Passage Number

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Revolution

The Haitian Revolution was a successful insurrection by self-liberated enslaved people against French colonial rule in Saint-Domingue, now the sovereign state of Haiti. The revolt began on 22 August 1791 and ended in 1804 with the former colony's independence. It involved black, biracial, French, Spanish, British, and Polish participants. The ex-slave Toussaint Louverture emerged as Haiti's most charismatic hero. The revolution was the only slave uprising that led to the founding of a nation-state that
was free from slavery (though not from forced labor), and ruled by non-whites. It is now widely seen as a defining moment in the history of the Atlantic World. Much of Caribbean economic development in the 18th century was contingent on European demand for sugar. Plantation owners produced sugar as a commodity crop. Cultivating sugarcane required extensive labor. The colony of Saint-Domingue also had coffee, cocoa, and
indigo plantations. However, they were smaller and less profitable than the sugar plantations. The commodity crops were traded for European goods. The profits from this trade are what made control of Haiti so desirable. The revolution's effects on the institution of slavery were felt throughout the Americas. The end of French rule and the abolition of slavery in the former colony was followed by a successful defense of the freedoms the formerly enslaved people won
from white European enslavers. The revolution represented the largest slave uprising since Spartacus' unsuccessful revolt against the Roman Republic nearly 1,900 years earlier. Moreover, the successful Haitian Revolution challenged long-held European beliefs about alleged black inferiority and enslaved people's ability to achieve and maintain their freedom. The rebels' organizational capacity and tenacity under pressure inspired stories that shocked and frightened enslavers throughout the hemisphere.

The Haitian Revolution was a successful insurrection by self-liberated enslaved people against French colonial rule in Saint-Domingue, now the sovereign state of Haiti. The revolt began on 22 August 1791 and ended in 1804 with the former colony's independence. It involved black, biracial, French, Spanish, British, and Polish participants. The ex-slave Toussaint Louverture emerged as Haiti's most charismatic hero. The revolution was the only slave uprising that led to the founding of a nation-state that

was free from slavery (though not from forced labor) and ruled by non-whites. It is now widely regarded as a defining moment in the history of the Atlantic World. Much of Caribbean economic development in the 18th century was contingent on European demand for sugar. Plantation owners produced sugar as a commodity crop. Cultivating sugarcane required extensive labor. The colony of Saint-Domingue also had coffee, cocoa, and

indigo plantations. However, they were smaller and less profitable than the sugar plantations. The commodity crops were traded for European goods. The profits from this trade are what made control of Haiti so desirable. The revolution's effects on the institution of slavery were felt throughout the Americas. The end of French rule and the abolition of slavery in the former colony was followed by a successful defense of the freedoms the formerly enslaved people won

from white European enslavers. The revolution represented the largest slave uprising since Spartacus' unsuccessful revolt against the Roman Republic nearly 1,900 years earlier. Moreover, the successful Haitian Revolution challenged long-held European beliefs about alleged black inferiority and enslaved people's ability to achieve and maintain their freedom. The rebels' organizational capacity and tenacity under pressure inspired stories that shocked and frightened enslavers throughout the hemisphere.

Who fought in the Haitian Revolution?

Enslaved people fought an uprising of Spanish, British, and Polish colonists.

Enslaved people and rebels fought their Spanish, French, and British oppressors.

A slave led an independence movement against all European colonizers.

Enslaved people fought against French colonial rule.

What was unique about the Haitian Revolution?

It is the only slave uprising that led to the creation of new nation-state that was free from forced labor and colonizers.

It was larger than Spartacus' slave uprisings in the Roman Empire nearly two-thousand years earlier.

The uprising of enslaved peoples shocked and frightened ensalvers throughout the hemisphere.

It is the only slave uprising that led to the creation of new nation-state that was free from slavery.

What made control of Haiti so desireable in the 18th century?

Profitable plantation crops like indigo and less lucrative but still valuable sugarcane plantations were traded for spices.

The population of enslaved people in Haiti was so high that there were no labor costs, which meant more profits.

The climate in Haiti allowed plantation owners to grow crops like sugarcane that was sought after for rum.

Commodity crops grown and harvested by slaves turned a huge profit in European markets.

What beliefs did the Haitian Revolution challenge?

Beliefs about how easy it was to keep a large population of enslaved people under control.

The revolution inspired revolts across the Americas, causing ensalvers to be frightened.

Whether slavery was worth it, as paying wages was not as bad as losing a entire colony.

Beliefs about racial inferiority and the ability of black people to outwit, out-fight, and self-rule.

What is the main idea of the text?

European thoughts about enslaved people were challenged when their well-equipped military were defeated by the militias of enslaved people fighting for their freedom.

Because sugar plantations were a lucrative business, different forces fought for control of Haiti, but ultimately, formerly enslaved people came to rule their own land.

French forces fought against Spanish, British, Polish, and biracial militias in the struggle for control of Haiti, and this struggle ended slavery there.

Led by a former slave, the Haitian Revolution challenged European colonizers' views of the people they enslaved and created a new nation-state run by formerly enslaved people.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_III

King George III was King of the United Kingdom and Ireland from 1760-1820, and he was concurrently Duke and Prince-elector of Brunswick-Lüneburg ("Hanover") in the Holy Roman Empire before also becoming King of Hanover on 12 October 1814. He was a monarch of the House of Hanover who, unlike his two predecessors, was born in Great Britain, spoke English as his first language, and never visited Hanover despite his position.
George's life and reign were marked by a series of military conflicts involving his kingdoms, much of the rest of Europe, and places farther afield in Africa, the Americas, and Asia. Early in his reign, Great Britain defeated France in the Seven Years' War, becoming the dominant European power in North America and India. However, many of Britain's American colonies were soon lost in the American Revolutionary War.
Over the course of George's reign, a coalition of abolitionists and Atlantic slave uprisings caused the British public to repudiate slavery. George wrote a document in the 1750s "denouncing all of the arguments for slavery and calling them an execration, ridiculous, and absurd." According to historian Andrew Roberts, "George never bought or sold a slave and never invested in any of the companies that did such a thing." In 1807, the transatlantic slave trade was banned from the British Empire.
Later in life, George had recurrent—and eventually permanent—mental illness. Although it has since been suggested that he had bipolar disorder or the blood disease porphyria, the cause of his illness remains unknown. George suffered a final relapse in 1810, and his eldest son became Prince Regent. When the King died in 1820, the Regent succeeded him as George IV. At the time of his death, George III was the longest-lived and longest-reigning British monarch; he remains the longest-lived and longest-reigning male monarch.

King George III was King of the United Kingdom and Ireland from 1760-1820, and he was concurrently Duke and Prince-elector of Brunswick-Lüneburg ("Hanover") in the Holy Roman Empire before also becoming King of Hanover on 12 October 1814. He was a monarch of the House of Hanover who, unlike his two predecessors, was born in Great Britain, spoke English as his first language, and never visited Hanover despite his position.

George's life and reign were marked by a series of military conflicts involving his kingdoms, much of the rest of Europe, and places farther afield in Africa, the Americas, and Asia. Early in his reign, Great Britain defeated France in the Seven Years' War, becoming the dominant European power in North America and India. However, many of Britain's American colonies were soon lost in the American Revolutionary War.

Over the course of George's reign, a coalition of abolitionists and Atlantic slave uprisings caused the British public to repudiate slavery. George wrote a document in the 1750s "denouncing all of the arguments for slavery and calling them an execration, ridiculous, and absurd." According to historian Andrew Roberts, "George never bought or sold a slave and never invested in any of the companies that did such a thing." In 1807, the transatlantic slave trade was banned from the British Empire.

Later in life, George had recurrent—and eventually permanent—mental illness. Although it has since been suggested that he had bipolar disorder or the blood disease porphyria, the cause of his illness remains unknown. George suffered a final relapse in 1810, and his eldest son became Prince Regent. When the King died in 1820, the Regent succeeded him as George IV. At the time of his death, George III was the longest-lived and longest-reigning British monarch; he remains the longest-lived and longest-reigning male monarch.

Which was NOT mentioned as how George III was different from his predecessors?

He was born in Great Britain.

He spoke English as his first language.

He never visited Hanover.

He was the first King of Hanover.

In addition to the American colonies, where did Great Britain gain power after the Seven Years’ War?

In what year was the transatlantic slave trade banned in the King’s empire?

What illness did the King have?

A blood disease called porphyria

What is the main idea of the text?

This brief biography covers the major events during the reign of King George IV.

Although King George is repudiated in the United States, he had redeeming qualities.

Great Britain expanded massively under King George III, so he outlawed slavery before getting sick and dying.

King George’s kingdoms, wars, position on slavery, and mental illness are discussed.

https://www.gutenberg.org/files/64317/64317-h/64317-h.htm

Coded into the light and other kinds of radiation that reach us from objects in the universe is a wide range of information about what those objects are like and how they work. If we can decipher this code and read the messages it contains, we can learn an enormous amount about the cosmos without ever having to leave Earth or its immediate environment. The visible light and other radiation we receive from the stars
and planets are generated by processes at the atomic level—by changes in how parts of an atom interact and move. Thus, to appreciate how light is generated, we must explore how atoms work. There is a bit of irony in the fact that in order to understand some of the largest structures in the universe, we must become acquainted with some of the smallest. Visible light is not unique; it is merely
the most familiar example of a much larger family of radiation that can carry information to us. In everyday language, “radiation” is often used to describe certain kinds of energetic subatomic particles released by radioactive materials in our environment. (An example is the radiation used to treat some cancers.) However, this is not what we mean when we use the word “radiation” in an astronomy text.
Radiation, as used in this text, is a general term for waves (including light waves) that radiate outward from a source. Newton’s theory of gravity accounts for the motions of planets and objects on Earth. Application of this theory to various problems dominated scientists' work for nearly two centuries. In the nineteenth century, many physicists turned to the study of electricity and magnetism, which are intimately connected with the production of light.

Coded into the light and other kinds of radiation that reach us from objects in the universe is a wide range of information about what those objects are like and how they work. If we can decipher this code and read the messages it contains, we can learn an enormous amount about the cosmos without ever having to leave Earth or its immediate environment. The visible light and other radiation we receive from the stars

and planets are generated by processes at the atomic level—by changes in how parts of an atom interact and move. Thus, to appreciate how light is generated, we must explore how atoms work. There is a bit of irony in the fact that in order to understand some of the largest structures in the universe, we must become acquainted with some of the smallest. Visible light is not unique; it is merely

the most familiar example of a much larger family of radiation that can carry information to us. In everyday language, “radiation” is often used to describe certain kinds of energetic subatomic particles released by radioactive materials in our environment. (An example is the radiation used to treat some cancers.) However, this is not what we mean when we use the word “radiation” in an astronomy text.

Radiation, as used in this text, is a general term for waves (including light waves) that radiate outward from a source. Newton’s theory of gravity accounts for the motions of planets and objects on Earth. Application of this theory to various problems dominated scientists' work for nearly two centuries. In the nineteenth century, many physicists turned to the study of electricity and magnetism, which are intimately connected with the production of light.

What is radiation in the context of astronomy?

Certain kinds of energetic subatomic particles released by radioactive materials

It is another way to say energy in motion through waves of particles

Exclusively visible light waves from stars and planets

A general term for waves, including light, that come from a source

According to the passage, what must one understand to appreciate the largest structures in the universe?

One must understand what radiation is.

One must understand the subatomic particles released by radioactive materials in our environment.

One must understand dark energy.

One must understand how atoms work.

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as intimately connected with the production of light?

According to the text, for how long did Newtonian physics dominate the work of scientists?

What is the main idea of the text?

To understand the largest structures in the universe we must understand how radiation works.

Light is the fastest traveling thing in the universe and acts like a particle.

Electricity and magnetism are both crucial components to gaining understanding about the cosmos.

Light is a form of radiation that can provide information about the universe without having to leave Earth.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_in_the_NBA

The issue of sleeping is of considerable importance to the National Basketball Association (NBA), as traveling and packed game schedules are among the aspects of the NBA calendar that affect the sleep of NBA personnel. Due to these and other factors, sleep deprivation has become a prevalent issue affecting player performance. To help combat sleep deprivation, NBA organizations have employed scientists or doctors specializing in sleep and sleep medicine on their staff.
NBA players have long cited having issues sleeping or suffering from sleep deprivation. Aspects contributing to sleep deprivation include frequent travel across multiple time zones throughout a season and constant circadian rhythm disruption. The issue has been noted to affect in-game performances, mobility, player recovery, and mindset. The attitudes of players and organizations around the league regarding sleep have changed over time, and starting in the late 2000s, NBA teams began to pay more attention to their players' sleeping habits.
According to a 2009 report, players and coaches seldom slept for more than two or three hours at a time between back-to-back games; moreover, the report stated that both players and coaches were asked to sleep on the plane during travel. By 2015, teams were still dealing with packed schedules, sometimes playing four games in five nights or six in nine, respectively. These schedules often were cited as detrimental to players' energy and sleep.
Kobe Bryant stated in a 2014 interview that he used to "get by on three or four hours a night." LeBron James opined that sleep is the "most important" factor in player recovery but added that an NBA player's schedule makes it difficult to obtain much sleep. Later in 2018, scientific data showed the effects of sleep deprivation on athletes and came to the forefront of team personnel's attention, leading to a greater focus on players' sleep and overall well-being that year.

