COLORADO NATIVE PLANTS FOR LANDSCAPING

	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	I	J	K	L	M	N	O	P	Q	R	S	T	U
1	Common Name	Botanical Name	Size	Color	Water/Sun	Season of Interest	Growth	CO Native?	Nativar?	Spreads?	Grouping	Ethnobotany (AI generated)	Ethnobotany (Verified)	Wildlife Value	Other Benefits	Distribution	Habitat	Soil Type	Elevation	Drought Tolerance	Smells good?

2	Notes:
3	What:	Welcome! We've gathered data on plants that are a) commercially available for landscaping purposes, and b) native to the Colorado high plains or similar nearby bioregions.
4	Why:	These plants are critical for supporting pollinators and birds, whose numbers are falling dramatically due to habitat loss (aka not enough native plants).
5	How:	To add or edit info, right click on a cell and select Comment. Your comments will be incorporated! To use this database for your projects, copy-paste lines to a new spreadsheet.
6	Who:	This public database is maintained by Eryn Murphy of RLD. To help fill out a column / help add a lot of info, email:					Eryn@RestorativeLandscapeDesign.com.
7	Readability:	A more readable version of this database is here, last updated 2.24:			GOOGLE DOC VERSION
8	More:	For tips on how to select, source, install, and maintain native plants for your project, check out:				The DIY Coloradoscape Guide
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10	Terms:
11	Size:	General size distinctions, organized by height. S: <1.5' tall, M: 1.5-3' tall, L: >3' tall. Feel free to add more specific measurements after the S/M/L.
12	Color:	Color of flower, or the most distinctive color of the plant in its life cycle.
13	Water/Sun:	The microclimate needs of the plant in the Colorado high plains, e.g. in Denver. These plants would need less water than noted if you're in the mountains.
14		-----Dry/Sun: Does not need irrigation after establishment in Denver, except for in extreme drought. Short-grass prairie, foothills, or semi-desert species. Needs 4+ hours of sun.
15		-----Some irrigation or part shade: Needs infrequent irrigation in the long term (every 2-4 weeks) in Denver OR partial shade. Often foothills, montane, or tall-grass prairie species.
16		-----Dry/Shade: Can handle shade without long-term regular irrigation in Denver. Often plants that are native to the foothills.
17		-----Wet/Shade: Needs to be frequently irrigated (x2/week) OR shaded and infrequently irrigated. Usually species that are from the mountains.
18	Season of Interest:	Bloom time for flowers. Season of color for grasses and evergreen plants that aren't distinguished by their flowers.
19		-----Seasonal distinctions: early spring = april. mid spring = may. late spring = june. early summer = july. mid summer = august. late summer = early september. fall = mid september through mid november.
20	Growth:	Long-Lived Perennials or Short-Lived Dynamic Fillers. Fillers can be annuals, biannuals, or short-lived perennials.
21	Native to CO?:	Native means native to CO; Near Native means native to nearby states in North America.
22	Spreads:	1 Behaved clumper, 2 light spreader, 3 aggressive but won't take over (fills gaps), or 4 could take over in ideal conditions. (Remember that any plant can spread in ideal conditions without competition.)
23	Grouping:	How the species tends to grow in the wild. Single, Small Group (2-10 plants of the same species growing together), or Communal (10+ of the species growing close together). If you have this knowledge, please contribute.
