| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Reference Material | Entity | Technologies | Community Characteristics | Additional Information | |||||||||||||||||||||
2 | Organization or Project Name | Country of Case Study | Access Network Operational Entity | Access Network Operational Entity (2 - more detail) | Revenue Model | Degree of Subsidy if any? | Backhaul Technology (Primary) | Backhaul Technology (2 - more detail) | Primary Device for Access | Access Network Technology (Primary) | Population Density / Urbanization Level | Population Size | Geographic Area | Topography | Per capita income / ARPU | Literacy levels | Other environmental factors | Still in operation? | Other Notes | Regulatory & policy considerations | Why is this solution (Entity + Technologies) good for the situation described the "Community Characteristics"? | |||||
3 | Organization or Project Name | Country of Case Study | Last mile or middle mile case study | Primary or Secondary? | Source | 1) Community Network (Non-profit; NGO; Cooperatives; or Community-Based); 2) Government-run; 3) Commercial (MVNO; MNO; ISP); 4) Other | More detail on Entity | Pre-paid usage; Subscription; Public Subsidy; Other Services (businesses, anchor tenants, etc.) | Full Re-occuring; Full One-time; Partial Re-occuring; Partial One-time; None | Fiber; Satellite; Microwave; Cellular (e.g. LTE backhaul); TVWS; Other | Distance to backhaul PoP? | Basic mobile phones; Smart phones; Any Wi-Fi enabled devices (tablets etc); Desktops; Other | Wi-Fi; Cellular; Wired; TVWS; | High population density (mostly urban users); Medium density (peri-urban / secondary towns); Low density (rural) | Population Size | Geographic Area Size | Mountains / Hills; Flatlands; Water bodies / Islands; | High GDPpc / High ARPU (>$10 per user per month); Medium ($5 - $10 per user per month); Low (<$5 per user per month) | High literacy; Low literacy | Cyclone seasonality; Chronic poverty; Etc. | Yes; No | Other Notes | Regulatory & policy considerations: conduciveness or challenges | Why is this solution (Entity + Technologies) good for this situation described the Community Characteristics? | ||
5 | AfricaConnect2 Project - Tanzania Education & Research Network (TERNET) | Tanzania | Middle Mile | Primary | Direct submission from GEANT | Not-for-profit organization | TERNET is a network of Tanzania higher education and research institutions aiming at providing network infrastructure and associated services for enabling sharing of education and research resources inside and outside the country. | 26.6 million Euro | Not mentioned | 10Mbps of fast, dedicated and reliable bandwidth | No details | Assume wifi enabled devices and desktops | Assume wifi and wired | Universities | 27 universities connected | 67 member institutions | Not mentioned | High literacy | Yes | This assistance is given to member institutions in order to support the institution to meet the NREN standards for a campus network. | ||||||
7 | Airbus Zephyr | Global | Middle Mile | Primary | Direct Submission to ITU | Commercial | Zephyr HAPs - Use Cases for Zephyr are for specific applications such as PPDR (Public protection Disaster Relief), Disaster Management and providing an effective and affordable backhaul to connect underserved areas. | The business model proposed for Zephyr is to provide commercial connectivity services direct to handset users and cellular backhaul service in remote regions, provide secure communications and network management (automated) through its payload technology on its platform. Also, the ability for terrestrial and satellite networks to operate successfully together. | Any | Other - HAPs | 21km dawn altitude | Cellular and Wi-Fi devices through access network | Direct to CPEs (Wi-Fi from CPEs) or cellular devices through cellular backhaulling | All | All | All | All | All | All | All | Not yet | Middle Mile / Backhaul solution | The spectrum requirements and allocations required by Zephyr are subject to the outcome of WRC-19 (World Radiocommunication Conference 2019) under the ITU regulations & policies. | |||
8 | AirJaldi (Airband) | India | Last Mile | Primary | Direct Submission to ITU | Commercial | For-profit, Extending Infra - Rural voice/ISP; Airjald and Microsoft Airband Initiative Pilot Project ni Meta Region | not mentioned directly (understand it is pre-paid for individuals) | not mentioned directly (understand they have received various grants) | wifi and fiber; TVWS | not mentioned | Assume wifi devices | Wi-Fi | Medium and Low | 400,000 people use the internet through AirJaldi accounts | 17 networks AirJaldi operates within 6 Indian states | Indian Himalayan foothills | not mentioned (assume low) | not mentioned (assume low) | not mentioned (assume poverty zones) | Yes | Future avenue: precision agriculture | not mentioned | "With the help of Microsoft experts and the cloud platform Microsoft Azure, AirJaldi is beginning to analyze vast swaths of data about how schools, businesses, hospitals and homes are using the internet. Artificial intelligence allows AirJaldi to recognize trends in usage, from what time of day people upload and download to where they are located." | ||
9 | Allband, Merit and Gigabit Libraries Network (Airband) | USA | Primary | Direct Submission to ITU | Commercial | Microsoft's Airband Initiative (Partners: Allband Communications, Merit Network, Gigabit Library Network) | not mentioned (assume subscription and public subsidy) | not mentioned (assume one-time) | Fiber network (Allband's fiber) | not mentioned | Wi-fi enabled devices: Smartphones, laptops, and solar-powered cameras; also access points on school buses | TVWS to Wi-Fi | not mentioned (assume medium to low) | not mentioned | not mentioned | not mentioned | not mentioned (assume high) | not mentioned (assume high) | not mentioned | Yes | Goal: To deliver Internet access—and 21st century opportunities—to residents, schools and anchor institutions in Michigan’s Montmorency and Alpena counties. | not mentioned (but TVWS is being used, though not sure if just in public access (school) network or also in commercial network) | TVWS for use in rural communities | |||
11 | Asociacion Civil AlterMundi and Red Comunitaria QuintanaLibre | Argentina | Last Mile | Primary | Direct submission from APC | Community Network | Non-profit / NGO (Community Based) - AlterMundi is an NGO based in Argentina that strives to promote the emergence of a new paradigm based on freedom gained through peer collaboration. AlterMundi explores different manifestations of peer-to-peer collaboration from a technological perspective and in particular it has a done a great deal of work in relation to wireless community networks for small towns and rural areas. | Other services (expenses shouldered by communities); Discounted collective purchasing (?) | partial re-occuring (donated bandwidth) | Other (Wi-Fi mesh network) | Wi-Fi enabled devices /hardware reference (routers, antennas, casing, etc.) and developed our first mesh firmware, | Wi-Fi (Mesh network) | Low density (rural users in villages) | 60 interconnected nodes secondary school and the cultural centre and offers coverage in public spaces, some streets and two important bus stops | Mountains | Unclear: not much employment in community but most community members are employed in nearby cities; likely low to medium | Low literacy | Community has no local government; members used to taking collective action to address shared problems / Mountainous | Yes | 60 interconnected nodes secondary school and the cultural centre and offers coverage in public spaces, some streets and two important bus stops; Network has more than 60 nodes; project also developed own software and hardware for their use | Community networks evolve in these different aspects at the same time. The coordination, the design, the technology, the hardware, the software, the policies, the management, the maintenance... everything progresses in the way and at the rhythm of each community.; The method of allocating these funds, through the Non-Refundable Contributions (ANR), must be adapted so that community networks can participate. | Model (Community network using community-developed technologies in a mesh network) relies on community cooperation, which the community is already accustomed to. Community networks evolve in these different aspects at the same time. The coordination, the design, the technology, the hardware, the software, the policies, the management, the maintenance... everything progresses in the way and at the rhythm of each community.; The method of allocating these funds, through the Non-Refundable Contributions (ANR), must be adapted so that community networks can participate. | ||||
