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1 | 1. This is a collaborative crowdsourced list of the history and current status of social movements and other efforts to challenge United States military bases around the globe. The list provides basic details to allow members of movements, journalists, scholars, students, politicians, and others to learn from the history of these movements. | 2. Some of the information, in yellow and elsewhere, is incomplete or likely inaccurate, so please add or correct missing information. Almost everywhere there is a foreign base, there is some kind of protest movement, so many movements are surely not on the list. Please add any missing movements at the bottom of the list. | 3. If you want to add a comment or explain something in more detail, please add your thoughts, with your name, in the "Notes and Comments" column at far right. If you are part of a movement, you can include an email or website address so people can contact you. | 4. The question of whether a movement is a "success" or not is very complicated. Usually, the answer is not a simple "yes" or "no" and would require many pages to discuss. | 5. "Success" here is meant to be a starting point for learning more. Please add any discussion in "Notes and Comments." | 6. The second sheet below will allow people to enter information about other movements challenging the foreign military bases of other nations (e.g., Britain, France, Russia, Turkey). Anyone interested in translating the lists would be a great help. | 7. Share the list: https://bit.ly/2CUMcUg | 8. Questions? David Vine, Associate Professor of Anthropology, Americn University, vine@american.edu | |||||||||||||||||||
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4 | COUNTRY/TERRITORY | LOCATION/BASE NAME(S) | YEARS ACTIVE | BASIC MOVEMENT COMPOSITION (e.g., local, national, government, politicians, labor) | SUCCESS? (year if yes; TBD=to be determined) | OTHER MAJOR OUTCOMES AND OTHER NOTES | NOTABLE STRATEGIES AND TACTICS | SOURCES (BOOKS, ARTICLES, OTHER EVIDENCE) | NOTES AND COMMENTS | MOVEMENT CONTACT INFORMATION, WEBSITES | |||||||||||||||||
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6 | Afghanistan | Labor | Strike by employees of contractor ATCO Frontec. | Empire's Labor: The Global Army That Supports U.S. Wars, Adam Moore. | |||||||||||||||||||||||
7 | America, North (parts claimed by USA) | Multiple | 1492-present | Local, regional, continental movement | Mixed | Non-violent protest, lawsuits, armed resistance, warfare | |||||||||||||||||||||
8 | American Samoa (U.S.) | Map on p. S159 of Vine's "No Bases? Assessing the Impact of Social Movements Challenging U.S. Foreign Military Bases". | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
9 | Antigua & Barbuda | Map on p. S159 of Vine's "No Bases? Assessing the Impact of Social Movements Challenging U.S. Foreign Military Bases". | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
10 | Argentina | Map on p. S159 of Vine's "No Bases? Assessing the Impact of Social Movements Challenging U.S. Foreign Military Bases". | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
11 | Aruba (Netherlands) | Map on p. S159 of Vine's "No Bases? Assessing the Impact of Social Movements Challenging U.S. Foreign Military Bases". | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
12 | Ascension Island (UK) | Map on p. S159 of Vine's "No Bases? Assessing the Impact of Social Movements Challenging U.S. Foreign Military Bases". | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
13 | Australia | Pine Gap, Alice Springs | 1960s-present | Local, national movement | No/TBD | Agreement signed in 1966. | |||||||||||||||||||||
14 | Australia | Darwin | 2015-present | Local, national movement | No/TBD | IPAN conference to be held in Darwin, August 2-4, 2019 | US marine contingent present since 2012. 25-year agreement came into effect in 2015. Latest (2018) 'AUSMIN' talks recommended raising numbers of US marines to 2,500 as soon as possible. | ||||||||||||||||||||
15 | Australia | National | 1960s-present | National movement | No/TBD | ||||||||||||||||||||||
