Social Movements Related to U.S. Foreign Military Bases Crowdsourced List

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1	1. This is a collaborative crowdsourced list of the history and current status of social movements and other efforts to challenge United States military bases around the globe. The list provides basic details to allow members of movements, journalists, scholars, students, politicians, and others to learn from the history of these movements.	2. Some of the information, in yellow and elsewhere, is incomplete or likely inaccurate, so please add or correct missing information. Almost everywhere there is a foreign base, there is some kind of protest movement, so many movements are surely not on the list. Please add any missing movements at the bottom of the list.	3. If you want to add a comment or explain something in more detail, please add your thoughts, with your name, in the "Notes and Comments" column at far right. If you are part of a movement, you can include an email or website address so people can contact you.	4. The question of whether a movement is a "success" or not is very complicated. Usually, the answer is not a simple "yes" or "no" and would require many pages to discuss.	5. "Success" here is meant to be a starting point for learning more. Please add any discussion in "Notes and Comments."	6. The second sheet below will allow people to enter information about other movements challenging the foreign military bases of other nations (e.g., Britain, France, Russia, Turkey). Anyone interested in translating the lists would be a great help.	7. Share the list: https://bit.ly/2CUMcUg	8. Questions? David Vine, Associate Professor of Anthropology, Americn University, vine@american.edu
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4	COUNTRY/TERRITORY	LOCATION/BASE NAME(S)	YEARS ACTIVE	BASIC MOVEMENT COMPOSITION (e.g., local, national, government, politicians, labor)	SUCCESS? (year if yes; TBD=to be determined)	OTHER MAJOR OUTCOMES AND OTHER NOTES	NOTABLE STRATEGIES AND TACTICS	SOURCES (BOOKS, ARTICLES, OTHER EVIDENCE)	NOTES AND COMMENTS	MOVEMENT CONTACT INFORMATION, WEBSITES
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6	America, North (parts claimed by USA)	Multiple	1492-present	Local, regional, continental movement	Mixed		Non-violent protest, lawsuits, armed resistance, warfare
7	Australia	Pine Gap, Alice Springs	1960s-present	Local, national movement	No/TBD				Agreement signed in 1966.
8	Australia	Darwin	2015-present	Local, national movement	No/TBD		IPAN conference to be held in Darwin, August 2-4, 2019		US marine contingent present since 2012. 25-year agreement came into effect in 2015. Latest (2018) 'AUSMIN' talks recommended raising numbers of US marines to 2,500 as soon as possible.
9	Australia	National	1960s-present	National movement	No/TBD
10	Australia	Nurrungar	1973-1999	National movement	mixed	closed 1999, some major functions transferred to Pine Gap	intermittent NV protests (very remote site)	A Suitable Piece of Real Estate (Des Ball)
11	Austria	Salzburg, Linz, Vienna, Tulin	1945-1955	Political leaders	1955	Constitutional ban on foreign bases; removal of Soviet and all other foreign bases and troops
12	Barbados		?		1979			Pettyjohn, Stacie L., and Jennifer Kavanagh. 2016. “Access Granted: Political Challenges to the U.S. Overseas Military Presence, 1945–2014,” Santa Monica, CA, RAND Corporation, 61.
