En el presente trabajo se presenta la industria del turismo de la región de Aysén y el
impacto que ha generado los recientes conflictos ambientales en ésta, específicamente los
objetivos son identificar los lugares más visitados por chilenos y extranjeros, y caracterizar el
turismo en esta región; el número de turistas promedio que visitan la región dentro del año con sus
características y atractivos principales. Además, se consideran las consecuencias, que se estima
afectarán negativamente en el turismo de la región, que acarreará la construcción de las cinco
represas en los Ríos Baker y Pascua, denominado Proyecto HidroAysén. Lo anterior se logra a
través de fuentes de información y recopilaciones bibliográficas. La conclusión es que el número de
turistas ha aumentado con tiempo en la región, sin embargo este crecimiento se puede ver
afectado negativamente con la construcción de las centrales hidroeléctricas

Aysén, Turismo, Hidroaysén, Excedentes, Conectividad.

https://riat.utalca.cl/index.php/test/article/viewFile/95/66

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.29092/uacm.v17i43.772

En este artículo presentamos y analizamos la inducción de una política pública del Estado chileno para la creación de un destino turístico, que alienta un imaginario de integración territorial y en el plano de la subjetividad a la cultura nacional, que mantiene importantes rezagos en el plano material, laboral y económico. La ciudad de Coyhaique, principal centro urbano de la región de Aysén en la Patagonia chilena, es un modelo de un tipo de economía regional que solo explota sus recursos paisajísticos naturales. La tesis que aquí desarrollamos es que existe una incompatibilidad entre los subsistemas urbanos y el modo de explotación del recurso paisajístico natural asociado a consumidores extranjeros de altos ingresos., La política pública no cuenta con una plataforma de desarrollo adecuada, que armonice ambos subsistemas, amparándose en un imaginario político del turismo, que invisibiliza las necesidades cotidianas de sus habitantes.

Ciudad, turismo, paisaje, subsistemas, autoexpresión.

https://www.scielo.org.mx/pdf/anda/v17n43/1870-0063-anda-17-43-207.pdf

https://doi.org/10.52904/0718-4646.2022.570

Se evalúa el crecimiento en altura y diámetro de tres procedencias de lenga (Nothofagus pumilio) de la región de Aysén, Chile, creciendo en un ensayo de procedencias y progenies de 22 años en la Reserva Nacional Coyhaique (18G 731322,56 E; 4953466,59 S). El crecimiento general del ensayo resultó relativamente bajo respecto a datos bibliográficos de comparación. No se observan diferencias estadísticamente significativas para altura y diámetro entre las procedencias evaluadas y se discute las posibles causas de esta situación. Se entregan antecedentes que respaldan la necesidad de reducir la cobertura del dosel de protección para mejorar el crecimiento de los árboles y permitir se expresen las diferencias potenciales existentes entre los distintos materiales genéticos ensayados

Nothofagus pumilio, crecimiento, procedencias

https://revista.infor.cl/index.php/infor/article/view/570

http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/turismo.44.404871

El turismo de intereses especiales ha tenido un fuerte incremento en la Patagonia chilena, siendo incorporado como uno de los pilares del desarrollo regional. Dentro de este tipo de turismo, aparece con particular énfasis el turismo científico. En este trabajo se ha revisado el repositorio de tesis del sistema de bibliotecas de la Universidad Austral de Chile para analizar su contenido relacionado con la Región de Aysén, Patagonia chilena. Específicamente se pone atención en los aportes de las tesis de título y grado, al conocimiento que sirva de aporte al turismo científico. La información ha sido geo-referenciada con el fin de detectar la concentración de estudios, así como la carencia de antecedentes científicos que puede afectar a sectores específicos de la Región. De esta forma se pueden identificar los territorios sobre los cuales existe suficiente información, y aquellos en que es necesario iniciar investigaciones específicas.

Turismo científico, Aysén, Universidad Austral de Chile, tesis, bibliografía georeferenciada

https://revistas.um.es/turismo/article/view/404871

Las políticas de Estado junto con la importante oferta/demanda de productos inmobiliarios para población de mayor ingreso han orientado el desarrollo reciente de varias ciudades chilenas, originando nuevas formas urbanas. Si bien estos procesos han sido descritos y analizados para varias ciudades y áreas metropolitanas de Chile central, no existen suficientes antecedentes empíricos que den cuenta de la realidad del desarrollo urbano de las ciudades más australes del país, como el caso de Coyhaique en la Patagonia chilena. Este trabajo pretende identificar y analizar los patrones de urbanización de esta ciudad, en un contexto territorial caracterizado, entre otros aspectos, por la fragmentación geográfica, el aislamiento, dispersión de los centros poblados y concentración de la población en la capital regional. Se analiza la evolución y factores explicativos que dan cuenta de su rápido proceso de urbanización y, sobre la base de documentos técnicos, históricos y geográficos, se presentan estimaciones futuras del crecimiento de la ciudad

Ciudades australes, crecimiento urbano, factor sociodemográfico

https://revistanortegrande.uc.cl/index.php/RGNG/article/view/40899

Lugares emergentes como la región de Aysén al sur de Chile, son ejemplo de territorios que debido a su aislamiento geográfico, se han convertido en el escenario perfecto para plantear diferentes alternativas turísticas ante la creciente masificación global del turismo. El turismo es una de las actividades económicas preponderantes en la región, lo que socialmente ha incitado a algunos actores locales a (re)pensar y (re)estructurar prácticas turísticas que favorezcan y respondan de mejor forma a las necesidades y condiciones locales de Aysén. De la mano de alternativas como el llamado Turismo Científico, se discute como este tipo de propuestas buscan y exploran incentivar la organización social a través de un proyecto común que estrecha la relación entre la ciencia y los distintos actores involucrados con el turismo. Como parte del proyecto ECOS Sur C15H01 del Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CONICYT R10C1003), el presente estudio de caso, analiza un cumulo de entrevistas realizadas a actores locales relacionados con sectores como la investigación, la academia, las organizaciones de la sociedad civil, las instituciones gubernamentales y el sector turístico; con el fin de obtener una mirada acerca de la influencia que representa la Red de TC entorno al aprovechamiento y protección de los recursos naturales y culturales en la región de Aysén.

Turismo científico, alternativa turística, masificación turística, organización social.

https://www.eumed.net/rev/turydes/26/aysen-chile.html http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11763/turydes26aysen-chile

Desde que en 1987 la ONU integró la noción de desarrollo sustentable en el Informe Brundtland, la popularidad del calificativo de “sustentable” ha ido en creciente aumento y masificación a tal punto que a pocos años de su nacimiento ya había comenzado a perder sentido. Así, el término “sustentabilidad” puede ser utilizado para significar casi cualquier concepto o ideal que uno desee, lo que constituye parte de su atractivo. Esta polisemia (coexistencia de significados) es particularmente evidente en el sector del turismo, pues refleja un conjunto de ideales -en principio- relacionados con la protección de las comunidades de acogida, pero que en la práctica indudablemente son muy ambiguos. La sustentabilidad en el turismo surge como una necesidad de las comunidades sobreexpuestas al fenómeno turístico, donde no sólo obtienen ciertos beneficios económicos, sino que además experimentan un conjunto de efectos o daños colaterales, como la destrucción del medioambiente o la sobreexposición de la cultura de acogida.