The issue of sleeping is of considerable importance to the National Basketball Association (NBA), as traveling and packed game schedules are among the aspects of the NBA calendar that affect the sleep of NBA personnel. Due to these and other factors, sleep deprivation has become a prevalent issue affecting player performance. To help combat sleep deprivation, NBA organizations have employed scientists or doctors specializing in sleep and sleep medicine on their staff.

NBA players have long cited having issues sleeping or suffering from sleep deprivation. Aspects contributing to sleep deprivation include frequent travel across multiple time zones throughout a season and constant circadian rhythm disruption. The issue has been noted to affect in-game performances, mobility, player recovery, and mindset. The attitudes of players and organizations around the league regarding sleep have changed over time, and starting in the late 2000s, NBA teams began to pay more attention to their players' sleeping habits

According to a 2009 report, players and coaches seldom slept for more than two or three hours at a time between back-to-back games; moreover, the report stated that both players and coaches were asked to sleep on the plane during travel. By 2015, teams were still dealing with packed schedules, sometimes playing four games in five nights or six in nine, respectively. These schedules often were cited as detrimental to players' energy and sleep.

Kobe Bryant stated in a 2014 interview that he used to "get by on three or four hours a night." LeBron James opined that sleep is the "most important" factor in player recovery but added that an NBA player's schedule makes it difficult to obtain much sleep. Later in 2018, scientific data showed the effects of sleep deprivation on athletes and came to the forefront of team personnel's attention, leading to a greater focus on players' sleep and overall well-being that year.

Which is named as the most relevant factor why sleep deprivation is prevalent in the NBA?

Constant circadian rhythm disruption

Packed schedules

Which is NOT mentioned as affected by sleep deprivation?

In-game performances

According to the 2009 report, how many hours of sleep were players and coaches getting between games?

3-4 hours per night

1-4 hours at a time

4-5 hours per night

2-3 hours at a time

When did sleep deprivation come to the forefront of team personnel’s attention due to scientific data?

What is the main idea of the text?

The NBA calendar affects the sleep of players and coaches who frequently travel to make games, and players want to change that.

NBA stars spoke publicly about the problem of sleep deprivation, and that’s why the league made changes.

Frequent travel and games led to sleep deprivation amongst NBA players who asked for changes in the schedule.

Sleep deprivation was recognized as a problem in the NBA; now, teams focus more on players’ sleep and well-being.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Hippo_bill

House Resolution 23261, also known as the "American Hippo bill", was a bill introduced by Representative Robert F. Broussard of Louisiana in 1910 to authorize the importation and release of hippopotamuses into the bayous of Louisiana. His objective was two-fold; he hoped the hippos would eat the invasive water hyacinth that was clogging the rivers, solving an ecological problem, and also produce meat to help solve the American meat predicament, solving an economical problem.

There was a meat shortage because the meat industry couldn’t keep up with high immigration levels. Cities were expanding rapidly, and Americans needed more meat. Although the transcontinental railroad was in place, it would take many more years to develop the cattle ranches we now think are commonplace in the American west. Politicians needed solutions, so the hippo plan was hatched. Louisiana was the perfect grazing territory for hippos, turning former “wasted” bayou land into farming opportunity, full pockets, and full bellies.

The plan was to import hippopotamuses from Africa and release them into the wild bayous and rivers of Louisiana; many thought the proposal was a win-win. The chief collaborators and proponents of Broussard's bill were Major Frederick Russell Burnham and Captain Fritz Duquesne. Former President Theodore Roosevelt backed the plan, as did the U.S. Department of Agriculture, The Washington Post, and The New York Times, which praised hippo meat as "lake cow bacon."

Hippo ranches seemed like a real possibility, and investors were eager to import antelope and ostrich as well. Since hippos would have been too large to transport to Chicago slaughter houses, Louisiana would have developed a thriving local meatpacking industry as well. Anything seemed possible, but although the "American Hippo Bill" developed a broad base of support, it was never passed by the US Congress. No hippos were imported, and no new industrial agriculture or meat processing industry were developed.

House Resolution 23261, also known as the "American Hippo bill", was a bill introduced by Representative Robert F. Broussard of Louisiana in 1910 to authorize the importation and release of hippopotamuses into the bayous of Louisiana. His objective was two-fold; he hoped the hippos would eat the invasive water hyacinth that was clogging the rivers, solving an ecological problem, and also produce meat to help solve the American meat predicament, solving an economical problem.

There was a meat shortage because the meat industry couldn’t keep up with high immigration levels. Cities were expanding rapidly, and Americans needed more meat. Although the transcontinental railroad was in place, it would take many more years to develop the cattle ranches we now think are commonplace in the American west. Politicians needed solutions, so the hippo plan was hatched. Louisiana was the perfect grazing territory for hippos, turning former “wasted” bayou land into farming opportunity, full pockets, and full bellies.

The plan was to import hippopotamuses from Africa and release them into the wild bayous and rivers of Louisiana; many thought the proposal was a win-win. The chief collaborators and proponents of Broussard's bill were Major Frederick Russell Burnham and Captain Fritz Duquesne. Former President Theodore Roosevelt backed the plan, as did the U.S. Department of Agriculture, The Washington Post, and The New York Times, which praised hippo meat as "lake cow bacon."

Hippo ranches seemed like a real possibility, and investors were eager to import antelope and ostrich as well. Since hippos would have been too large to transport to Chicago slaughter houses, Louisiana would have developed a thriving local meatpacking industry as well. Anything seemed possible, but although the "American Hippo Bill" developed a broad base of support, it was never passed by the US Congress. No hippos were imported, and no new industrial agriculture or meat processing industry were developed.

Who was NOT mentioned as a collaborator or proponent of Broussard's bill?

Frederick Russell Burnham

Theodore Roosevelt

Which was NOT a reason people supported the American Hippo Bill?

The hippos would eat the invasive water hyacinth plants that were clogging rivers.

America needed more meat as a result of rapid expansion of cities.

Wasted bayou land would be transformed into farming opportunities.

Investors were eager to expand the meat packing industry to Chicago.

Why was there a meat shortage?

Cattle ranches didn't exist yet, so farms couldn't produce enough.

The transcontinental railway brought more people into cities, increasing demand.

There was more demand than supply.

There were high immigration levels.

Which newspaper praised hippo meat as "lake cow bacon"?

Washington Post

The Louisiana Weekly

What is the main idea of the text?

The 1910 American Hippo Bill sought to solve ecological and economical problems, but the plan failed without congressional support of animal importation regulations.

The 1910 Hippo Bill sought to enhance the economy post-Reconstruction, but the plan failed because Louisiana didn't have the infrastructure for a meat processing industry.

Investors sought to solve WWI meat shortages with the 1910 American Hippo Bill, but the plan failed due to the distance between Louisiana and Chicago's meat packing industry.

The 1910 American Hippo Bill sought to solve ecological and economical problems, but it did not pass despite having a broad base of support.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ_theory_of_disease

Germ theory is the currently accepted scientific theory for many diseases. It states that microorganisms, known as pathogens or "germs," precipitate disease. These tiny organisms, too small to see without magnification, invade humans, animals, and living hosts, and their growth and reproduction within their hosts cause disease. "Germ" may refer to not just a bacterium. It can be any microorganism, such as protists or fungi, or even non-living pathogens that can cause diseases, such as viruses, prions, or viroids. Diseases caused by pathogens are called infectious diseases. Even when a pathogen is the principal cause of a disease, environmental and hereditary factors often influence the severity of the disease and whether a potential host individual becomes infected when exposed to the pathogen. Pathogens are diseases that can pass from one individual to another via humans and animals. Infectious diseases are caused by biological agents such as pathogenic microorganisms and parasites. Primitive forms of germ theory were proposed by Girolamo Fracastoro in 1546 and expanded upon by Marcus von Plenciz in 1762. However, such views were disdained in Europe, where Galen's obsolete miasma theory remained dominant among scientists and doctors who believed diseases were caused by “bad air.” By the early 19th century, smallpox vaccination was commonplace in Europe, though doctors were still unaware of how it worked or how to extend the principle to other diseases. A transitional period began in the late 1850s with the work of Louis Pasteur. Robert Koch later developed this work in the 1880s. By the end of that decade, the miasma theory was outdated. Then viruses were discovered in the 1890s. Eventually, a "golden era" of bacteriology ensued, during which the germ theory quickly led to the identification of the actual organisms that cause many diseases. Bacteriology is the branch and specialty of biology that studies bacteria's morphology, ecology, genetics, and biochemistry.

Germ theory is the currently accepted scientific theory for many diseases. It states that microorganisms, known as pathogens or "germs," precipitate disease. These tiny organisms, too small to see without magnification, invade humans, animals, and living hosts, and their growth and reproduction within their hosts cause disease. "Germ" may refer to not just a bacterium. It can be any microorganism, such as protists or fungi, or even non-living pathogens that can cause diseases, such as viruses, prions, or viroids.

Diseases caused by pathogens are called infectious diseases. Even when a pathogen is the principal cause of a disease, environmental and hereditary factors often influence the severity of the disease and whether a potential host individual becomes infected when exposed to the pathogen. Pathogens are diseases that can pass from one individual to another via humans and animals. Infectious diseases are caused by biological agents such as pathogenic microorganisms and parasites.

Primitive forms of germ theory were proposed by Girolamo Fracastoro in 1546 and expanded upon by Marcus von Plenciz in 1762. However, such views were disdained in Europe, where Galen's obsolete miasma theory remained dominant among scientists and doctors who believed diseases were caused by “bad air.” By the early 19th century, smallpox vaccination was commonplace in Europe, though doctors were still unaware of how it worked or how to extend the principle to other diseases.

A transitional period began in the late 1850s with the work of Louis Pasteur. Robert Koch later developed this work in the 1880s. By the end of that decade, the miasma theory was outdated. Then viruses were discovered in the 1890s. Eventually, a "golden era" of bacteriology ensued, during which the germ theory quickly led to the identification of the actual organisms that cause many diseases. Bacteriology is the branch and specialty of biology that studies bacteria's morphology, ecology, genetics, and biochemistry.

To what does the term "germ" refer?

Bacterium, viruses, prions, fungi

Viroids, bacterium, viruses, protists

Viruses, bacterium, prions, pathogens

Any type of microorganism that can cause disease

What factors are mentioned that influence the severity of a disease?

How infectious it is

The viral or bacterial load

Hereditary factors

Why were primitive forms of germ theory disdained in Europe in the late 18th and 19th centuries?

Girolamo Fracastoro had not discovered viruses yet.

Doctors were unaware of how vaccination actually worked.

Koch's theories of bacteriology could not be proven because microscopes weren't powerful enough.

Galen's miasma theory was dominant instead.

When were viruses discovered?

What is the main idea of the text?

Germ theory is the currently accepted theory for diseases, and it states that microorganisms, known as germs cause disease.

Germ theory recognizes that germs can be any microorganism can cause diseases.

Miasma theory was the first step towards germ theory, until viruses were discovered, leading to the development of germ theory.

Like all scientific theories, germ theory evolved over time via the scientific process, ultimately leading to the development of bacteriology.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Blakely

Sara Treleaven Blakely (born February 27, 1971) is an American businesswoman and philanthropist. She is the founder of Spanx, an American intimate apparel company with pants and leggings, founded in Atlanta, Georgia. In 2012, Blakely was named in Time magazine's "Time 100" annual list of the 100 most influential people in the world. In 2014, she was listed as the 93rd most powerful woman in the world by Forbes. Although she planned to become an attorney, she reconsidered after scoring very low on the Law School Admission Test; she instead accepted a job at Walt Disney World in Orlando, Florida, where she worked for three months. She also occasionally worked as a stand-up comedian during this period. After her short stint at Disney, Blakely accepted a job with office supply company Danka, where she sold fax machines door-to-door and was quite successful in sales and was promoted. Forced to wear pantyhose in the hot Floridian climate for her sales role, Blakely disliked the appearance of the seamed foot while wearing open-toed shoes but liked the way that the control-top model eliminated panty lines and made her body appear firmer. For a private party, she experimented by cutting off the feet of her pantyhose while wearing them under a new pair of slacks and found that the pantyhose continuously rolled up her legs, but she also achieved the desired result. In 1998, Blakely relocated to Atlanta, Georgia, and spent the next two years and US$5,000 savings researching and developing her hosiery idea. Blakely then drove to North Carolina, the location of most of hosiery mills, to present her idea. She was turned away because they did not see the value of her product. However, one mill operator called two weeks later, and by 2012, Blakely landed on the cover of Forbes as the youngest self-made female billionaire in the world.

