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1 | CSET-ETO Chinese Technical Glossary Created and maintained by CSET Translation Lead Ben Murphy with support from the Emerging Technology Observatory. This glossary is shared under a Creative Commons BY-NC 4.0 license. For details and caveats, visit the documentation. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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3 | Chinese term | English translation | Translator's notes | Pinyin | Last modified | |||||||||||||||||||||
4 | 成套网络设备 | Complete set of network equipment | Tentative translation. | cheng2 tao4 wang3 luo4 she4 bei4 | 8/31/2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||
5 | 网络空间命运共同体 | Community of common destiny in cyberspace | wang3 luo4 kong1 jian1 ming4 yun4 gong4 tong2 ti3 | 3/23/2022 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
6 | 第一岛链 | The first island chain | Refers to the island arc formed by Japan, Taiwan, and the Philippines that surrounds the Chinese coast. | di4 yi1 dao3 lian4 | 10/7/2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||
7 | 四个现代化 (四化) | The four modernizations | Old meaning: Industrial modernization, agricultural modernization, national defense modernization, and S&T modernization. The slogan dates to the 1950s. New meaning: See translator's note. Xi Jinping mentioned the "Four Modernizations" (四个现代化; 四化) of the Chinese military in his Report to the 19th Party Congress in October 2017. The four modernizations are: modernization of military theory, modernization of military organizational formats, modernization of military personnel, and modernization of weapons and equipment (军事理论现代化、军队组织形态现代化、军事人员现代化、武器装备现代化). | si4 ge4 xian4 dai4 hua4 (abbreviated: si4 hua4) | 10/31/2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||
8 | 按劳分配 | Distribution according to labor | Marxist concept. | an4 lao2 fen1 pei4 | 10/7/2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||
9 | 初次分配 | Primary distribution | Of income. Marxist concept. | chu1 ci4 fen1 pei4 | 10/7/2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||
10 | 粗放式发展 | Expansive development | Refers to inefficient growth based on simply increasing output, often with bad environmental consequences. Examples include slash-and-burn farming in the Amazon rainforest and unsustainable cattle grazing. Opposite of "intensive development" (集约化发展). Similar to "extensive development" (外延式发展). | cu1 fang4 shi4 fa1 zhan3 | 8/9/2024 | |||||||||||||||||||||
11 | 粗放型增长方式 | Expansive growth mode | Refers to inefficient growth based on simply increasing output, often with bad environmental consequences. Examples include slash-and-burn farming in the Amazon rainforest and unsustainable cattle grazing. Opposite of "intensive development" (集约化发展). Similar to "extensive development" (外延式发展). | cu1 fang4 xing2 zeng1 zhang3 fang1 shi4 | 10/7/2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||
12 | 定向调控 | Directed control | Type of economic macro-regulation. | ding4 xiang4 tiao2 kong4 | 10/7/2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||
13 | 对外开放 | Opening up to the outside | dui4 wai4 kai1 fang4 | 10/7/2021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
14 | 返投 | Local investment | Term appears in the context of guidance fund investment. Literal meaning is "investment going back" to the local community. | fan3 tou2 | 10/7/2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||
15 | 非公有经济 | Non-publicly owned sector | Euphemism for "private sector." | fei1 gong1 you3 jing1 ji4 | 10/7/2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||
16 | 非公有企业 | Non-publicly owned enterprise | Euphemism for "privately owned company." | fei1 gong1 you3 qi3 ye4 | 10/7/2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||
17 | 非公有制 | Non-publicly owned | Euphemism for "privately owned." Juxtaposed with 公有制 publicly owned, as in state-owned. | fei1 gong1 you3 zhi4 | 10/7/2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||
18 | 非公有制经济 (非公经济) | Non-publicly owned sector | Euphemism for "private sector." | fei1 gong1 you3 zhi4 jing1 ji4 (abbreviated: fei1 gong1 jing1 ji4) | 1/23/2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||