En términos teóricos, delimitar el espacio semántica de un concepto es una forma de operacionalizar la realidad, que permite adentrarnos a significados ocultos o que se encuentran escondidos en la cotidianeidad de las prácticas diarias (el objetivo del trabajo etnográfico). Para evitar los reduccionismos, y en lugar de buscar un significado unívoco para cada concepto, es necesario buscar, interpretar y construir significados localmente situados; es decir, acotar adecuadamente los límites de la investigación –o la muestra- y rescatar la postura de los actores. El gran desafío, por lo tanto, es adentrarse a la visión del otro y reflexionar sobre sus historias de vida y formas de pensar el día a día del turismo.

En este contexto, este artículo presenta una investigación sobre turismo y sustentabilidad realizada en la Comuna de Coyhaique (Chile) durante el año 2014. La metodología empleada para este trabajo siguió un enfoque cualitativo de redes semánticas y técnicas etnográficas para identificar e interpretar los significados que atribuyen los actores relevantes del turismo de la comuna de Coyhaique al concepto de sustentabilidad. Más allá de una mera descripción, el objetivo de esta investigación fue rescatar efectivamente los significados y posturas sobre la sustentabilidad desde los propios actores del turismo; es decir, una forma localmente situada de interpretar el fenómeno turístico, en general, y el concepto de sustentabilidad, en particular.

A pesar de que los aspectos medioambientales fueron un punto de partida en esta investigación, los principales resultados y conclusiones se relacionaron además con sólidas dimensiones culturales, económicas y políticas. Estos elementos dan cuenta de la diversidad de significados del concepto en el ámbito turístico de Coyhaique, pero además reflejan los desafíos actuales –y locales- del territorio. Otro hallazgo importante fue que el turismo va más allá del propio turismo, pues uno de los elementos más concretos que se rescataron fue la relación entre el habitante y el visitante, y la relación entre ambos y el medioambiente. A pesar de que la sustentabilidad del turismo a nivel teórico nos permite identificar grandes desafíos en esta materia, es necesario rescatar el imaginario y los supuestos que condicionan esta actividad de servicios. De estos resultados se desprende que no podemos pensar el turismo o la sustentabilidad sin la historia y diario vivir de los propios habitantes ni avanzar en materia turística sin considerar la cultura de acogida.

Sustentabilidad - Turismo - Red Semántica - Etnografía - Coyhaique –
Polisemia - Significados

https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=8020679

Las invasiones de árboles exóticos pueden producir cambios en las funciones ecosistémicas y la diversidad biológica y en Chile poco sabemos de los impactos de estas invasiones. En este artículo se presenta un análisis preliminar, basado en literatura e información colectada en terreno, de la invasión de cinco especies arbóreas introducidas – Pinus contorta, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Acacia dealbata y Hacer pseudoplatanus – que se han naturalizado en la región centro sur de Chile, las cuales pueden tener un importante impacto sobre el bosque nativo, compitiendo y desplazando su regeneración. Las dos primeras especies se regeneraron con éxito en las Reservas Nacionales Malalcahuello y Coyhaique, con densidades mayores a 20.000 plantas /ha en la etapa de establecimiento. Las tres últimas especies se han establecido en bordes de caminos y cursos de agua en la zona templada, ingresando bajo el bosque nativo por su capacidad de tolerar la semisombra.

Invasión, arbóreas introducidas, Pinus contorta, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Acacia dealbata y Hacer pseudoplatanus

http://www.lib.udec.cl/archivos_descargas_pdf/pdf_publicaciones_2007_2006/Pena_et_al._2007_bosquenativo.pdf

Este trabajo busca comprender el surgimiento y desarrollo de las formas turísticas de vida en la
Patagonia-Aysén desde una perspectiva sociológica que considera líneas de movimiento de sujetos a
través del territorio patagón. Se parte de la base que las formas turísticas de vida en Aysén tienen un
sustrato histórico basado en un pasado indígena milenario y una identidad pionera surgida desde el
(re)poblamiento de la Región a principios del siglo XX. El trabajo expone resultados de expediciones
de investigación en terreno realizadas en la Región de Aysén (2006-2011), que mediante diseños
multi-método (entrevistas semi-estructuradas, encuestas, talleres participativos, observación partici�pante), muestran a Aysén como un espacio de naturaleza y expresividad ecológica excepcional, que
ha albergado históricamente formas de vida móviles que se nutren del legado indígena y también de
las formas de vida tradicionales basadas en la identidad pionera patagona. Se observa que, a partir
de la construcción de la Carretera Austral a mediados de la década de 1970, estos elementos han
contribuido a sedimentar y articular las formas turísticas de vida, que comienzan a formar y desa�rrollar una oferta de servicios turísticos locales, que durante la década de 1990 devienen globales,
generando así nuevas dinámicas de desarrollo regional basado el turismo de naturaleza y la cultura
tradicional patagona, que se ven eventualmente amenazados por la depreciación de íconos naturales
como ríos y paisajes a causa del proyecto HidroAysén

Movilidad territorial, formas turísticas de vida, desarrollo regional, Aysén

https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/902/90226050005.pdf

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar el desarrollo del destino turístico Aysén, en la
Patagonia chilena, considerando su estrecha relación con la Carretera Austral, primera y principal ruta
terrestre de la región. Los resultados, basados en encuestas, entrevistas y talleres participativos,
indican que la construcción de la ruta dejó al descubierto la belleza y singularidad de los paisajes de
Aysén, incentivando así la llegada de visitantes. Esta situación originó un proceso espontáneo de
adaptación de los servicios existentes y el nacimiento del turismo regional, cuyo desarrollo fue
impulsado por las dinámicas interculturales entre visitantes y residentes, la creación de nuevos
servicios y el apoyo gubernamental. Las principales conclusiones indican que el destino turístico
Aysén, por estar en un estadio evolutivo intermedio es vulnerable a los cambios territoriales y sociales
generados por el mejoramiento de la conectividad y avance de la carretera. Un factor crítico sería la
realización de proyectos hidroeléctricos que buscan aprovechar la nueva accesibilidad a los ríos de
Aysén, que son recursos esenciales para el turismo regional. En este contexto, se concluye que un
desarrollo sustentable del destino turístico Aysén es factible a través del fomento de conservación de
la naturaleza y las culturas locales, que son la base del turismo y de la identidad de Aysén

