoe of a farmer. http://agora.ascsa.net/id/agora/notebookpage/%CE%96-5-100?q=hoe&t=&v=list&sort=&s=1http://i63.tinypic.com/2h6ghfo.pngMuch corroded and with much foreign matter attached to it (including stones and a piece of pottery,) but retaining essentially its original shape. The handle is set at right angles to the blade, and some of the wood set into the iron socket is [illegible.] <a href="http://agora.ascsa.net/id/agora/object/il%20670?q=hammer&t=&v=list&sort=&s=1">ASCSA, see this link for iron hammer.</a>Delphi, Greece37.974861 N, 23.722194 EPerseus Project; Herodotus, 1.68.1-1.68.4 for smith's use of hammerhttp://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0016.tlg001.perseus-grc1:1.68
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Life of Pythagoras-570-495<a href="http://i64.tinypic.com/148n86g.jpg">Pythagoras is the first mathematical man in our Western tradition of enduring significance. Pythagoras discovered by counting on the one hand and by calculation on the other an order to nature. Aside from his having lived and having died, little is known concretely about Pythagoras. From one archaic source being first preserved by Diogenes, then Xenophanes of Colophon, we learn one of several tales concerning Pythagoras. In any case, the renown of Pythagoras is recognized most commonly in his name being attached to the formula by which the area of a triangle may be calculated. This formula is likely the earliest example of Greek mathematical thought, which is fundamentally and essentially geometric, approaching unawares what is today called algebra, solving for known unknowns, or unknown knowables. Here it is not possible to capture Pythagoras' influence on archaic sciences, art, philosophy, and thinking generally, but let the near universal recognition of the theorem that still bears his name today be evidence of it a fortiori. The link is to the section 'Life of Pythagoras' in Guthrie's ""History of Ancient Philosophy: Volume 1."" There, Guthrie cites the peripatetic Aristoxenus in order to estimate Pythagoras' year of birth. See paragraph starting 'The dates [. . .]'")</a>https://www-loebclassics-com.ezproxy.lib.utexas.edu/view/xenophanes-fragments/1999/pb_LCL258.423.xml?rskey=ZjnS2o&result=2https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Kapitolinischer_Pythagoras_adjusted.jpgBust of Pythagoras of Samos, Roman copy of the original Greek.<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benutzer:Galilea">Galilea</a><a href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0016.tlg001.perseus-grc1:4.95">Samos, Greece (see Herodotus 4.95-4.96)</a>37.68825, 26.944483Loeb Classical Library Online; Perseus Project; GeoHack https://www-loebclassics-com.ezproxy.lib.utexas.edu/view/xenophanes-fragments/1999/pb_LCL258.423.xml?rskey=cDFW4z&result=2
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Bronze helmet in Corinthian type-650-600The Corinthian helmet was a staple of the warfare materials of the average Greek hoplite and was found all over the Mediterranean. Stylistically, the helmet is characterized by complete head coverage except for two narrow slits for the eyes and an opening for the mouth with the signature nose protectionary piece. The neck was also protected by a large attached sheet of bronze. While pragmatic for frontal conflict because the metal was thicker in the facial part of the helmet, the back was often thinner, making it easy to strike in that area. Hoplites had to supply their own materials for warfare, which included greaves, shields, spears, etc.http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/250922?sortBy=Relevance&amp;when=1000+B.C.-A.D.+1&amp;where=Greece&amp;ft=helmet&amp;offset=0&amp;rpp=20&amp;pos=12http://images.metmuseum.org/CRDImages/gr/web-large/DP119913.jpghttp://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/250922?sortBy=Relevance&amp;when=1000+B.C.-A.D.+1&amp;where=Greece&amp;ft=helmet&amp;offset=0&amp;rpp=20&amp;pos=12Said to be from Olympia, Greece37.6381535, 21.629337Herodotus, Histories 4.180.3http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126%3Abook%3D4%3Achapter%3D180%3Asection%3D3&highlight=Corinthian
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Bronze Herakles-520-500Herakles was a highly revered hero/god/demigod who commanded a large following characterized by hero cults. His fame is derived from his grueling twelve tasks he endured and his relationships between the gods. In the Odyssey, Herakles was so powerful that he was feared by everyone, even by the dead. He instilled a sense of awe and respect within archaic religion, shown by this statuette. This particular statuette is significant because it shows the practice of bronze lost-wax casting, specifically solid lost-wax casting.http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/252975?sortBy=Relevance&amp;when=1000+B.C.-A.D.+1&amp;ft=herakles&amp;offset=0&amp;rpp=20&amp;pos=3http://images.metmuseum.org/CRDImages/gr/web-large/gr28.77.R.jpghttp://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/252975?sortBy=Relevance&amp;when=1000+B.C.-A.D.+1&amp;ft=herakles&amp;offset=0&amp;rpp=20&amp;pos=3Said to be from Mantineia, Greece37.6173785, 22.3925775Homer, Odyssey 11.601-620http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0136%3Abook%3D11%3Acard%3D601&highlight=Heracles
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Battle of Marathon-490In a classic underdog story, the Greeks and Persians clashed on a plain outside of Marathon around 10 September 490 during the First Persian Invasion. The outnumbered Athenians had only half as many troops as Persians, yet the brillant general Miltiades' double envelopment strategy left the larger Persian army utterly crushed. Accounts estimate that 6,400 Persians and 192 Greeks were slain. This battle is often noted as the change from the Archaic period to the Classical period. Herodotus was the first to report this battle in his anthology the Histories.http://www.livius.org/articles/battle/marathon-490-bce/http://www.rom.on.ca/sites/default/files/imce/helmet_gall_install1.jpg"Kay Sunahara removing the helmet for further research from the Royal Ontario Museum's exhibition on Greek and Roman culture."photo by Kay SunaharaMarathon, Greece38.125818, 23.972155Herodotus, Histories 11.109-117http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126%3Abook%3D6%3Achapter%3D113&highlight=Marathon