19 | 非公有制企业 | Non-publicly owned enterprise | Euphemism for "privately owned company." | fei1 gong1 you3 zhi4 qi3 ye4 | 10/7/2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||
20 | 非公有制资本 | Non-publicly owned capital | Euphemism for "private capital." | fei1 gong1 you3 zhi4 zi1 ben3 | 10/7/2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||
21 | 非公有资本 | Non-publicly owned capital | Euphemism for "private capital." | fei1 gong1 you3 zi1 ben3 | 10/7/2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||
22 | 非国有经济 | Non-state-owned sector | Euphemism for "private sector." | fei1 guo2 you3 jing1 ji4 | 5/12/2022 | |||||||||||||||||||||
23 | 公共财政 | Public finance | The term "public finance" (公共财政) refers to state funding used to provide services or products that are not, in the view of the PRC government, optimally allocated by the market. | gong1 gong4 cai2 zheng4 | 10/7/2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||
24 | 公有制 | Publicly owned | A.k.a. state-owned. | gong1 you3 zhi4 | 10/7/2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||
25 | 公有制经济 | Publicly owned sector | A.k.a. state-owned sector. | gong1 you3 zhi4 jing1 ji4 | 10/7/2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||
26 | 规模以上服务业 (规上服务业) | Large-scale service enterprises | The term "large-scale service enterprises" (规模以上服务业) refers to service-providing companies that have RMB 20 million or more in annual operating income. | gui1 mo2 yi3 shang4 fu2 wu4 ye4 (abbreviated: gui1 shang4 fu2 wu4 ye4) | 10/11/2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||
27 | 规模以上高新产业 (规上高新产业) | Large-scale high-tech industries | The term "large-scale high-tech industries" (规模以上高新产业) refers to tech companies that have RMB 20 million or more in annual operating income. | gui1 mo2 yi3 shang4 gao1 xin1 chan3 ye4 (abbreviated: gui1 shang4 gao1 xin1 chan3 ye4) | 10/11/2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||
28 | 规模以上工业 (规上工业) | Large-scale industries | The term "large-scale industries" (规模以上工业) refers to companies that have RMB 20 million or more in annual operating income. | gui1 mo2 yi3 shang4 gong1 ye4 (abbreviated: gui1 shang4 gong1 ye4) | 10/11/2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||
29 | 规模以上工业企业 (规上工业企业) | Large-scale industrial enterprises | The term "large-scale industrial enterprises" (规模以上工业企业) refers to manufacturers that have RMB 20 million or more in annual operating income. | gui1 mo2 yi3 shang4 gong1 ye4 qi3 ye4 (abbreviated: gui1 shang4 gong1 ye4 qi3 ye4) | 10/11/2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||
30 | 规模以上企业 (规上企业) | Large-scale enterprises | The term "large-scale enterprises" (规模以上企业) refers to companies that have RMB 20 million or more in annual operating income. | gui1 mo2 yi3 shang4 qi3 ye4 (abbreviated: gui1 shang4 qi3 ye4) | 10/11/2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||
31 | 规模以下服务业 (规下服务业) | Small-scale service industries | The term "small-scale service industries" (规模以下服务业) refers to service-providing companies that have less than RMB 20 million in annual operating income. | gui1 mo2 yi3 xia4 fu2 wu4 ye4 (abbreviated: gui1 xia4 fu2 wu4 ye4) | 10/11/2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||
32 | 规模以下高新产业 (规下高新产业) | Small-scale high-tech industries | The term "small-scale high-tech industries" (规模以下高新产业) refers to tech companies that have less than RMB 20 million in annual operating income. | gui1 mo2 yi3 xia4 gao1 xin1 chan3 ye4 (abbreviated: gui1 xia4 gao1 xin1 chan3 ye4) | 10/11/2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||
33 | 规模以下工业 (规下工业) | Small-scale industries | The term "small-scale industries" (规模以下工业) refers to companies that have less than RMB 20 million in annual operating income. | gui1 mo2 yi3 xia4 gong1 ye4 (abbreviated: gui1 xia4 gong1 ye4) | 10/11/2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||
34 | 规模以下工业企业 (规下工业企业) | Small-scale industrial enterprises | The term "small-scale industrial enterprises" (规模以下工业企业) refers to manufacturers that have less than RMB 20 million in annual operating income. | gui1 mo2 yi3 xia4 gong1 ye4 qi3 ye4 (abbreviated: gui1 xia4 gong1 ye4 qi3 ye4) | 10/11/2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||