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25	GRASSES
26	Indian rice grass	Achnatherum hymenoides or Oryzopsis hymenoides	15-18" tall	White seedheads	Some irrigation or part shade	Spring to winter	Long-lived Perennial	Native		3	Communal	Historically used by Native Americans as a food source, and as a traditional medicine for various ailments including respiratory and digestive issues.	Native Americans ate it like rice - prepared as a grain, meal, or bread. Aka "indian millet."	Provides food and cover for small mammals, birds, and insects; helps stabilize soil and prevent erosion / Host for multiple butterfly and moth species, including the Green Skipper, Common Wood Nymph and Northern Pearly Eye	Erosion control; winter texture
27	Big bluestem	Andropogon gerardii	4-6' tall	Red in fall/winter	Some irrigation or part shade	Spring to winter	Long-lived Perennial	Native		3	Communal	Historically used by Native Americans for various medicinal purposes, including as a diuretic and for fever reduction.	The Chippewa Indians used the roots for stomach pains and the leaves for fevers. Natural building materials were made from bundles of leaves and stems fastened to the support poles of their dwellings.	Provides cover for at least 24 species of songbirds and nesting sites or seeds for Grasshopper Sparrow, Henslow’s Sparrow, and other sparrows, as well as nesting sites for Sedge Wrens and Western Meadowlarks	Erosion control; winter color; cattle forage. "Ice cream for cows." Highly deer resistant.
28	Side-oats grama	Bouteloua curtipendula	8"-2.5' tall	Green/brown	Dry/Sun	Summer to winter	Long-lived Perennial	Native		3	Communal	Historically used by Native Americans as a food source, and as a traditional medicine for various ailments including colds and coughs.	Grass bundled, dried, made into brooms and used as hair brushes or to sweep floors, hearths and metates. Moist grass laid onto hot stones to prevent steam from escaping. Worn by those, who in battle, had killed an enemy with a lance, grass resembled the feathered lance.	Host plants for multiple butterfly and moth species, including the Common Wood Nymph, Delaware Skipper, Green Skipper, and Dotted Skipper butterfly. Provides food and cover for small mammals, birds, and insects; important food source for grazing animals /	Erosion control; winter texture; deer resistant		Anthropogenic (man-made or disturbed habitats), cliffs, balds, or ledges, floodplain (river or stream floodplains), meadows and fields, ridges or ledges, woodlands	high-pH, dry or sandy
29	Blue grama	Bouteloua gracilis	1-2' tall	Green/brown	Dry/Sun	Summer to winter	Long-lived Perennial	Native		3	Communal	Used by Native Americans for food and medicine, including as a pain reliever, anti-inflammatory, and for gastrointestinal issues.	http://naeb.brit.org/uses/species/608/	Provides nesting and cover habitat for birds and small mammals; valuable food source for grazing animals / Host plants for Skipper butterflies, including the Blue-Spotted Skipper and Common Sootywing. Pawnee montane skippers require blue grama grass to lay their eggs on.	Erosion control; winter texture
30	Buffalo grass	Buchloe dactyloides	6" tall	Green/brown	Dry/Sun	Summer	Long-lived Perennial	Native		3	Communal	Used in Native American traditional medicine for digestive and respiratory issues. Used by some for grazing and hay production. Stolons crushed with yucca root or soaked in water and used as a head bath to make the hair grow.		Provides cover and nesting habitat for small mammals, birds, and insects; important food source for grazing animals / Host plants for multiple butterfly and moth species, including the Mottled Duskywing	Erosion control; winter texture
31	Tufted Hairgrass	Deschampsia cespitosa	2-3' tall	Green	Wet/shade	Spring to winter	Long-lived Perennial	Native		3	Communal
32	Sand Love grass	Eragrostis trichodes	2-3' tall	Red in fall/winter	Dry/Sun	Summer to fall	Long-lived Perennial	Native (south CO)		3	Communal	Historically used by some Native American tribes for food and medicine, including as a remedy for headaches and as a poultice for wounds.		Provides food and cover for small mammals, birds, and insects; helps stabilize soil and prevent erosion / Host plants for multiple butterfly and moth species, including the Common Wood Nymph and Confused Woodgrain	Erosion control; winter texture