Sara Treleaven Blakely (born February 27, 1971) is an American businesswoman and philanthropist. She is the founder of Spanx, an American intimate apparel company with pants and leggings, founded in Atlanta, Georgia. In 2012, Blakely was named in Time magazine's "Time 100" annual list of the 100 most influential people in the world. In 2014, she was listed as the 93rd most powerful woman in the world by Forbes.

Although she planned to become an attorney, she reconsidered after scoring very low on the Law School Admission Test; she instead accepted a job at Walt Disney World in Orlando, Florida, where she worked for three months. She also occasionally worked as a stand-up comedian during this period. After her short stint at Disney, Blakely accepted a job with office supply company Danka, where she sold fax machines door-to-door and was quite successful in sales and was promoted.

Forced to wear pantyhose in the hot Floridian climate for her sales role, Blakely disliked the appearance of the seamed foot while wearing open-toed shoes but liked the way that the control-top model eliminated panty lines and made her body appear firmer. For a private party, she experimented by cutting off the feet of her pantyhose while wearing them under a new pair of slacks and found that the pantyhose continuously rolled up her legs, but she also achieved the desired result.

In 1998, Blakely relocated to Atlanta, Georgia, and spent the next two years and her $5,000 savings researching and developing her hosiery idea. Blakely then drove to North Carolina, the location of most of hosiery mills, to present her idea. She was turned away because they did not see the value of her product. However, one mill operator called two weeks later, and by 2012, Blakely landed on the cover of Forbes as the youngest self-made female billionaire in the world.

Where was Spanx founded?

For how long was Blakely a stand up comedian?

Why did Blakely go on to found Spanx?

Wanting pantyhose that she could wear with closed toe shoes

Wearing pantyhouse that rolled up her legs.

Not finding pantyhose with control top that fit her body shape.

Wearing pantyhose in the hot Floridian sun.

What title did Blakely earn in 2012?

Forbes 93rd most powerful woman in the world

Forbes first self-made female billionaire

Forbes list of American's Richest Self-Made Women

Forbes youngest self-made female billionaire

What is the main idea of the text?

Blakely's career didn't go as planned, but she built the Spanx business empire off of an idea she had while getting ready for a party in Georgia.

Blakely lost confidence in herself when she didn't get into law school, but she used her experience at Disney to inspire an idea for a new business.

Blakely used her savings to start a relatively successful company, which was able to start because one mill operator believed in her idea.

Blakely is an American businesswoman and philanthropist who founded the a woman's intimate fashion company.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Branson

Sir Richard Charles Nicholas Branson (born 1950) is a British billionaire, entrepreneur, and business magnate. Branson has dyslexia and ADHD and had deficient academic performance; on his last day at school, his headmaster told him he would either end up in prison or become a millionaire. Trial and error were key, as Branson holds an optimistic perspective on failure: "The secret to bouncing back is not only to be unafraid of failures but to use them as motivational and learning tools...." Branson's parents were supportive of his endeavors from childhood. After failed attempts to grow and sell both Christmas trees and parakeets, Branson launched a magazine named Student in 1966 with Nik Powell. The first issue appeared in January 1968, and a year later, Branson's net worth was estimated at £50,000. Though not initially as successful as he had anticipated, the magazine later became a vital component of the mail-order record business Branson would start. Branson once said, "There is no point in starting your own business unless you do it out of frustration." He began by selling records for much cheaper than other record stores, and from his 1970 record shop on Oxford Street in London, Branson founded the Virgin Group, which today controls more than 400 companies. In 1972, using money from his record store, Branson launched the record label Virgin Records, installing a recording studio and signing controversial but successful bands. Branson's first successful entry into the airline industry was during a trip to Puerto Rico when his flight was canceled; he decided to charter his own plane and offered a ride to the rest of the stranded passengers for a fee to cover the cost. Branson formed Virgin Atlantic and Virgin Cargo in 1984 and then Virgin Holidays in 1985. In 2004, Branson announced his space tourism company, Virgin Galactic, to take passengers into outer space for US$200,000 per person.

Sir Richard Charles Nicholas Branson (born 1950) is a British billionaire, entrepreneur, and business magnate. Branson has dyslexia and ADHD and had deficient academic performance; on his last day at school, his headmaster told him he would either end up in prison or become a millionaire. Trial and error were key, as Branson holds an optimistic perspective on failure: "The secret to bouncing back is not only to be unafraid of failures but to use them as motivational and learning tools..."

Branson's parents were supportive of his endeavors from childhood. After failed attempts to grow and sell both Christmas trees and parakeets, Branson launched a magazine named Student in 1966 with Nik Powell. The first issue appeared in January 1968, and a year later, Branson's net worth was estimated at £50,000. Though not initially as successful as he had anticipated, the magazine later became a vital component of the mail-order record business Branson would start.

Branson once said, "There is no point in starting your own business unless you do it out of frustration." He began by selling records for much cheaper than other record stores, and from his 1970 record shop on Oxford Street in London, Branson founded the Virgin Group, which today controls more than 400 companies. In 1972, using money from his record store, Branson launched the record label Virgin Records, installing a recording studio and signing controversial but successful bands.

Branson's first successful entry into the airline industry was during a trip to Puerto Rico when his flight was canceled; he decided to charter his own plane and offered a ride to the rest of the stranded passengers for a fee to cover the cost. Branson formed Virgin Atlantic and Virgin Cargo in 1984 and then Virgin Holidays in 1985. In 2004, Branson announced his space tourism company, Virgin Galactic, to take passengers into outer space for $200,000 per person.

Who was supportive of Branson's endeavors?

What business did Branson start in 1966?

A mail-order record business

Why did Branson open a shop on Oxford Street in London?

He wanted to open a recording studio.

He needed an office for his magazine.

It was London's busiest shopping street.

He was frustrated at the high cost of records at other shops.

Where was Branson traveling when he decided to enter the airline industry?

To Puerto Vallarta

What is the main idea of the text?

Sir Richard Charles Nicholas Branson is a British billionaire, entrepreneur, and business magnate.

Branson has had a number of failed business ventures, but he has an optimistic view of failure.

Branson's entire life has been about entrepreneurship, including selling parakeets, records, and record labels.

Branson's success is related to his ability to learn from failure, and the billionaire now controls more than 400 companies.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberly_Bryant_(technologist)

Kimberly Bryant was born and raised in Memphis, Tennessee, on January 14, 1967, by a single mother amidst the Civil Rights Movement. She self-described as a "nerdy girl," excelling in mathematics and science in school; Bryant earned a scholarship to attend Vanderbilt University in 1985, where she planned to become a civil engineer. Enticed by technologies like microchips, personal computer, and cellphone, she switched her major and earned a degree in Electrical Engineering and minors in Computer Science and math in 1989.

Early in her career, Bryant held jobs at electrical companies Westinghouse Electric and DuPont. Later, Bryant would move to biotechnology and later to pharmaceutical companies, where she worked at Pfizer, Merck, and at Genentech and Novartis. Bryant founded Black Girls Code in 2011 after her daughter expressed an interest in learning computer programming, but in her search for available courses in the Bay area, she found that none were well-suited for her daughter.

The courses were taken mostly by boys, and rarely had any other African American girls in attendance. Having experienced isolation herself during her time studying and working, she wanted a better environment for her daughter. Bryant hopes that Black Girls Code will allow young girls, especially those from minority populations, to remain involved in STEM and increase awareness within the field. African-American women make up less than 3% of the workforce in the tech industry.

Black Girls Code fights to change and improve this percentage for the better. Black Girls Code teaches computer programming to school-age girls in after-school and summer programs. The San Francisco-based nonprofit organization has a goal of teaching one million black girls to code by 2040. The organization already has trained 3,000 girls in fifteen chapters in cities across United States and abroad, including a chapter in Johannesburg, South Africa.

Kimberly Bryant was born in Memphis, Tennessee, on January 14, 1967, and raised by a single mother amidst the Civil Rights Movement. She self-described as a "nerdy girl," excelling in mathematics and science in school; Bryant earned a scholarship to attend Vanderbilt University in 1985, where she planned to become a civil engineer. Enticed by technologies like microchips, personal computer, and cellphone, she switched her major and earned a degree in Electrical Engineering and minors in Computer Science and math in 1989.

Early in her career, Bryant held jobs at electrical companies Westinghouse Electric and DuPont. Later, Bryant would move to biotechnology and then to pharmaceutical companies, where she worked at Pfizer, Merck, and Genentech and Novartis. Bryant founded Black Girls Code in 2011 after her daughter expressed an interest in learning computer programming, but in her search for available courses in the Bay area, she found that none were well-suited for her daughter.

The courses were taken mostly by boys, and rarely had any other African American girls in attendance. Having experienced isolation herself during her time studying and working, she wanted a better environment for her daughter. Bryant hopes that Black Girls Code will allow young girls, especially those from minority populations, to remain involved in STEM and increase awareness within the field. African-American women make up less than three percent of the workforce in the tech industry.

Black Girls Code fights to change and improve this percentage for the better. Black Girls Code teaches computer programming to school-age girls in after-school and summer programs. The San Francisco-based nonprofit organization has a goal of teaching one million black girls to code by 2040. The organization already has trained 3,000 girls in fifteen chapters in cities across United States and abroad, including a chapter in Johannesburg, South Africa.

Where did Bryant grow up?

Why did Bryant found Black Girls Code?

She was fascinated by technologies like robotics, and she wanted to start a course for African American girls like her.

She and her daughter experienced a lack of opportunities for girls interested in technology.

There were no after-school or summer camps that taught coding to African American girls in her area.

Her daughter wanted to learn to code, but none of the coding courses had strong representation of African American girls.

What percentage of the workforce in the tech industry do African American women make up?

How many girls in how many chapters have been trained through her program?

One million girls in 15 chapters

3,000 girls in 25 chapters in the US and abroad

3% of African American girls in the Bay Area

3,000 girls in 15 chapters

What is the main idea of the text?

"Nerdy girl" Kimberly Bryant learned about computer technology in the 1990s, and in 2000, she founded Black Girls Code to increase participation of minorities in STEM.

Having experienced isolation herself during her time studying and working, she wanted a better environment for her daughter and started Black Girls Code in the 1980s.

Black Girls Code teaches computer programming to school-age girls in after-school and summer programs to help increase their participation in the workforce.

"Nerdy girl" Kimberly Bryant learned about computer technology in the late 1980s, and in 2011, she founded Black Girls Code to increase participation of minorities in STEM.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain

Although the term domain did not come into use until the mid-18th century, the concept can be traced back to the ancient Roman law, "as a preset system included in the property right system." When the first early copyright law was originally established in Britain with the Statute of Anne in 1710, public domain did not appear. However, similar concepts were developed by British and French jurists in the 18th century. Instead of "public domain", they used terms such as publici juris.

The public domain (PD) consists of all the creative work to which no exclusive intellectual property rights apply. Those rights may have expired, been forfeited, expressly waived, or may be inapplicable. Because those rights have expired, anyone can legally use those works without permission. As examples, the works of Shakespeare, Beethoven, and da Vinci are in the public domain either. This is by virtue of their having been created before copyright existed or their copyright term having expired.

Some works are not covered by a country's copyright laws, and are therefore in the PD; for example, in the United States, items excluded from copyright include the formulae of Newtonian physics, cooking recipes, and all computer software created before 1974. Other works are actively dedicated by their authors to the public domain (see waiver); examples include reference implementations of cryptographic algorithms, and the image-processing software ImageJ (created by the National Institutes of Health).

The term PD is not normally applied to situations where the creator of a work retains rights, in which case use of the work is referred to as "under license" or "with permission.” As rights vary by country and jurisdiction, a work may be subject to rights in one country and be in the PD in another. Some rights are on a country-by-country basis, and the absence of registration, if required, gives rise to PD status for a work in that country.

Although the term domain did not come into use until the mid-18th century, the concept can be traced back to the ancient Roman law, "as a preset system included in the property right system." When the first early copyright law was originally established in Britain with the Statute of Anne in 1710, public domain did not appear. However, similar concepts were developed by British and French jurists in the 18th century. Instead of "public domain," they used terms such as publici juris.

The public domain (PD) consists of all the creative work to which no exclusive intellectual property rights apply. Those rights may have expired, been forfeited, expressly waived, or may be inapplicable. Because those rights have expired, anyone can legally use those works without permission. As examples, the works of Shakespeare, Beethoven, and da Vinci are in the public domain either. This is by virtue of their having been created before copyright existed or their copyright term having expired.

