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Color coding:
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Promising to review
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Evidence supports income benefits (Column F)
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Mixed evidence (Column F)
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Evidence against income benefits (Column F)
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StudyCountryInterventionIncome/economic effectsMeasuresIncrease, decrease, or mixed?Age of study participants?How we found this paperMethodologyNotes, etc.
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Malaria interventions
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Cutler et al. 2010IndiaMalaria eradication"We find that the program led to modest increases in household per capita consumption for prime age men, and the effects for men are larger than those for women in most specifications. We find no evidence of increased educational attainment for men and mixed evidence for women" (abstract)educational attainment and economic statusincreased consumption for men, no increased educational attainment for men"first few years of life"; assessed at 20-60y for economic indicatorsUse this for income effectsnatural experiment
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Bleakley 2010Brazil, Mexico, USA, ColombiaMalaria eradication (DDT spraying)"cohorts born after eradication had higher income as adults than the preceding generation" (abstract) "In the most malarious areas of the Latin American countries studied, cohorts born after the anti-malaria campaign earned approximately 25% more than the previous generation, relative to the cross-cohort change in the malaria-free areas, while the comparable reduced-form change in the US was approximately 12%." (p. 24)labor productivityeradication associated with higher incomeNot specifiedUse this for income effects, and in Change our Mind sourcesnatural experiment
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Venkataramani 2012MexicoMalaria eradicationMy core findings are that birth year exposure to malaria eradication efforts led to better performance on the Raven progressive matrices test in adulthood. Similar to Bleakley’s (2010b) results for Mexico, I also find impacts on socioeconomic status (here, logged household consumption expenditures, a proxy for income) but no impacts on schooling. These results are larger in magnitude for men than for women, for whom the estimates are not statistically significant. (p. 4) [See Table 2, p. 39]cognition, schooling, household consumptionmalaria eradication efforts led to increased cognitive scores, increased consumption, but not increased schooling (all changes only sig. for men)first year of life ("birth-year exposure")Google scholar search (e.g., "early life health" "long-run wages/earnings/income" or childhood intervention "adult income")natural experiment
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Shih & Lin, 2019TaiwanMalaria eradication5.9% increase in family income (see calculation in cell note)educational attainment, family incomeincreased men's educational attainment and family income; effect on women not significantin utero and early childhoodFlagged by HLI here, Bednet dev effects projectdifference-in-differencesSee change our mind entry
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Rawlings 2016BrazilMalaria epidemicSee column F of this spreadsheet and cell note. Effects depend on race and gender (in part because of differential mortality)human capital attainment, incomeepidemic led to cohort of nonwhite women and cohort of men with higher schooling and income, and cohort of white women with lower schooling and incomein utero during epidemicFlagged by HLI herecohort/regional heterogeneitySee change our mind entry
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Mora-Garcia 2018Costa RicaMalaria eradication28.3% increase in weekly wages for men ("Working men had a significant increase of 28.3% in weekly wage earned" ( p.586)), 0.5 year of schooling for men and womeneducational attainment, wagesincrease in wages for men, increase in schooling for men and womenNot specifiedFlagged by HLI heredifference-in-differences
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Sarma et al. 2019Worldchange in malaria incidence10% decrease in malaria associated with 0.3% increase in income per capitaeconomic growth10% decrease in malaria associated with 0.3% increase in income per capitaChange Our Mind sources and Bednet dev effects projectcross-country regression
not an experiment associated with a specific intervention
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Veras 2018Brazilearly malaria exposure"I find consistent negative treatment effects of in utero expsure to malaria on years of education and on income levels" (abstract)adult socioeconomic outcomesmalaria exposure reduced educational attainment and incomein uteroBednet income effects projectdifference-in-differences
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Veras 2020Brazilearly malaria exposure"First, there does not seem to be any significant effects of timing of in utero exposure on either literacy or personal income on either cohort (columns 1 through 4)." (p. 15)personal income, educational attainmentin utero malaria exposure (esp. in 1st trimester) reduces educational attainmentin uteroShort-run to long-run outcomes projectquite similar to Veras 2018
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Kuecken et al. 201627 countriesRoll Back Malaria campaignsPositive effects on employment in paid labor market (and on years of education)"human capital outcomes" "adult labor supply" "education"increase adult labor supply and educational attainment"all ages?Bednet income effects projectdifference-in-differences
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