13 | BlueTown | India | Primary | Direct Submission to ITU | Commercial | Wireless ISP (running as a "Managed Hotspot Service Provider, MHSP, model") | Pre-paid usage revenue model; 3 different plans: USD 1 for 30GB; USD 0.5 for 7 GB; USD 0.25 for 2 GB) | Partial re-occuring in the form of "subsidised internet backhaul as part of Govt. subsidised national background project and making use of existing/abandoned/under-utilised telecom towers or some other existing structure of 10-15 meters high") | Microwave (unlicensed microwave backhaul) | Not mentioned | Wi-Fi enabled devices | Wi-Fi (connected via omnidirectional attenna with arange of 0.5km with a 15-meter tower or 0.3km with a 5 meter rooftop mast) | Low density rural communities | Not mentioned but notes large population in rural areas and that 2000 unique users current log onto network daily | Range of 0.5km from Wi-Fi attenna and can connect to another site 1km away | Various | Low ARPU (see three different plans) | Assuming low to medium | poverty | Yes; No | Solar power allows for power provision for 30 hours | Notes regulator recently allowed for "Virtual Network Operators" with simple licensing regime as well as recommendations from the TRAI to allow for even more flexibility with Public Data Office Aggregators (PDOA) that supports entrepreneurship at the access network with Public Data Offices (PDOs) | Supports local entrepreneurship | |||
14 | BOSCO Uganda | Uganda | Last Mile | Primary | Direct submission from APC | Community Network / Non-profit organization | NGO / BOSCO Uganda is a non-profit organisation under the trusteeship of the Archdiocese of Gulu. | Private subsidy (from local Catholic Archdiocese) | Full Re-Occuring; Funding from AFRINIC | No data provided | Desktops (Solar powered PCs) / Assume wifi enabled devices and desktops | Likely Wi-Fi or Wired; Internet/ Intranet / High speed intranet and shared internet / BOSCO Uganda has built access points from locally available recycled oil drums (or in some cases metal plates), which makes them durable. These boxes (or “centres”) are equipped with low-power-consuming netbooks and/or thin clients (both computer setups were used) that provide access to pre-loaded educational content called “KOLIBRI” | Low to medium density | over half a million refugees from South Sudan and the Democratic Republic of Congo | Adjumani and Arua, near the South Sudanese border. | Hills; Isolated rural communities | Low-income users | Low literacy | Isolated communities. Area is conflict ridden, leading to poor development and further isolating communities from the rest of the country, compounding issues of remoteness. Areas have poor infrastructure, including no electricity | Yes | Program deploys full ICT programs, starting from digital literacy training, deploying solar power stations to power PCs, then connecting PCs to the Internet. Networks also act as an Intranet, hosting local and other saved content and enabling communication between users on the network; ICT and Development Centers | Focused on using technology for community building | Community members likely have little to no ability to pay for their own connectivity, necessitating a gratis approach to delivering access (including the provision of shared devices). Deployment of solar stations necessary as no electricity infrastructure present in the recipient communities. Focused on using technology for community building | |||
15 | Brightwave (Airband) | South Africa | Primary | Direct Submission to ITU | Commercial | Brightwave, with partnership from Microsoft and the South African Universal Services fund (USAASA) | Free Wi-Fi for rural schools and clinics so assume public subsidy | Assume one-time subsidy from Microsoft and recurring subsidy from the South African Universal Services fund (USAASA) | TVWS | not mentioned | Assume wifi devices | TVWS and Wi-Fi hotspots and external hybrid network solutions; cloud-based training platforms | not mentioned (assume medium to low as it is rural and off-grid) | 640,000 inhabitants | 609 sites (rural schools and clinics); plus 400 sites | not mentioned | not mentioned (assume low) | not mentioned (assume low income areas) | not mentioned | Yes | With the provision of free Wi-Fi, users can interact with cloud based training platforms which enable them to upskill and become new entrants in the job market. | not mentioned | In partnership with Microsoft and USAASA Brightwave is ensuring schools and clinics are the first to reap the rewards. | |||
17 | Case studies - Peru | Peru | Primary | Direct Submission to ITU | OTHER (Regulatory and policy changes including license obligations, USF, Rural Mobile Infrastructure Operator license, Asymmetric Interconnection Rates). FITEL was founded under OSIPTEL to manage the Universal Service Fund of Peru. | Various described for difference purposes including cellular and Wi-Fi | Lowest subsidy auction; Public-Private Partnership Model (PPP Model) | Assume full recurring and one time as USF releases to different projects | Broadband access and backhaul network deployment; LTE-based WTTx Technology | Not mentioned | Various - Assume basic phones as well as smart phones and any wi-fi enabled devices | Assume Cellular and Wi-fi | Low density | 6,000 localities; 185,000 inhabitants in 291 locations in Lima regions | Peru as a whole | Andes Mountain and Amazon river ("Peru is a prime example. Geographical barriers imposed by the Andean mountains and Amazon jungles, widespread poverty, limited literacy, poor Internet access and insufficient competition are most significant barriers that has made broadband Internet access in Peru one of the slowest and most expensive in the region. Improved rural connectivity has always been a goal for regulators and policymakers.") | Assume low to medium | Assume low literacy | rural areas of Peru | Yes | $1,800 million released in 2016 for 21 projects; $300 million released in 2018 | "FITEL offers a successful example of a universal access fund adopting an innovative approach to achieving access in rural areas, now widely replicated: the lowest-subsidy auction. Using this financial scheme, together with flexible regulatory policies and low-cost technologies, can help achieve that goal... In response, the Peruvian government adopts double pronged regulatory approaches to solve the rural connectivity issues. First, a regime for rural connectivity obligation is written in its Telecommunication Law and impose to all service operators. Second, a broader policy includes Universal Service Fund to finance telco’s rural broadband construction project coupled with tariff incentives of interconnection to facilitate infrastructure sharing and right of way acquisition." | Case studies in Peru that used the Universal Service Fund | |||
18 | Case Study 2: Community Networks in the Amazon | Brazil | Last Mile | Primary | Direct Submission to ITU | Community Network | The CELCOM Project has been executed in partnership among many institutions (universities, government and third sector) | The CELCOM Project was jointly financed by the different institutions previously mentioned. | Assume full one time and recurring since may institutions were involved in financing | Cellular GSM base station | Itabocal - 13km away; Caxiuana - next to base station; Boa Vista do Acara - 5.8km away | basic mobile phones | cellular | Low density | Itabocal - 230 residents; Caxiuana - 80 residents; Boa Vista do Acara - 775 residents | Itabocal - 13km away; Caxiuana - next to base station; Boa Vista do Acara - 5.8km away | Amazon river, rainforest | Not mentioned (assume low) | Low literacy | Rainforest | Yes | The CELCOM Project aims at developing new technologies and deploying communication networks for poor people in areas such as the Amazon region | CELCOM uses the Special License for Scientific and Experimental Purposes provided by Anatel with respect to legislation issues | Indigenous peoples in the Amazon region are one of the hardest to reach and there is an initiative to do so | ||
19 | Case Study 3: Smart Livestock Farming Based on the Internet of Things | Brazil | Last Mile | Primary | Direct Submission to ITU | Commercial | Smart Livestock Farming (SLF) is a commercial service funded by market stakeholdersto provide the service to farmers | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Sensors and actuators | sub-GHz wireless body area networks (WBAN) and IoT to address the issues of timely detecting health problems of individual dairy cows can be monitored in real time. Since on-cow measuring devices are energy-constrained, new energy-efficient IoT technologies such as sub-GHz long range (LoRa) are suitable for the task. | Not applicable; Livestock | Not applicable; Livestock | Brazil livestock farms | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not applicable | Livestock Farms | Yes | Issues of traceability, dairy cattle and cattle rustling were addressed through IoT provision to livestock farms | None mentioned | IoT Technology was proven useful for cattle farmers | ||