35 | 规模以下企业 (规下企业) | Small-scale enterprises | The term "small-scale enterprises" (规模以下企业) refers to companies that have less than RMB 20 million in annual operating income. | gui1 mo2 yi3 xia4 qi3 ye4 (abbreviated: gui1 xia4 qi3 ye4) | 10/11/2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||
36 | 规模以下中小企业 (规下中小企业) | Small-scale small- and medium-sized enterprises | The term "small-scale small and medium-sized enterprises" (规模以下中小企业) refers to companies that have less than RMB 20 million in annual operating income. | gui1 mo2 yi3 xia4 zhong1 xiao3 qi3 ye4 (abbreviated: gui1 xia4 zhong1 xiao3 qi3 ye4) | 11/2/2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||
37 | 国产化 | To achieve domestic production of. Alternatives: Domestically produced | guo2 chan3 hua4 | 10/7/2021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
38 | 国产化替代 (国产替代) | To substitute domestically produced versions for imports | guo2 chan3 hua4 ti4 dai4 (abbreviated: guo2 chan3 ti4 dai4) | 7/22/2021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
39 | 国际大循环 | International great circulation | China entered this system as it opened up to the world, and particularly after its accession to the WTO, according to a 10 April 2020 speech by Xi Jinping published in Qiushi on 1 November 2020. | guo2 ji4 da4 xun2 huan2 | 10/7/2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||
40 | 国内国际双循环 (双循环) | Domestic and international dual circulation (abbreviated: dual circulation) | Response to 脱钩 decoupling. China should not be so much export-led as have dual circulation, with domestic spending and exports both driving growth. Xi elucidated on this at a 24 Aug 2020 important speech to economic and social experts (https://web.archive.org/web/http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/leaders/2020-08/24/c_1126407772.htm): 推动形成以国内大循环为主体、国内国际双循环相互促进的新发展格局是根据我国发展阶段、环境、条件变化提出来的，是重塑我国国际合作和竞争新优势的战略抉择。The term apparently first came up at a 14 May 2020 Politburo SC mtg (https://web.archive.org/web/20200908052001/http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/leaders/2020-05/14/c_1125986000.htm). No; a Qiushi article published on 1 Nov 2020 includes a 10 April 2020 speech by Xi Jinping mentioning this term. "Domestic and foreign dual circulation" (国内国际双循环), or simply "dual circulation" (双循环), is a component of Xi Jinping's "new pattern of development" (新发展格局) for China, introduced in 2020. Domestic consumption-driven "domestic great circulation" (国内大循环) is to be the mainstay of the "new development pattern" and to have a mutually reinforcing relationship with "domestic and foreign dual circulation," that is, the Chinese economy's interaction with the global economy. | guo2 nei4 guo2 ji4 shuang1 xun2 huan2 (abbreviated: shuang1 xun2 huan2) | 10/8/2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||
41 | 红筹企业 | Red-chip enterprise | A "red-chip enterprise" (红筹企业) is a PRC-owned or PRC-controlled company listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange. | hong2 chou2 qi3 ye4 | 10/7/2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||
42 | 混合所有制 | Mixed ownership | A mix of state and private ownership. | hun4 he2 suo3 you3 zhi4 | 10/7/2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||
43 | 混合所有制经济 | Mixed-ownership sector | A mix of state-sector and private-sector. | hun4 he2 suo3 you3 zhi4 jing1 ji4 | 10/7/2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||
44 | 集成创新 | Integrated innovation | Tentative translation. | ji2 cheng2 chuang4 xin1 | 10/7/2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||
45 | 集群发展 | Cluster development | ji2 qun2 fa1 zhan3 | 10/7/2021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
46 | 集约化发展 (集约发展) | Intensive development | Refers to sustainable, efficient development based on optimal allocation of resources and use of modern technology and management. Similar to substantive development (内涵式发展). Opposite of "the expansive growth mode" (粗放型增长方式) or 外延发展 or 外延型发展, "extensive development." | ji2 yue1 hua4 fa1 zhan3 (abbreviated: ji2 yue1 fa1 zhan3) | 11/10/2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||
47 | 价值规律 | Law of value | Classical Marxist term, equivalent to the later (not used by Marx himself) formulations "labor theory of value" and "law of the value of commodities" | jia4 zhi2 gui1 lv4 | 10/7/2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||