Patagonia chilena, turismo de naturaleza, destino turístico Aysén, Carretera
Austral.

https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=180716756001

El presente artículo, ideado en el marco del proyecto “Las Ciencias al servicio del desarrollo
turístico de Aysén, creando un Centro para el Turismo Científico de la Patagonia”, llevado desde 2007
por el Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas (CIEP), trata de la noción del turismo científico y sus
formas en la Patagonia chilena. Basado en una extensa revisión literaria se propondrán cuatro formas
específicas de prácticas o productos turísticos, asociados a diferentes enfoques y en diversos grados, a
la dimensión científica. Estas formas son: 1. El turismo de exploración y de aventura con una
dimensión científica, 2. El turismo cultural con contenido científico, tanto aquel cercano al ecoturismo
como al turismo industrial, 3. El eco-voluntariado científico y 4. El turismo de investigación científica.
Para cada forma mostraremos cómo la puesta en marcha de proyectos en Aysén ha llevado a un
análisis reflexivo y a explicitar el Turismo Científico allí. Posteriormente se discutirán las condiciones
de aparición de la noción a nivel internacional, su pertinencia en las dinámicas del turismo
contemporáneo y sus expresiones en la Patagonia Chilena. Al no ser evidente, para muchos autores, el
vínculo entre ciencia y turismo, esta contribución propondrá debates y, en algunos casos, puntos de
vista opuestos.

turismo científico, revisión literaria, investigación, Patagonia, Aysén.

https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/2233/223318904004.pdf

La presente contribución aborda el tema del desarrollo turístico en los territorios extremos, analizan�do el aporte del turismo científico como modelo innovador para un desarrollo turístico sostenible,
favorable a la emergencia de dinámicas colectivas virtuosas para un territorio. En el nuevo contexto
mundial del sector turístico, el turismo científico emerge como una forma pertinente de repensar
la implementación del turismo en la Patagonia chilena. Se define el turismo científico y sus cuatro
formas para luego revisar cómo, desde una perspectiva histórica y sociocultural, la realización de
aventuras, exploraciones y estudios científicos pueden movilizar actores y emprendedores turísticos
para formular un proyecto territorial coherente. Se relata la puesta en marcha del modelo en Aysén,
desde la etapa de generación de redes de actores a la formulación de planes de acción, aplicación en
proyectos piloto impulsados por actores locales, hasta la conformación de instancias de coordina�ción y desarrollo productivo, con una plataforma comercial, productos y estrategias de marketing
coherente. Se demuestra finalmente cómo la articulación desde una entidad, en el presente caso
académica y científica, permite generar un modelo de gestión local exitoso. Con la vinculación entre
actores con compromisos ambientales y sociales, el turismo científico en Aysén promueve dinámicas
empresariales en turismo que aseguran la puesta en valor y la conservación de los patrimonios locales
para la creación de un destino turístico pertinente

Territorios extremos, turismo científico, sustentabilidad, gestión local, dinámicas
empresariales responsables, conservación y valorización territorial.

https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/902/90226050004.pdf

TEXTO NO DISPONIBLE ON LINE

https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=3967219

https://doi.org/10.7203/terra.7.17417

Para probar si el desarrollo de una pequeña localidad puede ser impulsado por el turismo asociado a la presencia en su cercanía de un área silvestre protegida, se estudió el caso de Villa Cerro Castillo, en la Región de Aysén, Patagonia chilena. Para ello se hizo un reconocimiento de los emprendimientos turísticos en la localidad y se caracterizó a los prestadores de servicio en el lugar. Para evaluar la evolución de la dotación de servicios turísticos, se comparó la situación del año 2019 con la del año 2006. Como resultado pudo comprobarse que la existencia de servicios turísticos se multiplicó por 1,5 en los 19 años del presente siglo, manifestando, además, una mayor calidad y variedad. Este ritmo de crecimiento se aceleró a partir del año 2013, coincidiendo con un fuerte aumento de la llegada de turistas a la Región de Aysén y un incremento por el interés en el turismo de naturaleza. Además, se estimó que la actividad turística generó, para la localidad, 64 puestos de trabajo en la última temporada y un total anual de ingresos de 650 mil dólares.

Parques nacionales, economía local, comunidad portal, Patagonia chilena.

https://ojs.uv.es/index.php/TERRA/article/view/17417

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2021.102599

We evaluated the anthropization dynamics and its relationship on landscape spatial patterns (LSPs) in two contrasting Chilean landscapes (Ñuble and Coyhaique) over the last four decades. Using remote sensing data, we built an anthropization index (AI) derived from land use and land cover (LULC) maps, and it was evaluated between the landforms of the landscapes. The AI was compared between the two study areas with landscape metrics using generalized linear mixed effect models (GLMMs). The results showed that the mean AI for Ñuble landscape was higher (AI = 0.53) than Coyhaique landscape (AI = 0.25). In Ñuble, the Andean Range presented the highest rate of change in AI (31%), while in Coyhaique the Steppe showed the highest change rate (5%). It was evidenced that urban expansion, agricultural, and tree plantation were the main land uses that led to an AI's increase in both landscapes. The relationship between AI with the landscape metrics were oppositely related in each landscape. For example, the patch density and edge density metrics showed a positive relationship in Coyhaique, while in Ñuble was negative. The proposed AI may be considered as a useful tool to deal with anthropization processes at larger spatial scales to improve landscape governance.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0143622821002150?via%3Dihub

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2021.110459

Resolving the history of vegetation, fire, and glaciation on the eastern slope of the central Patagonian Andes (44°-49°S) since the Last Glacial Termination (T1) has proved difficult. This is due to the steep environmental gradients, vegetation heterogeneity, and scarcity of dated glacial deposits and geomorphic features. Unsurprisingly, published records show important heterogeneities which limit our understanding of the timing and magnitude of climate and vegetation changes, and their driving mechanisms since T1. In this paper, we describe sediment cores from small closed-basin lakes located in the deciduous Nothofagus forest zone near Coyhaique, Chile. Our results indicate that the Coyhaique glacier lobe abandoned its final Last Glacial Maximum position just before ~17.9 cal kyr BP and underwent a step-wise recession that included a halt/readvance that culminated at ~16.8 cal kyr BP, contemporaneous with the formation of an ice-dammed proglacial lake in the Coyhaique/Balmaceda sector. This glacial lake stood at its highest level between ~17.9–17.2 cal kyr BP (<726 and > 650 m.a.s.l.), lowered between ~17.2–16.2 cal kyr BP (<650 and > 570 m.a.s.l.), and disappeared thereafter. Herbs and shrubs, currently dominant in high Andean and Patagonian steppe environments, colonized the ice-free terrains distal to the glacier margins and proglacial lakes under cold and dry conditions. This was followed by a steady increase in Nothofagus between ~16.6–14.8 cal kyr BP that led to the establishment of forests starting at ~14.8 cal kyr BP. The Holocene started with a sudden increase in Nothofagus and disappearance of conifers in the context of increase fire activity between ~11.7–9.4 cal kyr BP. Closed-canopy Nothofagus forests persisted virtually unaltered from ~9.4 cal kyr BP to the present day, despite frequent explosive volcanism and millennial-scale variations in fire regimes, attesting to their extraordinary postglacial resilience which contrasts with their behavior during T1. Recent large-scale deforestation by fire, livestock grazing, and the spread of non-native invasive plant species drove the fastest and largest-magnitude shifts seen during the last ~16,500 years.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0031018221002443?via%3Dihub