20 | Case Study from Brazil 1: Incentives for Mobile Broadband Deployment in Remote, Unserved and Underserved Areas | Brazil | Last Mile | Primary | Direct Submission to ITU | Commercial | Government policies to encourage rural deployments: The main business models applied in this case study comprise incentives, either by special fiscal regimes or through regulations, for example, auction obligations, so that service providers invest and implement networks in the remote, unserved and underserved areas. . Mobile Services Coverage Obligations is basically a reduction in the spectrum license fees from auctions that are converted into coverage obligations. Another interesting example of incentive is based on transfer of funds by the States through granting state tax credits to mobile service providers, limited to the proven amount invested by the company. | The main financing model is redirecting public funding, either from spectrum license fees or from state taxes, to mobile coverage obligations to be implemented by service providers. | So both one-time and recurring subsidies. | Regular mobile services (3G and 4G) | Not mentioned | Assume basic phones, smart phones and any wifi enabled devices | Cellular and wifi | Target is low density areas | 4482 municipalities with 4G, 5454 municipalities with 3G, 5570 municipalities with 2G, with over 228 million Mobile Phone Service subscriptions | The whole Brazil | Various | Not mentioned, assume low | Not mentioned, assume low to medium | Not mentioned | Yes | Main purpose of the implementation model is to allowinternet connectivity and all the services that come with broadband access | Municipalities covered with the latest mobile technologies has significantly improved as a result of the combined impact of several policies and regulations. The first one, Mobile Services Coverage Obligations, is basically a reduction in the spectrum license fees from auctions that are converted into coverage obligations. More specifically, as an example, cover all municipalities under 30 thousand inhabitants need with 3G technology by the end of 2019. Another interesting example of incentive is based on transfer of funds by the States through granting state tax credits to mobile service providers, limited to the proven amount invested by the company. | Giving incentives toexisting service providers to extend their coverage to underserved and unserved areas is a great strategy for Brazil | ||
22 | Cellular Community Networks in Brazilian Amazon: CELCOM Project | Brazil | Last Mile | Primary | Direct Submission to ITU | Commercial | Cellular Community Networks in Brazilian Amazon: CELCOM Project | Public Subsidy | The funding for the pilots were obtained as follows. The Federal University of Pará (UFPa) received funding for the pilots in Itabocal and Caxiuanã from the Pará Department of Science, Technology and Technical Education (SECTET) to, in cooperation with the Company of Information Technology and Communications of Pará (PRODEPA), deploy two CELCOM pilots in the following locations in the state of Pará, both completely isolated in terms of communications and Internet services. The radio equipment for the Acará pilot was purchased by ITA and the installation was part of the activities within the International Development Innovation Network (IDIN) organized by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). The backhaul is, at least initially, subsidized (typically sponsored by the government), as well as the connection to the PSTN. | 2G GSM and WiFi for the access network, point-to-point radios; | 60 Mbps point-to-point (P2P) microwave | cheap handsets (relatively) | cellular technologies operating at licensed low frequency spectrum for improved coverage. The 3 pilots exclusively rely on software defined radio (SDR) platforms. There are two major options for the software: OpenBTS and OpenBSC. The latter was chosen due to the well-established developer’s community. | not mentioned | 775 residents (BVA) and 60 residents (Campo Verde) | located in the Acará and Concórdia municipalities, respectively, both in the state of Pará. the 144 municipalities in Pará. The municipalities close to Belém, the state capital, have much smaller areas than the state average, given the huge municipalities in West. In fact, Altamira, a municipality with 159,696 square kilometers, is one of the largest municipalities in the world in terms of surface area. In the 2010 census, IBGE divided Pará in 8919 census sectors, which were used to create Figure 6. According to the methodology, a sector should have a minimum number of citizens. Hence, sparsely populated areas have sectors with large areas. For example, the indicated (largest) sector in Figure 6 is part of the Oriximiná municipality and has an area of 63,053 square kilometers with only 46 inhabitants. | not mentioned | Low: The target communities do not have any communication service (other than via satellite, if they could afford) and are low-income ‘’forest’’ people: subsistence farmers, fishermen, etc. | not mentioned | low quality of electricity in the communities, low income | not mentioned | 90% increase in cost for imported telecommunication equipment due to taxes and shipment expenses to Brazil. | Brazilian Special License for Scientific and Experimental Purposes (SEFCE). CELCOM uses the Special License for Scientific and Experimental Purposes (SEFCE) provided by Anatel, which also supports the project with respect to legislation issues. | fragile support from the telecommunications ecosystem (chipset makers, operators, system vendors, policy makers, etc.) for widespread usage and economy of scale regarding PISP-friendly technologies such as low frequency transmission for improved coverage (e. g. LTE at 450 MHz); | ||
26 | Declaration Networks / Redline Communications (Airband) | USA | Last Mile | Primary | Direct Submission to ITU | Commercial | Declaration Networks Group (DNG) | Subscription and public subsidy | One-time (DNG began by working with the county government to secure seed funding to extend broadband beyond its limited reach.); one-time - Microsoft airband. DNG has received grants and financing from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), Microsoft, county governments, and other sources. “Lining up private and public funding avenues is a critical component of success” | Fiber | not mentioned | Wi-Fi enabled devices, especially tablets | TVWS, Fixed Wireless | not mentioned, assume medium to low (rural) | 5,000 are covered by TVWS in DNG’s region; 50,000 people shall benefit from DNG projects will be covered by its TVWS initiative, by 2021 | rural Virginia and Maryland | Long distances, low power, dense foliage | not mentioned, assume high | not mentioned, assume high | not mentioned | Yes | Leveraging Microsoft Airband resources: lending credibility, advocate for the little guy, offer digital skills training, provide technology and cloud services | dvocate for the little guy. Microsoft has been involved in securing access to unused TV signals for broadband internet access for over a decade, and it continues to advocate for even more policies that allow small internet service providers like DNG to expand their reach through TVWS. DNG joins Microsoft in lobbying for policies that will speed innovation through TVWS. | the real story is with people who are using the internet for the first time, and how their lives are changed,” Newly connected customers call DNG’s office nearly every day to share what they can do now that they’re “hooked up.” | ||
29 | Direct Engineering Assistance (DEA) - Research and Education Network for Uganda (RENU) | Uganda | Middle Mile | Primary | Direct submission from GEANT | not-for-profit National Research and Education Network (NREN) | Research and Education Network for Uganda (RENU) is a not-for-profit National Research and Education Network (NREN) that offers affordable services uniquely designed to enable collaboration among its member institutions and their global partners. | Free | Free | Core network equipment | 20 Gbps backbone link capacity | Assume wifi enabled devices and desktops | Assume wifi and wired | Universities and hospitals | 170 sites connected | A total of 58 new sites were connected in 2019, 27 of which were schools. | Not mentioned | High literacy | Yes | RENU expert RENU expert engineers camp at a member institution’s campus for a whole week with the aim of guiding the in-house ICT team in transforming their campus network to one that not only scores highly on performance but is also more secure. | Did I mention that the DEA is free? Well, as is with any form of external assistance today, the beneficiary has to show some form of commitment so that there is a sense of ownership of any help that is being rendered. | |||||
30 | DRC - Gilat Telecom - SES | DRC | Last mile and middle mile | Primary | Direct submission from ESOA; https://www.ses.com/press-release/sess-and-gilat-telecoms-resilient-network-restores-connectivity-africa | Commercial | Gilat Telecom recently expanded its partnership with SES to provide more bandwidth to rural areas and extend services in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) – a land-locked country – beyond Kinshasa and Lubumbashi, reaching unserved or underserved Kisangani, Mbuji-Mayi and Bunia, to customers such as Orange DRC. Under the new agreement, Gilat Telecom is using multiple Gbps of bandwidth on the O3b Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) system and is now also adding services via SES’s Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) satellites. The expanded capabilities enabled by SES’s multi-orbit fleet will allow Gilat Telecom to deploy 4G/LTE networks and support cloud computing services, even in the remotest areas of the DRC. The resilience of the Gilat network built using SES’s O3b and GEO satellites was demonstrated early in 2020 when the West Africa Cable System was cut, which resulted in disruptions in connectivity to 12 African countries including the DRC. Gilat and SES was able to restore high-performance Internet connectivity within four days of the cable cut. | pre-paid usage and subscription | None; private investment. | Satellite | These connections allow Gilat Telecom to deploy 4G/LTE networks and support cloud computing services, even in the remotest areas of the DRC. Telecom recently expanded its partnership with SES to provide more bandwidth to rural areas and extend services beyond Kinshasa and Lubumbashi, reaching unserved or underserved Kisangani, Mbuji-Mayi and Bunia, to customers such as Orange DRC who in turn serve local end users. | The SES O3b system uses Ka-band capacity exclusively. The GEO capacity is in the C-band frequencies; Ground terminals are placed in multiple locations throughout the region, and an advanced intelligent routing platform was implemented to enable intelligent switching across multiple satellite links resulting in extremely high link availability. | ||||||||||||||
