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1 | Stakeholders E-Consultation: Inputs to Interactive Dialogue - Minimizing and Addressing ocean acidification, deoxygenation and ocean warming | ||||||||||||
2 | This file compiles inputs from from non-governmental organizations, civil society organizations, academic institutions, the scientific community, the private sector, philanthropic organizations, major groups and other stakeholders on elements for the concept papers of the 2020 UN Ocean Conference interactive dialogues. Outcomes may contain advice, opinions and statements of various information providers. The United Nations does not represent or endorse the accuracy or reliability of any advice, opinion, statement or other information provided through this e-consultation. Our office reserves the right to delete any content/input that is not aligned with the United Nations Charter and/or the principles and purposes of the 2020 United Nations Conference to support the implementation of Sustainable Development Goal 14. | ||||||||||||
3 | Name of Organization | Country | What are the main challenges and opportunities related to minimizing and addressing ocean acidification, deoxygenation and ocean warming? | What measures should be promoted to address current gaps and challenges related to minimizing and addressing ocean acidification, deoxygenation and ocean warming? | Please, list examples of impactful existing partnerships related to minimizing and addressing ocean acidification, deoxygenation and ocean warming, especially scientific and technological innovation-based partnerships. | Please, list key recommendations for minimizing and addressing ocean acidification, deoxygenation and ocean warming that could be discussed during this interactive dialogue. | Sector | ||||||
4 | Ocean Energy Europe | Belgium | It should be made more clear that climate change is the ultimate cause of these phenomena, and that fighting climate change is the only option in fighting them. | The energy system should be decarbonised as rapidly as possible. Oceans should be no longer seen as only the victim but as a way to contribute to this - ocean energy can provide 100 GW of clean, renewable energy by 2050 in Europe alone, more than 300 GW globally. | European Commission funds several ocean energy companies and researchers that develop innovative solutions to harness energy from the oceans. | The oceans' role in fighting climate change - the potential of ocean energy | Trade association | ||||||
5 | Association for Farmers Rights Defense, AFRD | Georgia | Very important to conserve Marine Biodiversity and provide lab in vitro propagation | Reduce wasting of Ocean and Sea Waters and avoid reducing of plankton | New technologies should be used for water quality analysis and detection of level oxide and acidification processes like early warning systems | Usage of renewable energy resources, digital technologies and ban of oceans polution | Civil society organization | ||||||
6 | University of Gothenburg | SE | There are significant effort to address these issues (e.g. SDG 14.3) but the proposed methods are not always adequate and limit the possibility to develop and implement solutions: - Monitoring is developing nicely but often are focusing on the wrong spatio-temporal scale ("climate" rather than the biologically relevant "weather"). - A strong gap is the poor understanding on the mechanisms behind the ecosystem response. To be able to upscale from physico-chemical change to ecosystem and society, it is critical to understand factors such as response to natural variability, interaction between drivers, local adaptation, ecology and evolution. - Science is strong when it comes to the global level but many gaps remains at the local scale. This is critical for an efficient development and implementation of solutions (both for mitigation through a more efficient communication approach and adaptation). | - Development of a coordinated research strategy going beyond monitoring. Priorities should be given to local strategy focusing on solutions (e.g. efficient strategies leading to mitigations through policies and public acceptance and change (ocean literacy and efficient communication staretgies); e.g. better understanding of trade-offs for different adaptation strategies). - Implementation of this strategy through adequate funding scheme as well as capacity building - Development of a scientifically based evaluation of impacts focusing on change. This would allow to improve communication between stakeholders, refine the scientific strategy and identify priorities. | https://www.iaea.org/services/oa-icc http://www.goa-on.org/ https://cecar.gu.se/ | Clearly identify and highlight a strategy beyond monitoring. This should include scientific (e.g. monitoring at the relevant scale, biological mechanistic understanding) and communication strategies leading to change beyond data acquisition and information transfer. An efficient evaluation process focusing on "change" (efficient implementation of solutions) should also be developed and scientifically based (e.g. theoretical framework of large scale collective actions). Local needs (based on the previous Points) should be identified and linked to capacity building. | Academic institution | ||||||
