Private School Evidence (2014-Present) (Blog Version)

	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	I	J
1	Author(s)	Title	Year	Link	Type	Method	DFID Review Classification	Country	Region	Conclusion
2	Stephanie Simmons Zuilkowski, Benjamin Piper, Salome Ong’ele	Are Low-Cost Private Schools Worth the Investment?: Evidence on Literacy and Mathematics Gains in Nairobi Primary Schools	2020	https://www.tcrecord.org/Content.asp?ContentId=22953	Paper	Value-added	[P&E; OBS]	Kenya	Sub Saharan Africa	"These findings offer a cautionary note to the rapid expansion of LCPSs in low-resource settings. The fees paid to LCPSs by low-income households are often burdensome for families and, in some contexts, may not be worth the trade-offs that families make to afford them. On the other hand, the findings also suggest that low-cost private school teachers may respond more effectively than public school teachers to project-based support."
3	Lee Crawfurd, Dev Patel, Justin Sandefur	Low Returns to Low-Cost Private Schools:Experimental Evidence from Delhi	2019	https://northwestern.app.box.com/s/hh4uxkauquwwn3vdka7eoqo63dic9ag4	Paper	Randomized controlled trial	[P&E; EXP]	India	South Asia	"A year after the end of primary school, we find no impact ofvouchers on English or math, and small negative effects on Hindi. We find little evidenceof non-learning benefits, including non-cognitive skills, aspirations, and parental beliefs."
4	Dixon et al.	Experimental results from a four-year targeted education voucher program in the slums of Delhi, India	2019	https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0305750X1930292X	Paper	Randomized controlled trial	[P&E; EXP]	India	South Asia	"Four years after random assignment, we find large positive impacts of voucher use on test scores in English (0.31σ p < .05)."
5	Sandip Datta, Geeta Gandhi Kingdon	Gender Bias in Intra-Household Allocation of Education in India: Has It Fallen over Time?	2019	http://ftp.iza.org/dp12671.pdf	Paper	Regression	[P&E; OBS]	India	South Asia	"The findings show that far from gender bias disappearing over time, there has merely been a change in the way that gender bias is practiced within the household. In 1995, gender bias occurred through a significantly higher probability of school-enrolment of boys than girls, but by 2014, gender bias was practiced via significantly higher conditional education expenditure on boys than girls, which was largely achieved via pro-male private school enrolment decisions."
6	Donald R. Baum, Isaac Riley	The relative effectiveness of private and public schools: evidence from Kenya	2019	https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09243453.2018.1520132?tokenDomain=eprints&tokenAccess=3KtpAiEBwmqaqFiwN6Pz&forwardService=showFullText&doi=10.1080%2F09243453.2018.1520132&doi=10.1080%2F09243453.2018.1520132&journalCode=nses20	Paper	Regression	[P&E; OBS]	Kenya	Sub Saharan Africa	"Using ordinary least squares as a baseline model, we use the proportion of private schools in a district as an instrument in a Heckman two-stage correction framework, as well as propensity score matching models to correct for selection bias. There is a positive private school effect across all models. In the corrected models, we find that private school pupils outperform their public school counterparts by between .24 and .52 standard deviations."
7	Godstime Osekhebhen Eigbiremolen, Jonathan Emenike Ogbuabor, Chioma Sylvia Nwambe	Estimating Private School Effects for School Children in Peru: Evidence from Individual‐level Panel Data	2019	https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/jid.3438?af=R	Paper	Value-added	[P&E; OBS]	Peru	Latin America	"This paper presents the first value‐added model of private school effects in Peru, using the unique Young Lives longitudinal data. Raw differences in test scores show that children in private schools have higher test scores in both maths and Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test for the most part. Estimates from ordinary least squares regression also indicate the existence of private school premium in maths. However, when we controlled for prior achievement, we find no private school effects in learning. These results hold true for both low‐ability and high‐ability children and are robust to sorting on unobserved ability, grouping on lag structures and transfer between private and public schools."
8	Cristian Sanchez	Understanding School Competition Under Voucher Regimes	2018	http://econweb.umd.edu/~sanchez/files/csanchez_jmp.pdf	Paper	General equilibrium model	[P&E; OBS]	Chile	Latin America	"This paper empirically studies the program participation and tuition setting behavior of Chilean elementary private-voucher schools in a context in which they are eligible to receive a universal voucher and a targeted voucher, and investigates how such behavior determines students’ school choices."..." I show that policies that favor the universal voucher are more mobility- and welfare-enhancing in the aggregate, but that policies favoring the targeted voucher are more effective in narrowing the welfare gap between low- and high-income students"
9	Claudia Diaz Rios	Domestic coalitions in the variation of education privatization: an analysis of Chile, Argentina, and Colombia	2018	https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02680939.2018.1460494	Paper	Descriptive	[TC]	Chile, Argentina, Colombia	Latin America	"Based on a comparative historical analysis of three countries, Chile, Argentina, and Colombia, the article identifies three privatization trajectories: marketization, erosion of public education, and dualization of education provision. The long-term analysis of these trajectories also shows that privatization is not a linear process but a complex dynamic with consequences that may trigger unintended changes in the future."
10	Ernesto Trevino, Rick Mintrop, Cristobal Villalobos,Miguel Ordenes	What Might Happen if School Vouchers and Privatization of Schools Were to Become "Universal" in the U.S.: Learning from a National Test Case--Chile	2018	https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED591997	Report	Report	[TC]	Chile, USA	Latin America	"Experiments with vouchers and privatization are still relatively peripheral in the U.S. But what might happen if vouchers and privatization were to become universal features of American publicly funded education? A national test case of such conditions is available in Chile. By looking at that country's experience, we can imagine what might happen if the U.S. were to take the route of universal privatization and vouchers."