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Polyphemus amphora-675-650This Protoattic amphora found at Eleusis is a funerary vessel that holds the body of a child. On its exterior it shows paintings of two mythological scenes: Perseus and the Gorgons, as well as Odysseus blinding the cyclopes Polyphemus. This vessel gives a visual marker of transition in vase painting style, as it encompasses both geometric and figure painting characteristics. The use and context of the amphora illustrate the social contexts of which the vessel existed. https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/579920http://scholarexchange.furman.edu/art231/49/#attach_additional_fileshttp://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/images/pottery/painters/keypieces/tiverios/3-p54-medium.jpg<a href="http://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/tools/pottery/painters/keypieces/protoattic/eleusis.htm">Polyphemus Amphora by M. Tiverios, Elliniki Techni</a>M. Tiverios, Elliniki TechniEleusis, Greece38.040825, 23.536506Langdon, Susan. "Beyond the Grave: Biographies from Early Greece." American Journal of Archaeology 105, no. 4 (2001): 579-606. doi:10.2307/507408.http://www.jstor.org/stable/507408
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Measures of the Athenian Agora-500The three bronze weights found in the Athenian Agora designate three different standard measures used for trade. These weights are labeled with distinct symbols: a knucklebone, a shield and a tortoise, that each correspond to a different measure. The weights vary the largest being a stater (roughly two pounds) and the smallest being 1/6 a stater. These weights mark just one of many different standards created for measurement and consistency which also included standards for liquid measure, dry measure, and even roof tiles in Athens. These standards would become more prevalent and would come to be a product of a ministry of the Athenian government that controlled measures. https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/579885http://agathe.gr/democracy/standard_weights_and_measures.htmlhttp://www.agathe.gr/Icons/democracy/Weights.jpg<a href="http://www.agathe.gr/democracy/administration_and_bureaucracy.html">Athenian Weigths and Measures by American School of Classical Studies</a>Athens, Greece37.974567, 23.722220Lang, M., & Crosby, M. (1964). Weights, Measures and Tokens. The Athenian Agora, 10, Iii-146. doi:10.2307/3601971http://www.ascsa.edu.gr/pdf/uploads/oa_ebooks/oa_agora/Agora_X.pdf
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founding of Pithekoussai-770-760As given by scholars Livy and Strabo, the founding of Pithekoussai is one of the earliest Greek colonies to the West. These scholars claim the city to have been founded by people from Etruria and Chalcis, both cities in Euboea. Due to its prime location along trade routes the small volcanic island, modern day Ischia in the Bay of Naples, has yielded important archeological evidence. Known for its emporium, Pithekoussai finds its origins in the trading and exchange of goods that flowed into and out of the port between mainland Italy, Magna Graecia, and mainland Greece. https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/433026https://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/pithekoussai/https://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/files/1972/01/Site-plan-Mezzavia.jpg<a href="https://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/a-greek-metalworking-quarter/">Plan of the site at Pithekoussai</a>Laco Ameno NA, Italy40.7548833,13.88662975Titus Livius (Livy), The History of Rome 8.22.5-6http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0145%3Abook%3D8%3Achapter%3D22
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Kneeling Youth of Samos, Greece-625This figure represents the Daedalic style attributed to the stone sculptor Daedalus. This depicts the style of sculpted male muscular structure, a triangular torso, stacked hairstyle, and inlaid facial features common of Daedalus. This particular sculpture may have been part of a larger structure, such as a lyre. https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/531093http://arthistoryresources.net/greek-art-archaeology-2016/orientalizing-sculpture.htmlhttp://arthistoryresources.net/greek-art-archaeology-2016/greek-art-archaeology-images/orientalizingsamosyouth2.jpgc. 625 BCE from Samos, Ivory , Height: 5 3/4 inches, (Archaeological Museum, Samos)Christopher LCE WiticombeSamos, Greece37.7548 N, 26.9778 Ewebsitehttp://arthistoryresources.net/greek-art-archaeology-2016/orientalizing-sculpture.html
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Temple "E" at Selinunte-480-460The largest completed temple at Selinus, likely dedicated to the Goddess Hera. It is unique in its large size and the fact that parts of the interior structure still survive. Selinus was one of archaic Greece's wealthiest colonies, but scholars have still not determined the exact source of wealth. The grandiose remnants of this temple attest to the financial strength of this city. https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/502577470/?searchterm=temple%20E%20at%20selinunte*http://www.ancient.eu/Selinus/http://www.ancient.eu/uploads/images/display-2601.jpgInterior, Temple of Hera, SelinusMark CartwrightSelinunte, Sicily, Italy37.583611 N,12.824722 Ewebsitehttp://www.ancient.eu/Selinus/
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Pausanias leads Greeks to victory in Battle of Plataea-479Nephew to famed Spartan King Leonidas, Pausanias led the Greeks in 479BCE in the Battle of Plataea. While as a commander, he effectively utilized the hoplite army and phalanx formation to secure victory for the Greeks over the Persians, who would never attempt to invade mainland Greece again.While hailed as a just leader in battle, Pausanias' reputation thereafter began to decline. After years of political conflicts with Spartan authorities and an egotistical attitude after the Plataean victory, he sought asylum in the Temple of Athena, after realization he would be arested. Pausanias starved himself to death in the temple, but was given a hero's burial by the Spartans. http://www.livius.org/articles/person/pausanias/http://www.ancient.eu/Pausanias_(General)/NANANAPlataea, Greece38.215556 N, 23.266944 Ehttp://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0200:book=1:chapter=130&highlight=plataeahttp://www.ancient.eu/Pausanias_(General)/
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Nestor's Cup-730‘Nestor’s Cup’ is a drinking vessel found on the island of Ischia in the Gulf of Naples that is dated to the late 8th century BC. The cup was discovered in the grave of a teenage boy, and, in addition to its intricate geometric designs, bears probably the second oldest surviving example of Greek alphabetic inscription. The text translates to, “(I am) Nestor’s cup, good to drink from; whoever drinks from this cup will immediately be seized by the desire of fair-crowned Aphrodite.” This inscription is written in an early Western Greek dialect and is inscribed in a poetic meter. The inscription alludes to the story of Nestor in Homer’s Iliad. This cup was most likely used at a symposium (Greek drinking party) and provides important evidence for the earliest written form of epic poetry. https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/432648 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nestor%27s_Cup#The_.22Cup_of_Nestor.22_from_Pithekoussaihttp://codex99.com/typography/images/ancient/nestor_lg.jpghttp://codex99.com/typography/13.htmlPithekoussai, Ischia, Italy40.7513, 13.8913Panagiotis Filos, “Nestor’s Cup”, in: Encyclopedia of Ancient Greek Language and Linguistics, Managing Editors Online Edition <http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.lib.utexas.edu/10.1163/2214-448X_eagll_SIM_00000502>http://referenceworks.brillonline.com.ezproxy.lib.utexas.edu/entries/encyclopedia-of-ancient-greek-language-and-linguistics/nestors-cup-SIM_00000502
