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Culturing Copepods by Species (Saltwater)
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SpeciesTypeSize Range (µM)Level of DifficultyFoodsRequirementsReproduction*Good for:
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Parvocalanus crassirostrispelagicnauplii: 40 - 100 adults: 400 - 700Advanced (due to live algae requirement)Live algae only! T-iso required. T-iso + Chaetoceros optimal diet for reproduction Can also supplement with Thalassiosira24 - 26 °C, pH 8.0 - 8.2 Salinity 30 - 35 ppt Low aeration, low ammonia Fast growth: nauplii to adult in 6 days. Can be cultured at higher densitiesFirst larval feeds Small-gape fish larvae Centropyge sp., Chromis sp.
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Pseudodiaptomus pelagicussemi-benthic (pelagic nauplii)nauplii: 70 - 100 adults: 1200 - 1600Advanced (due to live algae requirement)Live T-iso + Thalassiosira is optimal24 - 30 °C, optimal @ 27.5 °C Tolerant of wide range of environmental parameters Tolerant of high aerationRate of maturity (~ 1 - 2 weeks from nauplii to adult) speeds up with increased temperatures, but adult survival decreasesSyngnathids Smaller fish species Picky eaters
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Apocyclops panamensisbenthic (pelagic nauplii)nauplii: 70 - 90 adults: 400 - 700EasyDiatoms, cyanobacteria, variety of live algae, detritus, Phyto-Feast (will not reach as high densities as on live algae) 23 - 26 °C is optimal Salinity 25 - 35 ppt Low ammonia Medium: nauplii to adult in 14 days, but females can carry 100s of eggs Can be cultured at higher densitiesMandarin fish Filter feeders Grazing of nuisance microalgae
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Euterpina acutifronspelagicnauplii: 90 - 120 adults: 500 - 750EasyLive algae: Chaetoceros + Tetraselmis diet is optimal DetritusUbiquitous TolerantLong maturation period, but can be cultured at higher densitiesSecond larval feeds Reef systems
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Tisbe biminiensisbenthic (pelagic nauplii)nauplii: 50 - 100 adults: 800 - 1000EasyPhyto-Feast detritus, fish foodSubtropical/tropical, but very tolerant of ranges and changes in temperature, salinity, water quality Prefer shallow containers (less than 18" deep)Medium; nauplii to adult in 2-3 weeksSeahorses, small-gape fish larvae
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Acartia tonsapelagicnauplii: 65 - 90? adults: 800 - 1200Live T-iso Omnivorous CannabilisticLow adult density, otherwise will eat own naupliiYellowtail Damselfish Spotted Dragonet
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Tigriopus californicusbenthicnauplii: 100 - 250 adults: 1200 - 1700EasyPhyto-Feast, detritus Omnivorous (Caution: can eat fish eggs and yolk-sac larvae!)65 - 80 °F, 1.020 - 1.025 sp gr Ambient or low direct light Very low aeration
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Centropages typicuspelagicnauplii: 100 - 250 adults: 800 - 1600Omnivorous: Algae, diatoms, ciliates (Caution: can eat fish eggs!)
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*The recovery time for cultures following heavy harvesting will vary, depending on: species, reproductive capacity, culture volume/density, food availability, environmental factors, etc.
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