11	Gita Steiner-Khamsi, Alexandra Draxler	The States, Business and Education - Public-Private Partnerships Revisited	2018	https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=sKFyDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR1&dq=(Educat+OR+school+OR+tutor+OR+learn+OR+teach+OR+instruct+OR+pedagog+OR+provider/provision)+AND+(Privat+OR+market+OR+neoliberal+OR+fee+OR+cost+OR+low+cost+OR+LCPS+OR+low+fee+OR+low-fee+OR+LFP+OR+elite+OR+high+fee+OR+middle+fee)+AND+((Supply+OR+effect+OR&ots=8jbg2d4yK_&sig=oGAcuJvfSf6Q0DVhFFt4r4LbJ-k#v=onepage&q=(Educat%20OR%20school%20OR%20tutor%20OR%20learn%20OR%20teach%20OR%20instruct%20OR%20pedagog%20OR%20provider%2Fprovision)%20AND%20(Privat%20OR%20market%20OR%20neoliberal%20OR%20fee%20OR%20cost%20OR%20low%20cost%20OR%20LCPS%20OR%20low%20fee%20OR%20low-fee%20OR%20LFP%20OR%20elite%20OR%20high%20fee%20OR%20middle%20fee)%20AND%20((Supply%20OR%20effect%20OR&f=false https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/200721/1/978-1-78897-033-4.pdf#page=4	Book	Book	[TC]	Global	Global	Book
12	Maulik Jagnani, Gaurav Khanna	The Effects of Elite Public Colleges on Primary and Secondary Schooling Markets in India	2018	https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2968170	Paper	Difference-in-differences	[P&E; OBS]	India	South Asia	"Using the roll-out of elite public colleges in India, we show that investments in higher education increased educational attainment among school-age children. Private schools entered districts with new elite public colleges, and students switched from public to private schools. We find suggestive evidence that elite colleges led to focal investments in electricity, roads and water services reducing setup costs for private schools, and consequently, travel costs for school-going children."
13	Tanuka Endow	Inferior Outcomes: Learning in Low-cost English-medium Private Schools—A Survey in Delhi and National Capital Region	2018	https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0973703018779725	Paper	Descriptive	[P&E; OBS]	India	South Asia	"The number of English-medium low-cost private schools (LCPS) is increasing in India. Such schools are typically attended by children from economically disadvantaged families. This study, based on primary surveys in Delhi and National Capital Region (NCR), finds low learning achievement for the English subject at the primary level of children attending such schools. Learning deficit in English remains hidden during students’ progress through the primary level. Further, low learning achievement for English has negative implications for other non-language subjects too, since the medium of instruction, language for textbooks and the medium of answering examinations for these subjects is English. Children’s ability to comprehend what they read and their ability to communicate in English get little attention in the teaching process. This also has an adverse impact on social equity with poor parents spending considerable money to access an education for their children, the outcome of which is poor."
14	Caine Rolleston, Rhiannon Moore	Young Lives School Survey, 2016-17: Value-added Analysis in India	2018	https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:113e8e0f-8f39-435b-b47d-ea7f6b10ff4f/download_file?file_format=pdf&safe_filename=YL-ValueAddedAnalysis-India.pdf&type_of_work=Report	Paper	Value-added	[P&E; EXP]	India	South Asia	"This suggests that at least part of the reason why Private Unaided schools appear to be more effective is the more advantaged background of their students."
15	Donald R.Baum, Husein Abdul-Hamid, Hugo T. Wesley	Inequality of educational opportunity: the relationship between access, affordability, and quality of private schools in Lagos, Nigeria	2018	https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03054985.2017.1421153	Paper	Regression	[P&E; OBS]	Nigeria	Sub Saharan Africa	"We find that higher-cost private schools provide students with greater opportunities to study in institutions with higher quality inputs and increased potential for progression within the educational system. As such, it is highly likely that these schools are primarily accessible to students at the upper ends of the income distribution."
16	Momina Afridi	Equity and Quality in an Education Public-Private Partnership: A study of the World Bank-supported PPP in Punjab, Pakistan	2018	https://oxfamilibrary.openrepository.com/bitstream/handle/10546/620529/rr-education-ppp-punjab-pakistan-020818-summ-en.pdf;jsessionid=3BE218BF6BA0635B84C1127A63AB8842?sequence=2	Report	Report	[TC]	Pakistan	South Asia	"Very few children in the PPP schools were previously out-ofschool. Of the student population of 12,502 in the sample, the reported number of previously out-of-school children was 158, a mere 1.3 percent."
17	Donald R.Baum, Rachel Cooper, Oni Lusk-Stover	Regulating market entry of low-cost private schools in Sub-Saharan Africa: Towards a theory of private education regulation	2018	https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0738059316304989	Decriptive policy paper	Descriptive	[TC]	Sub-Saharan Africa	Sub Saharan Africa	"Findings suggest that current regulatory systems are failing to adequately address the negative externalities and failures of private schooling markets. Insufficient capacity on the part of governments is a contributor to uneven policy implementation and creates opportunities for rent-seeking and corruption. Onerous market entry regulations offer constraints on the growth of official private education markets, but facilitate growth in unofficial markets if demand for education is not being fully met by the supply of government service provision, restricting the government’s ability to provide adequate oversight of private providers."
18	Curtis B. Riep	Making markets for low-cost schooling: the devices and investments behind Bridge International Academies	2017	https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14767724.2017.1330139?src=recsys	Paper	Descriptive	[TC]	Bridge	Global	"A wide variety of devices are utilised by Bridge International Academies to construct mass markets for low-cost schooling, including GPS devices that map low-income communities, smartphones that automate administrative functions, and computer devices that perform the duties of a teacher. Moreover, this paper also outlines the network of investors supplying the company with the necessary capital to put market devices into practice and hence, build markets for low-cost schooling."
19	Bekisizwe S. Ndimande, Christopher Lubienski	Privatization and the Education of Marginalized Children -- Chapter 8 Putting Social Rights at Risk	2017	https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9781315205878/chapters/10.4324/9781315205878-8	Book	Book	[TC]	Chile	Latin America	Book
20	D. Brent Edwards Jr., David DeMatthews, Hilary Hartley	Public-Private Partnerships, Accountability, and Competition: Theory versus Reality in the Charter Schools of Bogotá, Colombia	2017	https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/2750/275050047010.pdf	Paper	Descriptive	[TC]	Colombia	Latin America	" In contrast, this article assesses the logic model behind charter schools, specifically the mechanisms of accountability and competition, through a study of the Concession Schools in Bogotá, Colombia, using a realist evaluation methodology. Despite the program’s success in increasing access in marginalized areas, findings indicate that accountability and competition were hindered in practice—because of insufficient choice for parents and other unique organizational and political factors. For example, particular issues emerged that influenced the availability of viable charter operators to open and manage schools while political orientations, political shifts, and evaluation design issues affected the charter authorizer’s ability to monitor, assess, and hold charters accountable. Successfully operationalizing public-private partnerships requires that the mechanisms underlying each link in the policy theory are carefully designed and supported, that they directly connect, and that the functioning of one does not adversely impact the others—a difficult task given the dynamic and sensitive nature of such mechanisms and the imperfect world of educational reform. The article concludes by reflecting on a number of issues, including charter school exit from the market, the need for accountability of charter authorizers themselves, the increasing political clout of charter management organizations and their allies, and the ways that these actors circumvent or avoid public accountability.