31 | e-Schools - Croatian Academic and Research Network (CARNET) | Croatia | Middle Mile | Primary | Direct submission from GEANT | Government-run | CARNET is a public institution operating within the Ministry of Science and Education in the field of information and communication technology and its application in education. | The second phase of the programme amounts to HRK 1.3 billion, financed from the European Regional Development Fund, European Social Fund and the state budget. | Assume full one time and recurring yearly subsidies since budget indicated is too large | LAN and backbone infrastructure | Permanent connection is a service through which CARNET enables member institutions to stay connected to the CARNET network. Institutions are connected to the CARNET network with transmission lines of different technologies and speed, depending on the existing infrastructure of telecommunications service providers, needs of member institutions, market changes and similar. Currently, CARNET cooperates with all major telecommunication services providers in the Republic of Croatia. | tablets, laptop computers, touch screen monitors, videoconferencing equipment | The science (mathematics, chemistry, physics and biology) teachers were equipped with hybrid computers, the rest of the teaching staff were equipped with tablets or laptop computers, while the principals and expert assistants were equipped with laptop computers. | Primary and secondary students | 750,000 individual users connected to CARNET in 2005, 151 pilot schools in 2015 | 5 Regional Training Centres (ROCs) were established and adequately equipped for educational activities (with tablets, laptop computers, touch screen monitors, videoconferencing equipment). | Not mentioned | High literacy | Yes | e-Schools are digitally mature schools connected to ultra-fast internet, highly equipped with ICT, with digitalised teaching, learning and administrative processes. | The overall objective of the e-Schools programme is to contribute to the empowerment of the primary and secondary education system capacities while enabling students to become active participants of the labour market, pursue further education and engage in life-long learning. | |||||
32 | EduSpot - Somali Research & Education Network (SOMALIREN) | Somalia | Middle Mile | Primary | Direct submission from GEANT | Non-profit organization | SomaliREN is a non-profit organization whose primary goal is to promote research and quality higher education among the Somalis. It is a network whose members include the major Somali higher education institutions and exists for the sole purpose of brining them together to collaborate on issues that matter not only to them but to the Somali community at large. | Bootstrapped by the ICT Sector Support project funded by the World Bank Group | Connectivity and network infrastructure | No details | Assume wifi enabled devices and desktops | Assume wifi and wired | University students | Connected 35 campuses of 9 member institutions | 21 member institutions | Not mentioned | High literacy | Yes | The project specifically aims to deploy ‘educational hotspots’ at locations densely populated by the students and faculty of the universities, provide federated identity services which allow each of the member institutions to provide identity authentication for their respective students and staff members, and promote the curation and production of local educational and research content. | Secondary goals of the project include driving bandwidth consumption by the member institutions as a direct result of the reduced bandwidth costs, which in itself is a self-fulling prophecy as the increased bandwidth consumption leads to lower bandwidth costs taking advantage of the increased volume purchase of capacity. | ||||||
33 | ENTEL-Axesat-SES | Peru | Middle mile | Primary | Direct submission from ESOA; See: https://www.ses.com/sites/default/files/2019-05/Entel%20Case%20Study.pdf | Commercial | SES partnered with Axesat to provide a managed network solution using SES’s O3b Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) satellites to upgrade ENTEL’s network in the city from 3G to 4G-LTE | pre-paid usage and subscription | None; private investment. | Satellite | SES partnered with Axesat to provide a managed network solution using SES’s O3b Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) satellites to upgrade ENTEL’s network in the city from 3G to 4G-LTE. SES’s high-capacity, low-latency O3b MEO satellite system was used to carry backhaul aggregated mobile network traffic. The SES O3b satellite system uses Ka-band capacity exclusively. Using SES’s O3b MEO satellite connectivity, customers in Iquitos can experience the same data download speeds of 10Mbps as those achieved in Lima. | Cellular | Cellular | Urban | Inquitos, city of 500,000 people | Using SES’s O3b MEO satellite connectivity, customers in Iquitos can experience the same data download speeds of 10Mbps as those achieved in Lima. ENTEL provides both broadband and mobile telephony services in Peru, with access to social media and other life-enriching applications via a low latency service. “Today, in Iquitos, customers can experience the same data download speeds of 10Mbps as those achieved in Lima. In 12 months, we have seen the number of customers double, with an increase in the speed and quality our customers experience.” GONZALO VEAS, Vice President of Networks, ENTEL Peru. One year after launching the O3b MEO satellite connectivity solution, ENTEL was offering unlimited 4G data plans throughout the city of Iquitos ENTEL’s subscriber base in Iquitos had doubled within one year The use of data grew five-fold since ENTEL introduced 4G service enabled by satellite connectivity | The SES O3b satellite system uses Ka-band capacity exclusively. Using SES’s O3b MEO satellite connectivity, customers in Iquitos can experience the same data download speeds of 10Mbps as those achieved in Lima. | |||||||||
40 | Gabon Project | Gabon | Middle Mile | Primary | Direct submission from the World Banlk | Government-run | GoG developed a sustained policy initiative to transform the ICT sector – 2007 privatization of Gabon Telecom, issuance of new fixed and mobile licences | Business Model: Private wholesale operator hired to commercialize available International, National wholesale capacity over a GoG-owned network. Pays GoG % of sales / dividend. | WB financed network construction with $58M loan and expansion with a follow on $23M loan. | Fiber type: Backbone terrestrial – buried; International access to submarine fibre via ACE | Network size: 1,000km+ | Assume wifi enabled devices and desktops | Services offered – backbone transport, dark fiber leases, co-location and transit services to MNOs and ISPs | Low density | 28 subscribers per 100 people | 10 localities in 2016 | $25/2Mbps in 2016 | Not mentioned | Yes | Project cost: $58 million; Int’s Connectivity Tariff (E1) : $475/mo | ||||||
43 | Huawei | China | Primary | Direct Submission to ITU | OTHER - To foster a long term development of broadband, “Broadband China” strategy has linked up with the outline of the “Twelfth Five-Year” plan and the “Twelfth Five-Year” plan of the information and telecommunication industry. We illustrated the overall broadband relevant plan, strategy and brief objectives as below | Subsidy | Universal service funds and subsidy program - To improve the broadband connectivity, the local authority has submitted 4 batches of subsidy application, and has received a total of 860 million yuan of subsidies from the central government. The total investment of the overall broadband project is nearly 2.8 billion yuan. A total of 3,174 administrative villages have built fiber-optic broadband and 1581 administrative villages to construct 4G wireless base stations into the pilot project scope of national telecommunications universal service till early 2019. | Various | Various | Various | Various | Various | Various | Various | Various | Various | Various | Various | Various | Various | Fibre pre-installation (also public authority is eligible to demand property developers to lay optical fibre cable of new built residential building as last mile connectivity); Universal service funds and subsidy program - To improve the broadband connectivity, the local authority has submitted 4 batches of subsidy application, and has received a total of 860 million yuan of subsidies from the central government. The total investment of the overall broadband project is nearly 2.8 billion yuan. A total of 3,174 administrative villages have built fiber-optic broadband and 1581 administrative villages to construct 4G wireless base stations into the pilot project scope of national telecommunications universal service till early 2019. Joint construction and sharing - China government negotiated it with operators and form a new company to implement it. China Tower Corporation Limited ("China Tower") incorporated