En el presente artículo se propone el análisis de las características que adquirió y adquiere la construcción de las identidades culturales en torno a la idea de memoria/s, en las localidades de Coyhaique (Chile) y Trevelin (Argentina) pertenecientes a la frontera chileno-argentina en Patagonia Central. Luego de delimitada formalmente la frontera entre Chile y Argentina hacia principios de siglo XX, los representantes de las agencias estatales emprendieron la tarea de chilenizar y argentinizar las poblaciones fronterizas caracterizadas por su heterogeneidad y ausencia de representantes "nacionales". En este artículo se analiza el modo en que se "resolvió" el dilema de a qué grupos considerar como portadores y representantes de la nacionalidad en Coyhaique y Trevelin. A través del análisis de las celebraciones de los aniversarios, se analizan los cambios y continuidades en relación a la construcción de la memoria colectiva en torno a los fundadores/"pioneros" y de qué modo interactúan éstos con el resto de los grupos sociales y de las agencias estatales de las respectivas localidades. El artículo aporta elementos para el análisis de la dinámica que adquieren actualmente los procesos identitarios en Patagonia Central desde una perspectiva comparada incluyendo los lados chileno y argentino de la frontera.

Fronteras; Identidades; Memoria/s; Aniversarios.

http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1850-373X2009000200003

https://doi.org/10.37501/soilsa/135990

The QBS-ar (Biological Quality of Soil, based on arthropods) index was applied in Coyhaique National Reserve (Chile). The aims of our research were to assess the abundance and diversity of soil microarthropods in different South American habitats, evaluating to what extent chemical parameters and seasonal changes of weather conditions can affect these organisms. Moreover we wanted to verify if the QBS-ar index was applicable in the Neotropical biogeographic region in order to distinguish between habitats subject to different levels and types of disturbance. Therefore, four habitats were investigated: primary native Nothofagus spp. forest (OG), native forest of secondary growth after fires (SG), reforestation pine forest (PI) and anthropogenic grassland (PR). During each of seven sampling sessions (nearly one every 10 days) between October and December 2017, five 1 liter soil cores were collected in each habitat. Microarthropods extracted by means of Berlese-Tullgren funnels were counted, identified to the order level and evaluated based on their morphological adaptation to life in soil in order to assess QBS-ar values and related quality classes. Both microarthropods communities and QBS-ar values comparisons showed that OG and SG forests are close to each other, and the same is true for PI and PR. Soils of the former couple of habitats were characterized by a much higher biological quality level with QBS-ar values of 129.1 ± 20.2 and 111.8 ± 6.4, respectively, both corresponding to the quality class 6 (out of a maximum of 7). On the contrary, PI and PR scored QBS-ar values of 83 ± 13.5 and 80.3 ± 10.8, respectively, and quality classes ranged between 3 and 4. Relationships among dominant and subdominant microarthropods taxa and environmental variables were analysed. In particular some chemical properties of soils (pH, CaCO3, Nt , soluble P, exchangeable K, organic matter, C/N ratio) and weather variables (cumulated rainfalls and mean temperatures during the 7 days before each sampling session) were considered. This is the first time the QBS-ar index has been applied in the Southern Hemisphere. Our results seem to indicate this index can be “exported” also to South America, resulting a useful tool for a user friendly assessment of the impact on terrestrial environments by different forms of disturbances and of habitat management.

Biotic index Coyhaique National Reserve Grassland Nothofagus spp. forest Pinus spp. forest Soil arthropods

https://www.soilsa.com/First-application-of-the-QBS-ar-Index-in-South-America-for-the-assessment-of-the,135990,0,2.html

https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2020.1814177

Supporting worldwide Healthy Parks, Healthy People (HPHP) research expansion, this study investigated how wellness motivations interplay with auditory experiences by examining relationships between protected area visitors’ wellness motivations, and their perceptions of particular sounds and overall soundscape appeal. Visitor surveys (N = 899), implemented in the Coyhaique National Reserve in Chilean Patagonia, included participant demographics, wellness motivations, a listening exercise, and overall soundscape ratings. Wellness motivations were reduced into emotional, intellectual, physical, sensory, and social dimensions. All dimensions were significantly correlated with participants’ ratings of the soundscape’s appeal and their desire to visit more (based on the soundscape). Cluster analysis grouped participants into low, moderate, and high wellness motives groups. Groups with high-wellness motives were found to rate specific natural sounds and the overall soundscape higher than groups with lower wellness motives. This study suggests incorporating visitors’ wellness motivations into soundscape and other perception-based research may assist with HPHP objectives.

Protected areas, Healthy Parks, Healthy People (HPHP), visitor wellness motivations, soundscape, natural sounds

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00222216.2020.1814177

En el siguiente artículo se investigó, para los principales centros de la Patagonia Chi- lena (Valdivia, Osorno, Puerto Montt, Coyhaique y Punta Arenas), los requerimientos de empleo total, el de quienes conmutan y las pérdidas en términos del impacto económico que estos últimos generaron, según se modifique la producción de los centros analizados. Las fuentes de información para los años 2012 y 2015, se obtuvie- ron del Servicio de Impuestos Internos, de la Encuesta Suplementaria de Ingresos (Esi) y de tablas input-output elaboradas para estos fines. Los resultados muestran que aumentos en la producción tienen distintas repercusiones en la generación de empleos domésticos y sobre quienes conmutan; existen variados tipos de conmuta- ción que se asocian al tipo de territorio y las pérdidas generadas por los conmutantes son equivalentes a una parte importante de la inversión pública regional (FNDR).

: desarrollo local; conmutación; multiplicadores de empleo; impacto
económico

https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=8144013

https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920.2022.2085350

This work addresses the call for integrative approaches to soundscape research that facilitate interdisciplinary advances, through enhancements to the 2018 International Organization for Standardization “Taxonomy of the Acoustic Environment for Soundscape Studies”, included in ISO12913-2 for soundscape data collection and reporting. Specifically, it strengthens natural sound sources and type considerations, enabling integrated approaches across urban and natural contexts. Building on the premise that what people experience in one context (e.g., home; work), they bring into other contexts [e.g., protected areas (PA)], two-phased survey research contrasted Chilean PA visitors’ perceptions of Coyhaique National Reserve acoustic environments with prevalent sounds at home and work (n = 333). The paper’s proposed taxonomy enhancements may enable integration of PA perceptual soundscape research with research from other disciplines/contexts, facilitating better understanding of visitor perceptions that can lead to better informed soundscapes programming and monitoring, and improved Healthy Park, Healthy People outcomes.