21	Keith M Lewin	Making Rights Realities: Does Privatizing Educational Services for the Poor Make Sense?	2017	https://books.google.com/books?id=gOmfDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT100&lpg=PT100&dq=Making+Rights+Realities:+Does+Privatizing+Educational+Services+for+the+Poor+Make+Sense?&source=bl&ots=_6AYYS8yGv&sig=ACfU3U22NvrGlfE-YqLGYWqDMX5lb_F_vA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwirrI_4lszkAhVhx1kKHa4RBLkQ6AEwBHoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=Making%20Rights%20Realities%3A%20Does%20Privatizing%20Educational%20Services%20for%20the%20Poor%20Make%20Sense%3F&f=false	Book chapter	Book chapter	[TC]	Global	Global	Book
22	Monazza Aslam, Shenila Rawal and Sahar Saeed	Public-Private Partnerships in Education in Developing Countries: A Rigorous Review of the Evidence	2017	http://arkonline.org/sites/default/files/Ark_EPG_PPP_report.pdf	Review	Review	[S; OR]	Global	Global	Review
23	Tamo Chattopadhay, Maya Roy	Low-Fee Private Schools in India: The Emerging Fault Lines	2017	https://ncspe.tc.columbia.edu/working-papers/WP233.pdf	Paper	Descriptive	[TC]	India	South Asia	"In this paper, we provide a critical perspective on the complex reality of private education for the poor, focusing on the LFP schooling sector in India. While much of the recent literature in this area has examined the relative learning outcomes of pupils from public and LFP schools, our objective is somewhat different. We contrast the promise of LFP schools by their advocates in India with the reality experienced by poor children and their parents. In examining this promise versus reality gap, we organize our narrative along three structural challenges or fault-lines facing the LFP sector in India. We submit that unless these challenges are addressed, they will continue to undermine the ability of the LFP schooling sector to become a viable alternative to public schools that educate most of India’s poor children. "
24	Stephanie Simmons Zuilkowski, Benjamin Piper, Salome Ong’ele, Onesmus Kiminza	Parents, quality, and school choice: why parents in Nairobi choose low-cost private schools over public schools in Kenya’s free primary education era	2017	https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03054985.2017.1391084?src=recsys	Paper	Mixed-methods approach	[P&E; OBS]	Kenya	Sub Saharan Africa	"Drawing on parent survey and interview data, as well as interviews with national policy makers, we found that parents who chose LCPS for their children were more driven by quality concerns than were public school parents. We also present data on the costs of the school types, compared to household income. Despite being termed ‘low cost’, the fees charged by schools primarily serving the poor were often a heavy burden on families. We conclude with recommendations for maximising the impact of LCPS on educational access and quality."
25	Mauricio Romero, Justin Sandefur, Wayne Aaron Sandholtz	Can Outsourcing Improve Liberia’s Schools? Preliminary Results from Year One of a Three-Year Randomized Evaluation of Partnership Schools for Liberia	2017	https://www.cgdev.org/sites/default/files/partnership-schools-for-liberia.pdf	Paper	Randomized controlled trial	[P&E; EXP]	Liberia	Sub Saharan Africa	"After one year, public schools managed by private contractors in Liberia raised student learning by 60 percent, compared to standard public schools. But costs were high, performance varied across contractors, and contracts authorized the largest contractor to push excess pupils and underperforming teachers onto other government schools."
26	Husein Abdul-Hamid, Donald Rey Baum, Oni Lusk-Stover, Hugo Wesley	The role of the private sector in Lagos, Nigeria	2017	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/661951505979440541/The-role-of-the-private-sector-in-Lagos-Nigeri	Paper	Descriptive	[P&E; OBS]	Nigeria	Sub Saharan Africa	"Notwithstanding the influence of this sector, not enough is known about the operations of private schools in Lagos State, their impact on student learning opportunities, and their overall implications for the economic and social development of Nigeria. This report presents results from analyses of: (i) the regulatory environment governing private education provision; (ii) implementation of existing regulations; and (iii) the provision of private school services in Lagos. The results of this research can be used to inform the government on how to effectively regulate and engage with the private education sector."
27	Nadia Siddiqui	Socio-economic segregation of disadvantaged children between schools in Pakistan: comparing the state and private sector	2017	https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03055698.2016.1277139	Paper	Descriptive	[P&E; OBS]	Pakistan	South Asia	"The results show that segregation by academic performance is higher than segregation by poverty, and segregation by poverty is higher in the private sector compared to government schools, whereas segregation by performance is greater in the government schools. A regional level analysis shows that segregation in urban areas is higher in both school types compared to rural areas. In addition to insisting on full attendance for children of school age, the government should work towards decreasing segregation in the state sector, perhaps also involving an increase in the number of schools maintained, and therefore reducing the need for cheap private provision."
28	Servaas van der Berg, Chris van Wyk, Ronelle Burger, Janeli Kotzé, Marlies Piek, Kate Rich	The Performance of Low Fee Independent Schools in South Africa - What Can Available Data Tell?	2017	https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2973229	Paper	Regression	[P&E; OBS]	South Africa	Sub Saharan Africa	"Our analysis indicates that independent primary schools, in all three geographical regions, are able to use resources more efficiently and are thus able to translate resources into better performance. However, when comparing schools in similar school fee brackets, the findings are mixed and vary by geographical area: sending a child to an independent primary school in Gauteng is worthwhile, whereas it is not worthwhile in the Western Cape."