48 | 精准调控 | Precise control | Type of economic macro-control. | jing1 zhun3 tiao2 kong4 | 10/7/2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||
49 | 跨越式发展 (跨越发展) | Development by leaps and bounds | kua4 yue4 shi4 fa1 zhan3 (abbreviated: kua4 yue4 fa1 zhan3) | 10/7/2021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
50 | 扩大内需战略 | The strategy to expand domestic demand | Defined in a December 2022 Central Committee and State Council document: The Outline of the Plan for the Strategy to Expand Domestic Demand (《扩大内需战略规划纲要（2022-2035年）》). Related URL: https://perma.cc/P6BD-34LF. | kuo4 da4 nei4 xu1 zhan4 lue4 | 3/6/2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||
51 | 领航企业 | Flagship enterprises | ling3 hang2 qi3 ye4 | 7/23/2021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
52 | 六保 | The six guarantees | Phrase originated at a 17 April 2020 Politburo meeting on economic work. The "six guarantees" (“六保”) are: "guarantee employment for citizens, guarantee the people's basic livelihoods, guarantee the mainstay status of the market, guarantee food and energy security, guarantee the stability of the production chain and the supply chain, and guarantee basic operations" (保居民就业、保基本民生、保市场主体、保粮食能源安全、保产业链供应链稳定、保基本运转). | liu4 bao3 | 10/8/2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||
53 | 六稳 | The six stabilizes | Formulation first emerged at the August 2018 Central Economic Work Conference, then was repeated at a 13 December 2018 Politburo meeting. The "six stabilizes" (“六稳”) are: "stabilize employment, stabilize the financial markets, stabilize foreign trade, stabilize foreign investment, stabilize investment, and stabilize expectations" (稳就业、稳金融、稳外贸、稳外资、稳投资、稳预期). | liu4 wen3 | 10/8/2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||
54 | 龙头企业 | Leading enterprises | long2 tou2 qi3 ye4 | 10/8/2021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
55 | 美好生活 | The good life | mei3 hao3 sheng1 huo2 | 9/14/2021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
56 | 民间资本 | Private capital | min2 jian1 zi1 ben3 | 10/8/2021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
57 | 民营经济 | Private sector | min2 ying2 jing1 ji4 | 7/29/2021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
58 | 民营企业 (民企) | Private enterprise | min2 ying2 qi3 ye4 (abbreviated: min2 qi3) | 10/8/2021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
59 | 民营企业家 | Private entrepreneur | min2 ying2 qi3 ye4 jia1 | 10/8/2021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
60 | 民营资本 | Private capital | min2 ying2 zi1 ben3 | 10/8/2021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
61 | 内涵式发展 (内涵发展) | Substantive development | "Substantive development" means using inputs more efficiently and being more productive. Similar to "intensive development" (集约化发展). Contrasted with 外延发展 or 外延型发展, "extensive development," or the "expansive growth mode" (粗放型增长方式). "Extensive development" and "the expansive growth mode" mean increasing the amount of input, thus increasing output. | nei4 han2 shi4 fa1 zhan3 (abbreviated: nei4 han2 fa1 zhan3) | 11/30/2022 | |||||||||||||||||||||
62 | 内涵型发展 | Substantive development | "Substantive development" means using inputs more efficiently and being more productive. Similar to "intensive development" (集约化发展). Contrasted with 外延发展 or 外延型发展, "extensive development," or the "expansive growth mode" (粗放型增长方式). "Extensive development" and "the expansive growth mode" mean increasing the amount of input, thus increasing output. | nei4 han2 xing2 fa1 zhan3 | 11/30/2022 | |||||||||||||||||||||
63 | 区间调控 | Delimited control | Type of economic macro-control. | qu1 jian1 tiao2 kong4 | 10/8/2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||
64 | 三去一降一补 | The "three reduces, one lower, and one fix" | This formulation emerged at the Party's Central Economic Work Conference in December 2015. The "three reduces, one lower, and one fix" (“三去一降一补”) refers to reducing production capacity, reducing inventory, reducing leverage, lowering costs, and fixing deficiencies (去产能、去库存、去杠杆、降成本、补短板). | san1 qu4 yi1 jiang4 yi1 bu3 | 10/8/2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||
