Social Movements Related to U.S. Foreign Military Bases Crowdsourced List

	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	I	J
1	1. This is a collaborative crowdsourced list of the history and current status of social movements and other efforts to challenge United States military bases around the globe. The list provides basic details to allow members of movements, journalists, scholars, students, politicians, and others to learn from the history of these movements.	2. Some of the information, in yellow and elsewhere, is incomplete or likely inaccurate, so please add or correct missing information. Almost everywhere there is a foreign base, there is some kind of protest movement, so many movements are surely not on the list. Please add any missing movements at the bottom of the list.	3. If you want to add a comment or explain something in more detail, please add your thoughts, with your name, in the "Notes and Comments" column at far right. If you are part of a movement, you can include an email or website address so people can contact you.	4. The question of whether a movement is a "success" or not is very complicated. Usually, the answer is not a simple "yes" or "no" and would require many pages to discuss.	5. "Success" here is meant to be a starting point for learning more. Please add any discussion in "Notes and Comments."	6. The second sheet below will allow people to enter information about other movements challenging the foreign military bases of other nations (e.g., Britain, France, Russia, Turkey). Anyone interested in translating the lists would be a great help.	7. Share the list: https://bit.ly/2CUMcUg	8. Questions? David Vine, Associate Professor of Anthropology, Americn University, vine@american.edu
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4	COUNTRY/TERRITORY	LOCATION/BASE NAME(S)	YEARS ACTIVE	BASIC MOVEMENT COMPOSITION (e.g., local, national, government, politicians, labor)	SUCCESS? (year if yes; TBD=to be determined)	OTHER MAJOR OUTCOMES AND OTHER NOTES	NOTABLE STRATEGIES AND TACTICS	SOURCES (BOOKS, ARTICLES, OTHER EVIDENCE)	NOTES AND COMMENTS	MOVEMENT CONTACT INFORMATION, WEBSITES
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6	Afghanistan			Labor			Strike by employees of contractor ATCO Frontec.	Empire's Labor: The Global Army That Supports U.S. Wars, Adam Moore.
7	America, North (parts claimed by USA)	Multiple	1492-present	Local, regional, continental movement	Mixed		Non-violent protest, lawsuits, armed resistance, warfare
8	American Samoa (U.S.)							Map on p. S159 of Vine's "No Bases? Assessing the Impact of Social Movements Challenging U.S. Foreign Military Bases".
9	Antigua & Barbuda							Map on p. S159 of Vine's "No Bases? Assessing the Impact of Social Movements Challenging U.S. Foreign Military Bases".
10	Argentina							Map on p. S159 of Vine's "No Bases? Assessing the Impact of Social Movements Challenging U.S. Foreign Military Bases".
11	Aruba (Netherlands)							Map on p. S159 of Vine's "No Bases? Assessing the Impact of Social Movements Challenging U.S. Foreign Military Bases".
12	Ascension Island (UK)							Map on p. S159 of Vine's "No Bases? Assessing the Impact of Social Movements Challenging U.S. Foreign Military Bases".
13	Australia	Pine Gap, Alice Springs	1960s-present	Local, national movement	No/TBD				Agreement signed in 1966.
14	Australia	Darwin	2015-present	Local, national movement	No/TBD		IPAN conference to be held in Darwin, August 2-4, 2019		US marine contingent present since 2012. 25-year agreement came into effect in 2015. Latest (2018) 'AUSMIN' talks recommended raising numbers of US marines to 2,500 as soon as possible.
15	Australia	National	1960s-present	National movement	No/TBD
16	Australia	Nurrungar	1973-1999	National movement	mixed	closed 1999, some major functions transferred to Pine Gap	intermittent NV protests (very remote site)	A Suitable Piece of Real Estate (Des Ball)
17	Austria	Salzburg, Linz, Vienna, Tulin	1945-1955	Political leaders	1955	Constitutional ban on foreign bases; removal of Soviet and all other foreign bases and troops
18	Bahamas							Map on p. S159 of Vine's "No Bases? Assessing the Impact of Social Movements Challenging U.S. Foreign Military Bases".
19	Bahrain							Map on p. S159 of Vine's "No Bases? Assessing the Impact of Social Movements Challenging U.S. Foreign Military Bases".