29	World Bank	Swaziland Engaging the Private Sector in Education: SABER Country Report 2016	2017	https://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/abs/10.1596/28262	Report	Report	[TC]	Swaziland	Sub Saharan Africa	"The report provides an overview of SABER-EPS findings, followed by a description of the basic education system in Swaziland that focuses on the private sector and government policies related to the private provision of education. The report then benchmarks Swaziland’s policy environment utilizing the SABER-EPS Framework and offers policy options to enhance access and learning for all children in primary and secondary school."
30	Lee Crawfurd	School Management and Public–Private Partnerships in Uganda	2017	https://academic.oup.com/jae/article-abstract/26/5/539/4096501	Paper	Value-added	[P&E; OBS]	Uganda	Sub Saharan Africa	"Contrary to common perception, I find no difference between the quality of school management in government, private or public–private partnership (PPP) schools (despite the higher level of autonomy available to them). An exception is an internationally owned chain of PPP schools, which are as well managed as schools in the UK."
31	Benjamin Alcott, Pauline Rose	Does private schooling narrow wealth inequalities in learning outcomes? Evidence from East Africa	2016	https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03054985.2016.1215611	Paper	Regression	[P&E; OBS]	East Africa	Sub Saharan Africa	"Our paper uses household survey data from Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda to identify whether any observed impact of private schooling on core literacy and numeracy skills differs according to children’s household wealth. We demonstrate wealth gaps in access to private schooling, and use inferential models to account for observable differences between those who do and do not enrol in private schools. In Kenya and Uganda, we find that private schooling appears to improve the chances of children learning relative to their peers in government schools, but the chances of the poorest children learning in private schools remains low and is at best equivalent to the richest learning in government schools. In Tanzania, private schooling does not seem to improve poorer children’s learning, whereas it does for richer children. These findings raise a caution about the extent to which private provision can help narrow learning inequalities."
32	Alhassan Iddi	A comparative assessment of the academic performance among public and private Junior High Schools in the Tamale Metropolis of Ghana	2016	http://ir.knust.edu.gh/handle/123456789/8975	Paper	Descriptive	[P&E; OBS]	Ghana	Sub Saharan Africa	"Data was analyzed using cross tabulation, percentages correlation, and mean scores to draw conclusions. The results of the study revealed that private schools were performing academically better than their public counterparts in the Tamale Metropolis due to many reasons. These include the fact that the private schools were more resourced, had parents of pupils whose socio-economic status was higher and hence were more involved in their children’s education than the public. Teacher motivation was quite low in both public and private selected schools and the high academic achievements of private school students were attributed to strict internal supervision of the school heads/proprietors. The study recommended that future educational policies and programs should include parental involvement in child education by specifying roles and responsibilities of parents to ensure high cooperation between household and schools operations."
33	Antoni Verger, Christopher Lubienski, Gita Steiner-Khamsi	World Yearbook of Education 2016: The Global Education Industry	2016	https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=oLVYCwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=non-state+providers+in+education&ots=Jxb7up3Np_&sig=x2g40872JQZDmHtJaDjrvDSX38U#v=onepage&q=non-state%20providers%20in%20education&f=false	Book	Book	[TC]	Global	Global	Book
34	Emma E. Rowe	Middle-class School Choice in Urban Spaces: The economics of public schooling and globalized education reform	2016	https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781315651736	Book	Book	[TC]	Global	Global	Book
35	Mahsood Shah, Chenicheri Sid Nair	A Global Perspective on Private Higher Education	2016	https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=4TWOCgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq="public-private+partnerships"+in+education&ots=22YpU3eC06&sig=TjgE-aakXoF72oZQ0wMeGm8L9H4#v=onepage&q="public-private%20partnerships"%20in%20education&f=false	Book	Book	[TC]	Global	Global	Book
36	Prachi Srivastava	Questioning the Global Scaling Up of Low-Fee Private Schooling	2016	https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=oLVYCwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA248&dq=non-state+providers+in+education&ots=Jxb7up4Os1&sig=ekMLMzysl7AeU-wlj1D37qaz86k#v=onepage&q=non-state%20providers%20in%20education&f=false	Book chapter	Book chapter	[TC]	Global	Global	Book
37	Alexandra Draxler	Public-Private Partnerships and International Education Policies	2016	https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283438982_Public-private_partnerships_and_international_education_policies	paper	Descriptive	[TC]	Global	Global	"What follows is not a comprehensive overview of programmes and practice, rather a look at policies through illustration and examples. It is framed by four questions: What are the imagined and real-world roles for public-private partnerships in meeting the goals of education for all? How do they measure up to public sector provision in terms of quality, equity and efficiency? What are some examples? What are some possible trends and what issues do they raise?"
38	Fazal Rizvi	Privatization in Education : Trends and Consequences	2016	http://disde.minedu.gob.pe/handle/123456789/5066	Descriptive/theoretical paper	Descriptive	[TC]	Global	Global	"The paper concludes that, since education can no longer be entirely funded and provided by the state, the question is less about whether or not private engagement in education is commendable, but more about the extent to which the activities of private actors should be regulated by the state, how this should be, and to what end."
39	Margaret Leahy, Niki Davis, Cathy Lewin, Amina Charania, Hasniza Nordin, Davor Orlič, Deirdre Butler, Olatz Lopez-Fernadez	Smart Partnerships to Increase Equity in Education	2016	https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/jeductechsoci.19.3.84.pdf?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents	Paper	Descriptive	[P&E; OBS]	Global	Global	"Research and development is recommended…"
40	Maria Ron Balsera, Delphine Dorsi, Andreu Termes, Xavier Bonal, Antoni Verge, Javier Gonzalez Diaz	Private actors and the right to education	2016	https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03057925.2016.1207939?journalCode=ccom20	Decriptive policy paper	Descriptive	[TC]	Global	Global	Book
41	Susan L. Robertson, Janja Komljenovic	Non-state actors, and the advance of frontier higher education markets in the global south	2016	https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03054985.2016.1224302	Paper	Descriptive	[TC]	Global	Global	"...these developments both play off, and reinforce, older and newer asymmetries of power between individuals, social groups, and nations, within and between the global north and south, creating an even greater learning divide."