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Dipylon Oinochoe-740The Dipylon Oinochoe is a wine jug that was found in the Kerameikos cemetery of Athens. The piece dates to the mid/late 8th century BC. This jug is beautifully decorated with geometric designs, and has what is deemed to be the oldest comprehensible Greek alphabetic inscription. The text is fragmentary, but is translated as, “Whoever of all the dancers (now) dances most elegantly, to him (will belong) this vase.” As is evident by the inscription, this jug and the wine it carried was probably given to a winner of a dance competition in Archaic Athens. https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/97294452 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipylon_Inscriptionhttp://www.namuseum.gr/collections/vases/geom/images/01.pnghttp://www.namuseum.gr/collections/vases/geom/geometrical01-en.htmlAthens, Greece37.978783, 23.718549Panagiotis Filos, “Dipylon Vase Inscription”, in: Encyclopedia of Ancient Greek Language and Linguistics, Managing Editors Online Edition <http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.lib.utexas.edu/10.1163/2214-448X_eagll_SIM_00000449>http://referenceworks.brillonline.com.ezproxy.lib.utexas.edu/entries/encyclopedia-of-ancient-greek-language-and-linguistics/dipylon-vase-inscription-SIM_00000449
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Cylonian Conspiracy-632-600The Cylonian Conspiracy was a revolt led by the Olympic victor Cylon and his followers to try and gain tyrannical control in Athens in the late 7th century BC. He and his followers seized the acropolis in an attempt to control power through the temples and treasuries. This attempt ultimately failed and they were besieged on the acropolis. The rebels negotiated with their besiegers for safe passage down and out of the city, but were betrayed and massacred as they left the acropolis. This upset the people of Athens and they blamed the Alcmaeonids, a leading family in Athens at the time. The family lost influence in Athens and the Cylonian Conspiracy seemed to curse them as they attempted to rule in Athens in the following years.http://www.worldhistory.biz/ancient-history/51928-the-cylonian-conspiracy.htmlAthens, Greece37.971744, 23.725728Herodotus, Histories 5.71http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126:book=5:chapter=71&highlight=cylon
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Kabeirion Bull Statuette-525-500A bull statuette from the Kabeirion near Thebes. A dedication to the Kaberoi, a group of deities associated with metal-working and sailors. This sanctuary, the Kabeirion, was a major location of the mystery cult of these deities, where bull statuettes like this were common dedications. Mystery cults were an intriguing facet of ancient Greek religious life, unique in that they were locally worshipped, and exclusive to initiates of the cult. https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/540844 http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/250963http://images.metmuseum.org/CRDImages/gr/web-large/DP281883.jpgInscription: "Thaletas dedicated me to the Kabeiroi."The MetThe Kabeirion, near Thebes, Boiotia38.321966, 23.2587315Schachter, Albert. "CULTS OF BOIOTIA: 2. Herakles to Poseidon." Bulletin Supplement (University of London. Institute of Classical Studies), no. 38 (2) (1986): 70-124. http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.lib.utexas.edu/stable/43768572
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Golonos Epinetron-500An epinetron, or onos, attributed to the Golonos Group. This black-figure ceramic thigh-guard, and others similar to it, were used by ancient Greek women for carding wool. Carding, a process of disentangling wool, was a step in the production of yarn. One of many Athenian epinetra attributed to the Golonos Group of painters, this specific piece features men and women having conversation on the sides, and a woman's face in relief on the front. Examples like this would often be given to women as wedding gifts, and were painted with imagery showing tasks in the daily life of women, like spinning and weaving. In this case, the object shows female subjects sitting down to talk with what can be presumed to be their husbands or suitors. Spinning and weaving were a large portion of many women's daily lives, and the Gynacaeum, or women's room, of the house was generally filled with looms and equipment for these tasks. https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/579885http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=459194&partId=1https://c1.staticflickr.com/3/2844/34068799296_713910e47e_k.jpgThe British Museum Image Service (E-mailed)http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details/collection_image_gallery.aspx?assetId=528855001&objectId=459194&partId=1 Athens37.9765256666, 23.7255156587Robinson, David M. "A New Attic Onos or Epinetron." American Journal of Archaeology 49, no. 4 (1945): 480-90..doi:10.2307/499863
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The Works of Sappho-630-570One of few extant female ancient Greek poets, the works of Sappho provide an intimate and involved perspective on the life of a woman in the time period. Living and writing during the late 7th and early 6th century BCE, she was born into what is assumed to be a high status family in Mytilene, on the Isle of Lesbos. Very little is known about her life, most of which comes from her own works. The Suda attributes 10,000 lines of lyric, elegiac, iambic, and epigrammatic poetry to her. Her fragmentary 650 extant lines were composed primarily in her famous lyric mode, and were mainly written about love, with some fragments covering related topics, like family. The majority of contemporary literary information regarding the female perspective on both heterosexual and homosexual relationships are derived from these fragments. http://inamidst.com/stuff/sappho/http://inamidst.com/stuff/sappho/http://classical-inquiries.chs.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Sappho-alone.jpg Detail from Attic krater attributed to the Brygos Painter, 480-470 BCE. Line Drawing by Valerie Woelfel. http://kleos.chs.harvard.edu/?p=5182 Mytilene, Lesbos39.110475, 26.547048Most, Glenn W. "REFLECTING SAPPHO." Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies 40 (1995): 15-38.http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.lib.utexas.edu/stable/43646574