in July 2014, which is a joint venture by three major operators. China Tower adheres to the “sharing” philosophy for business development by promoting site co-location and telecommunications infrastructure sharing. Furthermore, it also welcome the private investment by listing on the main board of Hong Kong Stock Exchange. Subsidy - As mentioned in previous chapter that China government has subsidy program to subsidize the operators rolling out the optical fibre and 4G infrastructure in target areas, and various public funds can be also applied for it. Furthermore, for some poor households, they can also have subsidy for broadband services or get free of charge handsets. Concessional loan and financing - Concessional loans is available for eligible broadband development projects in state-level development areas in the western region. In addition, broadband services has been listed into the “Catalogue of Priority Industries for Foreign Investment in Central and Western China”, which means public financing is available for apply. However, most of business activities are confidential and it is not easy for us to insight the details of loan and financing. Tax incentives - Tax incentives are applied for the construction and operation of broadband networks, which incorporated into the “Catalogue of Industries Encouraged to Develop in the Western Region”. Obviously, the western region takes advantage for tax incentives. In the reform of business tax to value added tax (VAT), the VAT related policies improve the tax reduction of telecommunications industry, and support the deploying of broadband networks and lower the tariff of broadband services. Today, three major operators have sub-average tax rate, for instance, the tax rate of Telco value added service, such as Internet access, is 6%, lower than average 11%. | |||||
45 | Hughes Express Wi-Fi | Mexico | Last Mile | Primary | Direct submission from ESOA | Commercial | Hughes Express Wi-Fi helps to connect the population that are demanding connectivity to Internet and pay as they demand at affordable data pack prices using their BYOD Wi-Fi mobile gear (phones/tablets/notebooks with any type of operating system Android/IOS/Windows/Linux). | Hughes Express Wi-Fi helps to connect the population that are demanding connectivity to Internet and pay as they demand at affordable data pack prices using their BYOD Wi-Fi mobile gear (phones/tablets/notebooks with any type of operating system Android/IOS/Windows/Linux). | Satellite | As illustrated in Figure 3, the Hughes Express Wi-Fi is implemented at the remote location with a JUPITER VSAT terminal connected to the outdoor Wi-Fi Access Point with dual band and omni antenna. The Hughes Express Wi-Fi provides guaranteed network performance and high-quality broadband service to end users. The service is made inexpensive by offering bite sized usage plans, as low as a 0.5 dollar FOR 100 MB or up to one hour of use. Hughes Community Wi-Fi solutions include a VSAT and Wi-Fi equipment that extends the signal across a 50 to 80 meter radius with low cost mobile phones, with a high profile phone the reach is improved 100%. Once a site is deployed and set up with the hotspot, the local community of users benefit from high-speed Internet access. | Wi-Fi enabled devices | Hughes Express Wi-Fi helps to connect the population that are demanding connectivity to Internet and pay as they demand at affordable data pack prices using their BYOD Wi-Fi mobile gear (phones/tablets/notebooks with any type of operating system Android/IOS/Windows/Linux). The service is made inexpensive by offering bite sized usage plans, as low as a 0.5 dollar FOR 100 MB or up to one hour of use. Hughes Community Wi-Fi solutions include a VSAT and Wi-Fi equipment that extends the signal across a 50 to 80 meter radius with low cost mobile phones, with a high profile phone the reach is improved 100%. Once a site is deployed and set up with the hotspot, the local community of users benefit from high-speed Internet access. | 39 average active users per hotspot 6,000 MAU (Monthly Average Users) Communities <500 inhabitants <120 homes | Cloud based management tools Wi-Fi Subscriber Management system JUPITER platform system Pilot: 2019 Contract: Oct. 2019 Roll out from Dec. 2019 150 commercially active sites as of Feb. 26, 2020 | $10.00 pesos (100MB up to 1 hr) $30.00 (250MB) $60.00 (500 MB) $90.00 (750 MB) $110.00 (1 GB) $220.00 (2 GB) $440.00 (4 GB) The service is made inexpensive by offering bite sized usage plans, as low as a 0.5 dollar FOR 100 MB or up to one hour of use. Hughes Community Wi-Fi solutions include a VSAT and Wi-Fi equipment that extends the signal across a 50 to 80 meter radius with low cost mobile phones, with a high profile phone the reach is improved 100%. Once a site is deployed and set up with the hotspot, the local community of users benefit from high-speed Internet access. See case study for figures, tables and costing details. The Express Wi-Fi VSAT remote provides 25/3 Mbps data plans. The end user´s experience can afford up to 50/6 Mbps performance | o Analyze existing data to understand the impact of the network During the Hughes Express Wi-Fi service delivery in the rural communities, the end users experience broadband speeds up to 50 Mbps downlink and up to 8 Mbps return. These allow them a better browsing experience and high quality voice and video communications (with popular messaging applications), and downloads faster. Compared with existing services from WISP, the common opinion is that the new Hughes Express Wi-Fi service is faster. o Present the lessons learnt We have improved the strategy to approach the new Wi-Fi Retailer, with a friendly User´s Guide, on site training and help desk. We know that the training is a critical success factor. We are working new strategies with our partner Facebook Connectivity to improve the end user´s experience with new customer´s App and enhance Retailer´s App. As well, the assistance and support to the end users from the local Retailer is other critical success factor. The User´s Guide provides insight to help them use the service. Choose target market wisely. Cater to low ARPU customers. o Future plans ( e.g., new business models, new places/regions to expand, new financing models, new technologies, etc.) Expansion to 1,200 by 2020 EOY New Data Pack based in KPIs from deployed sites. Marketing campaigns Enhance the Wi-Fi access with new products and capabilities (point to point to extended access to homes and increase the service are with beam forming features). | ||||||||||
47 | Intelsat Community Wi-Fi for Refugee Camp | Ghana | Last Mile | Primary | Direct Contribution from ESOA | Commercial | Service delivery paid for by UNHCR | Public Subsidy | Full recurring (from Intelsat and UNHCR): Intelsat is funding the pilot program at Ampain until the UNHCR can secure alternative funding. Internet usage will also be charged for in the future. In order to roll the program out to other refugee camps around the world the following costing model has been constructed. The following table reflects capital and operational expenditure for internet access for 100 medium-sized (pop. ±3,500) refugee camps. The infrastructure will serve ±50 concurrent internet users and a learning center with 20 computers per site. (SEE COSTING TABLE IN DOCUMENT) | Satellite | The extensive coverage of Intelsat’s Ku band service makes it possible to deliver quality internet access in any location around the globe. The nature of Ku band frequency allows for the use of small dish antennas (±1m diameter) which are light and easy to install. | Wi-Fi enabled devices and computer center | The Wi-Fi service provides coverage and internet access for users in and around the ICT center. The Wi-Fi network can be expanded to cover larger areas of the camp. (SEE FIGURE IN THE DOCUMENT) | In 2016 the UNHCR and Intelsat jointly developed an Internet access pilot program for the Ampain refugee camp in Ghana. The camp is home to approximately 3,500 persons of concern. The ICT center at Ampain provides inhabitants with computers to access Coursera online courses, in the last year a total of 280 online courses were completed by 220 camp inhabitants. | Solar power required / used. | The service is now being packaged as a low maintenance, solar-powered, satellite connected Wi-Fi service which provides quality internet access to refugee camps in remote locations. | In 2016 the UNHCR and Intelsat jointly developed an Internet access pilot program for the Ampain refugee camp in Ghana. The camp is home to approximately 3,500 persons of concern. The ICT center at Ampain provides inhabitants with computers to access Coursera online courses, in the last year a total of 280 online courses were completed by 220 camp inhabitants. | The satellite services were deployed and are maintained by a licensed satellite service provider in Ghana. The provider adheres to the relevant policies and regulates as stipulated by the National Telecommunications Policy. The policies are not restrictive with regards to satellite services provided in Ghana. For the pilot project the site is supplied with 3x1Mbps Ku-Band service. Should more sites be added to the project this capacity will be shared with other sites to reduce cost. Access to internet services has had a major impact of the lives of the population of the Ampain camp. Through online learning many refugees have increased their marketability in the local labor market. On average the camp inhabitants have achieved 24 Coursera online certificates per month. A broad roll out of internet access to 100 camps could result in 2,400 refugees acquiring new skills every month or 28,800 per year. The ICT center in the Ampain camp has not only been of benefit to the adult population, the local school also uses the center for training learners in the use of computers and software. Making the center available to school learners for only 2 hours a day it is possible to provide computer training to 200 learners a week. | ||||||||
