Ranieri's Latin Pronunciation Chronology

	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	I	J	K	L	M	N	O	P	Q	R	S	T	U	V	W	X	Y	Z	AA	AB	AC	AD	AE	AF	AG	AH	AI	AJ	AK	AL	AM	AN	AO	AP	AQ	AR	AS	AT	AU	AV	AW	AX	AY	AZ	BA	BB
1	see notes below	Classical & Vernacular Pronunication in Rome, Italy																		Luke Amadeus Ranieri's LATIN PRONUNCIATION CHRONOLOGY Spreadsheet
2	Greek periods reference		Classical Greek			Koine Greek														Byzantine Greek																							Modern Greek
3	Latin periods reference						Old Latin				Au	Classical Latin			Ag		Late Latin												Mediaeval Latin										Renaissance Latin						Neo-Latin						Contemporary Latin
4	Colonizations								Roman Sardinia						Roman Dacia						Proto-Romance																		Italian
5		pre 500	500	450	400	350	300	250	200	150	100	50	0	50	100	150	200	250	300	350	400	450	500	550	600	650	700	750	800	850	900	950	1000	1050	1100	1150	1200	1250	1300	1350	1400	1450	1500	1550	1600	1650	1700	1750	1800	1850	1900	1950	2000	2050
6		6th c.	5th c.		4th c.		3rd c.		2nd c.		1st c.		1st c.		2nd c.		3rd c.		4th c.		5th c.		6th c.		7th c.		8th c.		9th c.		10th c.		11th c.		12th c.		13th c.		14th c.		15th c.		16th c.		17th c.		18th c.		19th c.		20th c.		21st c.

7	a open, stressed	See Footnote 1					a	a	a	a	a	a	a	a	aː	aː	aː	aː	aː	aː	aː	aː	aː	aː	aː	aː	aː	aː
8	a unstressed						a	a	a	a	a	a	a	a	a	a	a	a	a	a	a	a	a	a	a	a	a	a
9	e open, stressed	See Footnote 1,2					ɛ	ɛ	ɛ	ɛ	ɛ	ɛ	ɛ	ɛ	jɛː	jɛː	jɛː	jɛː	jɛː	jɛː	jɛː	jɛː	jɛː	jɛː	jɛː	jɛː	jɛː	jɛː
10	e closed, stressed						ɛ	ɛ	ɛ	ɛ	ɛ	ɛ	ɛ	ɛ	ɛ	ɛ	ɛ	ɛ	ɛ	ɛ	ɛ	ɛ	ɛ	ɛ	ɛ	ɛ	ɛ	ɛ
11	e unstressed	See Footnote 3					ɛ	ɛ	ɛ	ɛ	ɛ	ɛ	ɛ	ɛ	ɛ	ɛ	ɛ	ɛ	ɛ	ɛ	ɛ	ɛ	ɛ~e	ɛ~e	e	e	e	e
12	i open, stressed	See Footnote 4					i	i	i	i	i	i	i	i	e̝ː	eː	eː	eː	eː	eː	eː	eː	eː	eː	eː	eː	eː	eː
13	i unstressed or closed	See Footnote 4					i	i	i	i	i	i	i	i	e̝	e	e	e	e	e	e	e	e	e	e	e	e	e
14	i syllable final	See Footnote 4					i	i	i	i	i	i	i	e̝	e	e	e	e	e	e	e	e	e	e	e	e	e	e
15	i + vowel	See Footnote 5					i	i	i	i	i	i,j	i,j	i,j	j	j	j	j	j	j	j	j	j	j	j	j	j	j