20	Barbados		?		1979	p⁹⁹90p⁹l9ll9⁹p99o99l		Pettyjohn, Stacie L., and Jennifer Kavanagh. 2016. “Access Granted: Political Challenges to the U.S. Overseas Military Presence, 1945–2014,” Santa Monica, CA, RAND Corporation, 61.
21	Belgium	Kleine Brogel, other including military transports	?-present	Local and national anti-war and anti-militairsm movements	No		Blockades, tresspassing, advocacy, political pressure
22	Brazil	Latin America multiple	2003-2009	Civil rights movements and anti-militarism movements (CEBRAPAZ, others)	No		Political protest
23	Bulgaria							Map on p. S159 of Vine's "No Bases? Assessing the Impact of Social Movements Challenging U.S. Foreign Military Bases".
24	Burkina Faso							Map on p. S159 of Vine's "No Bases? Assessing the Impact of Social Movements Challenging U.S. Foreign Military Bases".
25	Burundi							Map on p. S159 of Vine's "No Bases? Assessing the Impact of Social Movements Challenging U.S. Foreign Military Bases".
26	Cambodia							Map on p. S159 of Vine's "No Bases? Assessing the Impact of Social Movements Challenging U.S. Foreign Military Bases".
27	Canada							Map on p. S159 of Vine's "No Bases? Assessing the Impact of Social Movements Challenging U.S. Foreign Military Bases".
28	Central African Republic							Map on p. S159 of Vine's "No Bases? Assessing the Impact of Social Movements Challenging U.S. Foreign Military Bases".
29	Chagos Archipelago (British Indian Ocean Territory)	Diego Garcia	1968-present	Exiled indigenous people seeking return, compensation; anti-base activists; Mauiritian government and other sovereignty activists	TBD	Mauritius disputes UK sovereignty	Lawsuits, hunger strikes, civil disobedience
30	Chile							Map on p. S159 of Vine's "No Bases? Assessing the Impact of Social Movements Challenging U.S. Foreign Military Bases".
31	Colombia	7 bases/locations	2009-2010	National movement	2010	Bases blocked by Colombian Supreme Court
32	Costa Rica							Map on p. S159 of Vine's "No Bases? Assessing the Impact of Social Movements Challenging U.S. Foreign Military Bases".
33	Cuba	Guantánamo Bay base		National government, national movement	No/TBD
34	Cuba	Guantánamo Bay prison	2001-present	US/international movement, US politicians	No/TBD	9$⁹$$99$99999opo99o999$⁹⁹pop9999op99p99op$$⁹⁹⁹p⁹⁹p⁹⁹⁹99p99999p
35	Curacao (Netherlands)							Map on p. S159 of Vine's "No Bases? Assessing the Impact of Social Movements Challenging U.S. Foreign Military Bases".
36	Czech Republic	Missile defense radar installations	~2009	National movement, politicians	2009	$
37	Denmark/Greenland	Thule	1950s-present	Exiled indigenous people seeking return, compensation	No		Lawsuits
38	Djibouti	Camp Lemonnier	2013	Labor			Strike by base workers.	https://www.stripes.com/news/africa/troops-help-fill-in-for-striking-djibouti-workers-1.230579#.WaiCEsh942w	On an article published 7/16/13, John Vandiver of Stars & Stripes wrote, "Local workers, upset over KBR’s plan to cut support staff from 1,000 to 600, have been staging daily demonstrations outside the base since late June". Also, "[Lt. Cmdr.] Johnson said the protests are focused on the workers’ dispute with KBR and that the demonstrators are not opposed to the U.S. military mission." This should be taken with a grain of salt.
39	Dominican Republic							Map on p. S159 of Vine's "No Bases? Assessing the Impact of Social Movements Challenging U.S. Foreign Military Bases".
40	Ecuador	Manta	1999-2009	National government, local/national/international movement	2009	Base closed	International Network against Foreign Military Bases conference and activism
41	Egypt							Map on p. S159 of Vine's "No Bases? Assessing the Impact of Social Movements Challenging U.S. Foreign Military Bases".
42	El Salvador							Map on p. S159 of Vine's "No Bases? Assessing the Impact of Social Movements Challenging U.S. Foreign Military Bases".