42	Sylvain Aubry, Delphine Dorsi	Towards a human rights framework to advance the debate on the role of private actors in education	2016	https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03054985.2016.1224301	Paper	Descriptive	[TC]	Global	Global	"This paper gives a preliminary assessment of this tension by providing an overview of what we know of the normative human rights framework, as a first step towards a broader project aiming at developing comprehensive guidelines unpacking the normative framework on the right to education relevant to privatisation. It is hoped that this preliminary assessment can help to reflect on some of the fundamental debates with regards to the effect of privatisation of education in the Global South."
43	Catherine Grant	Basic education and employment	2016	https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/123456789/13044	Report	Report	[S; OR]	Global	Global	"This review provides a summary of existing research on: What are the different employment outcomes and cost effectiveness differences between public vs. private basic education (primary and lower secondary) in low and middle income countries and what accounts for any difference (disaggregated by gender as appropriate)? Do either private or public education systems focus more greatly on providing students with foundation skills (literacy and numeracy skills) and does this have an impact on employment outcomes? What is the relative value for money of basic child education (primary and lower secondary) vs. programmes focusing on providing foundation skills e.g. to out of school youth, if the main benefit measure is higher skilled/waged employment? This report is not a systematic review, but aims to capture a substantial portion of the literature offering evidence on this topic, including the most important and useful papers to guide policy-making. It provides an annotated bibliography of the literature, followed by an evidence summary table assessing the literature according to DFID’s ‘strength of evidence’ guidelines"
44	Christopher Lubienski	Review of A Win-Win Solution and The Participant Effects of Private School Vouchers across the Globe	2016	https://nepc.colorado.edu/sites/default/files/reviews/TTR%20Lubienski%20Meta-Analysis.pdf	Review	Review	[S; OR]	Global	Global	"The Arkansas meta-analysis aspires to be “global,” but despite identifying over 9,000 potential studies for the analysis, ultimately uses only 19, almost half of which were conducted by the Arkansas authors or their associates. Moreover, the “global” meta-analysis only encompasses three countries (one of which is consistently misspelled). Together, their manifold serious flaws undercut the trustworthiness and usefulness of these reports."
45	M. Danish Shakeel, Kaitlin P. Anderson, Patrick J. Wolf	The Participant Effects of Private School Vouchers across the Globe: A Meta Analytic and Systematic Review	2016	http://www.uaedreform.org/downloads/2016/05/the-participant-effects-of-private-school-vouchers-across-the-globe-a-meta-analytic-and-systematic-review-2.pdf	Review	Review	[S; SR]	Global	Global	"Our meta-analysis indicates overall positive and statistically significant achievement effects of school vouchers that vary by subject (math or reading), location (US v. non-US), and funding type (public or private). Generally, the impacts are larger (1) for reading than for math, (2) for programs outside the US relative to those within the US, and (3) for publicly-funded programs relative to privately-funded programs. "
46	Chris Sakellariou	The 'True' Private School Effect Using PISA 2012-Mathematics: Evidence from 40 Countries	2016	https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2791302	Paper	Regression	[P&E; OBS]	Global	Global	"I use PISA 2012 data for Mathematics and two different methodologies to derive bias-corrected estimates of the “true” private-dependent and independent school effect for 40 countries. A robust private school advantage if found only in a handful of countries. Public schools perform equally well as private subsidized schools and outperform independent schools. Accounting for both peer effects and selection is necessary when evaluating school effectiveness, especially in the case of independent schools."
47	Jayanti Kumar	Public–private partnerships in education: An analysis with special reference to Indian school education system	2016	https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0738059315300201	Descriptive/theoretical paper	Descriptive	[TC]	India	South Asia	" This paper seeks to investigate the global experience with partnership contracts in education, discusses on the status of Indian school education, and tries to see its feasibility in Indian education sector with the help of recently proposed DBFO (Design Build Finance and Operate) model."
48	Prachi Srivastava, Claire Noronha	The myth of free and barrier-free access: India’s Right to Education Act—private schooling costs and household experiences	2016	https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03054985.2016.1220087?journalCode=core20	Paper	Descriptive	[P&E; OBS]	India	South Asia	"This paper reports household-level data on the schooling patterns, experiences, and perceptions in one Delhi slum accessing schooling based on a survey of 290 households and 40 semi-structured household interviews. We found very low instances of children with private school freeships. Furthermore, children in ‘free’ private school seats incurred the second highest costs of accessing schooling after full-fee-paying students in relatively high-fee private schools. Finally, households accessing freeships and higher-fee schools experienced considerable barriers to securing a seat and admission."
49	Joanna Harma	School choice in rural Nigeria? The limits of low-fee private schooling in Kwara State	2016	https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03050068.2016.1142737	Paper	Descriptive	[P&E; OBS]	Nigeria	Sub Saharan Africa	"The paper shows that private schooling is currently inaccessible to the poor, with only 3.3% of children in the poorest 40% of the population attending them, and only 13% of enrolled children in rural areas. The key message is that redoubled efforts are needed to improve government schools as providers of last resort to those bypassed by the market."
50	Pedro Manuel Carneiro, Jishnu Das, Hugo Reis	The Value of Private Schools: Evidence from Pakistan	2016	https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2786044	Paper	IV	[P&E; OBS]	Pakistan	South Asia	"Using the estimates from the demand model we show that the existence of a low fee private school market is of great value for households in our sample, reaching about 25% to 100% of monthly per capita income for those choosing private schools. A voucher policy that reduces the fees of private schools to $0 (from an average annual fee of $13) increases private school enrollment by 7.5 percentage points for girls and 4.2 percentage points for boys. Our demand estimates and policy simulations, which account for key challenges specific to the schooling market, help situate ongoing debate around private schools within a larger framework of consumer choice and welfare."
51	Sonia Languille	‘Affordable’ private schools in South Africa. Affordable for whom?	2016	https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03054985.2016.1220086?src=recsys	Paper	Descriptive	[TC]	South Africa	Sub Saharan Africa	"The paper concludes that the state’s ambiguous position towards the so-called ‘affordable’ or ‘low-fee’ private schools reflects national leaders’ delicate balancing act between contradictory objectives, which is overly determined by their embrace of an orthodox macro-economic model that constrains the fiscal space for public education."