16	o open, stressed	See Footnote 1,2					ɔ	ɔ	ɔ	ɔ	ɔ	ɔ	ɔ	ɔ	ɔː	ɔː	ɔː	ɔː	wɔː	wɔː	wɔː	wɔː	wɔː	wɔː	wɔː	wɔː	wɔː	wɔː
17	o closed, stressed						ɔ	ɔ	ɔ	ɔ	ɔ	ɔ	ɔ	ɔ	ɔ	ɔ	ɔ	ɔ	ɔ	ɔ	ɔ	ɔ	ɔ	ɔ	ɔ	ɔ	ɔ	ɔ
18	o unstressed	See Footnote 3					ɔ	ɔ	ɔ	ɔ	ɔ	ɔ	ɔ	ɔ	ɔ	ɔ	ɔ	ɔ	ɔ	ɔ	ɔ	ɔ	ɔ~o	ɔ	o	o	o	o
19	u open, stressed	See Footnote 4					u	u	u	u	u	u	u	u	uː	uː	uː	o̝ː	oː	oː	oː	oː	oː	oː	oː	oː	oː	oː
20	u closed, stressed	See Footnote 4					u	u	u	u	u	u	u	u	u	u	u	o̝	o	o	o	o	o	o	o	o	o	o
21	u unstressed	See Footnote 4					u	u	u	u	u	u	u	u	u	u	u	o̝	o	o	o	o	o	o	o	o	o	o
22	[sonus medius] u/i	See Footnote 6					u,ʉ	u,ʉ	ʉ,ɨ,i̥	ʉ,ɨ,i̥	ʉ,ɨ,i̥	ʉ,ɨ,i̥	ʉ,ɨ,i̥	ʉ,ɨ,i̥	ʉ,ɨ,i̥	u,i̥,i	u,i̥,i	u,i	u,i	u,i	u,i	u,i	u,i	u,i	u,i	u,i	u,i	u,i
23
24	ā open, stressed						aː	aː	aː	aː	aː	aː	aː	aː	aː	aː	aː	aː	aː	aː	aː	aː	aː	aː	aː	aː	aː	aː
25	ā unstressed or closed	See Footnote 7					aː	aː	aː	aː	aː	aː	aː	aː	aː	aː	aː	a	a	a	a	a	a	a	a	a	a	a
26	ē open, stressed	See Footnote 8					ɛː	ɛː	ɛː	ɛː	ɛː	ɛː	ɛː	eː	eː	eː	eː	eː	eː	eː	eː	eː	eː	eː	eː	eː	eː	eː
27	ē unstressed or closed	See Footnote 7					ɛː	ɛː	ɛː	ɛː	ɛː	ɛː	ɛː	eː	eː	eː	eː	e	e	e	e	e	e	e	e	e	e	e
28	ī open, stressed						iː	iː	iː	iː	iː	iː	iː	iː	iː	iː	iː	iː	iː	iː	iː	iː	iː	iː	iː	iː	iː	iː
29	ī unstressed or closed	See Footnote 7					iː	iː	iː	iː	iː	iː	iː	iː	iː	iː	iː	i	i	i	i	i	i	i	i	i	i	i
30	ō open, stressed	See Footnote 8					ɔː	ɔː	ɔː	ɔː	ɔː	ɔː	ɔː	oː	oː	oː	oː	oː	oː	oː	oː	oː	oː	oː	oː	oː	oː	oː
31	ō unstressed or closed	See Footnote 7					ɔː	ɔː	ɔː	ɔː	ɔː	ɔː	ɔː	oː	oː	oː	oː	o	o	o	o	o	o	o	o	o	o	o
32	ū open, stressed						uː	uː	uː	uː	uː	uː	uː	uː	uː	uː	uː	uː	uː	uː	uː	uː	uː	uː	uː	uː	uː	uː
33	ū unstressed	See Footnote 7					uː	uː	uː	uː	uː	uː	uː	uː	uː	uː	uː	u	u	u	u	u	u	u	u	u	u	u
34	ei open, stressed	See Footnote 9					e̝ː	e̝ː	e̝ː	iː	iː	iː	iː	iː	iː	iː	iː	iː	iː	iː	iː	iː	iː	iː	iː	iː	iː	iː
35	ei unstressed or closed	See Footnote 7,9					e̝ː	e̝ː	e̝ː	iː	iː	iː	iː	iː	iː	iː	iː	i	i	i	i	i	i	i	i	i	i	i
36
37	ae (ai) stressed	See Footnote 10					ai̯	ae̯	ae̯	ae̯	ɛː	ɛː	ɛː	ɛː	ɛː	ɛː	ɛː	ɛː	ɛː	ɛː	ɛː	ɛː	ɛː	ɛː	ɛː	ɛː	ɛː	ɛː