65 | 三无 | "three noes" | One version of this is: 无参保人员、无实缴资本、无研发经费的“三无”空壳公司. In this context, the term "three noes" (“三无”) refers to shell companies with (1) no employees participating in employment-based insurance, (2) no paid-up capital, and (3) no research and development (R&D) expenses. | san1 wu2 | 10/8/2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||
66 | 社会出资方 | Social investor | Typically used in the context of investments in government guidance funds, the term "social investor" (社会出资人 or 社会出资方) refers to any source of funding outside of government budget outlays. This includes private individual and institutional investors, as well as SOEs and state banks. | she4 hui4 chu1 zi1 fang1 | 10/8/2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||
67 | 社会出资人 | Social investor | Typically used in the context of investments in government guidance funds, the term "social investor" (社会出资人 or 社会出资方) refers to any source of funding outside of government budget outlays. This includes private individual and institutional investors, as well as SOEs and state banks. | she4 hui4 chu1 zi1 ren2 | 10/8/2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||
68 | 社会融资 | Social financing | The Chinese term 社会融资, translated literally as "social financing," and its synonyms "social capital" (社会资本), "social funding" (社会资金), and "social investment" (社会投资), refer to any source of funding outside of government budget outlays. These terms encompass investment by private individuals and private institutions. However, investment from state-funded entities such as state-owned enterprises (SOEs), including state-run banks, also falls under the umbrella of "social financing." | she4 hui4 rong2 zi1 | 7/29/2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||
69 | 社会投资 | Social investment | The Chinese term 社会投资, translated literally as "social investment," and its synonyms "social capital" (社会资本), "social funding" (社会资金), and "social financing" (社会融资), refer to any source of funding outside of government budget outlays. These terms encompass investment by private individuals and private institutions. However, investment from state-funded entities such as state-owned enterprises (SOEs), including state-run banks, also falls under the umbrella of "social investment." | she4 hui4 tou2 zi1 | 7/29/2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||
70 | 社会资本 | Social capital | The Chinese term 社会资本, translated literally as "social capital," and its synonyms "social funding" (社会资金), "social investment" (社会投资), and "social financing" (社会融资), refer to any source of funding outside of government budget outlays. These terms encompass investment by private individuals and private institutions. However, investment from state-funded entities such as state-owned enterprises (SOEs), including state-run banks, also falls under the umbrella of "social capital." | she4 hui4 zi1 ben3 | 7/29/2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||
71 | 社会资金 | Social funding | The Chinese term 社会资金, translated literally as "social funding," and its synonyms "social capital" (社会资本), "social investment" (社会投资), and "social financing" (社会融资), refer to any source of funding outside of government budget outlays. These terms encompass investment by private individuals and private institutions. However, investment from state-funded entities such as state-owned enterprises (SOEs), including state-run banks, also falls under the umbrella of "social funding." | she4 hui4 zi1 jin1 | 7/29/2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||
72 | 生产关系 | The relations of production | Marxist term. | sheng1 chan3 guan1 xi4 | 10/8/2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||
73 | 外延发展 | Extensive development | Contrasted with 内涵发展 or 内涵型发展, "substantive development." "Substantive development" means using inputs more efficiently and being more productive. "Extensive development" means increasing the amount of input, thus increasing output. "Extensive development" is similar to the "expansive growth mode" (粗放型增长方式). | wai4 yan2 fa1 zhan3 | 10/8/2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||
74 | 外延式发展 | Extensive development | Contrasted with 内涵发展 or 内涵型发展, "substantive development." "Substantive development" means using inputs more efficiently and being more productive. "Extensive development" means increasing the amount of input, thus increasing output. "Extensive development" is similar to the "expansive growth mode" (粗放型增长方式). | wai4 yan2 shi4 fa1 zhan3 | 10/8/2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||