43	Ethiopia	Kagnew AS	1977	National government	1977
44	Fiji	No bases, embassy in Suva
45	France	Mulitple (Bordeaux-Mérignac AB, Châteauroux-Déols AB, Chaumont-Semoutiers AB, Damblain, Dreux-Louvilliers AB, Paris-Orly AB, Laon-Couvro AB, Chambley-Bussières AB, Toul-Rosières, Phalsbourg-Bourscheid AB, Étain-Rouvres AB, Évreux-Fauville AB	1966-1967	National government/Charles de Gaulle	1967	France withdraws from most of tlo8he NATO structure and orders the US to leave bases within a year8m9m⁰.........p.........pp.................		Base Politics: Democratic Change and the U.S. Military Overseas, Alexander Cooley.	“France’s expulsion of U.S. forces in 1 966 under Charles de Gaulle’s Fifth Republic and the refusal of the Panamanian government to renew U.S. basing rights during the 1990s could also fruitfully be explained by using this study’s theoretical perspectives” on regime-type and regime-shift (p. 52). Calder contradicts this somewhere in his book, I believe in chapter 9 or 10.
46	French Polynesia	No bases, French Territory and the French Military were kicked out.				A French territory, the locals demanded that the French reduce their own military footprint across the island nation 50% by 2015, which seems to have happened based on Wikipedia’s latest base personnel counts.
47	Gabon							Map on p. S159 of Vine's "No Bases? Assessing the Impact of Social Movements Challenging U.S. Foreign Military Bases".
48	Georgia							Map on p. S159 of Vine's "No Bases? Assessing the Impact of Social Movements Challenging U.S. Foreign Military Bases".
49	Germany	Ansbach	2003-present	Local movement, local politicians	No
50	Germany	Buechel, other including military transports	?-present	Local and national anti-war and anti-militairsm movements	Yes, limited	German parliament allowed to oversee US nuclear deployments on Buechel AB.	Blockades, tresspassing, advocacy, political pressure
51	Germany	Landstuhl Regional Medical Center	?-present	Local movement	No	Noise
52	Germany	Ramstein Air Base	?-present	Local, national movement	TBD	Overlapping movements challenging noise, drone use
53	Ghana							Map on p. S159 of Vine's "No Bases? Assessing the Impact of Social Movements Challenging U.S. Foreign Military Bases".
54	Greece							Map on p. S159 of Vine's "No Bases? Assessing the Impact of Social Movements Challenging U.S. Foreign Military Bases".
55	Guam	Guam Buildup/Pagat Village	2009-present	Local indigenous, Guam-wide politicians	2014/TBD	Movement forced the Marine Corps to move the planned location for a shooting range, saving a sacred indigenous archaeological site	Non-violent protest, hikes and cultural access, lawsuits, international solidarity, mobilization of Chamoru diaspora
56	Guam	Guam Buildup/Litekyan (Ritidian)	2009	Local indigenous movement		Proposed Marine Corps firing range will destroy indigenous archaeological sites, tradtional fishing and forest resources, endangered species, and continue military occupation of forcibly taken indigenous lands	Non-violent protest, hikes and cultural access, lawsuits, international solidarity
57	Hawai`i	Kaho’olawe Island training range	1976-2003	Local indigenous/state-wide movement, Congressional representatives and other politicians	2003	Bombing ended in 1990; novel special legislation for clean up of UXO and transfer title of land to the state of Hawaiʻi in trust for a future Hawaiian nation to be recognized. The Protect Kahoʻolawe ʻOhana continues to organize cultural access to the island and plays a key role in the state office that manages the island.	Civil disobedience, lawsuits, asserting indigenous religious and cultural rights to access island and exercise cultural practices, international solidarity through the Nuclear Free and Independent Pacific Movement
58	Hawai`i	Makua Valley training range	1976-present	Local indigenous/state-wide movement	TBD	Lawsuit resulted in court injunction on training - no-live fire training since 2004. Cultural access to archaeological sites to conduct ceremony.	Sit-in, civil disobedience, non-violent protest, lawsuit, cultural access, international solidarity
59	Hawaiʻi	Pōhakuloa training area	1978-present	Local indigenous/state-wide movement	TBD	2010 lawsuit against State of Hawaiʻi (Lessor) for failure to ensure environmental protection of public trust land by the Army (Lessee). Court halted negotiations on renewal of lease pending state's fulfillment of fiduciary duties as landowner.	Sit-in, civil disobedience, non-violent protest, lawsuit, cultural access, international solidarity
60	Hawaiʻi	Waikāne Valley training area	1980s-2006	Local indigenous movement	2006	Marines condemned Hawaiian family land due to UXO hazard, Marine jungle warfare training proposal defeated in 2004, training area closed in 2006 and UXO removal underway	non-violent protest
61	Hawaiʻi	Pacific Missile Range Facility	1993-present	Local indigenous/state-wide movement	No/TBD	Several expansions of the base and its missile program; classified Applied Research Laboratory at UH established to support PMRF, but protest 2005-2006 reduced the scope of the proposal	Civil disobedience, non-violent protests
62	Honduras	Soto Cano AB/Palmerola	1980s-present	National movement	No
63	Hong Kong							Map on p. S159 of Vine's "No Bases? Assessing the Impact of Social Movements Challenging U.S. Foreign Military Bases".