38	"										ae̯	ae̯	ae̯	ae̯	ae̯	ae̯	ae̯	ae̯
39	ae (ai) unstressed						ai̯	ae̯	ae̯	ae̯	ɛː	ɛː	ɛː	ɛː	ɛː	ɛː	ɛː	ɛ	ɛ	ɛ	ɛ	ɛ	ɛ	ɛ	ɛ	ɛ	ɛ	ɛ
40	"										ae̯	ae̯	ae̯	ae̯	ae̯	ae̯	ae̯	ae̯
41	oe (oi) stressed						oi̯	oe̯	oe̯	ɛː	ɛː	ɛː	eː	eː	eː	eː	eː	eː	eː	eː	eː	eː	eː	eː	eː	eː	eː	eː
42	"									oe̯	oe̯	oe̯	oe̯	oe̯	oe̯	oe̯	oe̯	oe̯
43	oe (oi) unstressed						oi̯	oe̯	oe̯	ɛː	ɛː	ɛː	eː	eː	eː	eː	eː	e	e	e	e	e	e	e	e	e	e	e
44	"									oe̯	oe̯	oe̯	oe̯	oe̯	oe̯	oe̯	oe̯	oe̯
45	au stressed						au̯	au̯	au̯	au̯	ɔː	ɔː	ɔː	ɔː	ɔː	ɔː	ɔː	ɔː	ɔː	ɔː	ɔː	ɔː	ɔː	ɔː	ɔː	ɔː	ɔː	ɔː
46	"										au̯	au̯	au̯	au̯	au̯	au̯	au̯	au̯
47	au unstressed						au̯	au̯	au̯	au̯	ɔː	ɔː	ɔː	ɔː	ɔː	ɔː	ɔː	ɔː	ɔ	ɔ	ɔ	ɔ	ɔ	ɔ	ɔ	ɔ	ɔ	ɔ
48	"										au̯	au̯	au̯	au̯	au̯	au̯	au̯	au̯
49	ei						ei̯	ei̯	ei̯	ei̯	ei̯	ei̯	ei̯	ei̯	ei̯	ei̯	ei̯	ei̯	ei̯	ei̯	ei̯	ei̯	e	e	e	e	e	e
50	ui						ui̯	ui̯	ui̯	ui̯	ui̯	ui̯	ui̯	ui̯	ui̯	ui̯	ui̯	ui̯	ui̯	ui̯	ui̯	ui̯	ui	ui	ui	ui	ui	ui
51	ou						ou̯	ou̯	ou̯	ou̯	ou̯	ou̯	ou̯	ou̯	ou̯	ou̯	ou̯	ou̯	ou̯	ou̯	ou̯	ou̯	ou	ou	ou	ou	ou	ou
52
53	j initial						j	j	j	j	j	j	j	j	j	j	j	j	j	j	j	j	j	j	j	j	j	j
54																ʝ	ʝ	ʝ	ʝ	ʝ	ʝ	ʝ	d͡ʒ	d͡ʒ	d͡ʒ	d͡ʒ	d͡ʒ	d͡ʒ
55																	ʒ	ʒ	ʒ	ʒ	ʒ	ʒ	ʒ	ʒ	ʒ	ʒ	ʒ	ʒ
56	j intervocalic						jː	jː	jː	jː	jː	jː	jː	jː	jː	jː	jː	jː	jː	jː	jː	jː	jː	jː	jː	jː	jː	jː
57																ʝː	ʝː	ʝː	ʝː	ʝː	ʝː	ʝː	d͡ʒː	d͡ʒː	d͡ʒː	d͡ʒː	d͡ʒː	d͡ʒː
58																	ʒː	ʒː	ʒː	ʒː	ʒː	ʒː	ʒː	ʒː	ʒː	ʒː	ʒː	ʒː
59	v						w	w	w	w	ʋ	ʋ	βʷ	βʷ	β	v	v	v	v	v	v	v	v	v	v	v	v	v
60	"						ɰᵝ	ɰᵝ	ɰᵝ	ɰᵝ	w	w	ʋ	ʋ	βʷ	β	β	β	β	β	β	β	β	β
61	"										ɰᵝ	ɰᵝ	w	w	ʋ	βʷ	βʷ	βʷ	βʷ	βʷ	βʷ
62	"												ɰᵝ	ɰᵝ	w	ʋ	ʋ	ʋ	ʋ	ʋ
63	"														ɰᵝ	w	w	w
64																ɰᵝ	ɰᵝ	ɰᵝ
65
66	h						h	h	h	h	h	h	h	h	h	h	h	h	h	h	h	h	h	h	∅	∅	∅	∅
67											∅	∅	∅	∅	∅	∅	∅	∅	∅	∅	∅	∅	∅	∅
68
69	f						f	f	f	f	f	f	f	f	f	f	f	f	f	f	f	f	f	f	f	f	f	f
70	s						s̠	s̠	s̠	s̠	s̠	s̠	s̠	s̠	s̠	s̠	s̠	s̠	s̠	s̠	s̠	s̠	s	s	s	s	s	s
71	s intervocalic						s̠	s̠	s̠	s̠	s̠	s̠	s̠	s̠	s	s	s	s	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z	z
72	s final						s̠	s̠	s̠	s̠	s̠	s̠	s̠	s̠	h~j	h~j	∅~j	∅~j	∅~j	∅~j	∅~j	∅~j	∅~j	∅~j	∅~j	∅~j	∅~j	∅~j