7 | Gatef organization | Egypt | Ocean pollution of all kinds seriously damages marine ecosystems. The decline in biodiversity will have severe consequences for the ecosystem and humankind. The fish and marine animals that we consume may be exposed to pollution, which will lead to a decline in the income of the five hundred and forty million people who depend on fishing and damaging their boats and installations in the long term. Therefore, the new sustainable development goal on the seas and oceans calls for the conservation of the oceans, the reduction of pollution and the restoration of fish stocks, and the practice of sustainable fishing, in accordance with the framework established by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, that is, the Montego Bay Convention. | Objective: To conserve and use the oceans, seas and marine resources in a sustainable manner for sustainable development | Important links Sites and information French Development Agency Development assistance and emergency humanitarian action Sustainable development and development assistance Diagram: French ODA Millennium Development Goals Sustainable Development Goals Development - World Toilet Day (19 November 2017) Global Forum "Convergences" (Paris, 4 and 5 September 2017) 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development - What has France achieved so far? (May 2017) Health, gender and development Emergency humanitarian action News and events related to development assistance and emergency humanitarian action Climate and environment | Conservation and sustainable use of oceans, seas and marine resources Oceans, seas and coastal areas provide the world with many commodities for human well-being and global food security. Fisheries and aquaculture offer great opportunities to reduce hunger, improve nutrition, reduce poverty, generate economic growth, and ensure better use of natural resources. The aquaculture sector is the fastest growing food sector and has the potential to produce the fish needed to help meet the needs of the growing population. However, overfishing threatens livelihoods, unregulated expansion of aquaculture can lead to pollution, and high levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere contribute to ocean acidification. | Civil society organization | ||||||
8 | World Animal Net | South Africa | Intensive animal agriculture is a key source of ocean acidification, deoxygenation and ocean warming. The main challenge in dealing with this is that you are trying to address an entrenched industry, with rich and powerful actors, and considerable government support. Whilst governments give lip service to the need to move towards agro-ecological solutions, they do not act to make this happen. They even continue to give subsidies and incentives to industries which cause ocean acidification, deoxygenation and ocean warming. Also, all major UN flagship reports reflect the fact that there needs to be a change to our broken food systems, including dietary change - away from meat and dairy. However, this has not yet been actioned in an effective way. | There needs to be policy change based on precautionary solutions, effective regulation and taxation of unsustainable practices. Including a real commitment towards regenerative agriculture/agro-ecology, and dietary change to reduce meat and dairy consumption, and move towards plant-based solutions. It is time for agricultural corporations to be held responsible for their environmental impacts. Precautionary solutions are needed, including effective regulation and financial penalties. Measures should include action to ensure that products reflect the full costs of production, including fees for any allowable resource usage and wastes and disincentives/penalties for deleterious actions. | Examination of the impact of intensive food production on oceans, and the range of policy changes available to deal with this. Including: Control and regulation against environmental impacts, including run-off into water sources and oceans. Examine and reassess all funding and development projects which may adversely impact waters and oceans (agriculture, aquaculture etc.). Taxation of unsustainable practices. Internalising externalities/financial penalties Removal of all perverse subsidies, and re-slant financial support towards conversion to environmentally-friendly alternatives, such as agro-ecology. Promote dietary change away from environmentally-unfriendly products, such as meat and dairy. | Civil society organization | |||||||
9 | Deep Ocean Stewardship Initiative and DOOS | USA | Challenges are: (i) Raising awareness of the dangers of warming, deoxygenation and acidification in the ocean and how they act together. (ii) Conducting temperature, oxygen and carbonate system observations and monitoring at sufficient time and space resolution to provide mechanistic understanding of forcing consequences and enable realistic modeling of future change. (iii) Conducting biological observations and monitoring at comparable resolutions to the environmental data (in ii) to better understand the impacts and anticipate vulnerability. (iv) Tackling the complexity of interactions among climate drivers necessary to assess impacts and develop solutions to mitigate these impacts at depth. (v) Developing policy instruments that promote holistic, multi-stressor approaches