64	Hungary							Map on p. S159 of Vine's "No Bases? Assessing the Impact of Social Movements Challenging U.S. Foreign Military Bases".
65	Iceland	Reykjavik	1940; 1945-1947; 1949-1950s?	National government, unions	No; 1947; ?	Protest against British occupation of bases beginning in 1940		Holmes 2014:11
66	Indonesia	None				The country’s Foreign Affairs Minister Retno LP Marsudi recently stated that none of her country’s territory would be used for Foreign Military, neither Chinese, or otherwise (assuming she meant nor American) as her comments were in response to a U.S. Pentagon report suggesting otherwise.
67	Iran	Bandar Abbas	1979	Revolutionary government	1979			Harkavy 2007
68	Iraq	Multiple locations	2011	National parliament	2011	New bases occupied since anti-ISIS war
69	Ireland							Map on p. S159 of Vine's "No Bases? Assessing the Impact of Social Movements Challenging U.S. Foreign Military Bases".
70	Israel							Map on p. S159 of Vine's "No Bases? Assessing the Impact of Social Movements Challenging U.S. Foreign Military Bases".
71	Italy	Comiso, Sicily	1980s	Local, national movement	1991	A success?
72	Italy	Vicenza	2005-present	Local, national, international movement. [We will be in Dublin from November 16th until November 18th for the International Conference on No Nato/No USA bases. We are endorsers.]	Mixed	We succeeded in "protecting" approximately 50% of the land which was destined to "host" the Dal Molin army base. We succeeded in creating the Parco della Pace (Peace Park) through our resistance, through our activism, through the journeys made to Washington D.C. and the interviews we released on left wing media. Vicenza's grassroot movements gave life to such a resistance, so much energy and enthusiasm was put into it, they could have never stopped us. Recent activities: January 2017 International Conference at the Presidio Permanente and as of June 2018 once again on the crest of the wave with the election of the new right wing mayor.	Sit-ins, festivals, various journeys to Washington D.C., appointments with US government representatives, Code Pink, Democracy Now interviews, geologists, expert field researchers, ground water experts, pollution experts, two major demonstrations with more than 100.000 people participating from all of Italy. Concerts, art, performances, and interviews with international media, Indymedia, Sherwood Radio, GlobalProject.
73	Italy	Naples	?-present	Local movement	No
74	Italy	Niscemi, Sicily	2011-present	Local, national movement	No
75	Japan	Sunagawa, Tachikawa AB	1956-1977	Local movement	1977	Base turned over to Japanese Self-defense Forces control		Wikipedia, Cooley's Base Politics, Holmes' Social Unrest and American Military Bases in Turkey and Germany Since 1945.	Wikipedia: "With the surveyors unable to conduct their work to prepare for the runway expansion, the expansion plans were 'indefinitely shelved' in late 1957, after which time the protests died away.[1] For a time, the U.S. military still maintained hopes that the runway expansion might be restarted after some time had passed, forcing the farmers to maintain some of their barricades indefinitely. However, in 1968, the U.S. Air Force officially gave notification to the Japanese government of cancellation of the expansion plans.[2] In 1977, following the conclusion of the Vietnam War, the base was handed over to the Japanese Self Defense Forces.[2]" Cooley (2008) classifies Japan during the main period of action here, 1955-57, as a "democratizing client" (1952-60). This means he classifies the Japanese regime's political dependence on its security contract with the US as high, but classifies the contractual credibility of Japanese political institutions as low, resulting in a politicized security relationship in his typology (see figure 6.3 on p. 214). Holmes (2014) points out that Cooley's regime-type/shift explanation of basing policy outcomes applies to a shrinking number of cases today, but does it make sense to apply it to the Sunagawa case?