16 | Australia | Nurrungar | 1973-1999 | National movement | mixed | closed 1999, some major functions transferred to Pine Gap | intermittent NV protests (very remote site) | A Suitable Piece of Real Estate (Des Ball) | |||||||||||||||||||
17 | Austria | Salzburg, Linz, Vienna, Tulin | 1945-1955 | Political leaders | 1955 | Constitutional ban on foreign bases; removal of Soviet and all other foreign bases and troops | |||||||||||||||||||||
18 | Bahamas | Map on p. S159 of Vine's "No Bases? Assessing the Impact of Social Movements Challenging U.S. Foreign Military Bases". | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
19 | Bahrain | Map on p. S159 of Vine's "No Bases? Assessing the Impact of Social Movements Challenging U.S. Foreign Military Bases". | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
20 | Barbados | ? | 1979 | p⁹⁹90p⁹l9ll9⁹p99o99l | Pettyjohn, Stacie L., and Jennifer Kavanagh. 2016. “Access Granted: Political Challenges to the U.S. Overseas Military Presence, 1945–2014,” Santa Monica, CA, RAND Corporation, 61. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
21 | Belgium | Kleine Brogel, other including military transports | ?-present | Local and national anti-war and anti-militairsm movements | No | Blockades, tresspassing, advocacy, political pressure | |||||||||||||||||||||
22 | Brazil | Latin America multiple | 2003-2009 | Civil rights movements and anti-militarism movements (CEBRAPAZ, others) | No | Political protest | |||||||||||||||||||||
23 | Bulgaria | Map on p. S159 of Vine's "No Bases? Assessing the Impact of Social Movements Challenging U.S. Foreign Military Bases". | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
24 | Burkina Faso | Map on p. S159 of Vine's "No Bases? Assessing the Impact of Social Movements Challenging U.S. Foreign Military Bases". | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
25 | Burundi | Map on p. S159 of Vine's "No Bases? Assessing the Impact of Social Movements Challenging U.S. Foreign Military Bases". | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
26 | Cambodia | Map on p. S159 of Vine's "No Bases? Assessing the Impact of Social Movements Challenging U.S. Foreign Military Bases". | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
27 | Canada | Map on p. S159 of Vine's "No Bases? Assessing the Impact of Social Movements Challenging U.S. Foreign Military Bases". | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
28 | Central African Republic | Map on p. S159 of Vine's "No Bases? Assessing the Impact of Social Movements Challenging U.S. Foreign Military Bases". | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
29 | Chagos Archipelago (British Indian Ocean Territory) | Diego Garcia | 1968-present | Exiled indigenous people seeking return, compensation; anti-base activists; Mauiritian government and other sovereignty activists | TBD | Mauritius disputes UK sovereignty | Lawsuits, hunger strikes, civil disobedience | ||||||||||||||||||||
30 | Chile | Map on p. S159 of Vine's "No Bases? Assessing the Impact of Social Movements Challenging U.S. Foreign Military Bases". | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
31 | Colombia | 7 bases/locations | 2009-2010 | National movement | 2010 | Bases blocked by Colombian Supreme Court | |||||||||||||||||||||
32 | Costa Rica | Map on p. S159 of Vine's "No Bases? Assessing the Impact of Social Movements Challenging U.S. Foreign Military Bases". | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
33 | Cuba | Guantánamo Bay base | National government, national movement | No/TBD | |||||||||||||||||||||||
34 | Cuba | Guantánamo Bay prison | 2001-present | US/international movement, US politicians | No/TBD | 9$⁹$$99$99999opo99o999$⁹⁹pop9999op99p99op$$⁹⁹⁹p⁹⁹p⁹⁹⁹99p99999p | |||||||||||||||||||||
35 | Curacao (Netherlands) | Map on p. S159 of Vine's "No Bases? Assessing the Impact of Social Movements Challenging U.S. Foreign Military Bases". | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
36 | Czech Republic | Missile defense radar installations | ~2009 | National movement, politicians | 2009 | $ | |||||||||||||||||||||
37 | Denmark/Greenland | Thule | 1950s-present | Exiled indigenous people seeking return, compensation | No | Lawsuits | |||||||||||||||||||||