Aysén, Chile, Healthy Park, Healthy People (HPHP, interdisciplinary research, protected áreas, ISO/TS 12913-2, soundscape, taxonomy

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08941920.2022.2085350

Este trabajo retoma la noción de comunidad energética y la sitúa frente a un fondo abigarrado, el cual apunta a la imposibilidad de proyectar y enlistar a las comunidades latinoamericanas, mestizas en dinámicas modernas. Vinculamos este fondo con el extractivismo, donde comunidades y territorios han vivenciado olvidos, violencias y desplazamientos por parte de autoridades estatales. Particularmente nos interesa ahondar en las relaciones entre instituciones estatales y comunidades, junto con las tecnologías renovables que se han ido incorporando en geografías remotas. A partir del trabajo cuasi-etnográfico realizado entre 2012 y 2015 en la ciudad de Coyhaique, Chile, junto a su correspondiente discusión bibliográfica y análisis de documentos oficiales reconocemos, primero, un uso de lo local defensivo frente a intervenciones extractivas; y segundo, una adquisición y experimentación con energías renovables de propiedad colectiva pendiente de concreción, a pesar del entusiasmo con que estas se experimentan a nivel privado y doméstico. Hallamos un protagonismo político de las comunidades para de resaltar la defensa de un modelo energético propio y otros desafíos afines para concretar proyectos de generación renovable

comunidad energética, extractivismo, fondo abigarrado,
instituciones informales.

https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6703319

DOI: 10.1080/09669582.2019.1639720

Protected areas (PAs) worldwide are facing increasing visitation and complexity. Mounting pressures from the private sector are intensifying the risks associated with overtourism. The increasing strategic importance of PAs for the communities and regions in which they are situated requires improved management effectiveness; yet, recent studies indicate significant and growing systemic risk. Worldview analysis can be a valuable tool for building consciousness and informing the evolution of PA planning and management. Directed content analysis was used to examine two Visitor Use Plans developed for the Coyhaique National Reserve, located in the iconic Patagonia cultural area of southern Chile. The plans were developed using distinct planning frameworks, with different underlying assumptions. Research questions focused on how modernist, postmodernist and integral worldviews were expressed within the two plans. Worldviews were explored in both manifest and latent manners, considering plan text, models and overall context revealing patterns and links between the plans and planning frameworks that guided their development. Rich context and a thorough discussion of methods assists with the incorporation of worldview evaluation within PA management theory, informing the continuing development of knowledge and capacities that can better prepare PAs for future challenges.

Worldview, directed content análisis, protected área management, integral theory, holistic planning, Aysén, Chile

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09669582.2019.1639720

DOI: 10.1002/jqs.2948

We examine the response of Nothofagus forests to climate change and disturbance regimes over the last 3200 years near Coyhaique (45°S), central–east Chilean Patagonia, using fine-resolution pollen and charcoal records from lake sediment cores. Closed-canopy deciduous Nothofagus forests have dominated the region with little variation until the arrival of Chilean–European settlers, suggesting a predominance of cool-temperate and wet conditions. Within this state we identify centennial-scale episodes of forest fragmentation, increase in littoral macrophytes and volcanic/paleofire disturbance between 2700 and 3000 cal a BP, 2200 and 2500 cal a BP and over the last ∼250 years, which we interpret as intervals with negative hydrologic balance. Natural variability caused little impact on the physiognomy and composition of the vegetation in pre-European time, in contrast to the accelerated shift that started during the late 19th century associated with deforestation, homogenization and synchronization of ecosystem changes at the landscape level, and spread of exotic plant species brought by Chilean and European settlers during a warm/dry interval. The resilience of deciduous Nothofagus forests to natural disturbance regimes and climate change was exceeded by large-scale human disturbance since the late 19th century by fire, timber exploitation and livestock grazing. These disturbances caused an ecosystem shift towards artificial meadows and scrublands with frequent high-magnitude fires. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jqs.2948

10.18666/JPRA-2020-10464

This research expanded on prior use of visitor perception data to inform potential social indicators of soundscape quality, by integrating existing urban-context soundscapes work, and the emerging use of triggers to help managers identify concerns before they reach the threshold level. Along with existing measures of sound appeal and acceptability, sound dominance helped provide a sense of how the extent of particular sounds influenced visitor experiences and a desire to visit more. Geospatial data collection for 899 visitors and eight sites within the Coyhaique National Reserve (CNR) in southern Chile during the summer high visitation season of 2019, allowed researchers to examine perceptual similarities and differences, facilitating an evaluation of new perceptual variables for soundscape monitoring. Correlation analyses identified informative relationships between the dominance (sound duration and foreground/background placement) of natural and anthropogenic sounds, and overall soundscape ratings. The duration of natural sounds was positively correlated with soundscape-level ratings, while the duration of anthropogenic sounds was negatively correlated with these ratings. Unique trends and relationships were identified across specific sites, demonstrating the value of adding measures of perceived sound dominance to soundscape monitoring processes. Observed Protected Area (PA) visitor enthusiasm for sounds and soundscapes suggests potential for crowd-sourced citizen science-based methods that could be done voluntarily and regularly using simple and accessible applications and technologies.

Soundscape, visitor perceptions, citizen science, sound dominance, visitor use management

https://js.sagamorepub.com/index.php/jpra/article/view/10464

doi: 10.3897/natureconservation.44.69578

This study explores how existing connections to natural places may affect PA visitors’ experiences and perceptions within the PA. Specifically, outside-the-PA soundscape perceptions are examined to better understand how their experiences outside the PA may affect perceptions of PA soundscapes and visitors’ ability to effectively contribute to conservation monitoring. Survey research (n=389) of recent urban visitors to the Chilean Coyhaique National Reserve (CNR) in Patagonia unpacked perceptions of the acoustic environments within the places where participants felt most connected to nature, including landscape features, favorite and prevalent sounds, and acceptability of particular anthrophonic sounds. Favorite and prevalent sounds were open-coded, and anthrophonic sounds were rated for prevalence and acceptability. The mountain landscape features and sounds (‘wind’, ‘running water’,‘ birds’) participants described as prominent within the places where they felt most connected to nature aligned well with CNR characteristics. Participants who ‘sometimes’‘/often’ heard certain anthropogenic sounds (vehicles, aircraft, machines, city sounds), within the places where they felt most connected to nature, rated those sounds as more acceptable than participants who reported ‘never’ hearing them, raising concerns about complacency toward anthrophony in natural settings. Continued research efforts are warranted to better understand visitors’ frames of reference, their influence on the reliability of social norm data for PA soundscape monitoring, and their influence on PA managers’ ability to protect conservation values.