52	James Tooley, David Longfield	Affordability of private schools: exploration of a conundrum and towards a definition of ‘low-cost’	2016	https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03054985.2016.1197830?scroll=top&needAccess=true&journalCode=core20	Paper	Descriptive	[TC]	South Sudan, Liberia	Sub Saharan Africa	"This paper addresses the lacuna in the literature by defining ‘low-cost’ in relation to what poor families could afford if they were to send all their children to school while restricting their expenditure on schooling to a fixed proportion of their total family expenditure. This approach links the definition of ‘low-cost’ to internationally accepted poverty lines. Two examples from recent research in South Sudan and Liberia illustrate the flexibility of the new method. The paper also addresses the ‘conundrum’ in the research literature, which suggests low-cost private schools are unaffordable for poorest families, when the same literature typically shows some of the poorest using these schools."
53	Mauro Carlos Moschetti	private education supply in disadvantaged areas of the city of buenos aires and ‘low-fee private schooling’: comparisons, contexts and implications	2015	https://epaa.asu.edu/ojs/article/view/1981	Paper	Descriptive	[P&E; OBS]	Argentina	Latin America	"Our analysis reveals a great heterogeneity in this sector of private education in Buenos Aires with regard to financing structures, monthly fees, and the legal forms in which schools operate. We also find the presence of a significant religious component. We suggest the possibility that private provision has helped to mitigate coverage imbalances at a 'micro-local' level in some of the studied areas. Our comparative approach evidences that the notion of LFPS provides a more normative than descriptive view, limiting the perception of a phenomenon that is actually much broader, multifaceted and dynamic."
54	Antoni Verger, Xavıer Bonal, Adrián Zancajo	What Are the Role and Impact of Public-Private Partnerships in Education? A Realist Evaluation of the Chilean Education Quasi-Market	2015	https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/685557	Paper	Descriptive	[TC]	Chile	Latin America	"This study is based on the case of Chile—the most market-oriented education system in the world—and examines how few of the taken-for-granted benefits of market-oriented provision either have been or can be fulfilled, due to the nature of the supply structure and to the effects of agents’ expectations and behaviors."
55	Andreu Termes, Xavier Bonal, Antoni Verger, Adrià Zancajo, Lizeth López, Yenny C. Ramírez, Sierram Angélica	Public-private partnerships in Colombian education: the equity and quality impications of "Colegios en concesión"	2015	https://ddd.uab.cat/record/163524	Paper	Descriptive	[TC]	Colombia	Latin America	"This study shows that the CEC program has not achieved the expected results: these schools enjoy only of moderate levels of school autonomy; their economic efficiency largely relies on a drastic worsening of teachers' employment conditions; many CEC schools have strategically selected their students during enrollment processes, though this practice is not allowed by the Education Department; and the pedagogical differentiation that these schools have promoted within the education system has not necessarily translated into substantive academic improvement. In fact, in relation to the latter, we have observed that in terms of learning outcomes, there are not statistically signifi cant differences between CEC and public schools after controlling for school day and the economic status of students. "
56	Ben Jongbloed, Hans Vossensteyn	Access and Expansion Post-Massification - Opportunities and Barriers to Further Growth in Higher Education Participation	2015	https://books.google.com/books?id=VpM0CwAAQBAJ&dq=(Educat+OR+school+OR+tutor+OR+learn+OR+teach+OR+instruct+OR+pedagog+OR+provider/provision)+AND+(Privat+OR+market+OR+neoliberal+OR+fee+OR+cost+OR+low+cost+OR+LCPS+OR+low+fee+OR+low-fee+OR+LFP+OR+elite+OR+high+fee+OR+middle+fee)+AND+((Supply+OR+effect+OR&lr=	Book	Book	[TC]	Global	Global	"This edited collection addresses the crucial issues emerging from this ongoing expansion of higher education, focusing on how national systems of higher education can respond to demands for further expansion when traditional routes to higher education have been largely exhausted."
57	Liesbet Steer, Julia Gillard, Emily Gustafsson-Wright, Michael Latham	Non-state actors in education in developing countries A framing paper for discussion	2015	https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/102215-Non-State-Actors-in-Education-Framing-paper-Final.pdf	Paper	Descriptive	[TC]	Global	Global	"Beginning with some big picture facts, this paper develops a detailed language around non-state actors in education. We then outline current issues and poles ofdebate around engagement of non-state actors in education and provide an assessment of the depth of available data and evidence. To close, we establish a typology and propose a framework for discussions around the role of non-state actors in basic education and how these actors can best contribute to the achievement of Education for All and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Our paper refers largely to basic education, including pre-primary, primary, and lower-secondary, as this is the main focus of much recent discussion around the role of non-state actors in education and an area of strong growth in developing countries.
58	Rolla Moumné, Charlotte Saudemont	Overview of the role of private providers in education in light of the existing international legal framework : investments in private education: undermining or contributing to the full development of the human right to education?	2015	http://repositorio.minedu.gob.pe/handle/123456789/4014	Paper	Descriptive	[TC]	Global	Global	"This paper aims at giving an overview of private education – notably for-profit private education and the legal issues at the international level. The main question that this paper intends to answer is: how can the commercialization of education be reconciled with internationally recognized human rights?"
59	Tahir Andrabi, Jishnu Das, Asim Ijaz Khwaja	Delivering education : a pragmatic framework for improving education in low-income countries	2015	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/439891468001164200/Delivering-education-a-pragmatic-framework-for-improving-education-in-low-income-countries	Report	Report	[TC]	Global	Global	"But rather than first resolve the question of how child welfare is to be adjudicated, this paper argues instead for a `pragmatic framework’. In this pragmatic framework, policy takes into account the full schooling environment—which includes public, private and other types of providers—and is actively concerned with first alleviating constraints that prohibit parents and schools from fulfilling their own stated objectives. Using policy actionable experiments as examples, this paper shows that the pragmatic approach can lead to better schooling for children. Alleviating constraints by providing better information, better access to finance or greater access to skilled teachers brings more children into school and increases test-scores in language and mathematics. These areas of improvement are very similar to those where there is already a broad societal consensus that improvement is required. "
60	Mark Curtis	DFID’S Controversial Support for Private Education	2015	http://curtisresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/Report-DFID-Education-Curtis-September-2015.pdf	Report	Report	[TC]	Global	Global	"This strategy, alongside DFID’s promotion of private education, raises clear concerns that policies may be more about finding new markets for British companies than genuinely addressing education needs in developing countries."