38 | Djibouti | Camp Lemonnier | 2013 | Labor | Strike by base workers. | https://www.stripes.com/news/africa/troops-help-fill-in-for-striking-djibouti-workers-1.230579#.WaiCEsh942w | On an article published 7/16/13, John Vandiver of Stars & Stripes wrote, "Local workers, upset over KBR’s plan to cut support staff from 1,000 to 600, have been staging daily demonstrations outside the base since late June". Also, "[Lt. Cmdr.] Johnson said the protests are focused on the workers’ dispute with KBR and that the demonstrators are not opposed to the U.S. military mission." This should be taken with a grain of salt. | ||||||||||||||||||||
39 | Dominican Republic | Map on p. S159 of Vine's "No Bases? Assessing the Impact of Social Movements Challenging U.S. Foreign Military Bases". | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
40 | Ecuador | Manta | 1999-2009 | National government, local/national/international movement | 2009 | Base closedpmo | International Network against Foreign Military Bases conference and activism | ||||||||||||||||||||
41 | Egypt | Map on p. S159 of Vine's "No Bases? Assessing the Impact of Social Movements Challenging U.S. Foreign Military Bases". | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
42 | El Salvador | Map on p. S159 of Vine's "No Bases? Assessing the Impact of Social Movements Challenging U.S. Foreign Military Bases". | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
43 | Ethiopia | Kagnew AS | 1977 | National government | 1977 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
44 | Fiji | No bases, embassy in Suva | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
45 | France | Mulitple (Bordeaux-Mérignac AB, Châteauroux-Déols AB, Chaumont-Semoutiers AB, Damblain, Dreux-Louvilliers AB, Paris-Orly AB, Laon-Couvro AB, Chambley-Bussières AB, Toul-Rosières, Phalsbourg-Bourscheid AB, Étain-Rouvres AB, Évreux-Fauville AB | 1966-1967 | National government/Charles de Gaulle | 1967 | France withdraws from most of tlo8he NATO structure and orders the US to leave bases within a year8m9m⁰.........p.........pp................. | Base Politics: Democratic Change and the U.S. Military Overseas, Alexander Cooley. | “France’s expulsion of U.S. forces in 1 966 under Charles de Gaulle’s Fifth Republic and the refusal of the Panamanian government to renew U.S. basing rights during the 1990s could also fruitfully be explained by using this study’s theoretical perspectives” on regime-type and regime-shift (p. 52). Calder contradicts this somewhere in his book, I believe in chapter 9 or 10. | |||||||||||||||||||
46 | French Polynesia | No bases, French Territory and the French Military were kicked out. | A French territory, the locals demanded that the French reduce their own military footprint across the island nation 50% by 2015, which seems to have happened based on Wikipedia’s latest base personnel counts. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
47 | Gabon | Map on p. S159 of Vine's "No Bases? Assessing the Impact of Social Movements Challenging U.S. Foreign Military Bases". | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
48 | Georgia | Map on p. S159 of Vine's "No Bases? Assessing the Impact of Social Movements Challenging U.S. Foreign Military Bases". | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
49 | Germany | Ansbach | 2003-present | Local movement, local politicians | No | ||||||||||||||||||||||
50 | Germany | Buechel, other including military transports | ?-present | Local and national anti-war and anti-militairsm movements | Yes, limited | German parliament allowed to oversee US nuclear deployments on Buechel AB. | Blockades, tresspassing, advocacy, political pressure | ||||||||||||||||||||
51 | Germany | Landstuhl Regional Medical Center | ?-present | Local movement | No | Noise | |||||||||||||||||||||
52 | Germany | Ramstein Air Base | ?-present | Local, national movement | TBD | Overlapping movements challenging noise, drone use | |||||||||||||||||||||
53 | Ghana | Map on p. S159 of Vine's "No Bases? Assessing the Impact of Social Movements Challenging U.S. Foreign Military Bases". | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
54 | Greece | Map on p. S159 of Vine's "No Bases? Assessing the Impact of Social Movements Challenging U.S. Foreign Military Bases". | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