75 | 质态 | Qualitative state | Tentative translation. According to Chinese economic theory, when there is an "advanced productive forces system," various factors of production must first adapt to each other in terms of material and technical properties. This state of mutual correlation in material and technical properties is called the qualitative state. This term is part of Xi Jinping's formulation of "new productive forces" (新质生产力). | zhi4 tai4 | 2/13/2025 | |||||||||||||||||||||
76 | “双千兆”网络 | The "dual gigabit" networks | The "dual gigabit" networks (“双千兆”网络) refer to 5G mobile networks and fifth generation fixed networks (F5G; 千兆光网). | shuang1 qian1 zhao4 wang3 luo4 | 5/9/2024 | |||||||||||||||||||||
77 | 三电 | The three electrics | The "three electric" (三电) systems or technologies for the new energy vehicle industry are batteries (动力电池), drive motors (驱动电机), and electronic control systems (电控系统). | san1 dian4 | 4/24/2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||
78 | 软件正版化 | Switching from pirated to genuine versions of software | "Switching from pirated to genuine versions of software" (软件正版化) can refer to buying official legal versions of software to replace pirated versions of the same software that are currently in use. It can also refer to replacing pirated versions of copyrighted software with comparable open-source software. These measures are necessary for China to comply with its obligations as a WTO member. | ruan3 jian4 zheng4 ban3 hua4 | 10/8/2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||
79 | “三非”外国人 | "three unlawful" foreigners | 未经合法手续而在中国非法就业、非法入境和非法居留的所有外国人 foreigners guilty of unlawful employment, unlawful entry, or unlawful residence. The "three unlawful" foreigners refers to aliens in China who are working illegally, who entered the country illegally, or who are unlawful residents. | san1 fei1 wai4 guo2 ren2 | 10/8/2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||
80 | 知识产权审判“三合一” | "three-in-one" intellectual property trial | A "three-in-one" intellectual property trial (知识产权审判“三合一”) refers to having a single tribunal hear civil, administrative, and criminal intellectual property rights cases. | zhi1 shi2 chan3 quan2 shen3 pan4 san1 he2 yi1 | 3/23/2022 | |||||||||||||||||||||
81 | 海洋命运共同体 | Maritime community of common destiny | hai3 yang2 ming4 yun4 gong4 tong2 ti3 | 10/7/2021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
82 | 三基地一通道 | Three bases and one channel | "Three bases and one channel" (“三基地一通道”) refers to the construction of a large-scale oil and gas production, processing, and reserve base (大型油气生产加工和储备基地), a large-scale coal, coal-fired electricity, and coal chemicals industry base (大型煤炭煤电煤化工基地), a large-scale wind power base (大型风电基地), and a national land channel for energy resources (国家能源资源陆上通道) in China's Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. | san1 ji1 di4 yi1 tong1 dao4 | 1/30/2025 | |||||||||||||||||||||
83 | 三纵三横 | The Three Verticals and the Three Horizontals | “深化‘三纵三横’研发布局”——“以纯电动汽车、插电式混合动力（含增程式）汽车、燃料电池汽车为‘三纵’，布局整车技术创新链”；“以动力电池与管理系统、驱动电机与电力电子、网联化与智能化技术为‘三横’，构建关键零部件技术供给体系。”. "The Three Verticals and the Three Horizontals" (“三纵三横”) appear in the 2020 "Development Plan for the New Energy Vehicle Industry (2021-2035)" (《新能源汽车产业发展规划（2021-2035）》) and refer to the pillars of China's future electric vehicle (EV) ecosystem. The Three Verticals are: Battery electric vehicles (BEVs), plug-in hybrid (including extended range) vehicles (PHEVs), and fuel cell vehicles (FCEVs). The Three Horizontals are: Starter batteries and their management systems, drive motors and power electronics, and connectivity and intelligentization (智能化) technologies. | san1 zong4 san1 heng2 | 6/13/2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||
84 | “1+X”证书 | "1 + X" credentials system | The "1 + X" credentials system (“1+X”证书) is shorthand for "'academic credentials + certain professional skill level credentials' system" (“学历证书+若干职业技能等级证书”制度). | 1+X zheng4 shu1 | 10/7/2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||