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The Macmillan aryballos-640Many are interested in the development of the phalanx as a military strategy in ancient Greece. Pausanias describes the Spartans fighting in a way that we would call a phalanx formation however this runs contrary to the evidence. The earliest depictions of phalanx warfare we have are on pottery vessels such as these dated to 640 BC long after the time of the First Messenian War. This and the fact that Pausanias was writing long after the time of the battle and would have difficulty giving accurate testimony of this time period sheds skepticism on the claim that the Spartans fought in a phalanx.http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=399476&partId=1https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Aryballos_Macmillan.JPGVase painting depicting phalanx warfare dated 640 BC.Thebes, Greece38.321952 N, 23.317727 EThe British Mueseumhttp://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=399476&partId=1
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Spear Heads-650Spears such as these were probably used by the Spartans in the First Messenian War. Articles such as spears, helmets, and shields which comprise a military outfit known as the hoplite have all been found prior to the First Messenian War and were probably used by the Spartans. This coupled with Pausanias' testimony that the Spartans were indeed fighting in a phalanx gives good evidence that the phalanx was being used as a military tactic well into the archaic period before we have more reliable testimony from the classical period.http://web.prm.ox.ac.uk/rpr/index.php/object-biography-index/1-prmcollection/648-marathon-spearheads/http://web.prm.ox.ac.uk/rpr/index.php/component/joomgallery/image/index-view=image&format=raw&type=img&id=819&Itemid=41.htmlSpear head used by ancient Greek warriors.Marathon, Greece38.157339 N, 23.962430 ERethinking Pitt-Rivershttp://web.prm.ox.ac.uk/rpr/index.php/object-biography-index/1-prmcollection/648-marathon-spearheads/
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First Messenian War-743-710War between Spartans and Messenians. Greek historian Pausanias provides multiple reasons for the start of the war from the Spartan and from the Messenian perspective. The most likely reason and most agreed upon among scholars was that the Spartans wanted to conquer the fertile territory of Messenia.http://www.ancientgreekbattles.net/Pages/74340_MessenianWarI.htm#_ref-1http://www.ancientgreekbattles.net/Pics/74340_mtithomtaken.jpgPrint of the Spartans Capturing Mount Ithome John A BryanMessenia, Greece37.104642 N, 21.775292 EGuide to Greece' by Pausanias, translated by Thomas Taylor: Book 4 Section 4.
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Temple of Hera (Heraion)-600The Temple of Hera has long been a revered and mysterious site in Greece. Visited by Pausanias in the second century AD, he placed its construction during the rein of King Oxylos of Elis in 1096 bc, though modern archaeologists estimate it was built much later (around 600). The temple has three chambers (a pronaos, a cella, and a opisthodomos), though only the basement still stands today. In archaic Greece, Hera was worshipped here, and the Heraian games were organized by sixteen noble Elian women. The temple also held objects that were sacred to the Greeks, such as the famous Disk of Iphitos (where the Olympic truce was inscribed) and the Table of Kolotes (where the olive branch crowns of the Olympic victors lay). In Roman times, the temple was also used as a musuem where Greek artifacts were displayed. The temple has been renovated many times since its conception, and was continually used from Archaic times into the Roman era.<https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/584889481>http://odysseus.culture.gr/h/2/eh251.jsp?obj_id=493http://www.visionpubl.com/en/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2016/12/Olympia_-_Temple_of_Hera_3.jpgThough the temple has been renovated many times throughout its long history, not much of it remains standing today.http://www.visionpubl.com/en/cities/olympia/temple-hera-heraion/Olympia, Greece37.639117, 21.629794Vickatou, Olympia. "Ministry of Culture and Sports | Temple of Era at Olympia." Ministry of Culture and Sports | Temple of Hera at Olympia. Odysseus, n.d. Web. 21 Mar. 2017.http://odysseus.culture.gr/h/2/eh251.jsp?obj_id=493
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Achilles and Ajax Amphora-525-520This amphora was sculpted sometime between 525-520 in Athens, Greece. It is decorated in the Bilingual Style, meaning the same scene is depicted on both sides of the object, one in Red Figure Style (painted by the Andokides painter) and one in Black Figure Style (painted by the Lysippides painter). The Black Figure style was a popular artistic technique in Archaic Greece: It depicted rigid, conventional figures, usually in profile. The Red Figure style evolved later, and depicted red figures on a black background, making the scenes more detailed and realistic. On both sides the scene depicts the ancient Homeric heroes Achilles and Ajax playing a board game. Both men are heavily armed, holding their spears with their shield and helmet close by their side. Both are wearing armor with tunics on top, as Greek heroes of this era are often depicted in. Ajax is shown with his hand outstretched towards the board as he gets ready to play his hand, but Achilles is sitting closer to the board itself. <https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/579885>https://www.boundless.com/art-history/textbooks/boundless-art-history-textbook/ancient-greece-6/the-archaic-period-64/ceramics-in-the-greek-archaic-period-334-11063/http://thebarking.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/redvsblack.jpgHomeric myths and characters were often portrayed on pottery and other artwork in Archaic Greece.https://thebarking.com/2012/02/negative-space/Athens, Greece37.985691, 23.728297"Two-handled Jar (amphora) with Achilles and Ajax." Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. N.p., 09 Aug. 2016. Web. 21 Mar. 2017.http://www.mfa.org/collections/object/two-handled-jar-amphora-with-achilles-and-ajax-153408