61	James Tooley, David Longfield	The Role and Impact of Private Schools in Developing Countries: A response to the DFID-commissioned "Rigorous Literature Review".	2015	https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4e10/95fc08bc508fd65e71c305cf71a5038b675a.pdf	Response to DFID review	Report	[S; OR]	Global	Global	"This response to that report suggests that these findings may not adequately reflect the studies surveyed, as the Rigorous Reviewhas shortcomings in the following three main areas: 1 reading of evidence; 2 assumptions; 3 evidence missed or duplicated."
62	Nisha Thapliyal	Privatized Rights, Segregated Childhoods: A Critical Analysis of Neoliberal Education Policy in India	2015	https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-981-4585-57-6_14	Part of a book	Book chapter	[TC]	India	South Asia	Book
63	Sulleiman Adediran	Forces of educational policy change since 2000 in Nigeria	2015	http://nigeria-del-unesco.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/EFA-Achievements-and-Challenges.pdf	Paper	Descriptive	[TC]	Nigeria	Sub Saharan Africa	"recognise the key role of private providers in the education delivery system"
64	Rabia Malik, Faisal Bari, Irfan Muzaffar, Taha Mashhood, Abuzar Ali	Partnerships for Management: Evidence from Punjab and Sindh	2015	https://www.academia.edu/15328083/Partnerships_for_Management_Evidence_from_Punjab_and_Sindh	Report	Report	[TC]	Pakistan	South Asia	"The study provides evidence of signiﬁcant improvements in 'adopted'/PfM schools in Punjab and Sindh. Thesehave higher enrollments, beer infrastructure facilies, and higher levels of learning outcomes (parcularly inPunjab). Increases in enrollments are higher for longer periods of adopon. Teachers and head-teachers in PfMschools are receiving beer capacity building support."
65	Maria Balarín	The Default Privatization of Peruvian Education and the Rise of Low-fee Private Schools: Better or Worse Opportunities for the Poor?	2015	http://repositorio.minedu.gob.pe/handle/123456789/3633	Paper	Descriptive	[TC]	Peru	Latin America	"This paper will focus on these two aspects of educational privatization: how the process of default privatization has taken place in an extremely weak regulatory context, and how families from poor backgrounds make decisions about sending their children to low-fee private schools. Framing the case study are a set of more conceptual reflections drawn from the literature on how markets in education work and how some of the trends identifi ed in more institutionalized—better regulated, publicly funded—educational markets might deepen in a much more weakly institutionalized context like that of Peru (Balarin 2008). The study’s fi ndings challenge uncritical accounts of low-fee private education which portray it as an area of hope and greater opportunities for poor families, and raises serious questions with regard to the way in which this form of privatization might be intensifying educational segregation while misleadingly capitalizing on the hopes and dreams of the poor."
66	Tamo Chattopadhay, Olavo Nogueira	Public–Private Partnership In Education: A Promising Model from Brazil	2014	https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jid.2930	Case study	Descriptive	[TC]	Brazil	Latin America	"The paper argues that the partnership represents a promising model for addressing the challenges of secondary education in Brazil."
67	William C. Brehm, Iveta Silova	Hidden privatization of public education in Cambodia: Equity implications of private tutoring	2014	http://www.j-e-r-o.com/index.php/jero/article/view/409	Paper	Descriptive	[P&E; OBS]	Cambodia	East Asia and Pacific	"Drawing on a preliminary analysis of qualitative and quantitative data, including 26 classroom observations, six focus groups with a total of 37 participants, grade tracking of 36 students, and informal interviews with 10 participants, this article examines the nature, scope, and equity implications of private tutoring in Cambodia. The article concludes by explaining how a seamless combination of public schooling and private tutoring creates an educational arrangement that continues to stratify Cambodian youth along socioeconomic lines."
68	Christopher A. Neilson	Targeted Vouchers, Competition Among Schools, and the Academic Achievement of Poor Students	2014	https://christopherneilson.github.io/work/documents/Neilson_SEPVouchers.pdf	Paper	General equilibrium model	[P&E; OBS]	Chile	Latin America	"In particular, the increase in performance of for-profit private schools is interesting to study given that generally transfers would not necessarily be passed on to students via higher quality. To approach this question, this paper uses the empirical model to better understand why for-profit schools’ incentives to invest in quality may have changed." "The empirical results show that the introduction of a larger voucher for poor students diminishes schools’ local market power in poor neighborhoods. Part of this result is on impact by allowing poor students to consider attending better schools that would have been too expensive without the voucher program. Part of this result is due to the overall increase in school quality of competitors. The model estimates indicate that the introduction of targeted vouchers effectively raised competition in these neighborhoods by reducing the role of prices in limiting the choices of these families and increasing school quality in poor neighborhoods. In addition, schools that suffered changes to their market power after the policy also produced larger increases to their quality, supporting the idea that the competitive channel played a role in the observed rise in school achievement."
69	Caine Rolleston, Modupe Adefeso-Olateju	De Facto Privatisation of Basic Education in Africa: A Market Response to Government Failure? A Comparactive Study of the Cases of Ghana and Nigeria	2014	https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=eJ9wCQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA25&dq=non-state+providers+in+education&ots=SvKMIqrlmp&sig=OM5udz2SR9NoWEJGYgdvVJuUiNI#v=onepage&q=non-state%20providers%20in%20education&f=false	Book chapter	Book chapter	[P&E; OBS]	Ghana, Nigeria	Sub Saharan Africa	Book
70	Stephen P. Heyneman, Jonathan M. B. Stern	Low cost private schools for the poor: What public policy is appropriate?	2014	https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0738059313000059	Paper	Descriptive	[TC]	Global	Global	"One recommendation is that although children from low-income families attend non-government schools, they continue to be citizens; hence they should not be excluded from poverty assistance strategies. A second recommendation is to expand government statistical functions so that non-government schools are regularly included in the calculations of enrollment rates. Lastly, the paper does not recommend voucher or other program of publically financed school choice on the grounds that the public sector should remain the main conduit for public schooling. It does, however, raise questions as to the limits of the public sector in delivering high quality schooling and whether these limits should be more candidly acknowledged."