and cover the entire ocean. Opportunities: Address challenges in the context of the Decade for Ocean Science for Sustainable Development. | -Acknowledge (i) the links between climate and biodiversity at CBD, UNFCCC, BBNJ discussions) (ii) the importance of seafloor- water column ecosystem interactions in the global regulation of OA and deoxygenation. -Demonstrate common solutions to warming, acidification, deoxygenation. -Integrate the global change marine science community across science domains -Develop monitoring efforts in the context of GOOS/DOOS and Essential Ocean Variables. -Leverage existing long-term monitoring and paleo data; combine abiotic and biotic monitoring programs. -Integrate studies at vulnerable sentinel sites to elucidate mechanism and improve prediction capacity -Use biotic response to natural gradients in the ocean to understand the interaction of stressors in the field -Identify relevant space and time scales in the manifestation of warming, oxygen loss and acidification, including short, high-impact events -Expand SDG 14.3 to include warming and deoxygenation to recognize their interaction. | Deep-Ocean Stewardship Initiative; https://www.dosi-project.org/topics/climate-change/ DOSI Policy Brief: https://www.dosi-project.org/wp-content/uploads/053-DOSI-Deoxygenation-V9.pdf Global Ocean Oxygen Network: https://en.unesco.org/go2ne and IUCN Deoxygenation Report https://www.iucn.org/theme/marine-and-polar/our-work/climate-change-and-oceans/ocean-deoxygenation IPCC SROCC https://www.ipcc.ch/srocc/ DOSI-FAO collaboration. FAO. 2019. Deep-ocean climate change impacts on habitat, fish and fisheries, by Lisa Levin, Maria Baker, and Anthony Thompson (eds). FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper No. 638. Rome, FAO. 186 pp. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 I http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/CA2528EN/ | • Make carbon neutrality a target for all ocean industry and activities. • Expand/enhance blue-carbon ecosystems • Avoid ocean activities that impair biological carbon sequestration or release CO2, methane and N2O. Develop offshore wind and solar technologies to minimize adverse impacts • Reduce nutrient inputs from land • Stop oil and gas extraction from the seafloor • Promote collaboration between scientists and industry to develop Carbon Dioxide Removal technologies including via bioinspiration • Coordinate and extend ocean observing, particularly for deep ocean and biogeochemical/ecological processes, via the Deep Ocean Observing Strategy. • Prioritize transfer of monitoring technology and technical knowledge to developing countries. • Build climate into spatial planning and design of habitat protection and into environmental impact assessment. • Promote climate conscious fisheries practices • Develop mitigation and adaptation policy for areas beyond national jurisdiction | Scientific community | ||||||
10 | Bracenet GmbH | Germany | Eutrophication of the seas owed by higher levels of nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus created by human activities. The nutrients get into the water from agriculture, wastewater treatment plants and industries and cause a increased growth of phytoplankton. In this areas is fewer sunlight for other underwater-plants and additionally dead phytoplankton sinks to the ground and is dismantled by bacterias under oxygen consumption. This leads to so-called ‚dead zones‘ where the biodiverity of flora and fauna declines sharply. Mean sources for this entries are untreated wastewater wordwide (for example 53% in the Mediterranean Sea) and a higher fertilizer consumption in agriculture due to a rise of world population and thereby a higher consumption of meat. So a part of this problem could be solved by increasing peoples awareness for this problem and to explain, that everybody could be part of the solution by overthinking and reducing their meat consumption. | There already are some measures to fight this problem, like the EU Water Framework Directive, but this seems to be not enough to handle it. For example in Germany the coastal and transitional waters of the German North Sea and Baltic Sea still fail to achieve “good ecological status” mainly caused by the high concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus. So what are the plans to fix these problems worldwide and how will it be managed? Are there plans for stricter and more extensive measures and laws to reduce the nutrient entries into the water? And are actions planned to increase peoples awareness for this big threat and the correlation with meat consumption? | Private sector | ||||||||