13	Belgium	Kleine Brogel, other including military transports	?-present	Local and national anti-war and anti-militairsm movements	No		Blockades, tresspassing, advocacy, political pressure
14	Brazil	Latin America multiple	2003-2009	Civil rights movements and anti-militarism movements (CEBRAPAZ, others)	No		Political protest
15	Chagos Archipelago (British Indian Ocean Territory)	Diego Garcia	1968-present	Exiled indigenous people seeking return, compensation; anti-base activists; Mauiritian government and other sovereignty activists	TBD	Mauritius disputes UK sovereignty	Lawsuits, hunger strikes, civil disobedience
16	Colombia	7 bases/locations	2009-2010	National movement	2010	Bases blocked by Colombian Supreme Court
17	Cuba	Guantánamo Bay base		National government, national movement	No/TBD
18	Cuba	Guantánamo Bay prison	2001-present	US/international movement, US politicians	No/TBD
19	Czech Republic	Missile defense radar installations	~2009	National movement, politicians	2009
20	Denmark/Greenland	Thule	1950s-present	Exiled indigenous people seeking return, compensation	No		Lawsuits
21	Ecuador	Manta	1999-2009	National government, local/national/international movement	2009	Base closed	International Network against Foreign Military Bases conference and activism
22	Ethiopia	Kagnew AS	1977	National government	1977
23	France	Mulitple (Bordeaux-Mérignac AB, Châteauroux-Déols AB, Chaumont-Semoutiers AB, Damblain, Dreux-Louvilliers AB, Paris-Orly AB, Laon-Couvro AB, Chambley-Bussières AB, Toul-Rosières, Phalsbourg-Bourscheid AB, Étain-Rouvres AB, Évreux-Fauville AB	1966-1967	National government/Charles de Gaulle	1967	France withdraws from most of the NATO structure and orders the US to leave bases within a year
24	Germany	Ansbach	2003-present	Local movement, local politicians	No
25	Germany	Buechel, other including military transports	?-present	Local and national anti-war and anti-militairsm movements	Yes, limited	German parliament allowed to oversee US nuclear deployments on Buechel AB.	Blockades, tresspassing, advocacy, political pressure
26	Germany	Landstuhl Regional Medical Center	?-present	Local movement	No	Noise
27	Germany	Ramstein Air Base	?-present	Local, national movement	TBD	Overlapping movements challenging noise, drone use
28	Guam	Guam Buildup/Pagat Village	2009-present	Local indigenous, Guam-wide politicians	2014/TBD	Movement forced the Marine Corps to move the planned location for a shooting range, saving a sacred indigenous archaeological site	Non-violent protest, hikes and cultural access, lawsuits, international solidarity, mobilization of Chamoru diaspora
29	Guam	Guam Buildup/Litekyan (Ritidian)	2009	Local indigenous movement		Proposed Marine Corps firing range will destroy indigenous archaeological sites, tradtional fishing and forest resources, endangered species, and continue military occupation of forcibly taken indigenous lands	Non-violent protest, hikes and cultural access, lawsuits, international solidarity
30	Hawai`i	Kaho’olawe Island training range	1976-2003	Local indigenous/state-wide movement, Congressional representatives and other politicians	2003	Bombing ended in 1990; novel special legislation for clean up of UXO and transfer title of land to the state of Hawaiʻi in trust for a future Hawaiian nation to be recognized. The Protect Kahoʻolawe ʻOhana continues to organize cultural access to the island and plays a key role in the state office that manages the island.	Civil disobedience, lawsuits, asserting indigenous religious and cultural rights to access island and exercise cultural practices, international solidarity through the Nuclear Free and Independent Pacific Movement
31	Hawai`i	Makua Valley training range	1976-present	Local indigenous/state-wide movement	TBD	Lawsuit resulted in court injunction on training - no-live fire training since 2004. Cultural access to archaeological sites to conduct ceremony.	Sit-in, civil disobedience, non-violent protest, lawsuit, cultural access, international solidarity
32	Hawaiʻi	Pōhakuloa training area	1978-present	Local indigenous/state-wide movement	TBD	2010 lawsuit against State of Hawaiʻi (Lessor) for failure to ensure environmental protection of public trust land by the Army (Lessee). Court halted negotiations on renewal of lease pending state's fulfillment of fiduciary duties as landowner.	Sit-in, civil disobedience, non-violent protest, lawsuit, cultural access, international solidarity
33	Hawaiʻi	Waikāne Valley training area	1980s-2006	Local indigenous movement	2006	Marines condemned Hawaiian family land due to UXO hazard, Marine jungle warfare training proposal defeated in 2004, training area closed in 2006 and UXO removal underway	non-violent protest
34	Hawaiʻi	Pacific Missile Range Facility	1993-present	Local indigenous/state-wide movement	No/TBD	Several expansions of the base and its missile program; classified Applied Research Laboratory at UH established to support PMRF, but protest 2005-2006 reduced the scope of the proposal	Civil disobedience, non-violent protests
35	Honduras	Soto Cano AB/Palmerola	1980s-present	National movement	No
36	Iceland	Reykjavik	1940; 1945-1947; 1949-1950s?	National government, unions	No; 1947; ?	Protest against British occupation of bases beginning in 1940		Holmes 2014:11