49 | Internet for All Pilot Project (Intelsat) | South Africa | Last Mile | Primary | Direct submission (from ESOA) | Commercial | Intelsat has developed a pilot program aimed at testing commercial and social scenarios that may impact the roll-out of the Internet for All program to rural areas in developing countries. The pilot is typically rolled out to 5 sites across a country and runs for six months while information is collected from each site. This information will inform the project report which is the ultimate output from the pilot. | The service offers paid-for internet access to any person in the coverage are of the Wi-Fi hot-spot. The pilot project is rolled in conjunction with the relevant government department. Where possible, the department will assist in the promotion of the service amongst the local population. In the future advertising revenue could be used to subsidize the cost of the internet access. Additional revenue could be generated by allowing corporates access to the end-users for surveys and other non-personal information gathering. The end-used will qualify for free airtime should they participate in the surveys. | Intelsat provided CAPEX for the pilot project. When the program is rolled out broadly the CAPEX will have to be funded by government or other DFI’s. The payments from end-users should be sufficient to cover the OPEX costs and provide a moderate income for the SMME looking after the environment. | Satellite | The extensive coverage of Intelsat’s Ku-Band service makes it possible to deliver quality internet access to any location around the globe. The nature of Ku-Band frequency allows for the use of small dish antennas (±1m diameter) which are light and easy to deploy. The Wi-Fi network is based on standard off-the-shelf equipment that is housed in a ventilated enclosure unit. | Wi-Fi enabled devices | The program, based on Intelsat’s Wi-Fi solution, can deliver internet hotspot services through satellite connectivity anywhere on the globe. The accompanying Business Support Service (BSS) caters for several payment models or manages advertising funded or government subsidized connectivity. The Wi-Fi service provides network coverage and internet access for users in a 150m radius are. The Wi-Fi network can be expanded to cover larger areas. | 44,000 or so individuals across five communitieis | Solar power required for some sites | The networks at the five pilot sites have been live since March 2018. | Note cost of $6 to $10 per GB; For the pilot project the 5 sites are supplied with 10x3Mbps Ku-Band service. The capacity is pooled and dynamically allocated to the sites as required. | The satellite service provider delivers services according to the local regulatory policies. | ||||||||
50 | Internet para Todos | Peru | Last Mile and Middle Mile | Primary | Direct Submission to ITU | Commercial | IpT is a vehicle that connects MNOs to less financially attractive areas; Open business model; IpT offers its infrastructure to MNOs so they can reach low density areas; Local communities, entrepreneurs and other Telcos are invited to join efforts and co-build this network; Any MNO could extend its services to low-density areas using our infrastructure; Deploy and operate next generation of cellular and transport telecommunication networks; Partner MNOs provide commercial exclusivity in target areas, right to use spectrum, licences, etc. and existing wholesale relationships | Network-as-a-Service (so B2B contracts); Connecting the long tail through disruptive biz models leveraging local partners | Not clear --- there is some involvement of DFIs (IADB and CAF) so perhaps some one-time subsidy in terms of concessional financing? | Not specified - assuming fiber, microwave and cellular | Not mentioned | Cellular and wi-fi enabled devices | It deploys and operates the last-mile (access and transport) 4G network in rural and peri-urban areas | Assume low density (rural) | Not mentioned, undetermined | Peru, with expansion to other countries in Latin America | Mountains, coastal and jungle regions | Medium ($5/user/mo); also they note >600MB/user per month | Assume low to medium | Complex topography | Yes | IpT showed an interesting slide where people from unserved areas are holding smartphones and tablets stating "unserved but not disconnected" | None mentioned directly but notes: Partner MNOs provide commercial exclusivity in target areas, right to use spectrum, licences, etc. and existing wholesale relationships | Commercial MNOs focus less on less financially attractive areas. IpT offers these MNOs to expand their market tounderserved areas through their infrastructure and network. | ||
53 | Internet Society Wireless for Communities (W4C) | Pakistan | Last Mile | Primary | Direct Submission to ITU | Community Network (Non-profit) | Internet Society implemented W4C Program in Chak-5 Faiz | Undisclosed | Assume partial re-occurring since the initiative was done in partnership with COMSATS and the local government | Wireless base station - a 55m tri-polo tower attached by wireless anttennas | Communities within a 2km radius | Assuming desktops since the equipment is in the computer lab | Assuming wired | Low density | 200 students and 25 households | Communities within a 2km radius | Not mentioned; rural village 25km away from the city of Mutan | Not mentioned | Assume low to medium | 25 km away from the city | Yes | Internet network equipment was discovered in Government Girls High School during a survey | None mentioned | Not only is the area underserved but the school caters to girls who we know are treated differently in male dominated societies like Pakistan | ||
57 | Lavazza (Airband) | Colombia | Last Mile | Primary | Direct Submission to ITU | alliance of private companies, nonprofits and governmental agencies | Lavazza, ALO&Partners and MAKAIA | not mentioned | NOT mentioned | TVWS | not mentioned | Assume wifi devices | high speed broadband; wifi hotspots | not mentioned | coffee growers | countryside/rural community of Mesetas | Jungled and mountainous terrain | not mentioned | not mentioned | not mentioned | Yes | Internet Wi-Fi hotspots have also become community hubs for communication. Residents gather at the now-connected schools to search the internet and send messages to family, friends and potential buyers of their crops. | not mentioned | utilize Microsoft Azure and Internet of Things solutions to apply precision agriculture tactics. | ||
60 | LTE 250 Mhz for Agribusiness in Brazil | Brazil | Last Mile | Primary | Direct Submission to ITU | Commercial (Private LTE networks at 250Mhz for IoT / Agriculture) | Long-Term Evolution (LTE) systems in the 250 MHz band - LTE 250 MHz technology has been developed by CPQD in AgroTICS project, based on partnership with São Martinho S/A and Tropico, funded by BNDES and focused on increasing the efficiency of sugar and ethanol production through the use of information and communication technologies. LTE 250 MHz technology has been designed to attend agribusiness applications, thus providing a feasible approach to increase the coverage requirement focusing in a low cost and interoperable solution that can be applicable in the access and transport networks based on a proposal of a new 3GPP profile applying LTE technology in 250 MHz to a long range and large scale production that can be applicable in Brazil and other countries according to each Telecommunications Regulatory Agency rules and decision. | not mentioned (private networks) | One-time (LTE 250 MHz technology has been developed by CPQD in AgroTICS project, based on partnership with São Martinho S/A and Tropico, funded by BNDES and focused on increasing the efficiency of sugar and ethanol production through the use of information and communication technologies) | Long-Term Evolution (LTE) systems in the 250 MHz band | not mentioned | Wifi enabled devices. The infrastructure is used for transmitting data from harvesters, tractors, trucks and other sensors in the field to databases and applications. | Cellular LTE but also Wi-Fi (for local connectivity), CAN (used in agricultural machines for telemetry data transmission), RS 232 and Ethernet, in addition to the LTE interface. Besides that, it has GPS receiver and accelerometer. | not mentioned (assume low) | not mentioned (assume low; agriculture purposes) | 310,000 ha | rural and remote areas | not mentioned | not mentioned | not mentioned | Yes | The solution deployed at São Martinho uses dojot, and Open Source IoT platform developed by CPQD, which supports IoT protocols for field data collection and ensures interoperability for the applications. | Regulation for 225-270 MHz frequency range (so called 250 MHz band) has been defined by ANATEL on Resolution 555/2010. 270 MHz band has been defined by Telecommunications Regulatory Agency (ANATEL) as an alternative to accommodate broadband services and applications. The main goal of Brazil’s National Broadband Plan is to exploit the premium radio frequency propagation characteristics of lower frequency bands to increase cell coverage, a crucial aspect when it comes to providing services in rural and sparsely populated areas. Regulation for 225-270 MHz frequency range (so called 250 MHz band) has been defined by ANATEL on Resolution 555/2010, which states: • Private service operation; • ERP (Effective Radiated Power) shall be less than 25 dBm for TDD (Time Division Duplexing) in multipoint-multipoint (mesh) mode; • ERP can be more than 25 dBm for FDD (Frequency Division Duplexing) in point-multipoint and point-to-point modes; • Channel bandwidth is 1.25 MHz. Channel aggregation of up to 5 x 1.25 MHz channels is supported, thus corresponding to a total 6.25 MHz channel. This regulatory scenario has enabled an innovative connectivity option for rural and remote areas in Brazil, based on private LTE networks. | |||