85 | “20+8”产业 | The "20+8" industries | The "20+8" industries refer to an industrial policy in Shenzhen City in southern China. The policy calls for developing 20 industrial clusters for important sub-sectors of strategic emerging industries and eight emerging technologies for future industries. The 20 sub-sectoral industrial clusters are: (1) Internet and telecommunications, (2) semiconductors and integrated circuits, (3) UHD video displays, (4) intelligent terminals, (5) intelligent sensors, (6) software and information services, (7) digital creative industries, (8) the modern fashion industry, (9) industrial machine tools, (10) intelligent robots, (11) laser and additive manufacturing, (12) precision instruments and equipment, (13) new energy, (14) safe, energy conserving, environmentally friendly industries, (15) intelligent connected vehicles, (16) new materials, (17) high-end medical instruments, (18) biotech and pharma, (19) "big health," and (20) the marine industry. The eight emerging technologies for future industries are: (1) synthetic biology, (2) blockchain, (3) cells and genetics, (4) aerospace, (5) brain science and brain-inspired intelligence, (6) deep earth and deep sea, (7) visible light communications and optical computing, and (8) quantum information. Related URL: https://www.sz.gov.cn/zfgb/2022/gb1248/content/post_9918806.html. | 20+8 chan3 ye4 | 4/3/2024 | |||||||||||||||||||||
86 | “246”万千亿级产业集群 (“246”产业) | The "246" industrial clusters | “2”就是建设绿色石化、汽车2个万亿级产业集群。“4”就是建设高端装备、电子信息、新材料、软件与新兴服务等4个五千亿级产业集群。“6”就是建设关键基础件（元器件）、智能家电、时尚纺织服装、生物医药、文体用品、节能环保等6个千亿级产业集群。 The "246" industrial clusters (“246”万千亿级产业集群; “246”产业) is an industrial initiative launched by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Committee of Ningbo City in China's Zhejiang Province in 2019. By 2025, Ningbo aims to incubate two world-class industrial clusters—green petrochemicals and automobiles—worth at least 1 trillion Chinese yuan Renminbi (RMB) each, four industrial clusters with international influence—high-end equipment, electronic information, new materials, and software/emerging services—worth at least RMB 500 billion each, and six domestically leading industrial clusters—key basic components, smart home appliances, fashion, biotech/pharma, stationery/sporting goods, and energy conservation/environmental protection—worth at least RMB 100 billion each. | 246 wan4 qian1 yi4 ji2 chan3 ye4 ji2 qun2 (abbreviated: 246 chan3 ye4) | 10/11/2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||
87 | 八个统一 | The Eight Unifies | Xi Jinping proposed the "Eight Unifies" (“八个统一”) at the symposium of school ideological and political theory course teachers (学校思想政治理论课教师座谈会) on March 18, 2019. The "Eight Unifies" apply to ideological and political classes at Chinese schools and involve persisting in: (1) unifying political and scientific elements, (2) unifying values and knowledge, (3) unifying constructive and critical elements, (4) unifying theory and practice, (5) unifying unity and diversity, (6) unifying guidance and themes, (7) unifying inculcation and enlightenment, and (8) unifying overt education and subliminal education (显性教育和隐性教育相统一). | ba1 ge4 tong3 yi1 | 5/20/2022 | |||||||||||||||||||||
88 | 八纵八横 | The eight verticals and the eight horizontals | “八纵”通道包括沿海通道、京沪通道、京港（台）通道、京哈-京港澳通道、呼南通道、京昆通道、包（银）海通道、兰（西）广通道。“八横”通道包括绥满通道、京兰通道、青银通道、陆桥通道、沿江通道、沪昆通道、厦渝通道、广昆通道。 The "eight verticals and eight horizontals" (“八纵八横”) refer to China's plan to construct eight high-speed railways running roughly north-south and eight running roughly east-west across the country by 2030. | ba1 zong4 ba1 heng2 | 3/9/2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||
89 | 把方向、谋大局、定政策、促改革 | Grasp the direction, plan for the big picture, formulate policies, and promote reform | Refers to the Chinese Communist Party's role or capabilities. The phrase appears to originate in the 19th Party Congress Report (2017). | ba3 fang1 xiang4 mou2 da4 ju2 ding4 zheng4 ce4 cu4 gai3 ge2 | 3/6/2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||
90 | 百家争鸣 | Let a hundred schools of thought contend | bai3 jia1 zheng1 ming2 | 10/7/2021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