37	Iran	Bandar Abbas	1979	Revolutionary government	1979			Harkavy 2007
38	Iraq	Multiple locations	2011	National parliament	2011	New bases occupied since anti-ISIS war
39	Italy	Comiso, Sicily	1980s	Local, national movement	1991	A success?
40	Italy	Vicenza	2005-present	Local, national, international movement. [We will be in Dublin from November 16th until November 18th for the International Conference on No Nato/No USA bases. We are endorsers.]	Mixed	We succeeded in "protecting" approximately 50% of the land which was destined to "host" the Dal Molin army base. We succeeded in creating the Parco della Pace (Peace Park) through our resistance, through our activism, through the journeys made to Washington D.C. and the interviews we released on left wing media. Vicenza's grassroot movements gave life to such a resistance, so much energy and enthusiasm was put into it, they could have never stopped us. Recent activities: January 2017 International Conference at the Presidio Permanente and as of June 2018 once again on the crest of the wave with the election of the new right wing mayor.	Sit-ins, festivals, various journeys to Washington D.C., appointments with US government representatives, Code Pink, Democracy Now interviews, geologists, expert field researchers, ground water experts, pollution experts, two major demonstrations with more than 100.000 people participating from all of Italy. Concerts, art, performances, and interviews with international media, Indymedia, Sherwood Radio, GlobalProject.
41	Italy	Naples	?-present	Local movement	No
42	Italy	Niscemi, Sicily	2011-present	Local, national movement	No
43	Japan	Sunagawa, Tachikawa AB	1956-1977	Local movement	1977	Base turned over to Japanese Self-defense Forces control
44	Japan	Iwakuni	1984-present	Local movement	No			http://www.jca.apc.org/wsf_support/2004doc/WSFJapUSBaseRepoFinalAll.html#U.S_Marine_Corps
45	Japan	Ogasawara Islands	1950s-1969	Local movement, national government	1969	Sovereignty over islands returned to Japan
46	Japan	Oita, Hijudai Maneuver Field (Japanese military base used by US forces)	2007-present?	Local movement	No		Non-violent protest, people's observation post, civilian patrols to police off-duty troops
47	Japan/Okinawa	Takae	2006-present	Local movement	No		Sit-in, civil disobedience
48	Japan/Okinawa	Henoko	2004-present	Local, Okinawa-wide movement, Okinawa and national politicians	TBD		Sit-in, civil disobsedience, lawsuit against Pentagon on behalf of Dugong by local, environmental activists, international solidarity groups in Guam, Hawaiʻi, Korea, USA
49	Japan/Okinawa	Okinawa islands	1945-present	Okinawa-wide, national movement, national politicians	Mixed
50	Japan/Okinawa	MCAS Futenma, Ginowan City, Okinawa	1995-present	Local, prefecture, national movement	Mixed	Base land returned, some restrictions on operations but Futenma remains open
51	Japan/Okinawa	Ie Island training area	1953-present	Local movement	Mixed	Bombing range closed, land returned to farmers, US still maintains a base	Sit-in, civil disobedience, marches, petitions. Ahagon Shoko, the "Okinawan Gandhi", began the anti-bases movement in Okinawa	https://apjjf.org/-C.-Douglas-Lummis/3369/article.html
52	Kyrgyzstan	Manas Air Base	2014	National government	2014
53	Libya	Wheelus AB	1969-1970	Revolutionary/coup government	1969/1970
54	Mauritius	Diego Garcia	1968-present	Exiled indigenous people seeking return, compensation; anti-base activists; Mauiritian government and other sovereignty activists	TBD	Mauritius disputes UK sovereignty	Lawsuits, hunger strikes, civil disobedience
55	Marshall Islands	Bikini, Enewetok, Kwajelein, other atolls	1946-present	Indigenous movement, national government	Mixed	Campaign by nuclear testing displacees; non-violent re-occupation of military base by original inhabitants
56	Morocco	Slidi Simane, Ben Guerir, Ben Slimane, Nouasseur, Atlas Mountains Air Warning System	1963	Newly independent national government/anti-colonial movement	1963
57	Morocco	Port Lyautey, Sidi Yaya, Sidi Bouknadel	1977	National government	1977
58	Netherlands	Volkel	?-present	Local and national anti-war and anti-militairsm movements			Blockades, tresspassing, advocacy, political pressure
59	New Zealand	Waihopai	1987-present	Local, national movement	No
60	New Zealand	Omega; Woodbourne (USAF); Mount John (USAF/NORAD); Black Birch (USN); Harewood/Operation Deep Freeze/Christchurch	1987-present	Local, national movements	No
61	Northern Mariana Islands, Commonwealth	Pagan Island, Tinian Island	2013-present	Mariana Islands-wide movement	TBD
62	Pakistan				1969			Pettyjohn, Stacie L., and Jennifer Kavanagh. 2016. “Access Granted: Political Challenges to the U.S. Overseas Military Presence, 1945–2014,” Santa Monica, CA, RAND Corporation, 52.