33	Muhly grass	Muhlenbergia capillaris or Muhlenbergia rigens	2-4' tall	Colorful seedheads	Some irrigation or part shade	Summer to fall	Long-lived Perennial	Near Native		3	Communal	Used in some traditional medicines for digestive and respiratory issues. Also used in basket weaving and other crafts.		Provides cover and nesting habitat for birds and small mammals; important food source for grazing animals / Multiple butterfly and moth species, including the Common Wood Nymph and False Crocus Geometer	Erosion control; winter texture
34	Switchgrass	Panicum virgatum	3-5' tall	Green, rainbow/red in fall	Some irrigation or part shade	Summer to winter	Long-lived Perennial	Native		3	Communal
35	Little bluestem	Schizachyrium scoparium	1-4' tall	Red in fall/winter	Some irrigation or part shade	Summer to winter	Long-lived Perennial	Native		3	Communal	Historically used by Native Americans as a dye plant, and for traditional medicine for various ailments including stomach issues and fever.	Comanche: Stem ashes used for syphilitic sores. Comanche: Bundles of stems used as switches in the sweat lodge. Lakota: Grass rubbed into softness and used as fur like insulation in moccasins during the winter.	Provides food and cover for small mammals, birds, and insects; important food source for grazing animals / Host plant for multiple butterfly and moth species, including the Common Wood Nymph and Crossline Skipper	Erosion control; winter color
36	Yellow indian grass	Sorghastrum nutans	3-5' tall	Yellow in fall	Some irrigation or part shade	Spring to winter	Long-lived Perennial	Native		3	Communal	Used in some traditional medicines for digestive and respiratory issues.		Provides food and cover for small mammals, birds, and insects; helps stabilize soil and prevent erosion / Host plants for multiple butterfly and moth species, including the Dion Skipper and Pepper and Salt Skipper	Erosion control; winter color
37	Prairie dropseed	Sporobolus heterolepis	2-3' tall	Orange in fall	Dry/Sun	Summer to winter	Long-lived Perennial	Native		3	Communal	Historically used by some Native American tribes as a food source and for basket weaving. Has potential as a medicinal plant due to its antimicrobial and antioxidant properties.	Poultice of crushed root applied to sores. Decoction of root taken as an emetic 'to remove bile.' Records of these uses by Ojibwa tribe.	Provides nesting and cover habitat for birds and small mammals; seeds are a valuable food source for birds and mammals / Host plants for multiple butterfly and moth species, including the Dion Skipper and Pepper and Salt Skipper	Erosion control; winter texture
38	Giant Sacaton Grass	Sporobolus wrightii	3-6' tall	Green/yellow	Some irrigation or part shade	Summer to Winter	Long-lived Perennial				Communal		Ground seeds alone or with corn made into mush or bread. Seeds basket winnowed, parched, sun dried, cooked, stored and used for food. Stiff stems made into a brush and used to clean spines of cacti.
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40	SEDGES
41	White-Tinged Sedge	Carex albicans	S	Green	Flexible/shade	Evergreen	Long-lived Perennial	Near Native (USA)		2						East half of U.S.
42	Appalachian Sedge	Carex appalachica	S	Green	Flexible/shade	Evergreen	Long-lived Perennial	Near Native (USA)		2	Communal			Provides cover and nesting habitat for birds and small mammals; important food source for grazing animals / Host plants for multiple butterfly and moth species, including the Appalachian Brown and Appalachian Grizzled Skipper	Erosion control; winter color
43	Ivory Sedge/Bristleleaf Sedge	Care eburnea	S	Green	Flexible/shade	Evergreen	Long-lived Perennial	Near Native (USA)		2	Communal					North U.S. & Canada
44	Common Wood Sedge	Carex blanda	S	Green	Flexible/shade	Evergreen	Long-lived Perennial	Near Native (USA)		3	Communal				deer & rabbit resistant	native to nearby states & east US	upland woodlands, woodland openings, savaNear Nativeas, thickets, and prairies
45	Plains Oval Sedge / Short-Beaked Sedge	Care brevior	M	Green	Flexible/shade	Evergreen	Long-lived Perennial	Native		3	Communal					native CO and east US
46	Fibrousroot Sedge	Carex communis	S	Green	Flexible/shade	Evergreen	Long-lived Perennial	Near Native (USA)		2	Communal			\|		east coast of U.S.