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Xerxes Invades Greece-480King Xerxes of Persia, angry at the bellicose Greeks and their revolt under his father King Darius, decided to subdue them once and for all, though he was warned on multiple occasions by his advisers of the unusual bravery of the Greeks (particularly the Spartans). He built a bridge across the Hellespont and marched his army into Greece, certain that the Greeks would be far to busy quarreling to muster up a formidable force against his much larger army. However, many Greek cities sent warriors to fight the Persian threat, and this army was lead by Leonidas, King of Sparta. At the strait of Thermopylae, the Greeks faced the Persians, and though much smaller in number they were able to beat back King Xerxes' army. However, after a few days of this stalemate, Xerxes was informed of a pass through the mountains that would take him straight to Thermopylae and the Greeks. When word of this reached the Greek army, many of the allies fled. Leonidas and the Spartans, along with the Thespian troops, decided to stay and fight the Persians though they were hopelessly outnumbered. The Greeks bravely met the oncoming Persian army, and were completely slaughtered.http://www.historynet.com/greco-persian-wars-battle-of-thermopylae.htmPhthiotis, Greece38.798665, 22.545534Herodotus, The Histories, Book 7.https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/ancient/herodotus-xerxes.asp
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Gold Libation Bowl (phiale mesomphalos)-625-600
This artifact stands at 15 centimeters in height, 15 centimeters in diameter, and weighs 835.46 grams. It is made out of gold with the inscription "The sons of Kyselos dedicated [this bowl] from Heraclea" in Greek, located on the outside around the rim. This bowl is the earliest surviving example of a phiale, a phiale is basically shallow metal offering bowl, and it contains 9 lobes which are bulbous indentations. It is identified as a vessel that was used to preform ritual ceremonies. The libation bowl held wine which was poured from a jug, it allowed the wine to spill on the ground.		http://www.mfa.org/collections/object/libation-bowl-phiale-mesomphalos-238352http://mfas3.s3.amazonaws.com/objects/SC192854.jpgGold Libation bowl used for sacred religious ceremonies Olympia37.6385, 21.6299Bothmer, Dietrich Von. "A Gold Libation Bowl." The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 21, no. 4 (1962): 154. doi:10.2307/3257939.https://www.metmuseum.org/pubs/bulletins/1/pdf/3257939.pdf.bannered.pdf
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Amazon-600-500
This artifact is made of cast bronze and stands at 14.8 centimeters. This is an amazon which is a member of a group of women warriors. The figure looks like she is running and turning back. With her left hand she seems to be raising what looks like she is wearing a dress she is also wearing a helmet that would be used on the battlefield from which locks of hair are falling out of. The artifact is missing legs and also the right arm. She may have possibly been holding a bow. This artifacts that looked similar to this one was found on the Acropolis in Athens, which in greek acropolis means “high city,” where important temples were built on top of. Athens contained the most famous acropolis.		http://art.thewalters.org/detail/9225/amazon/http://art.thewalters.org/images/art/large/l_pl9_54972_fnt_bw_h48.jpgCrete35.2401, 24.8093The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. "Amazon." Encyclopædia Britannica. January 14, 2016. Accessed March 21, 2017. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Amazon-Greek-mythology. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Amazon-Greek-mythology
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The Great Panathenaic festivals -566300This was an important festival which was held in Athens, celebrated every four years in honour of goddess Athena. This festival consisted of sacrificial meat, which was later on served at a fast where Athenians participated in. The Great Panathenaea also consisted of musical contests, athletic competitions, that included chariot-racing which was popular, and also recitation of poems. The organizers of this festival encouraged outsiders to join mostly because they saw it as an opportunity to show people what they were about. It was rare for Athenians to include outsiders in their events, however this was one in which they invited specifically musicians and athletes who had competed in games. Also small competitions took place between Athenian tribes aside from major athletic competitions.https://www.britannica.com/topic/Panathenaea#ref10138http://athenianarchitecturenz.weebly.com/uploads/3/9/1/7/39178257/1247257_orig.jpgAthenians and Greeks from outside Athens participating in the Great Panathenaic FestivalAthens 37.9838, 23.7275Anderson, Greg. The Athenian experiment: building an imagined political community in ancient Attica, 508-490 B.C. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2006. https://www.press.umich.edu/pdf/0472113208-ch7.pdf.https://www.press.umich.edu/pdf/0472113208-ch7.pdf
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Francois Vase-570-560The Francois Vase is an Attic black-figure volute krater, amongst the earliest Greek ones known (the earliest from Attica), found in an Etruscan Necropolis near Chiusi. It is .66 meters high. It was potted by Ergotimos and painted by Kleitias, both identified by inscriptions. The vase has approximately 270 figures, nearly half of whom are identified by inscriptions written boustrophedon, in six horizontal registers as well as on the handles. The scenes depicted are mythological in subject and include the Calydonian Boar Hunt, Theseus and Ariadne, funeral games for Patroklos, the ambush of Troilus, the return of Hephaestus to Olympus, a Centauromachy, an animal scene, and most prominently the wedding of Peleus and Thetis. The krater also includes a scene of pygmies battling cranes on the foot and images of Ajax lifting the corpse of Achilleus and the 'Mistress of Animals' (Artemis?) on the handles. Scholars are unsure what the unifying aspects of the pictographic program might be or if there is one at all. The Francois Vase is important for our knowledge of mythological narrative and Greco-Etruscan trade relations during the Archaic period. The krater now resides at the Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Firenze. https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/413096http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/artifact?name=Florence+4209&object=Vasehttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Kleitias_e_vasaio_ergotimos%2C_cratere_fran%C3%A7ois%2C_570_ac_ca._giochi_funebri_per_patroclo_03.JPG/1280px-Kleitias_e_vasaio_ergotimos%2C_cratere_fran%C3%A7ois%2C_570_ac_ca._giochi_funebri_per_patroclo_03.JPGDetail of the Francois Vase showing top three registers of side A. (From top to bottom) Calydonian Boar Hunt, chariot race at the funeral games of Patroklos, procession of guests at the wedding of Peleus and Thetis.https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fran%C3%A7ois_vase#/media/File:Kleitias_e_vasaio_ergotimos,_cratere_fran%C3%A7ois,_570_ac_ca._giochi_funebri_per_patroclo_03.JPGFonte Rotella, Italy (near Chiusi)43.0164, 11.9487Iozzo, M., Lezzi-Hefter, A., and Shapiro, H. A. (2003). The François Vase: New Perspectives (Vols. 1-2). Kilchberg, Zurich: Akanthus proceedings 3.http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/877875981