63	Palau	Compact of Free Association		National movement		US forced Palau to change its nuclear free constitution in order to comply with Compact of Free Association military access requirement. Leaders of the nuclear free movement were assassinated.
64	Panama	Multiple locations in Panama Canal Zone	20th century	National government	1999
65	Philippines	Clark AB, Subic Bay NB, other locations	?-present	National movement, national parliament	1992/TBD	Ongoing movement monitoring US military presence since 1992 closures
66	Puerto Rico	Culebra	1960s-1970	Local, Puerto Rico-wide movement; Puerto Rican governor	1970	Blocked attempt to displace all locals
67	Puerto Rico	Vieques	1940s-present	Local, Puerto Rico-wide, national movement, Puerto Rican and other US politicians	2003	Closed Navy bombing range; ongoing work to ensure environmental clean up	Sit-in, civil disobedience, international solidarity, mobilizing Puerto Rican disaspora
68	Saudi Arabia	Prince Sultan AB, Taif AB, other locations	1991-2003	Militant organization	2003	al Qaeda
69	Saudi Arabia	Khobar Towers	1991-1996	Militant organization	1996	al Qaeda	Bombing
70	Saudi Arabia	Dharan, other locations	1945-1963	National government	1962	Oppostion to US support for Israel
71	South Korea (Republic of Korea)	Multiple locations		National movement	Mixed
72	South Korea (Republic of Korea)	Maehyang-ri (Kooni Range)	Late 1980s-2005	Local movement	2005	Closure following 2000 accident involving US Air Force accidentally dropping 6 bombs in the area		Stacie L. Pettyjohn and Jennifer Kavanagh, "Access Denied," RAND Corporation
73	South Korea (Republic of Korea)	Pyeongtaek/Camp Humphreys	2001-2007	Locals facing eviction, national movement	No		Sit-in, civil disobedience
74	South Korea (Republic of Korea)	Gangjeong, Jeju	2002-present	Local, national movement, local mayor	No	South Korean base officially. Integrated with US military operations. Movements in Gangjeong village from 2007 after two prior villages rejected plans for the base.	Sit-in, civil disobedience
75	South Korea (Republic of Korea)	Soseong-ri, Seongju	2016-present	local, national, international	TBD? no?	sitins have limited the amount of THAAD equipment	Sit-in, civil disobedience
76	South Vietnam		1970-1974	Government/military of North Vietnam, anti-South Vietnamese government military forces	1974		War
77	Spain	Torrejón, Madrid	1980s	Local movement, national government	1992/Mixed
78	Spain	Rota	1980s	Local movement, national government	No
79	Spain	Zaragoza	1980s	Local movement, national government	1992
80	Thailand	Multiple (at least 4 air force bases)	1975	Government	1975	Response to US launching rescue mission from Thai bases without permission in operation to free hijacked Mayaguez.		Pettyjohn and Kavanagh, 14, 121.
81	Trinidad and Tobago	Waller Field, Chaguaramas	1963	Newly independent national government/anti-colonial movement	1963
82	Turkey	Belbasi, Karamursel, Konya, Samsun, Sinop, Yesilkoy, Izmir NB, Kargaburun, Iskenderun, Diyarbakir	1960s-1975, 2002-2003	National movement, labor unions, politicians, militants	1975	The movemement to block the use of US bases during the buildup to the 2003 US-led war in Iraq largely succeeded in preventing their use, although Turkey assisted US forces in some ways		Holmes, Amy: https://books.google.com/books?id=RNFkAwAAQBAJ&dq=holmes,+amy+turkey+germany&lr=&source=gbs_navlinks_s
83	United Kingdom	Greenham Common	1981-2000	National, international movement/Women's Peace Camp	1987	US base closed 1987; U.K…..	Continuous sit-in/all-women's peace camp
84	United Kingdom	Multiple
85	Uzbekistan	Karshi-Khanabad air base	2002-2005	Government	2005	Government responded to US criticism of Uzbek human rights record		Pettyjohn and Kavanagh, 53, 61, 115, A-1.
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