47	Sun Sedge	Carex inops ssp.heliophila	S	Green	Flexible, dry/sun or part shade	Evergreen	Long-lived Perennial	Native		2	Communal						open sandy soil
48	Pennysylvania Sedge	Carex pensylvanica	S	Green	Flexible/shade	Evergreen	Long-lived Perennial	Near Native (USA)		3	Communal					East half of U.S.
49	Rose Sedge/Curly-Styled Wood Sedge	Carex rosea	S	Green	Flexible/shade	Evergreen	Long-lived Perennial	Near Native (USA)		2	Communal					East half of U.S.
50	Long-Beaked Sedge	Carex sprengelii	M	Green	Wet/shade	Evergreen	Long-lived Perennial	Native		2	Communal
51	Fox Sedge	Carex vulpinoidea	M	Green	Wet/shade	Evergreen	Long-lived Perennial	Near Native (USA)		2	Communal					most of U.S.
52	Sedges native to the Rocky Mountains, currently hard to find commercially:		https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb5294953.pdf
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54	FLOWERS
55	Yarrow (Common/White/Western)	Achillea millefolium var. lanulosa or occidentalis	M	White	Flexible	Summer (mid to late), winter texture	Long-lived Perennial	Near Native		3				Host plant for many caterpillars and beneficial insects, including the painted lady butterfly.
56	Hyssop, Hummingbird Mint	Agastache aurantiaca	M	Orange-pink	Some irrigation or part shade	Summer (mid) to fall	Long-lived Perennial	Near Native		1		Ethnobotanical use as a medicinal plant for treatment of respiratory ailments, fever, and as a digestive aid.		Attracts hummingbirds and butterflies							YES
57	Hyssop, "Coronado"	Agastache aurantiaca	S	Orange	Some irrigation or part shade	Summer (mid) to fall	Long-lived Perennial	Near Native	Y	1		Ethnobotanical use as a medicinal plant for treatment of respiratory ailments, fever, and as a digestive aid.		Attracts hummingbirds and butterflies							YES
58	Hyssop, Texas Hummingbird Mint (e.g. "Sonoran Sunset" or "Double Bubblemint")	Agastache cana	M	Pink	Some irrigation or part shade	Summer (mid) to fall	Long-lived Perennial	Near Native		1					deer and rabbit resistant						YES
59	Hyssop, Anise	Agastache foeniculum	M-L	Purple	Some irrigation or part shade	Summer (early) to fall (early)	Long-lived Perennial	Native		1			used medicinally by Native Americans for cough, fevers, wounds, diarrhea	high nectar source for bumblebees, butterflies, and hummingbirds	deer and rabbit resistant						YES
60	Hyssop, Sunset/Licorine Mint/Mexican	Agastache rupestris	M	Pink	Some irrigation or part shade	Summer to fall	Long-lived Perennial	Near Native		1		The leaves and flowers of the plant were used by the Navajo tribe to make a tea to treat coughs and colds. The plant was also used in religious ceremonies.		Provides nectar and pollen for a variety of bees and butterflies, as well as other insects							YES
61	Hyssop, Nettle-Leaf Giant	Agastache urticifolia	L	White	Some irrigation or part shade	Summer (all)	Long-lived Perennial	Native		2		used to flavor meat, beans, and soups. used to treat colds, fever, sore throat, and upset stomach.	dried leaves and flowers can be made into tea. It has been used medicinally to treat rheumatism, upset stomachs, and colds	Attracts hummingbirds and butterflies							YES
62	Hyssop, Mountain Giant	Agastache pallidiflora	M	Pink	Wet/part shade	Summer (all)	Long-lived Perennial	Native		1											YES
63	Nodding Onion	Allium cernuum	S	Pink/White/Purple	Some irrigation or part shade	Spring (late) to summer (early)	Long-lived Perennial, bulb			1		bulbs eaten raw or cooked. used to treat colds, coughs, and sore throat.		Attracts bees, butterflies, and hummingbirds, and provides food for pollinators	Deer resistant	Most of North America	dry forests and meadows		5,500 - 11,000 ft