Some works are not covered by a country's copyright laws, and are therefore in the PD; for example, in the United States, items excluded from copyright include the formulae of Newtonian physics, cooking recipes, and all computer software created before 1974. Other works are actively dedicated by their authors to the public domain; examples include reference implementations of cryptographic algorithms, and the image-processing software ImageJ (created by the National Institutes of Health).

The term PD is not normally applied to situations where the creator of a work retains rights, in which case use of the work is referred to as "under license" or "with permission.” As rights vary by country and jurisdiction, a work may be subject to rights in one country and be in the PD in another. Some rights are on a country-by-country basis, and the absence of registration, if required, gives rise to PD status for a work in that country.

Under which royal was the first early copyright law established?

Emperor Julius Caesar

Which is NOT mentioned as a way that a work enters the public domain?

Rights expressly waived

Rights not registered

Which is an example of a work where the AUTHOR gave the rights to the public domain?

The formulae of Newtonian physics

Computer software before 1974

Works of Shakespeare

Cryptographic algorithms

Is it possible for a work to be subject to rights in one country and be in the public domain in another?

No, although rights vary by country and jurisdiction, a work only needs a license in one country to apply to all.

No, just by creating a work, a creator retains their rights, which is referred to as "under license" and applies worldwide.

Yes, but it depends on the type of work and type of license received.

Yes, rights vary by country and jurisdiction.

What is the main idea of the text?

The ideas of copyright and public domain law were based on Greek and Roman law and developed under British law.

When a work is used "with permission," it is accepted as a work in the public domain for anyone to use.

Public domain laws vary by country, so creators need to be careful to register their copyrights everywhere or lose their rights to public domain.

Copyright law was developed under Roman, French, and British law, and now laws exist about what works are in the public domain.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux_wine

Bordeaux wine is produced in the Bordeaux region of southwest France. To the north of the city the Dordogne River joins the Garonne River forming the broad estuary called the Gironde, which, with a total vineyard area of over 120,000 hectares, is the most substantial wine growing area in France. Average vintages produce over 700 million bottles of wine, ranging from large quantities of everyday table wine, to some of the most expensive and prestigious wines in the world.

The vast majority of wine produced in Bordeaux is red. Red Bordeaux is generally prepared from a blend of grapes; permitted grapes include Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Merlot, Petit Verdot, Malbec, and rarely Carménère. Typical top-quality Châteaux blends are 70% Cabernet Sauvignon, 15% Cabernet Franc, and 15% Merlot, and this is typically referred to as the "Bordeaux blend." The red grapes in Bordeaux are Merlot (62%), Cabernet Sauvignon (25%), Cabernet Franc (12%), and Petit Verdot, Malbec and Carménère (1% in total).

White Bordeaux is predominantly, and exclusively in the case of the sweet Sauternes, made from Sémillon, Sauvignon blanc, and Muscadelle. Typical blends are 80% Sémillon and 20% Sauvignon blanc. As with the reds, white Bordeaux wines are usually blends, most commonly of Sémillon and a smaller proportion of Sauvignon blanc. In the late 1960s, Sémillon was the most planted grape in Bordeaux, but since then it has been in constant decline although it still is the most common of Bordeaux's white grapes.

Worldwide, wineries aspire to making wines in a Bordeaux style. Traditionally produced in a 225-litre oak barrel, at some point, the wine is blended; this is an integral part of the Bordeaux wine making process—so as to manufacture a product in the château's preferred style. In 1988, a group of vintners formed The Meritage Association to identify wines made this way. Although most Meritage wines are Californian, there are members in 18 states and Argentina, Australia, Canada, Israel, and Mexico.

Bordeaux wine is produced in the Bordeaux region of southwest France. To the north of the city the Dordogne River joins the Garonne River, forming the broad estuary called the Gironde, which, with a total vineyard area of over 120,000 hectares, is the most substantial wine growing area in France. Average vintages produce over 700 million bottles of wine, ranging from large quantities of everyday table wine, to some of the most expensive and prestigious wines in the world.

The vast majority of wine produced in Bordeaux is red. Red Bordeaux is generally prepared from a blend of grapes; permitted grapes include Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Merlot, Petit Verdot, Malbec, and rarely Carménère. Typical top-quality Châteaux blends are 70% Cabernet Sauvignon, 15% Cabernet Franc, and 15% Merlot, and this is typically referred to as the "Bordeaux blend." The red grapes in Bordeaux are Merlot (62%), Cabernet Sauvignon (25%), Cabernet Franc (12%), and Petit Verdot, Malbec and Carménère (1% in total).

White Bordeaux is predominantly, and exclusively in the case of the sweet Sauternes, made from Sémillon, Sauvignon blanc, and Muscadelle. Typical blends are 80% Sémillon and 20% Sauvignon blanc. As with the reds, white Bordeaux wines are usually blends, most commonly of Sémillon and a smaller proportion of Sauvignon blanc. In the late 1960s, Sémillon was the most planted grape in Bordeaux, but since then it has been in constant decline although it still is the most common of Bordeaux's white grapes.

Worldwide, wineries aspire to making wines in a Bordeaux style. Traditionally produced in a 225-litre oak barrel, at some point, the wine is blended; this is an integral part of the Bordeaux wine making process—so as to manufacture a product in the château's preferred style. In 1988, a group of vintners formed The Meritage Association to identify wines made this way. Although most Meritage wines are Californian, there are members in 18 American states and Argentina, Australia, Canada, Israel, and Mexico.

Which rivers help create the mentioned estuary?

The Gironde and the Loire

The Garrone and the Seine

The Gironde and the Rhône

The Garonne and the Dordogne

What type of wine does Bordeaux produce, predominantly?

Cabernet Franc Bordeaux

Cabernet Sauvignon Bordeaux

In the late 1960s, what was the most planted grape in Bordeaux?

Cabernet Sauvignon

In which country is NOT a Meritage country that produces wines outside of France?

What is the main idea of the text?

Average Bordeaux vintages produce over 600 million bottles of wine, ranging from large quantities of everyday table wine, to some of the most expensive and prestigious wines in the world.

France produces both red and white wine, and The Meritage Association identifies wines made in a similar way.

The major reason for the success of winemaking in the Bordeaux region is an excellent environment for growing vines, but worldwide winemakers seek to produce wine of similar quality.

Bordeaux wine is produced in a specific style in a specific region of France, and wineries aspire to produce wine in this style.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning

Learning is the process of acquiring new understanding, knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, attitudes, and preferences. The ability to learn is possessed by humans, animals, and some machines; there is also evidence of some kind of learning in certain plants. Some learning is immediate, induced by a single event (e.g. being burned by a hot stove), but much skill and knowledge accumulate from repeated experiences. The changes induced by learning often last a lifetime.

Human learning starts at birth (it might even start before in terms of an embryo's need for both interaction with and freedom within its environment within the womb.). It continues until death as a consequence of ongoing interactions between people and their environment. The nature and processes involved in learning are studied in many established fields (including educational psychology, neuropsychology, experimental psychology, cognitive sciences, and pedagogy), as well as emerging fields of knowledge.

Research in such fields has led to the identification of various sorts of learning. For example, learning may occur as a result of habituation, classical conditioning, operant conditioning, or as a result of more complex activities such as play, seen only in relatively intelligent animals. Learning may occur consciously or without conscious awareness. Learning that an aversive event can't be avoided or escaped may result in a condition called learned helplessness.

There is evidence for human behavioral learning prenatally, indicating that the central nervous system is sufficiently developed and primed for learning and memory to occur very early on in development. Play has been approached by several theorists as a form of learning. Children experiment with the world, learn the rules, and learn to interact through play. Lev Vygotsky agrees that play is pivotal for children's development since they make meaning of their environment through playing educational games.

Learning is the process of acquiring new understanding, knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, attitudes, and preferences. The ability to learn is possessed by humans, animals, and some machines; there is also evidence of some kind of learning in certain plants. Some learning is immediate, induced by a single event (e.g. being burned by a hot stove), but much skill and knowledge accumulate from repeated experiences. The changes induced by learning often last a lifetime.

Human learning starts at birth (it might even start before in terms of a fetus' need for both interaction with and freedom within its environment inside the womb). It continues until death as a consequence of ongoing interactions between people and their environment. The nature or learning and the processes involved are studied in many established fields (including educational psychology, neuropsychology, experimental psychology, cognitive sciences, and pedagogy), as well as emerging fields of knowledge.

Research in such fields has led to the identification of various sorts of learning. For example, learning may occur as a result of habituation, classical conditioning, operant conditioning, or as a result of more complex activities such as play, seen only in relatively intelligent animals. Learning may occur consciously or without conscious awareness. Learning that an aversive event can't be avoided or escaped may result in a condition called learned helplessness.

There is evidence for human behavioral learning prenatally, indicating that the central nervous system is sufficiently developed and primed for learning and memory to occur very early on in development. Play has been approached by several theorists as a form of learning. Children experiment with the world, learn the rules, and learn to interact through play. Lev Vygotsky agrees that play is pivotal for children's development since they make meaning of their environment through playing educational games.

How does the text define learning?

A process that leads to change, which occurs as a result of experience and increases the potential for improved performance.

The process and acquisition of knowledge or skills through experience, study, or by being taught.

Learning involves ongoing, active processes of inquiry, engagement and participation in the world around us

The process of acquiring new understanding, knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, attitudes, and preferences.

Which is NOT mentioned as possessing the ability to learn?

According to the text, what causes learned helplessness?

Clinical depression and mental illness

An inability to solve difficult situations

A lack of skill and experience in a given set of circumstances

The belief that aversive events are unchangeable or inescapable

According to the text, which of the following best describes how children learn?

Children learn through observation and consequences.

Children learn by comparing learned rules and play experiences.

Children learn through making meaning of their environment exclusively through play.

Children learn through experimentation and play.

What is the main idea of the text?

Learning may occur consciously or without conscious awareness and happens over a lifetime starting at birth.

Learning is the process of acquiring new understanding, behaviors, skills, attitudes, and preferences after infancy.

Some learning is immediate, induced by a single event, but much skill and knowledge accumulate from playful experiences.

Learning begins at birth and can be immediate or cumulative, and evidence shows success can be achieved through various modalities.

https://openstax.org/details/books/introduction-sociology-2e

Humans are social creatures; since the dawn of Homo sapiens nearly 250,000 years ago, people have organized themselves into communities to survive. Living together, people establish everyday habits and behaviors—from specific methods of childrearing to preferred techniques for obtaining food. In modern-day Paris, many people purchase food daily at outdoor markets to pick up what they need for their evening meal, buying cheese, meat, and vegetables from different specialty stalls. In the United
States, a majority of the population shops once a week at supermarkets, filling large carts to the brim. How would a Parisian perceive U.S. shopping behaviors that Americans take for granted? Almost every human behavior, from shopping to marriage to expressions of feelings, is learned. In the United States, people tend to view marriage as a decision between two people based on mutual affection and devotion. In other nations and at other times in history, marriages have been
arranged through an intricate process of interviews and negotiations between entire families. Arranged marriages may seem unusual or even inappropriate to someone raised without that custom; conversely, someone whose marriage was arranged might be perplexed by people choosing their spouse without guidance from others. In both cases, a person from one culture may have misconceptions about the customs of the other. In other words, the way in which people view
marriage predominantly depends on what they have been taught in their anthropological context. Behavior based on learned customs is not necessarily detrimental or even beneficial; it just is what it is. Being familiar with unwritten rules helps people feel secure and “normal,” and most people prefer to live their daily lives confident that their behaviors will not be challenged or disrupted. But even an action as seemingly simple as commuting to work evidences a great deal of cultural propriety.

Humans are social creatures; since the dawn of Homo sapiens nearly 250,000 years ago, people have organized themselves into communities to survive. Living together, people establish everyday habits and behaviors—from specific methods of childrearing to preferred techniques for obtaining food. In modern-day Paris, many people purchase food daily at outdoor markets to pick up what they need for their evening meal, buying cheese, meat, and vegetables from different specialty stalls. In the United

States, a majority of the population shops once a week at supermarkets, filling large carts to the brim. How would a Parisian perceive U.S. shopping behaviors that Americans take for granted? Almost every human behavior, from shopping to marriage to expressions of feelings, is learned. In the United States, people tend to view marriage as a decision between two people based on mutual affection and devotion. In other nations and at other times in history, marriages have been

arranged through an intricate process of interviews and negotiations between entire families. Arranged marriages may seem unusual or even inappropriate to someone raised without that custom; conversely, someone whose marriage was arranged might be perplexed by people choosing their spouse without guidance from others. In both cases, a person from one culture may have misconceptions about the customs of the other. In other words, the way in which people view

marriage predominantly depends on what they have been taught in their anthropological context. Behavior based on learned customs is not necessarily detrimental or even beneficial; it just is what it is. Being familiar with unwritten rules helps people feel secure and “normal,” and most people prefer to live their daily lives confident that their behaviors will not be challenged or disrupted. But even an action as seemingly simple as commuting to work evidences a great deal of cultural propriety.