Anthrophonic sounds, connections with nature, conservation values, protected area, soundscape, structural social norms

https://natureconservation.pensoft.net/article/69578/

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-010-9817-5

Alien conifer invasions are affecting ecosystems across the globe, but until recently, reports of such invasions in South America were scarce. Pinus contorta was first established in Chilean Patagonia for erosion control caused by historical fires and cattle farming. Recently, the species has been planted over large areas for commercial purposes. It is well adapted to local conditions and is now spreading into natural areas. This study analyzes natural regeneration of Pinus contorta around Coyhaique city, Chile, to determine the spatial patterns of invasion. Five study sites were selected, four with grasslands dominated by exotic species and one site in the steppe. In each site, the plantation (seed source) was characterized using morphological attributes and density. Regeneration, density, height and age at different distances from the seed source were recorded, and ground cover was measured as an environmental factor influencing the invasion process. A comparative analysis was also conducted between the situation in Chile and other countries affected by P. contorta invasion. In Chile, P. contorta regeneration is significantly influenced by distance from the seed source. Higher densities are found close to the parent stand (up to 13,222 trees ha−1), decreasing as distance from the seed source increases. Age and height structure indicate that the invasion process is at an early stage, and this offers a unique opportunity to study the process of invasion and to monitor it over time. In order to preserve the distinctiveness of Patagonian ecosystem, decisive action is required to control invasive conifers, with P. contorta as the number one priority. Relative to control, there is much that can be learnt from the experiences of other countries, such as New Zealand.

Biological invasions, Pinus contorta, Pine invasión, Patagonia, Chile

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10530-010-9817-5

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppees.2013.02.003

It has been predicted that subalpine forests will be negatively affected by global warming; however, direct responses to experimental warming have been scarcely examined in these systems. In this study we evaluated the effects of higher temperatures with and without water addition on the survival and growth of recently emerged (small) and large seedlings of the widely distributed species Nothofagus pumilio in subalpine forests of the southern Chilean Andes. We also examined the variations in seedling traits related to carbon balance in order to infer the causal mechanisms of survival and growth responses. Treatments of open top chambers (OTCs) were combined with watering in two locations with differing climates: Antillanca (40°S, humid) and Cerro Castillo (46°S, drier). OTCs increased mean and maximum air temperatures by 0.6 °C and 2–3 °C, respectively, and decreased soil humidity by 56% in Antillanca and 30% in Cerro Castillo, fulfilling methodological expectations and climate model predictions. After two complete growing seasons, the survival, relative growth rate (RGR), biomass, and a suite of seedling traits were measured and analyzed using mixed-effects models. Warming and warming in combination with watering significantly increased large seedling survival in Cerro Castillo. In Antillanca, warmer conditions increased the height, biomass, and leaf area of small seedlings, and the RGR of large seedlings. In this location, warming also caused lower leaf carbon isotopic composition in both age classes and higher specific leaf area in small seedlings, suggesting whole-plant carbon gain improvements; warming did not produce any drought effects. Our results indicate that warming produces positive effects on the seedling establishment of N. pumilio in the southern Andes, highlighting the importance of site-specific effects in response to climate change in widespread species. Site-specific effects can most likely explain the discrepancies between the results of this study and the predictions outlined by previous studies for these forests

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1433831913000231

https://doi.org/10.3390/su11247087

Following global trends, nature-based tourism in the Aysén region of Chilean Patagonia has grown dramatically in recent years. This growth has challenged traditional economic activities derived from commodification of natural resources, including ranching, logging, and mining. A qualitative research study conducted in 2016–2017 used semi-structured interviews and focus groups to investigate how local residents perceived the changes that accompany rural development around the nationally protected area of Cerro Castillo, projected to be one of the region’s protected areas that will drive economic development through tourism in coming decades. Results identified several themes reminiscent of the rural transition that took place in the western United States in the mid to late-1900s. During this era, the remote, rugged, wild frontier lands of the sparsely populated intermountain west shifted from an economy grounded in extractive industries to a service-based one, geared towards amenity migrants and tourists seeking recreation opportunities and closeness to nature. Patterns and lessons are drawn between similar transitions across geographies and timescales, which may assist planners with understandings of trends and tendencies as tourism continues to influence rural transition in Patagonia.

protected area; tourism; rural transition; perceptions of change; Patagonia

https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/11/24/7087

https://doi.org/10.1177/25148486221125228

In this paper, we mobilise a multiple environmentalities framework that captures overlapping rationalities of governing nature to engage and identify the role of maps and mapping practices in Patagonia-Aysén, Chile, a peripheral region where government and institutional actors have embraced (eco)tourism as a conservation strategy in protected areas. Through interviews with key stakeholders situated in conservation and tourism institutions in both the public and private sector, we identify two dominant environmentalities at play in the relationship between protected area management and tourism development in Patagonia-Aysén: a neoliberal environmentality, which seeks to promote conservation through the commodification of nature as a tourism product, and an environmentality of truth predicated on a singular, pristine and beautiful nature as an object of conservation and advantage for tourism. Through an analysis of conservation maps and mapping rationalities specific to the Cerro Castillo protected area in Patagonia-Aysén, we trace how these multiple environmentalities are consolidated, rendered real and actionable through geovisualisations and cartographic practices. We argue that conservation maps and mapping emerge as an ‘encounter point’ wherein multiple environmentality strategies and rationalities converge, producing a form of governing the spaces of conservation – what we term a spatial environmentality – rooted in neoliberal and aesthetic logics. Spatial environmentality, we contend, constitutes a form of governing conservation spaces by inscribing and assigning (in)appropiate uses to nature that operationalises institutional interests in conditioning the active engagement of ‘environment subjects’ to control, administer, and take care of the spaces of conservation while in turn making environmental stewardship profitable.