91 | 百年未有之大变局 (百年未有大变局) | Great changes unseen in a century | Xi Jinping-ism used in the context of foreign policy and the world geopolitical situation. Official PRC English sources translate it inconsistently. I changed my translation to match that of the The Center for Strategic Translation: "great changes unseen in a century." Previously I translated it as "profound changes unseen in a century." | bai3 nian2 wei4 you3 zhi1 da4 bian4 ju2 (abbreviated: bai3 nian2 wei4 you3 da4 bian4 ju2) | 2/24/2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||
92 | 包干制 | Contracting system | 包干制是指业主通过招投标形式选聘一个符合资质要求的物业管理企业，然后在公平、公正、平等的基础上与其签定一个“物业管理服务合同”。Premier Li Keqiang's 2019 government work report highlighted 包干制 in the context of S&T projects, where it referred to letting researchers decide how their budget is spent, rather than having the (usually government) body that commissioned the research demand that the researchers track every penny according to various subcategories. In the context of Chinese government-funded S&T projects, the "contracting system" (“包干制”) refers to a system in which the funding agency gives the researchers who are contracted to carry out the project an overall budget and leaves it up to them how best to spend the funds. This differs from the typical process, in which the funding agency divides the overall budget into many different bins dedicated to specific stages and aspects of the project and insists that the researchers spend their funds according to this prearranged plan. In property management, "contracting system" refers to an arrangement in which a business owner or property owner hires a qualified property management firm through a bidding process and signs a property management contract with that firm. | bao1 gan4 zhi4 | 5/15/2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||
93 | 保税监管场所 | Bonded oversight venue | An area with special, favorable tax status with regard to exports. Tentative translation. | bao3 shui4 jian1 guan3 chang3 suo3 | 5/4/2022 | |||||||||||||||||||||
94 | 保送生 | A student who is exempted from the national university entrance exam (gaokao; 高考) | This generally occurs in the case of extreme academic excellence, such as winning a prize in a national academic competiton such as a Science Olympiad. | bao3 song4 sheng1 | 10/7/2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||
95 | 抱团发展 | Band-together development | 通过依托商会搭建市场、技术等平台，或者是共同出资成立投资公司共同投资，又或者共同制定行业标准等等，大家合作发展，就叫抱团发展。 | bao4 tuan2 fa1 zhan3 | 11/22/2022 | |||||||||||||||||||||
96 | 变道超车 | To overtake other countries. Alternatives: To overtake on a bend (auto racing); taking the opportunity of swift corners to make rapid progress | The Chinese phrase 变道超车, and its synonyms 弯道超车 and 换道超车, translated here as "to overtake other countries," literally mean to overtake another car by changing lanes or taking a different road, as in auto racing. Chinese writers often use the phrase metaphorically, to refer to particular Chinese industries leapfrogging to the world's cutting edge by skipping earlier iterations of a technology dominated by other countries and instead focusing on becoming the leader in emerging or disruptive technologies. | bian4 dao4 chao1 che1 | 9/29/2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||
97 | 辩证唯物主义 | Dialectical materialism | Marxist term. | bian4 zheng4 wei2 wu4 zhu3 yi4 | 10/7/2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||
98 | 标准地 | Standard land | "Standard land" reform was first tried in Deqing County, Zhejiang Province in 2017. The phrase "standard land" (“标准地”) refers to a reform in which clear standards are set for land that is leased out to corporations for development. In "standard land" transactions, the investment, construction, taxes, energy consumption associated with a particular parcel of land are clearly spelled out so as to delimit what developers may or may not do with the land. | biao1 zhun3 di4 | 3/10/2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||
99 | 并联审批 | Parallel approval | Refers to a Chinese strategy for streamlining bureaucratic approval processes. Tentative translation. | bing4 lian2 shen3 pi1 | 4/10/2024 | |||||||||||||||||||||
100 | 补短板 | To make up deficiencies | Often juxtaposed with "to hone advantages" (锻长板). | bu3 duan3 ban3 | 1/4/2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||