About how many years ago was the dawn Homo sapiens?

What does the passage say about human behavior?

All human behavior is learned.

All humans behave similarly.

Cultural behavior differences are innate.

Almost every human behavior is learned.

What makes people feel secure and normal?

Staying in their own culture

Following the rules in their anthropological milieu

Not being challenged or disrupted

Being familiar with unwritten rules

How are shopping habits different between Paris and the United States?

Parisians have local markets with fresher produce, while Americans mainly shop at supermarkets.

American farmer's markets are usually once a week, but they're available daily in Paris.

Americans buy more preserved food once a week but Parisians only buy preserved food once a month.

Parisians shop daily while Americans shop weekly.

What is the main idea of the text?

Values and attitudes shape human behavior within different anthropological and cultural contexts.

Every culture perceives the norms of other cultures as strange, and that's how misconceptions happen.

Living together, people form common habits and behaviors, including norms like obtaining food.

Where you grow up and live influences behavioral norms, which provide a sense of security when followed.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewer_socialism

Sewer socialism was an originally pejorative term for the American socialist movement. This movement centered in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, from around 1892 to 1960. The term was coined by Morris Hillquit at the 1932 Milwaukee convention of the Socialist Party of America. He meant it as a negative commentary about Milwaukee socialists “perpetual boasting” about the excellent public city sewer system. The movement has its origins in the organization of the Social Democratic Party, a precursor to the Socialist Party of America.
With the creation of the Socialist Party of America, this group formed the core of an element that favored reformism rather than revolution. They de-emphasized the social theory and revolutionary rhetoric; instead, they favored honest government and efforts to improve public health. The sewer socialists fought to clean up what they saw as "the dirty and polluted legacy of the Industrial Revolution." They cleaned up neighborhoods and factories with new sanitation systems, city-owned water and power systems, and improved education.
In 1910, the Socialists made headlines. They had won most of the Milwaukee city council and county board seats. This included the first Socialist mayor in the United States, Emil Seidel, who also received the nomination for Vice President on the Socialist Party of America ticket for the 1912 election. When results came out, the Socialists netted 6% of the vote, their highest-ever percentage. In 1916, a new socialist mayor was elected, Daniel Hoan, who remained in office until 1940.
While they were in power, sewer socialists made many improvements to the city. Milwaukee’s government was not only the first socialist American city, but it was also recognized as one of the best in the country. Socialists never regained total control over the local government as they did in 1910, but they continued to show major influence until the defeat of Daniel Hoan in 1940. In retrospect, although their policies were progressive at the time, they seem conventional today.

Sewer socialism was originally a pejorative term for the American socialist movement. This movement centered in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, from around 1892 to 1960. The term was coined by Morris Hillquit at the 1932 Milwaukee convention of the Socialist Party of America. He meant it as a negative commentary about Milwaukee socialists “perpetual boasting” about the excellent public city sewer system. The movement has its origins in the organization of the Social Democratic Party, a precursor to the Socialist Party of America.

With the creation of the Socialist Party of America, this group formed the core of an element that favored reformism rather than revolution. They de-emphasized the social theory and revolutionary rhetoric; instead, they favored honest government and efforts to improve public health. The sewer socialists fought to clean up what they saw as "the dirty and polluted legacy of the Industrial Revolution." They cleaned up neighborhoods and factories with new sanitation systems, city-owned water and power systems, and improved education.

In 1910, the Socialists made headlines. They had won most of the Milwaukee city council and county board seats. This included the first Socialist mayor in the United States, Emil Seidel, who also received the nomination for Vice President on the Socialist Party of America ticket for the 1912 election. When results came out, the Socialists netted 6% of the vote, their highest-ever percentage. In 1916, a new socialist mayor was elected, Daniel Hoan, who remained in office until 1940.

While they were in power, sewer socialists made many improvements to the city. Milwaukee’s government was not only the first socialist American city, but it was also recognized as one of the best in the country. Socialists never regained total control over the local government as they did in 1910, but they continued to show major influence until the defeat of Daniel Hoan in 1940. In retrospect, although their policies were progressive at the time, they seem conventional today.

What inspired the term sewer socialism?

A negative term that noted the corruption of the "sewer rats" in their party.

A positive term based on Milwaukee socialist's initiatives to improve their sewer system.

The party named themselves.

A negative term based on Milwaukee socialists bragging about their sewer system.

What did the text say that sewer socialists focused on?

Connecting every home in the city to the sewer system to improve sanitation.

Replacing the Capitalist system with state ownership of business and industry

Improving public health and cleaning up by regulating industry

Honest government, public health, and cleaning up

What happened in 1910?

The term sewer socialist was coined.

After being elected, the sewer socialists finished their new sewer system.

The first socialist governor was elected in Wisconsin.

Socialists won most of the Milwaukee city council and county board seats.

How was the sewer socialist government in Milwaukee perceived nationally at the time?

No one really cared because Milwaukee was a small industrial city.

As a plot to remove capitalism from the city and make all industry owned by the government.

Conventional compared to newly emerging expectations of local government.

It was recognized as one of the best in the country.

What is the main idea of the text?

Sewer socialists sought a revolution in Milwaukee, and they succeeded in revolutionizing sewer systems and public health.

Sewer socialism focused on installing sewers and improving waste management until their party lost power.

Sewer socialists were in power from 1882-1960, making Milwaukee the first socialist city in America.

Sewer socialists in Milwaukee were progressive, making many improvements in the working-class industrial city.

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toccata

Toccata is the title that was often given to pieces of music for solo instruments from the Renaissance onwards, and the word comes from the Italian for “to touch,” also meaning to play a musical instrument. These pieces were often quite difficult, with a lot of fast notes, which showed off how well the person could play their respective instrument. The first toccatas were written in northern Italy by composers such as Claudio Monteverdi and Giovanni Gabrieli.
Toccatas are pieces for the keyboard (harpsichord or organ) with lots of running scales in the right hand and accompanying chords in the left hand. They became very popular in Germany with composers such as Hans Leo Hassler, who studied in Venice with Gabrieli, and many German Baroque organ composers wrote toccatas: Sweelinck (who was Dutch), Pachelbel, Buxtehude, and Johann Sebastian Bach. Bach wrote a Toccata and Fugue in D minor, which is one
of the most popular pieces of Baroque organ music. As a result, Bach is perhaps the most famous toccata composer to date. After the Baroque period, composers did not often write toccatas, but the style became popular again in the late 19th century with French organ composers such as Charles-Marie Widor, whose Toccata from his Symphony No. 5 is very popular today--especially at weddings. It has lots of quick notes in the right hand (and occasionally with the left)
and a big tune with the pedals. Another famous organ toccata is by Louis Vierne. It is the last movement of his Symphony No. 1 (at this time, French composers wrote organ works called "symphonies"). In the 20th century, several composers wrote toccatas for piano, including Prokofiev, Khachaturian, Ravel, and Claude Debussy. Toccatas occasionally make appearances in works for full orchestra; a notable example is the final movement of the Eighth Symphony of Ralph Vaughan Williams.

Toccata is the title that was often given to pieces of music for solo instruments from the Renaissance onwards, and the word comes from the Italian for “to touch,” also meaning to play a musical instrument. These pieces were often quite difficult, with a lot of fast notes, which showed off how well the person could play their respective instrument. The first toccatas were written in northern Italy by composers such as Claudio Monteverdi and Giovanni Gabrieli.

Toccatas are pieces for the keyboard (harpsichord or organ) with lots of running scales in the right hand and accompanying chords in the left hand. They became very popular in Germany with composers such as Hans Leo Hassler, who studied in Venice with Gabrieli, and many German Baroque organ composers wrote toccatas: Sweelinck (who was Dutch), Pachelbel, Buxtehude, and Johann Sebastian Bach. Bach wrote a Toccata and Fugue in D minor, which is one

of the most popular pieces of Baroque organ music. As a result, Bach is perhaps the most famous toccata composer to date. After the Baroque period, composers did not often write toccatas, but the style became popular again in the late 19th century with French organ composers such as Charles-Marie Widor, whose Toccata from his Symphony No. 5 is very popular today--especially at weddings. It has lots of quick notes in the right hand (and occasionally with the left)

and a big tune with the pedals. Another famous organ toccata is by Louis Vierne. It is the last movement of his Symphony No. 1 (at this time, French composers wrote organ works called "symphonies"). In the 20th century, several composers wrote toccatas for piano, including Prokofiev, Khachaturian, Ravel, and Claude Debussy. Toccatas occasionally make appearances in works for full orchestra; a notable example is the final movement of the Eighth Symphony of Ralph Vaughan Williams.

What are toccata pieces known for?

Fugal interludes and difficult pieces

Dexterity and speed of performers fingers

A lot of fast notes

Who was NOT mentioend as writing toccatas?

Where did the style regain popularity in the late 19th century?

In which period did composers often write toccatas?

The Classical period

The Modernist period

The Renaissance period

The Baroque period

What is the main idea of the text?

Toccatas are pieces of music that are fairly tough to play, have remained popular since the 1590s, and have been written by many famous composers.

Many famous composers have written Toccatas, which require use both hands and feet (pedals) to play toccata style music on the organ.

Toccatas are difficult songs, popularized during the Classical period, with lots of running scales in the right hand and chords in the left.

Toccatas are pieces of music that are often difficult to play, have phased in and out of popularity, and have been written by many famous composers.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition

In the United States from 1920 to 1933, a nationwide law prohibited the production, importation, transportation, and sale of alcoholic beverages. The alcohol industry was curtailed nationwide under the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified on January 16, 1919. Led by pietistic Protestants, prohibitionists first attempted to end the trade in alcohol during the 19th century. They aimed to heal what they saw as an ill society beset by alcohol-related problems such as alcoholism, family violence, and saloon-based political corruption.

The Eighteenth amendment passed "with a 68 percent supermajority in the House of Representatives and 76 percent support in the Senate" and was ratified by 46 out of 48 states. After the ban, criminal gangs gained control of the beer and liquor supply in many cities. In the first six months of 1920, the federal government opened 7,291 cases against bootleggers. In 1921, the number of cases jumped to 29,114 and rose dramatically over the next 13 years.

Grape juice was not restricted by Prohibition, even though if it was allowed to sit for sixty days it would ferment and turn to wine with a 12% alcohol content. Many people took advantage of this. Unsurprisingly, grape juice output quadrupled during the Prohibition era. To prevent bootleggers from using industrial ethyl alcohol to produce illegal beverages, the federal government ordered the denaturation of industrial alcohols, meaning they had to include additives to make industrial alcohols unpalatable or poisonous.

In response, bootleggers hired chemists who successfully removed the additives from the alcohol to make it drinkable. As a response, the Treasury Department required manufacturers to add more deadly poisons. New York City medical examiners prominently opposed these policies because of the danger to human life. As many as 10,000 people died from drinking denatured alcohol—the poison effectively did nothing to stop people from drinking. Prohibition ended with the ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment, which repealed the Eighteenth Amendment in 1933.

In the United States from 1920 to 1933, a nationwide law prohibited the production, importation, transportation, and sale of alcoholic beverages. The alcohol industry was curtailed nationwide under the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified on January 16, 1919. Led by pietistic Protestants, prohibitionists first attempted to end the trade in alcohol during the 19th century. They aimed to heal what they saw as an ill society beset by alcohol-related problems such as alcoholism, family violence, and saloon-based political corruption.

The Eighteenth Amendment passed "with a 68 percent supermajority in the House of Representatives and 76 percent support in the Senate" and was ratified by 46 out of 48 states. After the ban, criminal gangs gained control of the beer and liquor supply in many cities. In the first six months of 1920, the federal government opened 7,291 cases against bootleggers. In 1921, the number of cases jumped to 29,114 and rose dramatically over the next 13 years.

Grape juice was not restricted by Prohibition, even though if it was allowed to sit for sixty days it would ferment and turn to wine with a 12% alcohol content. Many people took advantage of this. Unsurprisingly, grape juice output quadrupled during the Prohibition era. To prevent bootleggers from using industrial ethyl alcohol to produce illegal beverages, the federal government ordered the denaturation of industrial alcohols, meaning they had to include additives to make industrial alcohols unpalatable or poisonous.

In response, bootleggers hired chemists who successfully removed the additives from the alcohol to make it drinkable. As a response, the Treasury Department required manufacturers to add more deadly poisons. New York City medical examiners prominently opposed these policies because of the danger to human life. As many as 10,000 people died from drinking denatured alcohol—the poison effectively did nothing to stop people from drinking. Prohibition ended with the ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment, which repealed the Eighteenth Amendment in 1933.

How long was Prohibition?

How much support did the 18th Amendment have in the Senate?

How many days does any fruit juice need to sit in order to ferment?

Who opposed the Treasury Department's requirement to add poison to industrial alcohol?