76	Japan	Iwakuni	1984-present	Local movement	No			http://www.jca.apc.org/wsf_support/2004doc/WSFJapUSBaseRepoFinalAll.html#U.S_Marine_Corps
77	Japan	Ogasawara Islands	1950s-1969	Local movement, national government	1969	Sovereignty over islands returned to Japan
78	Japan	Oita, Hijudai Maneuver Field (Japanese military base used by US forces)	2007-present?	Local movement	No		Non-violent protest, people's observation post, civilian patrols to police off-duty troops
79	Japan/Okinawa	Takae	2006-present	Local movement	No		Sit-in, civil disobedience
80	Japan/Okinawa	Henoko	2004-present	Local, Okinawa-wide movement, Okinawa and national politicians	TBD		Sit-in, civil disobsedience, lawsuit against Pentagon on behalf of Dugong by local, environmental activists, international solidarity groups in Guam, Hawaiʻi, Korea, USA
81	Japan/Okinawa	Okinawa islands	1945-present	Okinawa-wide, national movement, national politicians	Mixed
82	Japan/Okinawa	MCAS Futenma, Ginowan City, Okinawa	1995-present	Local, prefecture, national movement	Mixed	Base land returned, some restrictions on operations but Futenma remains open
83	Japan/Okinawa	Ie Island training area	1953-present	Local movement	Mixed	Bombing range closed, land returned to farmers, US still maintains a base	Sit-in, civil disobedience, marches, petitions. Ahagon Shoko, the "Okinawan Gandhi", began the anti-bases movement in Okinawa	https://apjjf.org/-C.-Douglas-Lummis/3369/article.html
84	Johnson Atoll (U.S.)							Map on p. S159 of Vine's "No Bases? Assessing the Impact of Social Movements Challenging U.S. Foreign Military Bases".
85	Jordan							Map on p. S159 of Vine's "No Bases? Assessing the Impact of Social Movements Challenging U.S. Foreign Military Bases".
86	Kenya	Manda Bay	1992-present	Terrorist attack	No	U.S. and Kenyan personnel killed, equipment destroyed.	Suprise attack	Map on p. S159 of Vine's "No Bases? Assessing the Impact of Social Movements Challenging U.S. Foreign Military Bases".
87	Kosovo	Ferizaj	1999-present	Refugee movement	No			Map on p. S159 of Vine's "No Bases? Assessing the Impact of Social Movements Challenging U.S. Foreign Military Bases".
88	Kuwait							Map on p. S159 of Vine's "No Bases? Assessing the Impact of Social Movements Challenging U.S. Foreign Military Bases".
89	Kyrgyzstan	Manas Air Base	2014	National government	2014
90	Liberia							Map on p. S159 of Vine's "No Bases? Assessing the Impact of Social Movements Challenging U.S. Foreign Military Bases".
91	Libya	Wheelus AB	1969-1970	Revolutionary/coup government	1969/1970
92	Mauritania							Map on p. S159 of Vine's "No Bases? Assessing the Impact of Social Movements Challenging U.S. Foreign Military Bases".
93	Mauritius	Diego Garcia	1968-present	Exiled indigenous people seeking return, compensation; anti-base activists; Mauiritian government and other sovereignty activists	TBD	Mauritius disputes UK sovereignty	Lawsuits, hunger strikes, civil disobedience
94	Marshall Islands	Bikini, Enewetok, Kwajelein, other atolls	1946-present	Indigenous movement, national government	Mixed	Campaign by nuclear testing displacees; non-violent re-occupation of military base by original inhabitants
95	Micronesia	Compact of Free Association, where the U.S. provides Military & Economic support
96	Morocco	Slidi Simane, Ben Guerir, Ben Slimane, Nouasseur, Atlas Mountains Air Warning System	1963	Newly independent national government/anti-colonial movement	1963
97	Morocco	Port Lyautey, Sidi Yaya, Sidi Bouknadel	1977	National government	1977
98	Mozambique							Map on p. S159 of Vine's "No Bases? Assessing the Impact of Social Movements Challenging U.S. Foreign Military Bases".
99	Netherlands	Volkel	?-present	Local and national anti-war and anti-militairsm movements			Blockades, tresspassing, advocacy, political pressure
100	New Zealand	Waihopai	1987-present	Local, national movement	No