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Eulin Enscription-800-775It is a plain impasto flask-vessel with an insctiption most often read as EULIN (or EUOIN?). There is some debate amongst scholars concerning what script the inscription is in, but the most prevalent theory is that it is in the Greek alphabet. The pot was produced in Latium and also found there in a grave at the cemetery of Osteria dell'Osa. The burial context included several other prestige items, many from elsewhere in the Mediterranean, in the grave of a widow. The grave it was found in is dated to the first quarter of the eigth century BC making this the oldest inscription in the Greek language. The meaning of the word is obscure although several interpretations have been proposed including eulin(os) meaning "homely" and as a name. https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/422994https://languagewriterdotcom.files.wordpress.com/2015/10/potvangabii.jpgFlask with enlarged detail showing enscription on basehttps://languagewriter.com/2015/10/25/the-first-scribbler-of-western-europe/Osteria Dell'Osa, Italy41.8909, 12.6994Watkins, C. (1995). Greece in Italy Outside Rome. Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, 97, 35-52.http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/208601772
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Introduction of Coinage to Mainland Greece-600-550Coins were first thought to have been introduced into Greece by Pheidon, the tyrant of Argos. Often he is said to have instituted coinage at Aegina, an island in the Saronic Gulf. The archaeological evidence also points to Aegina as probably having the oldest coins. The Greeks imported the idea of coins from the Lydians in Anatolia but quickly made it their own. Before the advent of proper coinage, the Greeks used metal bullion, chunks of metal, which had to be weighed and cut for each transaction. The Greeks then adopted bimetallic (gold and silver) currency from the East in the first half of the sixth century BC. Why the Greeks changed from bullion to coins isn't entirely clear and there is much debate, but some of the theories include the convenience of coins with set weights and values, minting could turn a profit for the state, and conage benefitted the issuing body by instilling trust and facilitating taxation and military payments. https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/579844http://snible.org/coins/hn/aegina.htmlhttp://snible.org/coins/hn/figs/aegina-fig218.jpgA typical early Aeginetan coin. Obverse: turtle. Reverse: union-jack incuse.http://snible.org/coins/hn/aegina.htmlAegina, Greece37.7500745, 23.4285005Marmor Parium, epoch 30http://www.ashmolean.museum/ash/faqs/q004/q004011.html
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 Temple of Athena at Paestum-510-500One of three Archaic, Doric style temples at Paestum. It is unique in that its outer columns are Doric and the columns of the inner pronaos are Ionic. The temple is also notable for being one of the first examples of entasis, the earliest being the basillica at Paestum. https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/375591100/temple-of-athena/?searchterm=paestum*http://www.ancient.eu/Paestum/http://www.greatbuildings.com/gbc/images/cid_2456873.jpgUnknownLaura, Italy40.4245 N, 15.0054 E Haselberger, Lothar; Hansgeorg Banke. "Appearance and essence : refinements of classical architecture: curvature : Proceedings of The Second Williams Symposium on Classical Architecture held at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, April 2-4, 1993." Printhttp://www.worldcat.org/title/appearance-and-essence-refinements-of-classical-architecture-curvature-proceedings-of-the-second-williams-symposium-on-classical-architecture-held-at-the-university-of-pennsylvania-philadelphia-april-2-4-1993/oclc/231956025&referer=brief_results
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Temple of Artemis at Corfu-590Doric temple located on the island of Corfu, an island off the Greek coast. Though its pediment is all that remains, the temple is notable for being the first doric temple of its kind. The temple was much larger than any that preceeded it; its design served as a blueprint for the doric temples that would follow during the archaic period—with features such as the pediment becoming standard practice in Greek architecture. The temple is also known for the medusa on its pediment, nine feet tall, her waist wrapped in serpents, a lion and her children, Pegasus and Chrysaor, are around her. The medusa likely, served an apotropaic function, though this function has been contested. The other figures displayed have been interpreted as representing the Titanomachy, the battle between the Gods and the Titans, or the fall of Troy. https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/530835http://sasgreekart.pbworks.com/w/page/10150032/Temple%20of%20Artemis%20at%20Corfuhttp://sasgreekart.pbworks.com/f/corfu.jpgGorgon Medusa from the pediment of the Temple of Artemis at Corfu.http://sasgreekart.pbworks.com/w/page/10150032/Temple%20of%20Artemis%20at%20CorfuGaritsa, Greece39.6071 N, 19.9183 E Robbins, Dexter Miriam. "THE FEROCIOUS AND THE EROTIC
“Beautiful” Medusa and the Neolithic Bird and Snake" Indiana University Press. Web. 		http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/fsr.2010.26.1.25?seq=1&cid=pdfreference#references_tab_contents
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Cleisthenes is born-570Athenian noble, known as "the father of Athenian democracy." He received that honor due to his reformation of the ancient Athenian constitution and his establishment of a democratic foundation in 508-507 BC. He was also the grandson of the tyrant Cleisthenes of Sicyon. In The Histories Herodotus calls Cleisthenes he "who gave the Athenians and their tribes democracy." Cleisthenes came to power after overthrowing Hippias. However, Cleisthenes' claim to power was challenged by Isagoras, who gained the advantage after an appeal to Cleomenes I, king of Sparta for aid in abjecting Clesisthenes. After his return following a period of exile, Cleistehenes finally assumed leadership of Athens. Among his contributions were his reorganiztion of the four traditional tribes, based on familial relations, into ten tribes according to areas of residence (deme). He also abandoned patronymics (to name a place after an ancestor) for demonymics (name according to deme). http://perseus.uchicago.edu/perseus-cgi/citequery3.pl?dbname=GreekFeb2011&getid=1&query=Hdt.%206.133.1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleisthenes37.9761283749, 23.7259218051The Histories—Herodotus (6. 131.2)http://perseus.uchicago.edu/perseus-cgi/citequery3.pl?dbname=GreekFeb2011&getid=1&query=Hdt.%206.133.1