55 | Guam | Guam Buildup/Pagat Village | 2009-present | Local indigenous, Guam-wide politicians | 2014/TBD | Movement forced the Marine Corps to move the planned location for a shooting range, saving a sacred indigenous archaeological site | Non-violent protest, hikes and cultural access, lawsuits, international solidarity, mobilization of Chamoru diaspora | ||||||||||||||||||||
56 | Guam | Guam Buildup/Litekyan (Ritidian) | 2009 | Local indigenous movement | Proposed Marine Corps firing range will destroy indigenous archaeological sites, tradtional fishing and forest resources, endangered species, and continue military occupation of forcibly taken indigenous lands | Non-violent protest, hikes and cultural access, lawsuits, international solidarity | |||||||||||||||||||||
57 | Hawai`i | Kaho’olawe Island training range | 1976-2003 | Local indigenous/state-wide movement, Congressional representatives and other politicians | 2003 | Bombing ended in 1990; novel special legislation for clean up of UXO and transfer title of land to the state of Hawaiʻi in trust for a future Hawaiian nation to be recognized. The Protect Kahoʻolawe ʻOhana continues to organize cultural access to the island and plays a key role in the state office that manages the island. | Civil disobedience, lawsuits, asserting indigenous religious and cultural rights to access island and exercise cultural practices, international solidarity through the Nuclear Free and Independent Pacific Movement | ||||||||||||||||||||
58 | Hawai`i | Makua Valley training range | 1976-present | Local indigenous/state-wide movement | TBD | Lawsuit resulted in court injunction on training - no-live fire training since 2004. Cultural access to archaeological sites to conduct ceremony. | Sit-in, civil disobedience, non-violent protest, lawsuit, cultural access, international solidarity | ||||||||||||||||||||
59 | Hawaiʻi | Pōhakuloa training area | 1978-present | Local indigenous/state-wide movement | TBD | 2010 lawsuit against State of Hawaiʻi (Lessor) for failure to ensure environmental protection of public trust land by the Army (Lessee). Court halted negotiations on renewal of lease pending state's fulfillment of fiduciary duties as landowner. | Sit-in, civil disobedience, non-violent protest, lawsuit, cultural access, international solidarity | ||||||||||||||||||||
60 | Hawaiʻi | Waikāne Valley training area | 1980s-2006 | Local indigenous movement | 2006 | Marines condemned Hawaiian family land due to UXO hazard, Marine jungle warfare training proposal defeated in 2004, training area closed in 2006 and UXO removal underway | non-violent protest | ||||||||||||||||||||
61 | Hawaiʻi | Pacific Missile Range Facility | 1993-present | Local indigenous/state-wide movement | No/TBD | Several expansions of the base and its missile program; classified Applied Research Laboratory at UH established to support PMRF, but protest 2005-2006 reduced the scope of the proposal | Civil disobedience, non-violent protests | ||||||||||||||||||||
62 | Honduras | Soto Cano AB/Palmerola | 1980s-present | National movement | No | ||||||||||||||||||||||
63 | Hong Kong | Map on p. S159 of Vine's "No Bases? Assessing the Impact of Social Movements Challenging U.S. Foreign Military Bases". | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
64 | Hungary | Map on p. S159 of Vine's "No Bases? Assessing the Impact of Social Movements Challenging U.S. Foreign Military Bases". | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
65 | Iceland | Reykjavik | 1940; 1945-1947; 1949-1950s? | National government, unions | No; 1947; ? | Protest against British occupation of bases beginning in 1940 | Holmes 2014:11 | ||||||||||||||||||||
66 | Indonesia | None | The country’s Foreign Affairs Minister Retno LP Marsudi recently stated that none of her country’s territory would be used for Foreign Military, neither Chinese, or otherwise (assuming she meant nor American) as her comments were in response to a U.S. Pentagon report suggesting otherwise. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
67 | Iran | Bandar Abbas | 1979 | Revolutionary government | 1979 | Harkavy 2007 | |||||||||||||||||||||