Public health officials

Medical examiners

What is the main idea of the text?

In the United States from 1920 to 1943, a nationwide law prohibited the production, importation, transportation, and sale of alcoholic beverages.

People and bootleggers found sometimes dangerous ways around the Prohibition laws for thirteen years, until the 19th Amendment overturned it.

Catholics aimed to heal what they saw as an ill society beset by alcohol-related problems, but Prohibition caused its own series of problems and dangers.

During Prohibition, alcohol sales were illegal, but people fermented their own wine or sometimes bought deadly alcohol from criminal gangs until the 21st Amendment passed.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopewell_tradition

The Hopewell tradition, also called the Hopewell culture and Hopewellian exchange, describes a network of precontact Native American cultures that flourished in settlements along rivers in the northeastern and midwestern Eastern Woodlands. Hopewell culture thrived from 100 BCE to 500 CE, in the Middle Woodland period. The Hopewell tradition was not a single culture or society but a widely dispersed set of populations connected by a common network of trade routes.

At its greatest extent, the Hopewell exchange system ran from the northern shores of Lake Ontario south to the Crystal River Indian Mounds in modern-day Florida. Within this area, societies exchanged goods and ideas. The highest amount of activity ran along waterways, which were the main transportation routes. Peoples within the Hopewell exchange system received materials from all over the territory of what now comprises the mainland United States and likely even to Mexico.

Most of the items traded were exotic materials; they were delivered to peoples living in the major trading and manufacturing areas. These people converted raw materials into products and exported them through local and regional exchange networks. Hopewell communities traded finished goods, such as steatite platform pipes. Far and wide, they have been found among grave goods in many burials outside the Midwest. Today, the best-surviving features of the Hopewell tradition era are earthwork mounds.

Around 500 CE, the Hopewell exchange ceased, mound building stopped, and art forms were no longer produced. War is a possible cause, as villages shifted to larger communities; they built defensive fortifications of palisade walls and ditches. Colder climatic conditions and depleted food supplies may have been reasons for people to live in larger, more permanent communities for protection, as warfare became more deadly. With fewer people using trade routes, there was no longer a network linking people to the Hopewell traditions.

The Hopewell tradition, also called the Hopewell culture and Hopewellian exchange, describes a network of precontact Native American cultures that flourished in settlements along rivers in the northeastern and midwestern Eastern Woodlands. Hopewell culture thrived from 100 BCE to 500 CE, in the Middle Woodland period. The Hopewell tradition was not a single culture or society but a widely dispersed set of populations connected by a common network of trade routes.

At its greatest extent, the Hopewell exchange system ran from the northern shores of Lake Ontario south to the Crystal River Indian Mounds in modern-day Florida. Within this area, societies exchanged goods and ideas. The highest amount of activity ran along waterways, which were the main transportation routes. Peoples within the Hopewell exchange system received materials from all over the territory of what now comprises the mainland United States and likely even to Mexico.

Most of the items traded were exotic materials; they were delivered to peoples living in the major trading and manufacturing areas. These people converted raw materials into products and exported them through local and regional exchange networks. Hopewell communities traded finished goods, such as steatite platform pipes. Far and wide, they have been found among grave goods in many burials outside the Midwest. Today, the best-surviving features of the Hopewell tradition era are earthwork mounds.

Around 500 CE, the Hopewell exchange ceased, mound building stopped, and art forms were no longer produced. War is a possible cause, as villages shifted to larger communities; they built defensive fortifications of palisade walls and ditches. Colder climatic conditions and depleted food supplies may have been reasons for people to live in larger, more permanent communities for protection, as warfare became more deadly. With fewer people using trade routes, there was no longer a network linking people to the Hopewell traditions.

What was the Hopewell tradition?

A network of connected and culturally similar precontact populations who traded goods, ideas, art, and religion.

A Native American tribe that set up trade networks that began in the midwest and linked to other tribes across the United States and down to Mexico.

A group of Native Americans who practiced the cultural tradition of burial mound building and trading goods and agricultural ideas along the Mississippi.

A network of precontact Native American cultures that flourished in settlements along rivers and traded exotic materials and products.

What is the best surviving feature of the Hopewell tradition?

Cultural legacies and transportation routes

Residual defensive fortifications made of earthwork mounds

Artifacts and goods found in burial mounds that indicate how wide the network was

Earthwork mounds

What finished good was discovered among Hopewell graves?

Obsidian spearheads

What cause was NOT mentioned as a possible reason for the decline of Hopewell trade?

Depleted food supplies

More isolated communities

What is the main idea of the text?

An ancient trading network, known as the Hopewell tradition, was used by precontact tribes to spread fur, food, and artisanal crafts via waterways down to the Gulf of Mexico.

The Hopewell people thrived in the Midwest where they developed agricultural techniques that could support artisans and a vast trade network for 400 years.

The Hopewell trade network stretched across the US and down to Mexico, and along with goods, the idea of building earthen mounds spread.

The Hopewell tradition describes a network of Native American cultures that flourished in settlements and traded along rivers from 100 BCE to 500 CE.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan

Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia. Referred to as the Heart of Asia, it is bordered by Pakistan to the east and south, Iran to the west, Turkmenistan to the northwest, Uzbekistan to the north, Tajikistan to the northeast, and China to the northeast and east. As of 2021, its population is 40.2 million, composed mostly of ethnic Pashtuns, Tajiks, Hazaras, and Uzbeks.

Kabul is the country's largest city and capital. Afghanistan is prominently rich in natural resources, including lithium, iron, zinc, and copper, amongst many others. It is also the world's largest producer of opium, second largest producer of cannabis, and third largest of both saffron and cashmere. Due to the effects of decades of war, the country has dealt with high levels of terrorism, poverty, and child malnutrition. Afghanistan is one of the least developed countries, ranking 180th on the Human Development Index.

The modern state of Afghanistan began with the Durrani dynasty in the 1700s. The Durrani Empire led conquests and their territory spanned parts of Iran and India. In the mid-1800s, Afghanistan was thrown into civil war as Russian and British Empires fought for control. Following the Third Anglo-Afghan War in 1919, Afghanistan became free of foreign dominance and emerged as the Kingdom of Afghanistan in 1926. This monarchy lasted almost 50 years, until it was overthrown in 1973, establishing the Republic of Afghanistan.

Since the late 1970s, Afghanistan's history has been dominated by extensive warfare, including coups, invasions, insurgencies, and civil wars. The conflict began in 1978 when a communist revolution established a socialist state and subsequent infighting prompted the Soviet Union to invade Afghanistan in 1979. Mujahideen fighters fought against them in the Soviet–Afghan War and continued fighting amongst themselves following Soviet withdrawal in 1989. The Islamic fundamentalist Taliban controlled most of the country by 1996 before their overthrow by the United States in 2001.

Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia. Referred to as the Heart of Asia, it is bordered by Pakistan to the east and south, Iran to the west, Turkmenistan to the northwest, Uzbekistan to the north, Tajikistan to the northeast, and China to the northeast and east. As of 2021, its population is 40.2 million, composed mostly of ethnic Pashtuns, Tajiks, Hazaras, and Uzbeks.

Kabul is the country's largest city and capital. Afghanistan is prominently rich in natural resources, including lithium, iron, zinc, and copper, amongst many others. It is also the world's largest producer of opium, second largest producer of cannabis, and third largest of both saffron and cashmere. Due to the effects of decades of war, the country has dealt with high levels of terrorism, poverty, and child malnutrition. Afghanistan is one of the least developed countries, ranking 180th on the Human Development Index.

The modern state of Afghanistan began with the Durrani dynasty in the 1700s. The Durrani Empire led conquests and their territory spanned parts of Iran and India. In the mid-1800s, Afghanistan was thrown into civil war as Russian and British Empires fought for control. Following the Third Anglo-Afghan War in 1919, Afghanistan became free of foreign dominance and emerged as the Kingdom of Afghanistan in 1926. This monarchy lasted almost 50 years, until it was overthrown in 1973, establishing the Republic of Afghanistan.

Since the late 1970s, Afghanistan's history has been dominated by extensive warfare, including coups, invasions, insurgencies, and civil wars. The conflict began in 1978 when a communist revolution established a socialist state and subsequent infighting prompted the Soviet Union to invade Afghanistan in 1979. Mujahideen fighters fought against them in the Soviet–Afghan War and continued fighting amongst themselves following Soviet withdrawal in 1989. The Islamic fundamentalist Taliban controlled most of the country by 1996 before their overthrow by the United States in 2001.

What is the nickname of Afghanistan?

Crossroads of Central Asia

The Heart of War

Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan

Which natural resources are mentioned in the text?

Saffron and cashmere

What resulted from the Third Anglo-Afghan War?

The Republic of Afghanistan was established.

Afghanistan was free of foreign dominance but began a cycle of civil wars.

Subsequent infighting caused the Soviet Union to invade.

Afghanistan emerged as the Kingdom of Afghanistan.

Who fought the Soviets when they invaded Afghanistan?

The United States

The Afghan Imperial Army

What is the main idea of the text?

Because of extensive warfare in its history, Afghanistan is one of the least developed countries, ranking 190th on the Human Development Index.

Since the late 1960s, Afghanistan's history has been dominated by extensive warfare, including fighting the Soviet Union and control by the Mujahideen.

Due to the effects of decades of war, the country has dealt with high levels of terrorism, poverty, and child malnutrition.

Given its crossroads position and rich deposits of natural resources, Afghanistan has been at the center of extensive warfare since the 18th century with few eras of peace.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takenaka_Shigekata

Takenaka Shigekata (September 16, 1828– January 24, 1891) was a Japanese samurai of the late Edo period, later a figure in efforts to colonize Hokkaido. He is also known by his court title, “Tango no kami.” Shigekata was born in 1828 in the town of Iwate, in Mino Province, the son of Tokugawa retainer Takenaka Motoyuki. Motoyuki, though the head of a branch house, was a descendant of the great Sengoku-era strategist Takenaka Hanbei Shigeharu.

Following his father's death, Shigekata was adopted by Takenaka Shigeakira, the 5000 koku hatamoto, or high ranking samurai, who was head of the main Takenaka house. Though a senior hatamoto due to his rank, he entered the ranks of the Greater Guardsmen (Ōbangumi) in 1864. He later became an Army Magistrate, took part in the campaign that put down the Tengu Party, and concurrently held the rank of wakadoshiyori.

In 1868, Takenaka was part of the force but was beaten back by the new Imperial Army. Returning to Edo as part of the Tokugawa withdrawal, he was singled out as a scapegoat for the defeat, stripped of his court rank and title, and prohibited from entering Edo Castle. Though briefly entering the priesthood, he still wanted to fight the Imperial army, so he formed the Junchūtai, which engaged in guerilla warfare. Later, he became an officer in the new Ezo Republic.

Near the end of the Battle of Hakodate, he headed to Tokyo on a steamship, ostensibly to find some unexplored option to fight the Imperial Army; however, he had to surrender. As punishment, he was placed under supervision, but moved by the plight of the impoverished former samurai, Takenaka submitted a memorandum to the government on how to increase agricultural productivity. This reached the right ears, and he was pardoned in 1873 and allowed to work in the new government.

Takenaka Shigekata (September 16, 1828– January 24, 1891) was a Japanese samurai of the late Edo period, later a figure in efforts to colonize Hokkaido. He is also known by his court title, “Tango no kami.” Shigekata was born in 1828 in the town of Iwate, in Mino Province, the son of Tokugawa retainer Takenaka Motoyuki. Motoyuki, though the head of a branch house, was a descendant of the great Sengoku-era strategist Takenaka Hanbei Shigeharu.

Following his father's death, Shigekata was adopted by Takenaka Shigeakira, the 5000 koku hatamoto, or high ranking samurai, who was head of the main Takenaka house. Though a senior hatamoto due to his rank, he entered the ranks of the Greater Guardsmen (Ōbangumi) in 1864. He later became an Army Magistrate, took part in the campaign that put down the Tengu Party, and concurrently held the rank of wakadoshiyori.

In 1868, Takenaka was part of the force but was beaten back by the new Imperial Army. Returning to Edo as part of the Tokugawa withdrawal, he was singled out as a scapegoat for the defeat, stripped of his court rank and title, and prohibited from entering Edo Castle. Though briefly entering the priesthood, he still wanted to fight the Imperial army, so he formed the Junchūtai, which engaged in guerilla warfare. Later, he became an officer in the new Ezo Republic.

Near the end of the Battle of Hakodate, he headed to Tokyo on a steamship, ostensibly to find some unexplored option to fight the Imperial Army; however, he had to surrender. As punishment, he was placed under supervision, but moved by the plight of the impoverished former samurai, Takenaka submitted a memorandum to the government on how to increase agricultural productivity. This reached the right ears, and he was pardoned in 1873 and allowed to work in the new government.

What was Shigekata's court title?

What rank did Shigekata hold?