11 | ICOMOS-International Committee on the Underwater Cultural Heritage | France | It is known that the impact of increased ocean acidity will have detrimental consequences on marine fauna, but also on irreplaceable cultural heritage, but to what extent is not well understood. For example, changes in pH has the potential to exacerbate erosion of stone-made structures such as ancient harbours as well as the corrosion of metal shipwrecks. This threat, combined with sea warming is closely related to the possibility of the more rapid deterioration of shipwrecks containing historic pollutant cargoes which would in some locations threaten the Decade’s societal goal of achieving ‘a clean ocean’, noting that the impact of deoxygetaion could reduce corrosive processes. The challenge is to acquiree more scientific knowledge to enable mitigation of the risks. | A greater level of knowledge of the impact of acidification, deoxygenation and sea warming is required to enable more informed decisions relating to the in situ preservation of underwater cultural heritage. | The SASMAP project included site monitoring which included monitoring of pH, salinity and temperature, but further projects spanning different ocean environments are required. See http://sasmap.eu Data-sharing from SASMAP and other cultural projects is likely to be useful within the framework of other marine sciences. A great level of interaction and interdisciplinary partnerships as demonstrated by this project should be replicated and increased, which will benefit a broad range of marine disciplines. | From a cultural heritage perspective, a greater level of understanding of the impact of acidification, deoxygenation and ocean warming is required. More interdisciplinary science-based projects are required that will, if possible, include the impact on underwater cultural heritage | Civil society organization | ||||||
12 | Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) | United States | Coral reef ecosystems face a dire outlook and provide a critical contribution to marine biodiversity, yet are insufficiently represented in SDG Targets/Indicators (and other multilateral frameworks). As stated, it is critical to dedicate space to unique and vulnerable ecosystems like coral reefs that are threatened by climate change and other direct and indirect threats. We urge the contributions of these coral reef ecosystems to be reflected in the intergovernmental declaration, as well as the need for global cooperation for their conservation. | To this end, we draw attention to the Bloomberg Philanthropies Vibrant Oceans Initiative, which brings together leading partners on ocean conservation to ensure ocean ecosystems survive and thrive, despite the growing threat of climate change. WCS is a partner in this initiative, and is undertaking extensive work to improve the monitoring of coral reef ecosystem integrity, health and function, and to use this to inform global policy. | Civil society organization | ||||||||
13 | World Ocean Council | USA - Global | Having cost effective ocean observations on ocean acidification, deoxygenation and ocean warming at sufficient scale and frequency in many parts of the ocean. Engaging the private sector as a partner in data collection and sharing. | Developing the role of private sector "ships and platforms of opportunity" to collect data on ocean acidification, deoxygenation and ocean warming by hosting or deploying instrumentation. Encouraging and facilitating companies to share data that they already have, e.g. from EIAs and baseline studies. | The World Ocean Council is the leading, unique partnership of the diverse global business and investment community, bringing together all sectors operating in the ocean, all the sectors that support those direct ocean users, as well as the finance, insurance and legal communities. The WOC "SMART Ocean-SMART Industries" program works with companies from all sectors to foster and facilitate their involvement in (or scaling up of) collecting data by hosting or deploying instrumentation and encouraging them to share data that they already have collected. This includes a focus on collecting and sharing data on ocean acidification, deoxygenation and ocean warming. https://www.oceancouncil.org/global-issues-platforms/program-focus/smart-oceans-smart-industries/ | Global business organizations, such as the World Ocean Council, which have programs working to scale up ocean data collection and sharing by the private sector, such as the WOC "SMART Ocean-SMART Industries" program, should be supported in these efforts to cost effectively increase industry efforts to collect and share data on ocean acidification, deoxygenation and ocean warming. | Private sector | ||||||
14 | Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS) | Germany | We are witnessing continued loss of biodiversity, overfishing, habitat destruction, pollution, and many other serious impacts from human activities – all compounded by climate change, ocean deoxygenation and acidification. The 2019 IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate highlights the impact that climate change is already having on our Blue Planet. | Address climate change, deoxygenation and ocean acidification in marine regions through ocean-based solutions and adaptive governance. | Policymakers should, at all scales, build on the IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate and develop robust measures aimed to mitigate and adapt to climate change impacts on the ocean, e.g. implement nature-based solutions and develop regional strategies to adapt to moving fish stocks. In this regard, regional and sectoral organisations have a key role to play in supporting ocean resilience to climate change by reducing other human pressures on the marine environment, especially by facilitating intersectoral cooperation and coordination. The upcoming UNFCCC COPs provide important opportunities for strengthening the integration of ocean-related issues into the climate discussions. In addition to ambitious land-based mitigation action, Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) should include marine components, as this will be key to reducing climate impacts. This could be facilitated through regional arrangements or dedicated initiatives. | Academic institution | |||||||