68 | Iraq | Multiple locations | 2011 | National parliament | 2011 | New bases occupied since anti-ISIS war | |||||||||||||||||||||
69 | Ireland | Map on p. S159 of Vine's "No Bases? Assessing the Impact of Social Movements Challenging U.S. Foreign Military Bases". | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
70 | Israel | Map on p. S159 of Vine's "No Bases? Assessing the Impact of Social Movements Challenging U.S. Foreign Military Bases". | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
71 | Italy | Comiso, Sicily | 1980s | Local, national movement | 1991 | A success? | |||||||||||||||||||||
72 | Italy | Vicenza | 2005-present | Local, national, international movement. [We will be in Dublin from November 16th until November 18th for the International Conference on No Nato/No USA bases. We are endorsers.] | Mixed | We succeeded in "protecting" approximately 50% of the land which was destined to "host" the Dal Molin army base. We succeeded in creating the Parco della Pace (Peace Park) through our resistance, through our activism, through the journeys made to Washington D.C. and the interviews we released on left wing media. Vicenza's grassroot movements gave life to such a resistance, so much energy and enthusiasm was put into it, they could have never stopped us. Recent activities: January 2017 International Conference at the Presidio Permanente and as of June 2018 once again on the crest of the wave with the election of the new right wing mayor. | Sit-ins, festivals, various journeys to Washington D.C., appointments with US government representatives, Code Pink, Democracy Now interviews, geologists, expert field researchers, ground water experts, pollution experts, two major demonstrations with more than 100.000 people participating from all of Italy. Concerts, art, performances, and interviews with international media, Indymedia, Sherwood Radio, GlobalProject. | ||||||||||||||||||||
73 | Italy | Naples | ?-present | Local movement | No | ||||||||||||||||||||||
74 | Italy | Niscemi, Sicily | 2011-present | Local, national movement | No | ||||||||||||||||||||||
75 | Japan | Sunagawa, Tachikawa AB | 1956-1977 | Local movement | 1977 | Base turned over to Japanese Self-defense Forces control | Wikipedia, Cooley's Base Politics, Holmes' Social Unrest and American Military Bases in Turkey and Germany Since 1945. | Wikipedia: "With the surveyors unable to conduct their work to prepare for the runway expansion, the expansion plans were 'indefinitely shelved' in late 1957, after which time the protests died away.[1] For a time, the U.S. military still maintained hopes that the runway expansion might be restarted after some time had passed, forcing the farmers to maintain some of their barricades indefinitely. However, in 1968, the U.S. Air Force officially gave notification to the Japanese government of cancellation of the expansion plans.[2] In 1977, following the conclusion of the Vietnam War, the base was handed over to the Japanese Self Defense Forces.[2]" Cooley (2008) classifies Japan during the main period of action here, 1955-57, as a "democratizing client" (1952-60). This means he classifies the Japanese regime's political dependence on its security contract with the US as high, but classifies the contractual credibility of Japanese political institutions as low, resulting in a politicized security relationship in his typology (see figure 6.3 on p. 214). Holmes (2014) points out that Cooley's regime-type/shift explanation of basing policy outcomes applies to a shrinking number of cases today, but does it make sense to apply it to the Sunagawa case? | |||||||||||||||||||
76 | Japan | Iwakuni | 1984-present | Local movement | No | http://www.jca.apc.org/wsf_support/2004doc/WSFJapUSBaseRepoFinalAll.html#U.S_Marine_Corps | |||||||||||||||||||||
77 | Japan | Ogasawara Islands | 1950s-1969 | Local movement, national government | 1969 | Sovereignty over islands returned to Japan | |||||||||||||||||||||
78 | Japan | Oita, Hijudai Maneuver Field (Japanese military base used by US forces) | 2007-present? | Local movement | No | Non-violent protest, people's observation post, civilian patrols to police off-duty troops | |||||||||||||||||||||