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/25148486221125228?journalCode=enea

https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13214232

The effects and consequences of global warming on the productivity of the Patagonian forest are still unknown. The use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) promotes new knowledge of the most pristine and unknown sub-antarctic forests located in Chilean Patagonia. This work presents an initial approach to spatialize biochemicals over the Patagonian forests using ultra-high spatial resolution imagery acquired from UAVs equipped with a multispectral (visible, near-infrared, and thermal) sensor. The images were obtained in multiple flights over the Cerro Castillo National Park (Aysén Region, Chile), and several Vegetation Indices (VIs) were estimated. Leaves of Nothofagus pumilio (Poepp. et Endl.) Krasser (Nothofagaceae) individuals were extracted after the flights and were then used to determine the biochemicals traits of chlorophylls (Chl-a and Chl-b) and carotenoids pigments, as well as the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoids content (TFC), and the DPPH radical scavenging assay. Their relationships with multiple VIs was analyzed in order to assess the spatiality of the biochemicals traits in the forest during it most productive phenological stage. Results showed high correlations for the biochemical traits pigments (R2 > 0.75) with the indices DVI, MCARI, and MSAVI1 as the best performing indices, while further spectral availability is needed for significant correlations with biochemicals traits related to the antioxidant capacity. Spatialization of the biochemical traits within UAV imagery was also performed evaluating their representation in the forest. This work allowed us to identify the different spectral behavior of the N. pumilio species, its relation to biochemical traits, and their spatialization, thus presenting the first step to developing a monitoring protocol for the evaluation of the Patagonian forests under the current global warming scenarios in the region.

Chilean Patagonia; Nothofagus pumilio; forest traits; chlorophyll content; UAV; Aysén

https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/21/4232

DOI: 10.1080/08941920.2022.2113007

Wood smoke pollution has emerged as a major public health issue in southern Chile. This paper endeavors to find evidence of environmental inequity by looking into the spatial associations between sociodemographic characteristics, exposures, and risk perception to air pollution. We integrate primary georeferenced survey data with estimates of excess outdoor exposure to wood smoke in Coyhaique, one of the most polluted cities in Latin America. Our findings reveal that certain social groups are disproportionately exposed to PM2.5. People of low-socioeconomic status, living in households with older adults and users of wood-burning stoves tend to spend more days per year with unhealthy air pollution levels. The results yield a modest but statistically significant relationship between PM2.5 levels and risk perception. Sociodemographic factors are also important predictors of air pollution risk perception. We discuss the implications in terms of environmental injustice patterns and public awareness campaigns.

Air pollution, risk perception, environmental justice, Chile, Wood burnind stoves

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08941920.2022.2113007

art. no. 101144

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2022.101144

An air pollution assessment in a small city located in the heart of Chilean Patagonia is presented. Seven years (2014–2020) of PM concentration levels retrieved from two monitoring stations permits an evaluation of the city's pollution variability, the effect of meteorological variables and long-term trends of air pollution. The highest PM concentration levels observed during the coldest months are mainly related to an increasing emission associated with the intensive use of firewood for residential heating and cooking. The most polluted days are associated with low temperatures, low wind speed and high PM2.5/PM10 ratios, which is consistent with the predominance of local firewood sources over background emissions. A decrease in both PM fractions over time has been estimated (PM10: -4.1, CI99%: −5.7 to −2.9 and PM2.5: -2.2, CI99%: −3.5 to −1.3 μg m−3 year−1). However, the annual average PM mass concentrations in Coyhaique exceeded both national and international air quality thresholds. The city reported a percent of annual exceedances of the daily WHO guidelines of 57% for PM10 and 77% for PM2.5. These numbers highlight the serious air pollution problem of the city of Coyhaique, which exhibits air pollution levels comparable to those of many polluted megacities in the world.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2212095522000621

DOI: 10.1007/s10980-023-01687-x

Context Western Chilean Patagonia is an isolated temperate region with an important proportion of intact forest landscapes (IFL) that was subjected to large-scale fires over 60 years ago. However, there is no empirical evaluation of the land cover dynamics to establish the forest loss and recovery, and the effect on the landscape structure and function, and remnant IFL following the fires. Objectives The present study addressed the following questions: (1) What have been the main trends of the land cover dynamics between 1984 and 2018 following earlier fires, and how have these trends shaped the spatial patterns and potential carbon stock of forests in western Patagonia? (2) What proportion of forest landscape remains intact following fires in this region? Methods We selected the Coyhaique Province (1,231,910 ha) in western Chilean Patagonia as the study area. Land cover maps for three dates (1984, 2000, 2018) were used to evaluate landscape dynamics after fires. A map of persistence and change occurrence was made to estimate the IFL area over the 1984–2018 period. Landscape metrics were used to assess landscape structure change, and potential carbon stock was estimated based on a literature review. Results Following fires, the main land cover changes between 1984 and 2018 were loss of ~ 32,600 ha of old-growth forest and a recovery of ~ 69,000 ha of second-growth forest. The increase in second-growth forest area mainly resulted from loss of agricultural cover (~ 41% of the area). Despite these changes, ~ 61% of the area could potentially remain as IFL after fires. Over the 1984–2018 period, a slight increase in fragmentation of old-growth forest, and a decline in second-growth forest were observed. Coyhaique Province experienced a slight increase (3.6%) in overall potential carbon stock, likely as a result of second-growth forest recovery. Conclusions Our study provides the first evidence of the western Patagonia landscape state after more than six decades since the large-scale fires. The results provide baseline information on landscape structure and function that could help to make conservation and forest management decisions on specific territory areas.

Landscape metrics · Temperateecosystem · Forest fragmentation · Forestregeneration

DOI: 10.4067/S0718-34022021000200033

Este estudio exploró las percepciones de los paisajes sonoros de la RNC (Reserva Nacional Coyhaique). Encuestas con visitantes (N = 899), incluyeron datos demográficos y un ejercicio de audición del sonido ambiente. Los resultados demostraron interés y afinidad por el sonido como parte de la experiencia de recreación/turismo, con respuestas generalmente positivas para la mayoría de las diez categorías codificadas (Viento, Pájaros, Insectos, Bosque, Agua, Voces, Gente Pasando, Sonidos Personales, Máquinas, Aviones/Ciudad). Surgieron similitudes y diferencias entre tres grupos de visitantes (lugareños, turistas nacionales, turistas extranjeros), con respecto a la forma en que experimentaron los sonidos. La discusión se centró en: cómo los resultados pueden informar una mejor gestión en la RNC; la forma en que los paisajes sonoros pueden ser utilizados para aumentar la comprensión y el apoyo a sus mandatos; y en posibles iniciativas para fomentar la participación y la gobernanza ciudadana de las Áreas Silvestres Protegidas de Chile.

Paisaje sonoro; área protegida; gobernanza ciudadana; grupos de visitantes; percepciones.

https://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0718-34022021000200033&script=sci_abstract

DOI: 10.1080/00222216.2020.1749912

This paper built upon prior positive soundscapes research conducted within an urban context. It explored the potential for the emotional dimensions proposed by Cain and colleagues to be applied within a natural protected area (PA) context, at a soundscape level, as a complement to existing perceptual constructs of acceptability and personal interpretation (annoyance and pleasingness) of individual sounds. Visitor perceptions were measured (n = 898) for six soundscapes and individual sounds within Chile’s Coyhaique National Reserve (CNR), during the summer of 2018. Study results demonstrated parallels between the more urban-focused positive soundscapes work and sound perceptions within a PA context. The discussion focused on the potential and limitations of using Cain and colleagues’ emotional dimensions for PA soundscape evaluation, identifying benefits of a combined approach that also incorporates the perceptual constructs proposed by Miller and colleagues at an individual sound level.