15 | Asabe Shehu Yar'adua Foundation (ASYARFS) | United States,Nigeria,Ghana and Germany | DISPOSAL of waste, burning of fossil fuels, improper land management, industrialization, Carbon pollution | Reduce plastic addiction, Conserve water, Reduce, Reuse and Recycle | UNEP- United Nation environment program 4Ocean | Reducing the comsuption of carbon-oriented energy sources Use of alternative water sources, strict and relevant regulations | Civil society organization | ||||||
16 | CESAM - University of Aveiro | Portugal | - The main challenge for the Portuguese EEZ is to understand the influence of the upwelling system as driver of exchanges of CO2 between the atmosphere and the ocean. For that, the carbon cycle modeling in the region should be addressed at the scale of the upwelling ecosystem. - To understand the carbon cycle in the Macaronesian region (Canary-Madeira-Azores) island, as the Azores and Canary currents are the boundaries of waters that release CO2 to the atmosphere (to the south), from waters that uptake CO2 from the atmosphere to the North. | Monitoring the carbon and oxygen cycles in the EEZ of Portugal. No systematic measurements of the variables of those cycles are being taken in the open ocean or in the continental shelf. This is crucial for modeling activities and to understand the seasonal cycle, the inter annual variabilidty and the trends in carbon and oxygen cycles. | ARIOS: Acidification in the Rias and Iberian Oceanic Continental Shelf: Biology and chemical speciation, leaded by IIM-CSIC-Vigo-Spain, with participation of Aveiro University | - Understand the role on the regional downscaling of the large scale simulations related to ocean warming, in particular the role of the salinity, and the structure of the stratification. -To investigate the effects of increase CO2 concentration in the future scenarios of climate change, at the regional scales, including interactions between the carbon and oxygen cicles with the remaining biogeochemical cycles, nutriens and production. | Academic institution | ||||||
17 | Ocean Conservancy | United States | Additional research is needed to understand the socioeconomic consequences of ocean acidification for coastal communities and for fisheries (both fin-fisheries and shellfisheries). Better indicators are needed to assess the status of ocean acidification in the ocean and its impacts on community vulnerability and adaptive capacity. Ocean Acidification data gaps exist in geographic areas that may be more vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. For example, the cold waters of the Arctic have the ability to absorb carbon dioxide more readily than warmer waters and ocean acidification may be occurring at a faster pace there than in warmer regions. | National investments in ocean acidification research and participation in international collaborations, such as the Global Ocean Acidification Observing Network (GOA-ON) and the International Alliance to Combat Ocean Acidification are appropriate steps to help close the socioeconomic knowledge and data gaps. Knowledge sharing about best policy and monitoring approaches, scientific protocols and models, is important for strengthening worldwide science and creating understanding of baseline conditions critical for detecting subsequent change. The International Alliance to Combat Ocean Acidification is designed to disseminate best practices and create a knowledge sharing community for policymakers focused on ocean acidification. | Ocean Conservancy leads The Pacific Rim Ocean-Climate Action Partnership (PROCAP), a voluntary initiative of national and subnational governments, corporate partners, intergovernmental organizations, and civil society organizations that are focused on the principles in its charter, including reaching net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by midcentury, realizing the potential of ocean-related mitigation, and maximizing ecosystem-based adaptation. Members of the Partnership pledge a) dramatically decrease CO2 emissions to address ocean acidification at the source and b) to communicate this ambition in updated climate plans — such as nationally determined contributions, long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies, and subnational climate commitments. At the time it was launched, during United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) COP25, membership included California, Costa Rica, Fiji, Panama, and Peru. The International Alliance to Combat Ocean Acidification (OA Alliance), launched in 2016 brings together governments and organizations dedicated to taking action to protect coastal communities and livelihoods from the threat of ocean acidification. | Additional research is needed to understand the socioeconomic consequences of ocean acidification for coastal communities and for fisheries (both fin-fisheries and shellfisheries). Better indicators are needed to assess the status of ocean acidification in the ocean and its impacts on community vulnerability and adaptive capacity. Ocean Acidification data gaps exist in geographic areas that may be more vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. National investments in ocean acidification research and participation in international collaborations, such as the Global Ocean Acidification Observing Network (GOA-ON) and the International Alliance to Combat Ocean Acidification are appropriate steps to help close the socioeconomic knowledge and data gaps. | Civil society organization | ||||||