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"Spartan" Running girl-520-500This item exemplifies the widespread lacking of exactly what it represents. Female Athletes were generally rare in most of Archaic Greece, except in Sparta where they apparently believed that tougher and stronger women would breed tougher and stronger soldiers. This example that was probably a decorative attachment to a vessal of some kind typifies what Pausanius in the 2nd century A.D. describes as a Spartan Running Girl when he describes their hair “down” and their tunics “a little above the knee” and a bare right shoulder “as far as the breast.” https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/482013http://culturalinstitute.britishmuseum.org/asset-viewer/bronze-figure-of-a-running-girl/5AFwcCa2vpvNdA?hl=enhttp://www.artres.com/Doc/ART/Media/TR2/S/K/F/2/ART177415.jpghttp://www.artres.com/C.aspx?VP3=ViewBox_VPage&VBID=2UN365ITGDJ8M&IT=ZoomImageTemplate01_VForm&IID=29B7A2E37U&PN=1&CT=Search&SF=0 Spartan Running Girl From Prizren The Trustees of the British Museum / Art ResourcePrizren38.481263 N, 22.501687 EBritish Museum, The British Museum’s Spartan Running Girl. Online Summary
Collection, Online Publication, Unknown Publication Date, http://culturalinstitute.britishmuseum.org/asset-viewer/bronze-figure-of-a-running-girl/5AFwcCa2vpvNdA?hl=en		http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/greeks/greek_olympics_gallery_06.shtml
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"Kleobis & Biton" Kouroi-580-580“Greek” art seems to have taken its early archaic cues from its blockier and more rigid eastern neighbors, especially Egypt, before beginning the shift over hundreds of years into a slightly more plastically mobile appearing nude human style that exemplified the natural curvatures and postures that have become stereotypically associated with Greek art. These kouroi which are named for the myth that Herodotus puts into the mouth of Solon when Solon is talking to Croesus show the beginnings of that shift away from the slightly stiffer movement to a more natural one. https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/540726http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/artifact?name=Delphi%2C+Kleobis+and+Biton&object=Sculpturehttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/GR-delphi-kleobis-bithon.jpg/399px-GR-delphi-kleobis-bithon.jpghttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:GR-delphi-kleobis-bithon.jpg Kleobis and BitonDelphi MuseumDelphi42.2153 N, 20.7415 EBrown University’s Joukowsky Institute for Archaeology & the Ancient World, Kleobis and
Biton: Archeologies of the Greek Past, Published Online, No Date of Publication,
https://www.brown.edu/Departments/Joukowsky_Institute/courses/greekpast/4772.html
http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/artifact?name=Delphi%2C+Kleobis+and+Biton&object=Sculpture
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Solon The Reformer-594-594Solon is best known for his reform of the constitution, debts and the laws regarding slavery which ended debt-based slavery, lowered voting requirements and lawsuit restrictions, and right of appeal are some of the founding principles for modern democracy. He was elected Archon in 594 B.C.E and began reforms that Herodotus would later contraversialy accuse Solon of allowing his friends to profit by the pre-informational gamble of borrowing before bankrupting, but they were still talking about Solon. https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/579885http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/solon.htmlhttp://farm7.staticflickr.com/6223/6240606743_b02da68952_o_d.jpghttp://farm7.staticflickr.com/6223/6240606743_b02da68952_o_d.jpg SolonSculpture by Brenda PutnamAthens37.9838 N, 23.7275 EAristotle, Athens' Constitution 1.6 http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/athenian_const.1.1.htmlhttp://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/solon.html
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The Artemisium, temple of Artemis at Ephesus -550-540The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, sometimes called the Artemisium, is noteworthy for its unmatched size and its assimilation with the local non-Greek culture. It represented the assimilation of a local Anatolian goddess to the Greek divinity of Artemis. It was commissioned with the financial support of a non-Greek king, Croesus, the king of Lydia who ruled from 560-546 BC. According to the primary sources, the reconstruction was the first Greek marble temple ever built. It was one of the seven ancient wonders of the world, outsizing previous temples. According to the literary sources, it was an immense rectangular structure, some 350-feet long and 180-feet wide, situated with 127 Ionic columns reaching some 60 feet high. It was said to be engraved with sculptures and carvings, even within the columns, and to have housed a large statue of Artemis in its center. Because it was destroyed by arson, evidence of the construction does not exist outside of the literary sources, except for foundations and sculptural fragments of its reconstruction in the 4th Century BCE. https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/599612/temple-of-artemis
http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/greece/paganism/artemis.htmlhttp://www.ephesus.us/images/templeofartemision.jpghttp://farm7.staticflickr.com/6223/6240606743_b02da68952_o_d.jpgPhotographed by modern City of EphesusEphesus37.9497311, 27.363807Pliny the Elder. The Natural History. 36.21http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0978.phi001.perseus-eng1:36.21
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Temple of Alcmeonidae, Temple of Apollo at Delphi
-525-510The temple of Apollo at Delphi was said to be the center of the ancient Greek world and was noteworthy for being the epicenter of oracles, which were often given just outside its walls. After a previous iteration was destroyed by fire in the 6th century, it began reconstruction in 525BCE and was nicknamed the "Temple of Alcmeonidae" after its new contractors, who were from an exiled Athenian family. Because it was a traveling sanctuary, in addition to these contributions, funding for the temple came from all over the Greek world, including from foreign emperors. The Delphi temple served a significant role for local Greeks as well as those from other city states and from foriegn places, and is often mentioned in mythology. Although not much is known about its interior structure, the temple's foundations and several columns survive, in additon to other artifacts, including the famous sculpture of Nike.