Positive soundscapes, visitor experiences, emotional dimensions, perceptual research, protected areas

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00222216.2020.1749912

DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.105976

Southern South America is the only continental landmass that intersects the core of the Southern Westerly Winds (SWW), and thus is important for studying their role as a driver/conduit for the initiation/propagation of climate signals since the last glaciation. Their interaction with the Southern Ocean (SO) affects global climate through its influence on high-latitude upwelling and biological productivity, deep-water convection sites and, consequently, ventilation of CO2 from the deep ocean. Variations in the SWW-SO coupled system have been postulated as fundamental drivers of climate change during glacial terminations and the current interglacial. Hence, deciphering the evolution of the SWW from sensitive locations in the southern middle latitudes is essential for understanding important climatic transitions during and since the Last Glacial Termination (T1). Terrestrial records from the central Patagonian Andes (CPA) (44°-49°S), however, show heterogeneities in the timing, rates, and direction of climate change during T1, impeding detailed assessment of its drivers at regional, hemispheric, and global scales. Here we present new data on glacier, vegetation, and fire-regime changes in the Coyhaique sector (45°34′S) of CPA to improve our understanding on the timing and structure of the T1, including the behavior of the SWW. Our results indicate glacial recession from the youngest Last Glacial Maximum moraines just before ∼17.9 ka and development of an ice-dammed proglacial lake during the early stages of T1. Drainage of the ice-dammed lake, triggered by renewed glacial recession, was near-synchronous with the onset of a gradual multi-millennial trend toward arboreal dominance that started at ∼16 ka east and west of the Andes at that latitude. We detect increased influence of the SWW at ∼45°S starting at ∼16.6 ka, relative to the first millennium of T1, that led to positive anomalies in precipitation between ∼16–14.4 and ∼12.8–11.5 ka, followed by negative anomalies between ∼11.5–9 ka. The synchronous spread of arboreal vegetation east and west of the CPA divide during T1, despite the trans-Andean precipitation contrasts, suggests an upward shift in the temperature-controlled Andean tree line, underscoring the role of deglacial warming as the critical driver for afforestation at regional scale.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277379119306572

DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1000054

Premise of the Study: Negative density-dependent processes have been thought to be the primary cause of shifting spatial
patterns of tree populations through time. The existence of adult tree clusters might challenge this classical prediction. Here,
we document the prevalence of merged stems (clustering of mature trees leading to stem fusion) in second-growth forests of
Nothofagus pumilio and hypothesize that it is nonrandom but predictable in space.
• Methods: We stem-mapped nine sites in second-growth edge and interior forests of fi re origin and in mature forests of
N. pumilio ( > 3500 trees) in central Patagonia, Chile. The spatial structure of stand-level and individual-level features was
estimated with spatial analyses (pair-correlation function and nearest-neighbor distances).
• Key Results: Multistemmed trees were merged clusters of separate individuals. Merged trees were predominantly found at the
edge of the second-growth forests. We found strong clustering ( ≤ 5 m) at forest edge sites and none at interior sites.
Nearest-neighbor distance distributions were unimodal for unmerged trees and monotonically decreasing for merged trees;
interstem distances were much smaller at the edge sites than at the interior sites.
• Conclusions: The occurrence of merged trees at the forest edge, and the resulting high spatial aggregation of stems, is consistent
with the hypothesis that establishment was probably aggregated. The spatial pattern found at the forest edge changes the standard
spatial pattern sequence through time in temperate forests, altering traditional forest-stand-dynamics models.

competition; forest stand dynamics; multistemmed trees; neighborhood analysis; Nothofagus pumilio ; paircorrelation function; Reserva Coyhaique; spatial patterns.

https://bsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.3732/ajb.1000054

DOI: 10.1023/B:VEGE.0000026333.54741.97

The gap dynamics of two Nothofagus pumilio �lenga� stands have been investigated. We evaluated and comparedtree diameter distributions, spatial patterns, tree fall and gap characteristics and regeneration responses in gaps intwo old-growth forests of Nothofagus pumilio in Southern Chile �Shangri-La: 36°60’ S, 71°30’ W; Reserva Coy-haique: 45°52’ S, 72°00’ W�. In addition, we describe relationships between gap size and regeneration charac-teristics. We detected some differences in tree and sapling densities between sites. The causes of gap formationand the gap size distribution, mean gap area, and gap fraction were similar, but gap abundance was different atthe two sites. The Reserva Coyhaique site had 15 gaps/ha compared to 10 gaps/ha for Shangri-La. Sizes of clumpsof trees were within the range of sizes of canopy gaps at both sites. The density of saplings was higher in gapsthan under closed forest at R. Coyhaique, but not at Shangri-La. We found that sapling densities were unrelatedto gap size in both sites. The lower sapling density in gaps at Shangri-La might be explained by the presence ofChusquea quila, a competitive pioneer bamboo species. The height increment was related to gap size at Shangri-La, but not at R. Coyhaique. Gap size itself does not account for all the variation in recruitment performance inthese Southern beech stands.

(20) (PDF) Tree dynamics in canopy gaps in old-growth forests of Nothofagus pumilio in Southern Chile. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227059525_Tree_dynamics_in_canopy_gaps_in_old-growth_forests_of_Nothofagus_pumilio_in_Southern_Chile [accessed Jan 18 2024].

Chilean forests, Disturbances, Forest dynamics, Line intercept method, Nothofagus pumilio, Treefalls

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227059525_Tree_dynamics_in_canopy_gaps_in_old-growth_forests_of_Nothofagus_pumilio_in_Southern_Chile

https://doi.org/10.4206/rev.austral.cienc.soc.2018.n35-08

En este artículo se analiza el vínculo entre los habitantes locales de Puyuhuapi y Cerro Castillo - XI región de Aysén- con el bosque nativo (monte) en la actualidad. Se describen las diversas prácticas y saberes locales que ligan material y simbólicamente al bosque con las comunidades, dando cuenta de la relación viva que hay entre ambos. Al situar esta relación viva en el contexto actual, vemos que está marcada y tensionada por una serie de políticas de mercantilización de la naturaleza, propias del capitalismo verde, como lo son: los cambios en la propiedad de la tierra, el turismo asociado a las áreas protegidas, las normativas respecto al uso de los recursos del bosque y las ideas conservacionistas que permean todo lo anterior. Se enfrentan, entonces, distintos modos de concebir la relación humano-monte, dando lugar a una silenciosa disputa por la apropiación material y simbólica del bosque.

relación naturaleza/cultura monte (bosque), prácticas locales mercantilización de la naturaleza capitalismo verde

http://revistas.uach.cl/index.php/racs/article/view/4199