61 | M-Kopa (Airband) | Kenya | Last Mile | Primary | Direct Submission to ITU | Commercial | M-KOPA's IoT and Microsoft Azure | Pay-as-you-go access | not mentioned | solar home systems, IoT | not mentioned | abundant lighting and upgradable productive assets like solar televisions, energy-efficient cooking stoves, internet- enabled smartphones, and water storage tanks. | IoT devices | not mentioned | 2 million (500,000 homes) | not mentioned | not mentioned | not mentioned | not mentioned | Lack of electricity | Yes | Its customers pay for their service from the convenience of their own mobile phones, making small payments made via mobile money services available on across the region. | not mentioned | M-KOPA provides reliable energy while Azure provides the infrastructure upon which M-KOPA has built its IoT platform. | ||
63 | Malawi SimbaNET | Malawi | Middle Mile | Primary | Direct submission from the World Banlk | Government-run | In 2013 SimbaNET won the tender and invested its own capital to deploy 900km fiber network and a “virtual landing station”. | Business Model: Private wholesale operator offering International, National and Metro wholesale capacity to service providers and GoM agencies | WB funded $10 million towards government pre-purchase of SimbaNet capacity to support the GoM’s efforts to improve the quality, availability and affordability of broadband internet for both public and private users. | Fiber type: Aerial (wooden poles). Backbone terrestrial; International access to submarine fibre via EASSy, TEAMS, SEACOM, and WACS cables. | Network size: 900km+ | Assume wifi enabled devices and desktops | Assume wifi and wired | Low density | 6.5% Internet pentration; 18.0% Smartphone penetration in 2016 | Not mentioned | $93/1Mbps/month in 2017 | Not mentioned | Yes | SimbaNET contracts for connectivity on an open access basis to the actual cable landing stations via Tanzania and Zambia to TEAMS, EASSy, SEACOM and WACS subsea cables | WB funded $10 million towards government pre-purchase of SimbaNet capacity to support the GoM’s efforts to improve the quality, availability and affordability of broadband internet for both public and private users. | Project cost: $72.4M; Int’s Connectivity Tariff : $135/Mbps/month | ||||
65 | Mawingu Networks (Airband) | Kenya | Last Mile | Primary | Direct Submission to ITU from MSFT and also 1 World Connected Case Studies | Commercial | Commercial MNO (Microsoft 4Afrika and the Microsoft Airband Initiative team partnered with Mawingu Networks) | prepaid internet access and device charging; Subscription $1/week or $3/month | not mentioned | solar power, and the Microsoft Cloud; Wi-Fi, fixed microwave, and TV white spaces. | not mentioned | Assume wifi enabled devices | Wifi; high speed wireless internet access | Low Density | large | those who live far from urban centers like Nairobi, Mombasa, or Kisumu. | Rough Terrain | $1 per month; low | not mentioned; assume low | not mentioned; assume rural | Yes | Has 10,000 commercial users | not mentioned | It is low cost, high capability and solar powered; enabling Wi-Fi more broadly across villages has allowed residents to contact emergency services and alert ambulances as to where help is needed by using simple internet-enabled communication apps. | ||
67 | Mexico Red Compartida | Mexico | Middle Mile | Primary | Direct submission from the World Banlk | Government-run | $7B project to create and operate a wholesale shared nationwide 4G network to transform the Mexican telecoms market by enabling new entrants to provide high quality affordable mobile broadband connectivity. | Business Model: Private sector consortium finances infrastructure as part of a PPP with GoM and operates wireless network selling wholesale capacity to the market and paying annual fees to GoM made up of i) spectrum fee ii) % of revenue | IFC and IFC Asset Management Company committed $205M in equity to the winning financial consortium | Fiber | Infrastructure Sharing: 1 fiber pair of the national fiber optic backbone (dark fiber) transferred to concessionaire; access granted to 22,000km of fiber from GoM; negotiated access to a further 82,000km of fiber from industrial partners; 90MHz of nationwide spectrum in 700MHz band; access granted to 35,000 federal sites for network buildout. | Assume wifi enabled devices and desktops | Assume wifi and wired | High density | access granted to 35,000 federal sites for network buildout. | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Yes | PPP set up between GoM and private investor interests to deploy infrastructure; long term concession contract awarded to wholesale network operator | GoM changed constitution; passed major telecomunication Reforms to stimulate competition, promote universal Access. | Lifetime Project cost: Approximately $7 Billion | ||||
73 | NICHE Project - Zambia Research & Education Network (ZAMREN) | Zambia | Middle Mile | Primary | Direct submission from GEANT | Non-profit organization | ZAMREN is a National Research and Education Network (NREN) that started its operation in 2012 and has grown to become one of the leading Internet Service Provider and ICT solutions for Higher Education and Public Research Institutions in Zambia. A national Research and Education Network (NREN) is a specialized ICT provider that exists in a country to provide internet and advanced ICT services to the country’s research and educational institutions on a non-profit basis. | The total project funding is Euro2,250,000 | Not mentioned | optic fibre last-mile connectivity of UNZA, CBU, Mulungushi University to the ZESCO optic fibre grid | No details | Assume wifi enabled devices and desktops | Assume wifi and wired | Universities | UNZA, CBU, MU, COSETCO and Nkrumah will be the recipient institutions in the project. | Not mentioned | High literacy | Yes | The three-year project is aimed at supporting the establishment of ZAMREN | . Analysts believe that a successful landlocked NREN requires funding, governmental support and the effective collaboration between different higher education institutions. | ||||||
75 | Orange Backhaul Capacity Through Satellite (SES) | Central African Republic | Middle mile | Primary | Direct contribution from ESOA; https://www.ses.com/press-release/orange-central-african-republic-and-ses-networks-partner-reinforce-connectivity | Commercial | Orange will be using SES IP Transit solution to deliver faster 3G services and better-quality internet connections for enterprises. | pre-paid usage and subscription | None; private investment. | Satellite | The solution will be delivered by SES, using its Medium Earth Orbit fleet and extensive ground infrastructure. Customers of Orange Central African Republic will have access to unparalleled availability and speed of internet services, where it has not been available before in the country with its challenging terrain and lack of terrestrial infrastructure, resulting in low internet penetration. | Cellular | Entire country with a focus on ten cities | Expansion of connectivity with High Speed and mobile money to 10 cities; Backhaul; High speed internet, mobile money | Ka-band | |||||||||||
76 | Packerland Broadband (Airband) | USA | Last Mile | Primary | Direct Submission to ITU | Commercial | Wireless ISP | Not mentioned | Partial Re-occurring through technical expertise and guidance from Microsoft | TVWS | Not mentioned | Windows devices mentioned so assuming wi-fi enabled devices | TVWS | Low density; Rural areas of Wisconsin and Upper Peninsula of Michigan | Expanded services to connect 82,000 by 2022 | Undetermined but mentions rural Wisconsin and Upper Peninsula of Michigan | Hilly and forested regions | Not mentioned | Not mentioned but assume low to medium literacy | Challenging geography | Yes | Packerland is part of Microsoft's Airband Inintiative | None mentioned | TVWS is an expanded service of the ISP for unconnected areas in hilly and forested regions | ||
77 | Pamoja Net | Congo, DR | Last Mile | Primary | Direct submission from APC | Community Network / Non-Profit (Ensemble Pour La Difference) | Non-Profit (Ensemble Pour La Difference) / Pamoja has been designed to leverage the expertise of the young professionals of the African diaspora towards an impactful cause that will contribute to our counterparts on the continent. | Free | None | Wifi hotspots | desktops and tablets | Wifi | Low Density | Island in the middle of a lake | Low | Low literacy | prone to lightning strikes | Yes | Used by 10,000 islanders | News, health info and messages are accessed through the online public display system / News, health info and messages are accessed through the online public display system | ||||||