18 | International Alliance to Combat Ocean Acidification | United States of America | -Political will to urgently & drastically reduce carbon dioxide emissions. -Connecting emergent science directly to decision makers. -Expanding nearshore & deep ocean monitoring networks that help determine where and at what rate regions are experiencing change. -Conducting national/regional studies to better understand the biological responses & vulnerability of local species to increased acidification. This includes studies that assess social, cultural or economic vulnerabilities related to ocean acidification, warming & deoxygenation cumulatively. -Governments must drive implementation of actions that address the causes of ocean acidification/increase adaptation & resiliency of coastal communities. - Information sharing at national, regional and state levels that help further demonstrate the types of comprehensive & integrated science, policy actions, pilots, & investments that are required to deliver SDG 14 & actualize tangible projects on the ground. | - Dramatically increase collective ambition to reduce CO2 emissions. -Governments can & should be taking actions now that allow for increased adaptation and resilience of vulnerable ecosystems & bolster some species’ ability to cope with future changes. -We must urge all participants of SDG 14 to create plans that will help governments & communities better understand, assess vulnerabilities and respond. -Actions must be innovative, scalable & replicable, address social & economic issues, cross-sectoral and multi-stakeholder, create co-benefits for sustainable development, & have measurable impacts. -Participants of SDG 14 should support the development & incorporation of acidification indicators & thresholds to guide adaptive management. -Government must be encouraged to establish an authorizing environment in which reducing CO2 emissions & protecting coastal & marine resources, communities & cultures are inextricably linked. | Partnerships with seafood growing and harvesting communities that will be most impacted by increased acidification. Partnerships with regional, state, municipal and tribal governments that all have something unique to lose from impacts to marine ecosystems, economies and resources and can serve as incubators for developing pilots related to localized monitoring, mitigation, adaptation and resiliency strategies. International organizations like the with IAEA- International Coordinating Center on OA (https://www.iaea.org/services/oa-icc) and Global Ocean Acidification Observing Network (GOA-ON) (http://www.goa-on.org/) that are working to increase scientific knowledge and understanding as well as grow capacity to measure ocean acidification and pH trends around the world. Entities that contribute the “Platform for Science-Based Ocean Solutions (PSBOS)” as launched by the COP25 Presidency. Governments, associations and institutions that contribute to the “Ocean Dialogue” as called for in the “COP25 Decision 1 Chile Madrid Time for Action,” | -Establish pH monitoring that can measure local variability & establish trends in ocean & coastal chemistry. -Contribute to global monitoring networks that are supporting OA specific indicator as established by SDG14.3.1 -Conduct localized vulnerability assessment to identify the risks OA poses to marine resources, communities, & economies. Improve knowledge of biological impacts to marine species. -Preserve, protect, restore all submerged aquatic vegetation, including seagrass, kelp, salt marshes, or mangroves which can sequester carbon, improve water quality locally, or provide protection for vulnerable marine species. -Where possible, co-locate the planting of aquatic ecosystems with vulnerable calcifying organisms like shellfish and coral reef. -Develop vegetation-based remediation systems, for use in upland habitats & in vulnerable areas. -Reduce impact of local land-based inputs & nutrients. -Incorporate OA into existing management practices. | Intergovernmental Voluntary: National, regional and subnational governments | ||||||
19 | Conservation International | USA | Global weather and climate patterns are driven by oceans – the oceans are the engine of climate. Hence the major changes happening in the oceans – warming, acidification, current shifts etc – are driving most climate change that matters. Recent fires in Australia and floods in east Africa were both driven by warming and related shifts in the Indian Ocean. Changes to the El Nino Pacific ocean system have major impacts on climate, drought etc in the Americas. Climate change is ocean change. The science of ocean change driving climate change is well established. The challenge is – how do we bring awareness of the central driving role of oceans in climate change? What are the actions and forums for driving ocean protection on a global scale – protecting the climate engine - as a climate change action. | Oceans as the driving engine of climate change needs to be fully recognized within the broad range of climate priorities, including within the UNFCCC but also all relevant other international forums. Simultansously countries should be encouraged to recognize the importance of oceans to climate stability. | DOSI | Discussion and capacity building on oceans as driver of climate change - climate change is ocean change Identification of key actions that can support the oceans in moderating climate change impacts | Civil society organization | ||||||