64	Jones' Bluestar	Amsonia jonesii	S	Blue	Dry/Sun	Spring (mid) to summer (early)	Long-lived Perennial			1				Attracts bees and butterflies		CO, AZ, NV, NM
65	Pearly Everlasting	Anaphalis margaritacea	S-M	White	Flexible; a little irrigation or part shade	Summer (mid) to Fall (early)	Medium-range	Native		1		used to treat digestive problems and skin problems.		Attracts bees, butterflies, and moths, and provides food for caterpillars		Most of North America	mountain meadows and forest openings, montane to subalpine		7,800 - 11,500 ft
66	Windflower	Anemone multiflora	S	Pink	Wet/Shade	Summer (early)	Long-lived Perennial, fast	Native		3		The roots of the plant were used by the Pawnee tribe to make a tea to treat headaches and fever, and the plant was also used in various religious ceremonies.		Provides nectar and pollen for a variety of pollinators such as bees and butterflies
67	Canada Anemone		S	White	Some irrigation or part shade	Spring (mid) to Summer (early)	Long-lived Perennial	Native		3				Host plant for the veiled ear moth (Loscopia velata) and the one-lined Sparganothis (Sparganothis unifasciana). Also provides pollen to a wide variety of native bees.
68	Tall Thimbleweed	Anemone virginiana	M (2-3')	White	Flexible (incl. dry shade)	Spring (late) to Summer (mid)		Near Native (KS&NE)		3				Attracts tiny native bees who feed on its nectar.	Resistant to damage from deer and rabbits	Native to the eastern US, including parts of Kansas and Nebraska.
69	Pussytoes	Antennearia spp.	S	White	Some irrigation or part shade	Spring (mid to late)	Long-lived Perennial	Native		1		The Blackfoot tribe used a decoction of the leaves to treat respiratory ailments, and the plant was used as a poultice for skin irritations and wounds.		Attracts butterflies, bees, and other pollinators; provides food and cover for small mammals and birds
70	Barneby’s Columbine	Aquilegia barnebyi	S	Red and yellow	Dry/Shade	Spring (mid) to Summer (mid)	Short-lived Filler	Native		1		Ethnobotanical use as a medicinal plant for treatment of headaches, colds, and fever.		Attracts hummingbirds and butterflies
71	Rocky Mountain Columbine	Aquilegia caerulea	S/M	Blue and white	Wet/Shade	Spring (early) to Summer (early)	Short-lived Filler	Native		1		Edible flowers; seeds were crushed for perfume. Ethnobotanical use as a medicinal plant with a variety of uses including for gastrointestinal issues and as a poultice for wounds.		Attracts hummingbirds and butterflies
72	Yellow/Golden Columbine	Aquilegia chrysantha	M	Yellow	Some irrigation or part shade	Spring (late) to Summer (early)	Short-lived Filler	Native		1		Edible flowers. Ethnobotanical use as a medicinal plant for treatment of respiratory ailments, stomach issues, and skin conditions.		Attracts hummingbirds and butterflies	critically imperiled in CO	US Southwest and northern Mexico. In Colorado, only found in El Paso and Fremont County	: moist woods and open mountain meadows		5,400 - 7,000 ft
73	Kinnick-kinnick	Arctostaphylos uva-ursi	S	Evergreen	Dry/Shade	Evergreen, winter interest	Long-lived Perennial	Native		2	Communal	The leaves were used by several tribes to make a tea to treat urinary tract infections and as a general tonic. The leaves were also chewed to treat canker sores and sore throats.		Attracts bees and butterflies
74	Prickly Poppy	Argemone polyanthemos	M/L	White	Dry/Sun	Spring (mid) to Summer (mid)	Dynamic FIller	Near Native		2		The Navajo and Hopi tribes used a decoction of the plant to treat earaches and toothaches, and the seeds were ground into a flour for baking.