71	Tingting Liu , Suzanne Wilkinson	Using public-private partnerships for the building and management of school assets and services	2014	https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/ECAM-10-2012-0102/full/html	Theoretical paper	Descriptive	[TC]	Global	Global	"By examining the procedural and organisational arrangements from a comparative perspective, the research finds that, for a successful school PPP, the followings are critical: sound business case development; size-adjusted and streamlined tendering process; localised private sector partner and streamlined finance; extensive stakeholder engagement; and effective governance and organisational structure and enhanced partnership."
72	Sultan Barakat, Frank Hardman, Brigitte Rohwerder, Kathryn Rzeszut	The evidence for the sustainable scale-up of low-cost private schools in South West Asia	2014	https://eppi.ioe.ac.uk/cms/Default.aspx?tabid=3447	Report	Review	[S; SR]	Global	Global	"The search results found there is no uniform definition of low-cost private schools and there has been little engagement with the concept of sustainable scale up of such schools in the South and West Asia region. Overall, the search found a weak evidence base to inform policy on the sustainable scale of low-cost private schools in the region, particularly in the area of the long-term, financial sustainability of such schools in conflict affected states. There was also a paucity of research into the impact of low-cost private schools on family income."
73	Manabi Majumdar	The Shadow School System and New Class Divisions in India	2014	https://www.perspectivia.net/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/ploneimport_derivate_00011898/majumdar_shadow.doc.pdf	Paper	Descriptive	[P&E; OBS]	India	South Asia	"This paper seeks to examine the growth, scale, causes and consequences of supplementary private tutoring, keeping an empirical focus on school education in India and West Bengal. Drawing on ethnographic research and available qualitative and quantitative data, we examine the pedagogic characteristics of private tutoring, study its effects on school processes and learning outcomes of tutees, and ask whether privately paid education inputs reinforce rather than reduce social inequality. We argue that in addition to the equity question, there persists a corruptionrelated concern: excessive commercialisation evident in the tutoring market is highly likely to corrupt nonmarket values that constitute the civic enterprise of education"
74	O. Shiji	Public–Private Partnership and Indian Higher Education	2014	https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/2347631114539885	Descriptive paper	Descriptive	[TC]	India	South Asia	"This article analyzes the role and importance of public–private partnerships in Indian higher education system. The author points out some of the arguments for and against public–private partnership in education and some measures that the government can adopt to promote public–private partnership in education. The case of Indian higher education sector is also analyzed in another section. The article concludes that there must be a healthy partnership in the field of education by helping each other and contributing together. This study is descriptive in nature and based fully on secondary data."
75	Mahesh Dahal, Qyunh Nguyen	Private Non-State Sector Engagement in the Provision of Educational Services at the Primary and Secondary Levels in South Asia: An Analytical Review of its Role in School Enrollment and Student Achievement	2014	https://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/abs/10.1596/1813-9450-6899	Policy report	Review	[S; OR]	India, Nepal, Pakistan	South Asia	"Data for India, Nepal, and Pakistan show that on average, private schools perform at least as well as government schools on student test scores, after controlling for socioeconomic factors, and they do so at significantly lower costs to society. However, student achievement varies greatly across schools of each type, with many weak private schools as well as strong government schools. Substantial, albeit indirect, evidence points to teacher behavior and accountability as an important driver of the effectiveness of private schools. In the long run, however, many factors may play important roles in sustaining the private sector's advantage. Another risk is that overall poor quality in a large government sector may set a low benchmark for the private sector. The findings cast doubt on the effectiveness of government regulations for private schools, given weak institutional capacity. Public-private partnerships with effective accountability mechanisms could leverage both equity and efficiency."
76	Frank-Borge Wiestzke	Historical Origins of Uneven Service Supply in Sub-Saharan Africa. The Role of Non-State Providers	2014	https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00220388.2014.936398	Paper	Regression	[P&E; OBS]	Madagascar	Sub Saharan Africa	"The article exploits an original data set with unusually detailed information on missionary education and contemporary local private school supply. The results indicate high levels of persistence in non-state schooling at the geographic level. The long tradition of faith-based education appears to contribute to religious differences that overlap only imperfectly with more widely studied ethnic divides."
77	Ravish Amjad, Gordon MacLeod	Academic effectiveness of private, public and private–public partnership schools in Pakistan	2014	https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0738059314000133	Paper	Regression	[P&E; OBS]	Pakistan	South Asia	"Our results show that:private school students in Pakistan, do outperform their government colleagues. This effect persists even after account is taken of other variables (child, household and school). PPP students also outperform their government counterparts but this effect disappears when account is taken of private tuition. students from the lowest-fee private schools outperform students from government schools and higher fee school students generally outperform the lowest fee schools but this latter difference seems attributable to factors other than solely the higher fee level itself."
78	Anam Javed, Rukhsana Kausar, Nashi Khan	Effect of School System And Gender on Moral Values and Forgiveness in Pakistani School Children	2014	https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1086251	Paper	Descriptive	[P&E; OBS]	Pakistan	South Asia	"Analysis revealed that type of school and gender only showed main effects on moral values and forgiveness. Children from private school and girls had higher tendency to forgive, had better attitude towards forgiveness and high morality as compared to public school children. Findings have important implications for public sector school systems with regard to their role in moral development of children in Pakistan."
79	Dhushyanth Raju, Nguyen, Quynh Thu Nguyen, Quynh T. Nguyen	Private school participation in Pakistan	2014	http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/426541468145475006/Private-school-participation-in-Pakistan	Descriptive paper	Descriptive	[P&E; OBS]	Pakistan	South Asia	"Private schooling is highly concentrated, with a few districts (situated mainly in northern Punjab province) accounting for most of the private school students. Private school participation among children varies largely from one household to another, rather than within households, and to a greater extent than does government school participation. The spatial patterns of private school supply are often strongly correlated with the spatial patterns of private school participation. In the 2000s, private school participation rates grew in Punjab, Sindh, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa provinces and across socioeconomic subgroups, contributing in particular to the growth in overall school participation rates for boys, children from urban households, and children from households in the highest wealth quintile. Nevertheless, the composition of private school students has become less unequal over time. This trend has been driven mainly by Punjab province, which has seen declines in the shares of private school students from urban households and households in the highest wealth quintile. "
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