What did NOT happen to Shigekata after the Tokugawa withdrawl?

He was made a scapegoat.

He lost his court title.

He was prohibited from entering Edo Castle.

He headed to Korea on a steamship.

How did Shigekata return to the good graces of leadership?

He headed to Tokyo on a steamship.

He recommended a way to help former samurai in poverty.

He was pardoned for good behavior.

He invented a way to increase agricultural productivity as a farmer.

What is the main idea of the text?

This biography exemplifies the challenges faced by samurai in feudal Japan who fought the Imperial Army.

This biography exemplifies the persistence of a Chinese man who rose and fell from grace multiple times as an officer of the Imperial Army.

This biography encapsulates the typical life of all samurai during the late Edo period who thrived as a member of the Tengu Party.

This biography highlights the main events of a Japanese samurai's life during the late Edo period.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holodomor

Holodomor translated from Ukrainian means "death by hunger," "killing or murder by by hunger or starvation." It is a compound of the Ukrainian holod, 'hunger,' and mor, 'plague.' The Ukrainian verb moryty means "to poison, to drive to exhaustion, or to torment." In English, the Holodomor has been called artificial famine, famine genocide, and terror famine. The Holodomar was a man-made famine in Soviet-Ukraine that killed millions of Ukranians from 1932 to 1933.

Holodomor was used in print in the 1930s in Ukrainian diaspora publications in Czechoslovakia as Haladamor and by Ukrainian migrant organisations in the United States and Canada by 1978. In the Soviet Union, of which Ukraine was a constituent republic, any mention of the famine were dismissed as anti-Soviet propaganda. This was true even after de-Stalinization in 1956. Until the publication of historical documents in the late 1980s, continued denial of the catastrophe was common.

Discourse about the disaster became possible as part of the glasnost policy of openness. In Ukraine, the first official use of famine was a 1987 speech by Volodymyr Shcherbytskyi, First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party, on the occasion of the republic's 70th anniversary. Another early public usage in the Soviet Union was in a 1988 speech by Oleksiy Musiyenko, Deputy Secretary for ideological matters of the Kyiv branch of the Union of Soviet Writers.

Holodomor is now an entry in the modern, two-volume dictionary of the Ukrainian language, published in 2004. It is described as "artificial hunger, organised on a vast scale by a criminal regime against a country's population." The overlying causes for the famine are still disputed. The most prevalent factor was the hardship associated with changes implemented during Soviet industrialization under Stalin. A systematic set of policies set by the Soviets were designed to exterminate the Ukrainians through hunger.

Holodomor translated from Ukrainian means "death by hunger," "killing or murder by by hunger or starvation." It is a compound of the Ukrainian holod, "hunger," and mor, "plague." The Ukrainian verb moryty means "to poison, to drive to exhaustion, or to torment." In English, the Holodomor has been called artificial famine, famine genocide, and terror famine. The Holodomar was a man-made famine in Soviet-Ukraine that killed millions of Ukranians from 1932 to 1933.

Holodomor was used in print in the 1930s in Ukrainian diaspora publications in Czechoslovakia as Haladamor, and by Ukrainian migrant organizations in the United States and Canada by 1978. In the Soviet Union, of which Ukraine was a constituent republic, any mention of the famine was dismissed as anti-Soviet propaganda. This was true even after de-Stalinization in 1956. Until the publication of historical documents in the late 1980s, continued denial of the catastrophe was common.

Discourse about the disaster became possible as part of the glasnost policy of openness. In Ukraine, the first official use of famine was a 1987 speech by Volodymyr Shcherbytskyi, First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party, on the occasion of the republic's 70th anniversary. Another early public usage in the Soviet Union was in a 1988 speech by Oleksiy Musiyenko, Deputy Secretary for ideological matters of the Kyiv branch of the Union of Soviet Writers.

Holodomor is now an entry in the modern, two-volume dictionary of the Ukrainian language, published in 2004. It is described as "artificial hunger, organized on a vast scale by a criminal regime against a country's population." The overlying causes for the famine are still disputed. The most prevalent factor was the hardship associated with changes implemented during Soviet industrialization under Stalin. A systematic set of policies set by the Soviets were designed to exterminate the Ukrainians through hunger.

How is Holodomor commonly translated into English?

Murder by human-induced plague

To drive to exhaustion through hunger

Artificial famine or famine genocide

Who first officially used the word to reference the famine in the 1980s?

Ukrainian diaspora publications in Czechoslovakia

Anti-Soviet propaganda

The Deputy Secretary for ideological matters of the Kyiv branch of the Union of Soviet Writers

The First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party

What policy allowed for discussion of the Holodomor?

Demokratizatsiya

What caused the Holodomor?

It was part of a broader Soviet famine (1931–34) that also caused mass starvation in the grain-growing regions of Soviet Russia and Kazakhstan.

The famine was caused both by drought and policies that forced shipment of grains from Ukraine to support the Soviet population.

Feeling threatened by Ukraine's strengthening cultural autonomy, Stalin took measures to destroy the Ukrainian peasantry.

A systematic set of policies set by the Soviets that were designed to exterminate the Ukrainians through hunger.

What is the main idea of the text?

Until the late 1980s, continued denial of the Holodomor catastrophe was common, but it's now recognized as genocide.

The Holodomor was a period in Ukrainian history where famine caused millions to starve or face malnurishment due to policies.

De-Stalinization caused the Holodomor tragedy in Ukraine where planned policies led to genocide by famine in Ukraine.

Holodomor was an intentional human tragedy caused by Soviet policies that starved Ukrainians, but the event was denied as propaganda until the 1980s.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_engineering

The concept of engineering has existed since ancient times. Humans devised early inventions such as the pulley, lever, and wheel. Each of these inventions is consistent with the modern definition of engineering, exploiting basic mechanical principles to develop useful tools and objects. The term engineering itself has a much more recent etymology, derived from the word engineer. The word engineer dates back to 1325. An “engine’er” (literally, one who operates an engine) originally referred to "a constructor of military engines."

The ziggurats of Mesopotamia, the pyramids and Pharos of Alexandria in ancient Egypt, cities of the Indus Valley civilization, the Acropolis and Parthenon in ancient Greece, the aqueducts, Via Appia and Colosseum in the Roman Empire, Teotihuacán, the cities and pyramids of the Mayan, Inca, and Aztec Empires, and the Great Wall of China, among others, stand as a testament to the ingenuity and skill of the ancient civil and military engineers. All are prime examples of engineering.

The six classic simple machines were known in the ancient Near East. The wedge and the inclined plane (ramp) were known since prehistoric times. The wheel, along with the wheel and axle mechanism, was invented in Mesopotamia during the 5th millennium BCE. The lever mechanism first appeared around 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where it was used in a simple balance scale and to move large objects in ancient Egypt. The lever was also used in the shadoof water-lifting device, the first crane machine.

This crane appeared in Mesopotamia in 3000 BCE and then in Egypt circa 2000 BCE. The earliest pulleys date back to Mesopotamia in early 2000 BCE and ancient Egypt between 1991-1802 BCE. The screw, the last of the simple machines to be invented, first appeared in Mesopotamia during the Neo-Assyrian period (911-609 BCE). The Egyptian pyramids, including the Great Pyramid of Giza, were built using three of the six simple machines: the inclined plane, the wedge, and the lever.

The concept of engineering has existed since ancient times. Humans devised early inventions such as the pulley, lever, and wheel. Each of these inventions is consistent with the modern definition of engineering, exploiting basic mechanical principles to develop useful tools and objects. The term engineering itself has a much more recent etymology, derived from the word engineer. The word engineer dates back to 1325. An “engine’er” (literally, one who operates an engine) originally referred to "a constructor of military engines."

The ziggurats of Mesopotamia, the pyramids and Pharos of Alexandria in ancient Egypt, cities of the Indus Valley civilization, the Acropolis and Parthenon in ancient Greece, the aqueducts Via Appia and Colosseum in the Roman Empire, Teotihuacán, the cities and pyramids of the Mayan, Inca, and Aztec Empires, and the Great Wall of China, among others, stand as a testament to the ingenuity and skill of ancient civil and military engineers. All are prime examples of engineering.

The six classic simple machines were known in the ancient Near East. The wedge and the inclined plane (ramp) were known since prehistoric times. The wheel, along with the wheel and axle mechanism, was invented in Mesopotamia during the 5th millennium BCE. The lever mechanism first appeared around 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where it was used in a simple balance scale and to move large objects in ancient Egypt. The lever was also used in the shadoof water-lifting device, the first crane machine.

This crane appeared in Mesopotamia in 3000 BCE and then in Egypt circa 2000 BCE. The earliest pulleys date back to Mesopotamia in early 2000 BCE and ancient Egypt between 1991-1802 BCE. The screw, the last of the simple machines to be invented, first appeared in Mesopotamia during the Neo-Assyrian period (911-609 BCE). The Egyptian pyramids, including the Great Pyramid of Giza, were built using three of the six simple machines: the inclined plane, the wedge, and the lever.

Originating in 1325, what did the word engineer originally mean?

One who builds or operates an engine

One who constructed civil engineering projects like aqueducts

One who developed useful tools and objects

One who constructed military engines

Which was NOT mentioned as a testament to the ingenuity and skill of ancient civil and military engineers?

The pharos of Alexandria

Ziggurats of Mesopotamia

Which machines date back to prehistoric times?

The wheel and axle

The lever and wedge

The inclined plane

The wedge and the inclined plane

Which simple machine was the last to be invented?

What is the main idea of the text?

Ancient engineers exploited basic mechanical principles to invent useful tools and objects.

Ancient engineers invented all simple machines independent of influence or knowledge from other civilizations.

Ancient engineers invented the screw, pulley, lever, crane, wedge, inclined plane, and wheels (in that order) to build huge civil projects.

Ancient engineers used six simple machines to build some of the greatest structures on Earth.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneering_(scouting)

Historically, fortifications were military constructions used to defend territories in warfare. The term is derived from the Latin fortis (“strong”) and facere (“to make”). Today, children enjoy building “forts” as a pastime, and this type of play–whether creating forts, dens, or playhouses—is healthy for kids’ development. These homes “away” from home are reflections of their growth as individuals. Indoor fort building commences around the age of four, and children endeavor outside to assemble their hideouts between ages six and seven.
In scouting, fort building is known as pioneering, and this survival skill utilizes ropes and wooden poles joined together by lashings and knots to create a structure. The name for this art form comes from 18th and 19th-century military engineers who traveled ahead of an army to “pioneer” a route. The journey would require building bridges or towers with rope and timber, but scouts might construct functional items like camp tables or decorative pieces such as camp gateways.
Pioneering skills include tying knots, lashing (tying wooden spars together with rope), whipping (binding the end of a rope with thin twine), splicing (binding the end of a rope using its own fibers), and skills related to the utilization, care, and storage of ropes and spars. Lord Robert Baden-Powell initiated the Boy Scouts of America’s adoption of the craft of pioneering. He was also the individual who requested that Agnes Baden-Powell (his sister) inaugurate scouting for girls in 1910.
The structures can be recreational, decorative, or functional, but all use the same three basic building blocks: a-frames, trestles, and tripods. Functional projects include fences, benches, bridges, tables, and chairs, whereas recreational projects can be as complex as Ferris wheels, see-saws, and merry-go-rounds. Different knots and lashings make these complicated projects possible, but teamwork and problem-solving are the most essential elements. While pioneering is not as popular as previously, project designs are freely available online.

Historically, fortifications were military constructions used to defend territories in warfare. The term is derived from the Latin fortis (“strong”) and facere (“to make”). Today, children enjoy building “forts” as a pastime, and this type of play–whether creating forts, dens, or playhouses—is healthy for kids’ development. These homes “away” from home are reflections of their growth as individuals. Indoor fort building commences around the age of four, and children endeavor outside to assemble their hideouts between ages six and seven.

In scouting, fort building is known as pioneering, and this survival skill utilizes ropes and wooden poles joined together by lashings and knots to create a structure. The name for this art form comes from 18th and 19th-century military engineers who traveled ahead of an army to “pioneer” a route. The journey would require building bridges or towers with rope and timber, but scouts might construct functional items like camp tables or decorative pieces such as camp gateways.

Pioneering skills include tying knots, lashing (tying wooden spars together with rope), whipping (binding the end of a rope with thin twine), splicing (binding the end of a rope using its own fibers), and skills related to the utilization, care, and storage of ropes and spars. Lord Robert Baden-Powell initiated the Boy Scouts of America’s adoption of the craft of pioneering. He was also the individual who requested that Agnes Baden-Powell (his sister) inaugurate scouting for girls in 1910.

The structures can be recreational, decorative, or functional, but all use the same three basic building blocks: a-frames, trestles, and tripods. Functional projects include fences, benches, bridges, tables, and chairs, whereas recreational projects can be as complex as Ferris wheels, see-saws, and merry-go-rounds. Different knots and lashings make these complicated projects possible, but teamwork and problem-solving are the most essential elements. While pioneering is not as popular as previously, project designs are freely available online.