75	Rose Milkweed / Swamp Milkweed	Asclepias incarnata ssp.	M	Pink	Wet/Part Shade	Summer (all), winter texture	Long-lived Perennial	Native		2	Communal	The Navajo and Hopi tribes used a decoction of the root to treat respiratory ailments, and the leaves were made into a poultice for skin irritations and wounds.		Host plant for monarch butterfly larvae; attracts a variety of bees and butterflies
76	Common Milkweed	Asclepias syriaca or Asclepias speciosa	M	Pink	Dry/Sun	Spring to Summer (late), winter texture	Long-lived Perennial	Native		4		Edible young shoots, flower buds, and young pods used cooked. Ethnobotanical use as a medicinal plant for a variety of ailments including asthma, rheumatism, and as a contraceptive.		Serves as a host plant for monarch butterfly larvae; attracts bees and butterflies
77	Gay Butterfly Milkweed	Asclepias tuberosa	M	Orange	Dry/Sun	Summer to fall, winter texture	Long-lived Perennial	Native		2	Single	Edible young shoots and buds, used cooked. Ethnobotanical use as a medicinal plant for treatment of respiratory ailments, rheumatism, and gastrointestinal issues.		Attracts butterflies, bees, and hummingbirds; serves as a host plant for monarch butterfly larvae
78	Aster, Bigelow’s Tansy / Santa Fe Aster	Aster bigelovii	M	Purple	Some irrigation or part shade	Summer (late) to fall	Short-lived Filler	Native		3		Ethnobotanical use as a medicinal plant for fever, cough, and colds.		Attracts butterflies, bees, and other pollinators
79	Fern, Lady	(Athyrium filix-femina)	M	Green	Wet/Shade			Native
80	Chocolate Flower	Berlandiera lyrata	S	Yellow	Dry/Sun	Summer (early) to fall (early)	Long-lived Perennial			1		The flower heads of Lyreleaf Greeneyes have been used as a food seasoning an other purposes by United States indigenous peoples.		Butterflies and bees love the nectar these flowers produce as well as some beneficial wasps.	deer resistant; long blooming time, continuous if deadhead	Extreme s.w. KS to w. TX, w. to s.e. CO & AZ, south to Jalisco in central Mexico	Dry, rocky limestone soils in Texas panhandle and west of the Pecos River. Well-drained sand, loam, clay, caliche. Well-drained plains & mesas				YES, smells like chocolate
81	Prairie Winecups / Purple Poppy Mallow	Callirhoe involucrata	S	Pink	Dry/Sun	Summer (early) to fall	Long-lived Perennial, fast	Native		3		The leaves and roots of the plant are edible and were used to treat internal pain.		Attracts a variety of bees and butterflies; provides food and cover for small mammals and birds
82	Harebell	Campanula rotundifolia	S	Purple	Wet/Shade	Summer (mid) and fall	Short-lived Filler	Native		1	Communal	The leaves were used by the Blackfoot tribe to make a tea to treat colds and coughs.		Attracts bees and butterflies
83	Fireweed	Chamerion angustifolium or Epilobium angustifolium	L	Purple	Some irrigation or part shade	Summer (all)	Medium-range	Native		2		Edible young shoots, leaves, flowers, and young seed pods used cooked. Ethnobotanical use as a medicinal plant for treatment of respiratory ailments, digestive issues, and as an astringent.		Attracts bees and butterflies		Western and northern North America	Forests, meadows, riparian, disturbed areas		5,300-12,500 ft
84	Scott’s Sugarbowls	Clematis scottii	S	Purple	Some irrigation or part shade	Spring (late) to Summer (early)	Long-lived Perennial	Native		1		The roots of the plant were used by the Paiute tribe to treat a variety of ailments, including stomach issues, coughs, and fevers. The leaves were also used to make a tea for stomach ailments.	toxic to dogs, cats, and horses	Provides habitat for a variety of native bees, as well as other pollinators	deer and rabbit resistant