73	sc + e i initial						s̠k	s̠k	s̠k	s̠k	s̠k	s̠k	s̠k	s̠k	s̠c	s̠c	s̠c	s̠c	s̠c	s̠c	s̠c	s̠c	ʃ	ʃ	ʃ	ʃ	ʃ	ʃ
74	sc + e i intervocalic						s̠k	s̠k	s̠k	s̠k	s̠k	s̠k	s̠k	s̠k	s̠c	s̠c	s̠c	s̠c	s̠c	s̠c	s̠c	s̠c	ʃː	ʃː	ʃː	ʃː	ʃː	ʃː
75
76	g + a o u						g	g	g	g	g	g	g	g	g	g	g	g	g	g	g	g	g	g	g	g	g	g
77	g + a o u intervocalic						g	g	g	g	g	g	g	g	g,ɣ,∅	g,ɣ,∅	g,ɣ,∅	g,ɣ,∅	g,ɣ,∅	g,ɣ,∅	g,ɣ,∅	g,ɣ,∅	g,ɣ,∅	g,ɣ,∅	g,ɣ,∅	g,ɣ,∅	g,ɣ,∅	g,ɣ,∅
78	g + e i						g	g	g	g	g	g	g	g	ɟ	ɟ	ɟ	ɟ	ɟ	d͡ʒ	d͡ʒ	d͡ʒ	d͡ʒ	d͡ʒ	d͡ʒ	d͡ʒ	d͡ʒ	d͡ʒ
79	gl						gl	gl	gl	gl	gl	gl	gl	gl	gj	gj	gj	gj	gj	gj	gj	gj	gj	gj	gj	gj	gj	gj
80	d initial						d	d	d	d	d	d	d	d	d	d	d	d	d	d	d	d	d	d	d	d	d	d
81	d intervocalic						d	d	d	d	d	d	d	d	d,∅	d,∅	d,∅	d,∅	d,∅	d,∅	d,∅	d,∅	d,∅	d,∅	d,∅	d,∅	d,∅	d,∅
82	di + vowel med.						di	di	di	di	di	di	di	di	d͡z	d͡z	d͡z	d͡z	d͡z	d͡z	d͡z	d͡z	d͡z	d͡z	d͡z	d͡z	d͡z	d͡z
83	di + vowel init.						di	di	di	di	di	di	di	di	ʒ	ʒ	ʒ	ʒ	ʒ	ʒ	ʒ	ʒ	d͡ʒ	ʒ	ʒ	ʒ	ʒ	ʒ
84	b initial						b	b	b	b	b	b	b	b	b	b	b	b	b	b	b	b	b	b	b	b	b	b
85	b intervocalic						b	b	b	b	b	b	β~ʋ	β~ʋ	β~ʋ	β~ʋ	v	v	v	v	v	v	v	v	v	v	v	v
86
87	qu + a o u						kʷ	kʷ	kʷ	kʷ	kʷ	kʷ	kʷ	kʷ	k	k	k	k	k	k	k	k	k	k	k	k	k	k
88	"														kʷ	kʷ	kʷ	kʷ	kʷ	kʷ	kʷ	kʷ	kʷ	kʷ	kʷ	kʷ	kʷ	kʷ
89	qu + e i						kʷ	kʷ	kʷ	kʷ	kʷ	kʷ	kʷ	kʷ	k~c	k~c	k~c	k~c	k~c	k~c	k~c	k~c	k~c	k~c	k~c	k~c	k~c	k~c
90	"														kʷ	kʷ	kʷ	kʷ	kʷ	kʷ	kʷ	kʷ	kʷ	kʷ
91	c + a o u						k	k	k	k	k	k	k	k	k	k	k	k	k	k	k	k	k	k	k	k	k	k
92	c + a o u interv.						k	k	k	k	k	k	k	k	k	k	k	k	k	k	k	k	k	g	g	g	g	g
93	c + e i						k	k	k	k	k	k	c	t͡ɕ	t͡ʃ	t͡ʃ	t͡ʃ	t͡ʃ	t͡ʃ	t͡ʃ	t͡ʃ	t͡ʃ	t͡ʃ	t͡ʃ	t͡ʃ	t͡ʃ	t͡ʃ	t͡ʃ
94	"												k	c	t͡ɕ	t͡ɕ	t͡ɕ	t͡ɕ	t͡ɕ	t͡ɕ	t͡ɕ	t͡ɕ	t͡ɕ	t͡ɕ	t͡ɕ	t͡ɕ	t͡ɕ	t͡ɕ
95	"													k	c	c	c	c	c	c	c	c	c	c
96	"														k	k	k	k
97	cl						kl	kl	kl	kl	kl	kl	kl	kl	kj	kj	kj	kj	kj	kj	kj	kj	kj	kj	kj	kj	kj	kj
98	t						t	t	t	t	t	t	t	t	t	t	t	t	t	t	t	t	t	t	t	t	t	t
99	t intervocalic						t	t	t	t	t	t	t	t	t	t	t	t	t	t	t	t	t	d	d	d	d	d
100	t+i + vowel						ti	ti	ti	ti	ti	ti	ti	ti	t͡si	t͡si	t͡si	t͡si	t͡si	t͡si	t͡si	t͡si	t͡si	t͡si	t͡si	t͡si	t͡si	t͡si