79 | Japan/Okinawa | Takae | 2006-present | Local movement | No | Sit-in, civil disobedience | |||||||||||||||||||||
80 | Japan/Okinawa | Henoko | 2004-present | Local, Okinawa-wide movement, Okinawa and national politicians | TBD | Sit-in, civil disobsedience, lawsuit against Pentagon on behalf of Dugong by local, environmental activists, international solidarity groups in Guam, Hawaiʻi, Korea, USA | |||||||||||||||||||||
81 | Japan/Okinawa | Okinawa islands | 1945-present | Okinawa-wide, national movement, national politicians | Mixed | ||||||||||||||||||||||
82 | Japan/Okinawa | MCAS Futenma, Ginowan City, Okinawa | 1995-present | Local, prefecture, national movement | Mixed | Base land returned, some restrictions on operations but Futenma remains open | |||||||||||||||||||||
83 | Japan/Okinawa | Ie Island training area | 1953-present | Local movement | Mixed | Bombing range closed, land returned to farmers, US still maintains a base | Sit-in, civil disobedience, marches, petitions. Ahagon Shoko, the "Okinawan Gandhi", began the anti-bases movement in Okinawa | https://apjjf.org/-C.-Douglas-Lummis/3369/article.html | |||||||||||||||||||
84 | Johnson Atoll (U.S.) | Map on p. S159 of Vine's "No Bases? Assessing the Impact of Social Movements Challenging U.S. Foreign Military Bases". | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
85 | Jordan | Map on p. S159 of Vine's "No Bases? Assessing the Impact of Social Movements Challenging U.S. Foreign Military Bases". | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
86 | Kenya | Map on p. S159 of Vine's "No Bases? Assessing the Impact of Social Movements Challenging U.S. Foreign Military Bases". | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
87 | Kosovo | Map on p. S159 of Vine's "No Bases? Assessing the Impact of Social Movements Challenging U.S. Foreign Military Bases". | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
88 | Kuwait | Map on p. S159 of Vine's "No Bases? Assessing the Impact of Social Movements Challenging U.S. Foreign Military Bases". | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
89 | Kyrgyzstan | Manas Air Base | 2014 | National government | 2014 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
90 | Liberia | Map on p. S159 of Vine's "No Bases? Assessing the Impact of Social Movements Challenging U.S. Foreign Military Bases". | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
91 | Libya | Wheelus AB | 1969-1970 | Revolutionary/coup government | 1969/1970 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
92 | Mauritania | Map on p. S159 of Vine's "No Bases? Assessing the Impact of Social Movements Challenging U.S. Foreign Military Bases". | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
93 | Mauritius | Diego Garcia | 1968-present | Exiled indigenous people seeking return, compensation; anti-base activists; Mauiritian government and other sovereignty activists | TBD | Mauritius disputes UK sovereignty | Lawsuits, hunger strikes, civil disobedience | ||||||||||||||||||||
94 | Marshall Islands | Bikini, Enewetok, Kwajelein, other atolls | 1946-present | Indigenous movement, national government | Mixed | Campaign by nuclear testing displacees; non-violent re-occupation of military base by original inhabitants | |||||||||||||||||||||
95 | Micronesia | Compact of Free Association, where the U.S. provides Military & Economic support | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
96 | Morocco | Slidi Simane, Ben Guerir, Ben Slimane, Nouasseur, Atlas Mountains Air Warning System | 1963 | Newly independent national government/anti-colonial movement | 1963 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
97 | Morocco | Port Lyautey, Sidi Yaya, Sidi Bouknadel | 1977 | National government | 1977 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
98 | Mozambique | Map on p. S159 of Vine's "No Bases? Assessing the Impact of Social Movements Challenging U.S. Foreign Military Bases". | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
99 | Netherlands | Volkel | ?-present | Local and national anti-war and anti-militairsm movements | Blockades, tresspassing, advocacy, political pressure | ||||||||||||||||||||||
100 | New Zealand | Waihopai | 1987-present | Local, national movement | No |