Why is fort building important for young children?

It promotes teamwork.

It teaches planning and organizational skills.

It works on their fine and gross motor skills.

It is a reflection of their growth as individuals.

Where did the term “pioneering” originate?

The practice of living like pioneers.

The practice of building something from nothing.

The childhood practice of fort building.

The practice of preparing an army route.

Which recreational pioneering project was NOT mentioned?

What year did the Boy Scouts adopt pioneering as a skill?

What is the main idea of the text?

Pioneering requires knowledge of knots and structures, which begins in childhood play.

Humans have been building forts for as long as we’ve gone to war, and children innately practice this skill.

Scouting is a form of military training where children learn survival skills like pioneering.

Pioneering is a form of fort building rooted in military marches and children’s play practiced by scouts.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Island#History

Easter Island is located in the southeastern Pacific Ocean and is recognized for its more than 1,000 monumental statues, called moai. The “giant head” statues were constructed by the Rapa Nui people, who reached the island around the year 800. Oral tradition states that the island was initially settled by a two-canoe expedition originating from Marae Renga, now known as the Cook Islands, and the Polynesian explorers were governed by Chief Hotu Matu’a and his military leader Tu’u koiho.
A villager from Marae Renga had a vision of the far-away island, and Chief Hotu Matu’a deemed the location a worthwhile sanctuary to flee from a belligerent neighboring chief. When the colonists arrived, they settled in different parts of the island, and eventually, the colonists became two distinct confederations: the Tu’u and the ‘Otu ’Itu. Chief Hotu’s heir was born on the island, and the military leader Tu’u ko Iho brought the statues and caused them to “walk.”
When Dutch explorers arrived, the total population prospering on the island was between 3000-4000. Shortly after the Dutch appearance in 1724, the two confederations began battling each other for domination, and the war continued until the 1860s. Huts were burned; fields were destroyed; and famine and lawlessness took over. After Spanish explorers dropped anchor, local people began toppling the giant statues to destroy their socio-spiritual power or mana. No statues were standing by the time the French disembarked in the 1860s.
Between 1862 and 1888, about 94% of the population perished or emigrated. From 1862 to 1863, the island was victimized by blackbirding—the abduction or killing of about 1,500 people, with 1,408 forced into slavery in Peru. Only about a dozen locals eventually returned to Easter Island, but, unfortunately, they brought smallpox, which decimated the remaining population of 1,500. Those who perished included the island's bearers of culture, history, and genealogy. By 1877, only 111 people remained.

Easter Island is located in the southeastern Pacific Ocean and is recognized for its more than 1,000 monumental statues, called moai. The “giant head” statues were constructed by the Rapa Nui people, who reached the island around the year 800. Oral tradition states that the island was initially settled by a two-canoe expedition originating from Marae Renga, now known as the Cook Islands, and the Polynesian explorers were governed by Chief Hotu Matu’a and his military leader Tu’u koiho.

A villager from Marae Renga had a vision of the far-away island, and Chief Hotu Matu’a deemed the location a worthwhile sanctuary to flee from a belligerent neighboring chief. When the colonists arrived, they settled in different parts of the island, and eventually, the colonists became two distinct confederations: the Tu’u and the ‘Otu ’Itu. Chief Hotu’s heir was born on the island, and the military leader Tu’u ko Iho brought the statues and caused them to “walk.”

When Dutch explorers arrived, the total population prospering on the island was between 3000-4000. Shortly after the Dutch appearance in 1724, the two confederations began battling each other for domination, and the war continued until the 1860s. Huts were burned; fields were destroyed; and famine and lawlessness took over. After Spanish explorers dropped anchor, local people began toppling the giant statues to destroy their socio-spiritual power or mana. No statues were standing by the time the French disembarked in the 1860s.

Between 1862 and 1888, about 94% of the population perished or emigrated. From 1862 to 1863, the island was victimized by blackbirding—the abduction or killing of about 1,500 people, with 1,408 forced into slavery in Peru. Only about a dozen locals eventually returned to Easter Island, but, unfortunately, they brought smallpox, which decimated the remaining population of 1,500. Those who perished included the island's bearers of culture, history, and genealogy. By 1877, only 111 people remained.

Where was Marae Renga?

Who had a vision of Easter Island?

What did NOT happen after the arrival of Europeans?

Famine and lawlessness

Statues toppled to destroy mana

94% of the population was killed within 10 years

Who brought smallpox to the island?

European immigrants

A Dutch trading ship

A British exploration ship

A dozen returning locals

What is the main idea of the text?

Despite success in the Cook Islands, Easter Islander cultures and communities were devastated by their interactions with Europeans.

After moving to Easter Island, Chief Hotu Matu’a couldn’t keep his communities together when Europeans arrived.

Intertribal conflicts were ignited by the arrival of Europeans to Marae Renga, and eventually, most islanders either died or were enslaved.

Pacific Islanders from Marae Renga sought refuge and thrived on Easter Island until the arrival of European explorers, whose conquest destroyed cultures and communities.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mireya_Moscoso

Mireya Moscoso was born on 1 July 1946 in Pedasí, Panama—a town with a population of less than 1900. The youngest of six children, Moscoso’s family was destitute because her father was a teacher who died when she was ten. She ascended from her unpretentious seaside township to a position as a secretary after high school and eventually became the country’s first female president. She began her career in politics by enlisting to help the presidential campaign of Arnulfo Arias in 1968.
Arias had already served two partial terms as president of Panama, but he was deposed both times by the Panamanian military. These two coups were followed by a subsequent coup after his election in 1968. Arias was generally popular with everyday Panamanians, but his outspoken nationalist policies conflicted with Panama’s status as a U.S. protectorate. Before the third coup and his exile to Miami, Arias married Mireya Moscoso when she was 23 and he was 67.
While exiled in Miami, Moscoso studied interior design at Miami-Dade Community College. When her husband died in 1988, she inherited his coffee business. In late 1989, the United States invaded Panama under the leadership of President George H.W. Bush to overthrow Panama’s de facto ruler General Manuel Noriega who was wanted by U.S. authorities for racketeering and drug trafficking charges; however, the United Nations condemned the invasion as a violation of international law.
During the 1994 presidential elections, Moscoso lost by 4% of the vote, but in 1999, she defeated her opposition by 7% and became president. During her tenure as president, she presided over the handover of the Panama Canal from the United States to Panama, which also resulted in an economic decline after American canal personnel left the country. She passed legislation against money laundering and supported tax transparency, but Moscoso was often accused of nepotism and corruption.

Mireya Moscoso was born on 1 July 1946 in Pedasí, Panama—a town with a population of less than 1900. The youngest of six children, Moscoso’s family was destitute because her father was a teacher who died when she was ten. She ascended from her unpretentious seaside township to a position as a secretary after high school and eventually became the country’s first female president. She began her career in politics by enlisting to help the presidential campaign of Arnulfo Arias in 1968.

Arias had already served two partial terms as president of Panama, but he was deposed both times by the Panamanian military. These two coups were followed by a subsequent coup after his election in 1968. Arias was generally popular with everyday Panamanians, but his outspoken nationalist policies conflicted with Panama’s status as a U.S. protectorate. Before the third coup and his exile to Miami, Arias married Mireya Moscoso when she was 23 and he was 67.

While exiled in Miami, Moscoso studied interior design at Miami-Dade Community College. When her husband died in 1988, she inherited his coffee business. In late 1989, the United States invaded Panama under the leadership of President George H.W. Bush to overthrow Panama’s de facto ruler General Manuel Noriega who was wanted by U.S. authorities for racketeering and drug trafficking charges; however, the United Nations condemned the invasion as a violation of international law.

During the 1994 presidential elections, Moscoso lost by 4% of the vote, but in 1999, she defeated her opposition by 7% and became president. During her tenure as president, she presided over the handover of the Panama Canal from the United States to Panama, which also resulted in an economic decline after American canal personnel left the country. She passed legislation against money laundering and supported tax transparency, but Moscoso was often accused of nepotism and corruption.

How many children were in Moscoso’s family?

Why was Arias deposed as president by military coups?

Racketeering and drug trafficking

Ending money laundering

Nepotism and corruption

Nationalist policies

Where did Moscoso study?

University of Miami

Florida International University

Miami University of Art and Design

Miami-Dade Community College

What did NOT happen during the Moscoso presidency?

Panama gained control over the Panama Canal.

There was a period of economic decline.

She was accused of corruption.

The U.S. invaded Panama briefly.

What is the main idea of the text?

Mireya Moscoso worked tirelessly for the Panamanian people from her exile in 1968 through the end of her presidency.

President Moscoso was a popular candidate because she grew up poor, like many Panamanians, and knew how to help people.

Under the leadership of President Moscoso, the first woman president of Panama, the country regained control of the Panama Canal.

Despite her humble beginning, Mireya Moscoso became the first female president of Panama thanks to her marriage and involvement in politics.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Saud#History

The House of Saud is the ruling royal family of Saudi Arabia who descend from Muhammad bin Saud, the founder of the Emirate of Diriyah, also known as the First Saudi State. The most influential position in the royal family is the king of Saudi Arabia, who is an absolute monarch. In all, the family comprises some 15,000 members; however, the majority of power, influence, and wealth is possessed by a smaller group of 2,000 of them.
The British royal family is estimated to be worth $88 billion; at the time of her death, the Queen of England was estimated to be worth some $365 million. When compared with the House of Saud, these numbers seem minuscule. Prince Al-Waleed bin Talal, grandson of the first king of Saudi Arabia, was estimated to have a net worth of $22.6 billion, and estimates of the net worth of the extended family range between $100 billion and $1.4 trillion.
The Saudi royal family has its roots in leadership as far back as the mid-1400s; however, the present monarchy was established at the turn of the 20th century. After an exile in the deserts of eastern Arabia, the patriarch and his family took refuge with the Kuwaiti emir, Mubarak Al Sabah. In 1902, Abdulaziz was just twenty years old and took on the monumental task of reestablishing Saudi rule; he captured and killed the governor and was appointed king of Saudi Arabia.
Abdulaziz spent the next three decades solidifying his family’s rule over central Arabia. He allied himself with the British Empire and was able to consolidate his dominions by 1932. In 1937, American surveyors discovered Saudi Arabia’s enormous oil reserves adjacent to Dammam, which would ultimately make the royal family extremely wealthy; however, before the discovery of oil reserves, many family members were destitute. After cementing an alliance with the United States in 1945, Abdulaziz died in 1953.

The House of Saud is the ruling royal family of Saudi Arabia who descend from Muhammad bin Saud, the founder of the Emirate of Diriyah, also known as the First Saudi State. The most influential position in the royal family is the king of Saudi Arabia, who is an absolute monarch. In all, the family comprises some 15,000 members; however, the majority of power, influence, and wealth is possessed by a smaller group of 2,000 of them.

The British royal family is estimated to be worth $88 billion; at the time of her death, the Queen of England was estimated to be worth some $365 million. When compared with the House of Saud, these numbers seem minuscule. Prince Al-Waleed bin Talal, grandson of the first king of Saudi Arabia, was estimated to have a net worth of $22.6 billion, and estimates of the net worth of the extended family range between $100 billion and $1.4 trillion.

The Saudi royal family has its roots in leadership as far back as the mid-1400s; however, the present monarchy was established at the turn of the 20th century. After an exile in the deserts of eastern Arabia, the patriarch and his family took refuge with the Kuwaiti emir, Mubarak Al Sabah. In 1902, Abdulaziz was just twenty years old and took on the monumental task of reestablishing Saudi rule; he captured and killed the governor and was appointed king of Saudi Arabia

Abdulaziz spent the next three decades solidifying his family’s rule over central Arabia. He allied himself with the British Empire and was able to consolidate his dominions by 1932. In 1937, American surveyors discovered Saudi Arabia’s enormous oil reserves adjacent to Dammam, which would ultimately make the royal family extremely wealthy; however, before the discovery of oil reserves, many family members were destitute. After cementing an alliance with the United States in 1945, Abdulaziz died in 1953.

Who founded the original Emirate of Diriyah?

Al-Waleed bin Talal

Mubarak Al Sabah

Muhammad bin Saud

Who did the royal family take refuge with?

In what year was the royal family exiled from Riyadh?

In what year were Saudi Arabia’s oil reserves discovered?

What is the main idea of the text?

The Saudi royal family is the wealthiest royal family in the world because of its ongoing control of oil reserves.

Abdulaziz successfully fought to consolidate the Saudi royal family power and wealth, and his family still rules the country.

Because the Saudi royal family has ruled since the 1400s, they’ve amassed a vast fortune worth trillions of dollars.

The Saudi royal family began leading in the 1400s, but their accumulation of wealth was thanks to oil in the 20th century.