20 | Seas at Risk | Belgium | Immediately ban all new offshore oil and gas exploration and production, and rapidly phase out current offshore oil and gas extraction. Target 100 percent decarbonization of all shipping by 2035, and immediately ban heavy fuel oil use in the Arctic. Invest in nature-based solutions to maximize marine carbon sequestration and storage potential (e.g. protecting and restoring wetlands, mangroves and seagrass beds, and rebuilding wildlife). Invest in low-impact ocean-based renewable energy sectors. Commit to new and more ambitious national climate plans (NDCs) in 2020 that include the ocean (e.g. blue carbon storage, reduced emissions from ocean sectors, enhanced environmental and social resilience, adaptation benefits from ocean ecosystems), and accelerate their implementation. | Civil society organization | |||||||||
21 | Ocean Unite | International | Countries failing to slash greenhouse gas emissions as set out in the Paris Agreement’s target in order to keep heating below 1.5°C Special mention should be made of the severe crisis facing the world's remaining coral reefs. The impacts of climate change and ocean acidification on fisheries and global food security. The ocean biodiversity crisis and the climate crisis must be addressed together. | New oil and gas exploration and production must be banned and the development of marine renewables needs to be explored and where sustainable, financed and developed as part of a new, sustainable blue economy. The implementation of networks of strongly or fully protected areas covering at least 30% of the ocean is vital for building ecosystem resilience, enabling marine life to adapt to changing conditions and preserving ecosystem functions such as carbon sequestration and storage. The role of pollutants from land-based sources including agriculture in the expansions of dead zones around the world needs to be acknowledged and addressed. | RISE UP - a blue call to action https://www.riseupfortheocean.org/ RISE UP at the time of writing is supported by approx. 130 organisations worldwide and constitutes a plan of action that will restore ocean health | Immediately ban all new offshore oil and gas exploration and production, and rapidly phase out current offshore oil and gas extraction. Target 100 per cent decarbonization of all shipping by 2035, and immediately ban heavy fuel oil use in the Arctic. Invest in nature-based solutions to maximize marine carbon sequestration and storage potential (e.g. protecting and restoring wetlands, mangroves and seagrass beds, and rebuilding wildlife). Invest in low-impact ocean-based renewable energy sectors. Commit to new and more ambitious national climate plans (NDCs) in 2020 that include the ocean (e.g. blue carbon storage, reduced emissions from ocean sectors, enhanced environmental and social resilience, adaptation benefits from ocean ecosystems), and accelerate their implementation | Civil society organization | ||||||
22 | Oceano Azul Foundation | Portugal | The ocean crisis must be brought alongside the climate crisis as these are inextricably linked and we cannot address one without addressing the other. Coral reef die-offs, collapsing fish populations and species extinctions are evidence of the escalating ocean crisis brought about by overfishing, ocean heating, acidification, pollution and multiple other stressors. They are eroding the ocean’s ability to function as our life support system. Defending its capacity to produce oxygen, sequester carbon and provide food and livelihoods for billions of people is vital. At most we have 10 years to stay below the 1.5C heating threshold and avoid the existential risks to nature and people that crossing it will bring. | ● Immediately ban all new offshore oil and gas exploration and production, and rapidly phase out current offshore oil and gas extraction. ● Target 100 per cent decarbonization of all shipping by 2035, and immediately ban heavy fuel oil use in the Arctic. ● Invest in nature-based solutions to maximize marine carbon sequestration and storage potential (e.g. protecting and restoring wetlands, mangroves and seagrass beds, and rebuilding wildlife). | RISE UP - a Blue Call to Action https://www.riseupfortheocean.org/ RISE UP at the time of writing is supported by approx. 130 organisations worldwide and constitutes a plan of action that will restore ocean health | ● Eliminate all non-essential single use plastics and reduce plastic production by implementing zero-waste strategies by 2025. ● Stop any further development of new activities which harm ocean health, such as seabed mining. | Civil society organization | ||||||
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