85	Rocky Mountain Bee Plant	Cleome serrulata	L	Pink	Dry/Sun	Summer (mid) to fall (early)	Short-lived Filler	Native		3	Communal	The Navajo and Hopi tribes used a decoction of the plant to treat respiratory ailments, and the leaves were made into a poultice for skin irritations and wounds.		Attracts a variety of bees and butterflies; provides food and cover for small mammals and birds
86	Lance-Leaf Coreopsis	Coreopsis lanceolata	M	Yellow	Dry/Sun	Spring through Summer (mid)	Short-lived Filler	Native		2		Ethnobotanical use as a medicinal plant for treatment of gastrointestinal issues, fever, and as a diuretic.		Attracts butterflies and bees
87	Plains Coreopsis	Coreopsis tinctoria	M	Red and yellow	Dry/Sun	Summer	Short-lived Filler	Native		2		Ethnobotanical use as a medicinal plant for treatment of respiratory ailments and fever.		Attracts butterflies and bees
88	Larkspur, Nuttall's / Blue Delphinium	Delphinium nuttallianum	M	blue			Short-lived Filler
89	Larkspur, Wild Blue	Delphinium carolinianum	M	blue	Dry/Sun	Spring (late) to summer (early)	Short-lived Filler
90	Larkspur, Prairie	Delphinium carolinianum ssp. virescens	M	white	Dry/Sun	Spring (late) to summer (early)	Short-lived Filler
91	White Prairie Clover	Dalea candida	M	White	Dry/Sun	Summer (early) to fall (early)	Long-lived Perennial	Native		1		The roots of the plant were used by the Navajo tribe to make a tea to treat colds and fever, and the plant was also used in religious ceremonies.	Stems used as broom; leaves brewed as tea.	Attracts a variety of bees, butterflies, and other pollinators; provides food for grazing animals
92	Purple Prairie Clover	Dalea purpurea	M	Purple	Dry/Sun	Summer (early) to fall (early)	Long-lived Perennial	Native		1		The Navajo and Hopi tribes used a decoction of the root to treat stomach problems, and the leaves were made into a tea to treat colds and sore throats.	Stems used as broom; leaves brewed as tea.
93	Leatherwood Fern	Dryopteris Filix-Mas	M	Green (semi-evergreen)	Wet/Shade	Semi-evergreen		Native
94	Purple Coneflower	Echinacea purpurea	L	Purple	Some irrigation or part shade	Summer (mid to late)	Long-lived Perennial	Near Native		2		The Plains Indians used a decoction of the root to treat a variety of ailments, including colds, coughs, and sore throats.
95	Hummingbird Trumpet / CA Fuschia	Epilobium canum	S	Red	Some irrigation or part shade	Summer (late) to fall	Medium-range	Near Native		2	Communal	The plant was used by the Chumash people to treat skin problems and as a general pain reliever.		Attracts hummingbirds and butterflies
96	Hummingbird Trumpet "Orange Carpet"	Epilobium canum garrettii	S	Red	Some irrigation or part shade	Summer (late) to fall	Medium-range	Near Native	Y	2	Communal	The plant was used by the Chumash people to treat skin problems and as a general pain reliever.
97	Hummingbird Flower "Wayne's Silver"	Epilobium septentrionale	S	Red	Some irrigation or part shade	Summer (late) to fall	Medium-range	Near Native	Y	2	Communal			Attracts hummingbirds and butterflies		CA native
98	Hummingbird Flower	Epilobium canum latifolum	M	Red	Some irrigation or part shade	Summer (late) to fall	Medium-range	Near Native		2	Communal
99	Showy Fleabane	Erigeron speciosus	M	Purple	Some irrigation or part shade	Summer to fall	Short-lived Filler	Native				The leaves of the plant were used by the Blackfoot tribe to make a poultice to treat burns, and the root was used to treat fevers. The flowers were also consumed to treat respiratory issues.		Provides nectar and pollen for a variety of bees and butterflies, as well as other insects
100	James Buckwheat	Eriogonum jamesii	S	Yellow/White	Some irrigation or part shade	Spring (late) to summer	Long-lived Perennial	Native			Small Group	The seeds were used by several tribes as a food source.		Attracts bees and butterflies