https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/464482219
http://www.ancient.eu/delphi/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Santuario_de_Apolo_Pitio.gifTemple of Apollo, Delphi; <a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Santuario_de_Apolo_Pitio.gif">Delphi Temple Of Apollo</a>Photographed by Michael Bennett

Delphi38.4823167 N, 22.5012215 E

Sakoulas, Thomas. "Temple of Apollo at Delphi". Ancient-Greece.org. Retrieved 28 November 2016.http://ancient-greece.org/architecture/delphi-temple-of-apollo.html
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Establishment of Draco Law Codes-622-621In 622 or 621 BC, Draco established the first Athenian written legal code called the Draco Law Codes. Although scholars suggest they may have been written as a compromise between the aristocratic and hoplite classes, because of their harshness (the word draconian is a derivative), the laws favored the wealthy over the middle and lower economic classes and furthered the economic divide. Crimes such as stealing fruit were punishable by death. The system was noteworthy for replacing a tradition of oral laws (historically manipulated by the aristocracy). After their inscription, anyone who was literate could read the laws in a public place where they were written. http://www.ancient.eu/Dracos_Law_Code/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draconian_constitutionhttp://aleshire.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/holdings/photos/photo-4577-ig_i3_104.jpgInscription from Athen's Agora of republished decree of Draco’s law on homicide dated 409/408BCE; <a href="https://www.atticinscriptions.com/inscription/StroudDrakon/42-7-l-12l">DracoLawReforms</a>
Photographed by Aleshire and Ohio State UniversityAthens37.9838 N, 23.7275 EThomas R. Martin. An Overview of Classical Greek History from Mycenae to Alexander. 6.23http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0009%3Achapter%3D6%3Asection%3D23
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Archaic Athenian Owls-510The earliest version of what would become perhaps the most famous ancient coin, the Athenian “owls” are named for the image on their reverse. Exaggerated, cartoonish features mark these earliest mints, which would improve as Athens entered the Classical and Hellenistic periods. Made primarily of silver mined from Laureion and strictly standardized, these tetradrachms would prove a choice trade coin for hundreds of years. https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/580010http://coins.www.collectors-society.com/usercontent/images/article_images/80000237-1.jpgObverse and reverse of an archaic Athenian owl coinReid GoldsboroughLaureion, Greece37.712252, 24.039891Kraay, Colin M. “The Archaic Owls of Athens: Classification and Chronology.” The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Royal Numismatic Society, vol. 16, 1956, pp. 43–68., www.jstor.org/stable/42678382.http://www.jstor.org/stable/42678382?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
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The Macmillan aryballos-640Named after its former owner, the Macmillan aryballos measures only 6.9 cm tall and 3.9 cm in diameter. The top portion of the vase – the intended use of which, like most aryballoi, was to contain perfume or oil – is sculpted into the head of a lion. The bulbous body is painted with a battle frieze that includes seventeen hoplites, each armed with a helmet, shield and spear. It was created in Corinth ca. 640 BCE in the proto-Corinthian style, and found in Thebes. https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/570182http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=399476&partId=1http://www.britishmuseum.org/collectionimages/AN00113/AN00113833_001_l.jpg?width=3043/4 Left view of the Macmillan aryballosThe Trustees of the British MuseumArchaia Korinthos, Greece37.8999471665, 22.8986794852Murray, Oswyn. Early Greece. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1993. 130. Web.https://books.google.com/books?id=kc1hwPIPVBYC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA130#v=onepage&q&f=false
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Second Messenian War-685-668Fought some time in the beginning of the seventh century, though the precise date is debated, the Second Messenian War is recorded only fragmentarily, primarily from firsthand elegiac poet Tyrtaeus and later geographer Pausanias. This war was preceded by the First Messenian War, in which the Spartans conquered Messenia and made its people helots. The second war, fought with hoplite warfare, was catalyzed by a helot uprising, and ended with Spartan victory, allowing the land of Messenia and the helots to remain under Spartan control. https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/570480https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Messenian_WarMessenia, Greece37.0694553333, 21.9323415Tyrtaeus. Elegy and Iambus. From a Papyrus of the 3rd Century BC, 11.http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0479%3Avolume%3D1%3Atext%3D2%3Asection%3D2#note11
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Terracotta Shield-600-480While shields for the battlefield were made of bronze, this terracotta shield served as a representation of a soldier’s shield with the purpose of being dedicated as a votive offering. These decorated clay shields have been found in both temples and graves as a cheaper form of gifts to the gods. His piece speaks to the value archaic society placed upon strength and valor in war.
https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/981516
http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/240847http://images.metmuseum.org/CRDImages/gr/original/GR706_74.51.1260.jpgTerracotta shieldThe Metropolitan Museum of ArtCyprus34.957724, 33.278269Cesnola, Luigi Palma di. 1894. A Descriptive Atlas of the Cesnola Collection of Cypriote Antiquities in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, Vol. 2. pl. LXXXIX.774, Boston: James R. Osgood and Company.http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/240847
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Ostrakon of Megakles-480In ancient Athens, ostracism was a common practice by which citizen males voted a fellow citizen into exile if they feared he was gaining too much power. This practice allowed the Greeks to maintain their democracy, effectively prohibiting tyrants from rising to power. This particular ostrakon named Megakles for banishment.
https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/579885
http://ancient-greece.org/museum/agora.htmlhttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/41_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_Museum_-_Ostracism_against_Megakles_%28487_BC%29_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_9_2009.jpg/800px-41_-_Sto%C3%A0_of_Attalus_Museum_-_Ostracism_against_Megakles_%28487_BC%29_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_9_2009.jpgOstracism against MegaklesGiovanni Dall'OrtoAthens37.9715, 23.7267http://www.agathe.gr/democracy/practice_of_ostracism.htmlhttp://www.agathe.gr/democracy/practice_of_ostracism.html
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Peisistratos Dedicates Altar of Twelve Gods-522Peisistratus the Younger was the son of the tyrant Hippias, who ruled Athens between 527 and 510 BC. In 522, during his Archonship, he dedicated the Altar of the Twelve Gods to the agora. This gesture was symbolic of the growing agora and the many public works contributions made to it by the earlier Tyrant Pisistratus (561-527) and the city as a whole later during his reign. One of the first dedications to the agora, the altar was placed at the center of the open area and served as a point of direction within the space. https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/579885; http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0003.tlg001.perseus-eng1:6.54http://www.agathe.gr/Icons/pdfs/AgoraPicBk-16.pdfAthens37.9715, 23.7267Camp II, John McK. The Athenian Agora: A Short Guide to the Excavations. The American School of Classical Studies at Athens. 2003.http://www.agathe.gr/Icons/pdfs/AgoraPicBk-16.pdf
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