78 | Peru RNDFO Project | Peru | Middle Mile | Primary | Direct submission from the World Bank | Government-run | In 2014 the government of Peru concessioned through PPPs and a competitive bidding process the design, build and operation of a North to South national fiber optic backbone project (RNDFO) | Business Model: wholesale services only, retail prohibited; Concession: 20 years, after which ownership returns to Govt | The World Bank considered providing financing for 3 of the regional backbone networks. | Fiber type: Aerial fiber over high tension power lines. | Network size: 13,500km | Assume wifi enabled devices and desktops | Assume wifi and wired | Assume medium to low density | 21 regional backbone and access networks to complement RNDFO connecting public facilities such as schools, hospitals, police stations | 30,064 km | wholesale transport price is $15/MB/sec in 2017 | Not mentioned | Yes | The regional backbone projects enabled future connectivity for government buildings and provided training on digital skills to public sector employees | If public funds are used, flexible structures have to be put in place in order to adapt to changing market dynamics | Government cost: $323 million (incl. tax). | ||||
84 | REDES A.C., Rhizomatica and Colectivo Ik'ta K'op | Mexico | Last Mile | Primary | Direct submission from APC | Community Network | Non-Internet networks (Cellular network, Intranet network) / TIC A.C. is a fully licensed, social-indigenous operator of cellular services. | Initial cost of installation: US$ 1600 | Investment from community | 2G | It is a hybrid network integrated by three different networks | wi-fi enabled devices | Wifi | Low Density | 2500-5000 communities (as of 2017) | Rural | Low | High literacy | Mountainous | Yes | Facilitates mobile and internet services for banking and healthcare, communication and had an impact on the regulatory regime in Mexico | |||||
87 | Rural Campuses Connections Project (RCCP) - South African National Research Network (SANREN) | South Africa | Middle Mile | Primary | Direct submission from GEANT | Government-run | Both parts of the Rural Campuses Connection Project (RCCP I and RCCP II) were rolled out to address the backlog in high speed connectivity at most of South Africa’s higher education institutions, particularly those with rural campuses. | R28 million for RCCP I, R71 million for RCCP II | RCCP was funded through the South African Department of Higher Education and Training (DHET), managed by Universities South Africa (USAf), and implemented by the Tertiary Research and Education Network (TENET). | Network rings | During the first phase of the RCCP, additional network rings were built to connect 19 rural and peri-urban university campuses to the SANReN national backbone in order to provide them with the same access to ICT as the urban universities in major cities, thus creating new opportunities for teaching and learning, research and innovation, and community engagement at rural university campuses. | Assume wifi enabled devices and desktops | Assume wifi and wired | University students | 134 university sites across South Africa | Not mentioned | High literacy | No - project ended in 2019 | The Rural Campuses Connection Project (RCCP) was undertaken to provide high-bandwidth connections for rural university campuses to the South African National Research Network (SANReN). | The project was not without shortcomings. In retrospect, three issues stand out sharply. First, the decision to require (modest) co-payments from beneficiaries as a contribution to the cost of the technical connection, was probably a mistake, based on an over-interpretation of the DHET's grant letter; it led to a good deal of resentment, especially since SANReN connections were not similarly burdened. Second, the meaning attached by the project to the word “rural” was criticised by some institutions as arbitrary and artificial. Third, and perhaps most important, the project made no attempt to assist beneficiaries in using the new capacity for organisational purposes, nor did it address the general weakness in technical capacity available at or for the campuses connected, itself a consequence of poor connectivity over many years. | ||||||
89 | Ruralstar (Huawei) | Ghana | Last Mile | Primary | https://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/resources/rural-connectivity-innovation-case-study-using-light-sites-to-drive-rural-coverage-huawei-ruralstar-and-mtn-ghana/ | Commercial | Cellular backhaul solution (Huawei's RuralStar); lightweight rural network coverage solution supprting 2G, 3G and 4G connectivity | Not mentioned, but traditional cellular deployments | Not mentioned | Cellular - Lightweight rural infrastructure site, Multi-hop relay technology (10km to 40 km per hop) | Multi-hop relay technology (10km to 40km per hop) | Assume mobile phones and Wi-Fi enabled devices | Assume celluar and Wi-Fi | not mentioned, assumed utlized for medium to low | Few thousands (3km to 5km signal radius per site) | 3km to 5km signal radius per site | Not mentioned but non LOS required so varies | not mentioned, assume low because of application for rural geographies | Not mentioned, assume low to medium | not mentioned, assume low-income | Yes | RuralStar technology consumes less power than standard cell site solutions | None mentioned | Lightweight rural infrastructure site is lower cost and may be more fit for purpose for different situations | ||
91 | Schools Connectivity Initiative (SCI) - Kenya Education Network (KENET) | Kenya | Middle Mile | Primary | Direct submission from GEANT | Not-for-profit membership operator | The Kenya Education Network Trust (KENET) was established in 1999 as a membership non-profit organization and is registered as a Trust to serve higher education and research institutions in Kenya. | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | 10 Gb/s high speed internet connection | 2200 km of fiber for interconnecting member institutions by November 2019 | Assume wifi enabled devices and desktops | Assume wifi and wired | Public and private universities and colleges, TVETs, teaching hospitals and medical colleges, government institutions, research institutions and affiliates | 270 member connected campuses in 36 different countries | Not mentioned | High literacy | Yes | Using ICTs, KENET provides education technology services and research solutions to our member-institutions countrywide. KENET also provides various resources and services, including travel grants and capacity building. | KENET provides cost-effective, fast and reliable Internet connectivity and related services to enhance education and research. | ||||||
92 | SES & Burkina Faso | Burkina Faso | Last mile and middle mile | Primary | Direct Contribution from ESOA; https://www.ses.com/case-study/burkina-faso-government-and-ses-networks | Commercial | Service delivery subsidized by government and donors | Support from Lux Dev (funding) and Government of Burkina Faso (funding and owning the project on the ground). | Integrates the country’s existing terrestrial wireless and fibre-optic networks with the O3b Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) satellite system to create an end-to-end hybrid communication network. The hybrid ecosystem includes five O3b MEO terminals, 65 towers, and 114 point-to-multipoint radio base stations to create a significantly faster, broader, and more reliable communications network. | Integrates the country’s existing terrestrial wireless and fibre-optic networks with the O3b Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) satellite system to create an end-to-end hybrid communication network. The hybrid ecosystem includes five O3b MEO terminals, 65 towers, and 114 point-to-multipoint radio base stations to create a significantly faster, broader, and more reliable communications network. Ka-band satellite. | 43 provinces; 19 million potential users through Burkina Faso administration. | Solar power required / used. | Services include: E-government, e-health, and e-education applications. Internet BB connection for Civil Servants. Exchange of Government Data, Services to citizens, E-education, E-Health. Creation of a Data center, SES Local Office, Maintenance by ANSIP. Data management and Capacity Building (training of ANSIP staff and local service providers). | Ka-band | See the case study for figures. | |||||||||||
95 | SunCulture (Airband) | Kenya | Last Mile | Primary | Direct Submission to ITU | Commercial | SunCulture is actually a provider of irrigation systems with IoT platform | Not mentioned | None | IoT and TVWS | Not mentioned | Precision agriculture tools; | IoT platform, TVWS | Assume low due to agriculture areas of Kenya | Not mentioned, undetermined | Kenya in general | Various | Not mentioned | Undetermined | Off grid and far from cellular networks | Yes | Expansion through TVWS to rural communities is just a by-product of desire to bring precision agriculture to Kenyan farmers | None mentioned | SunCulture brings precision agriculture to Kenya through IoT thereby increasing income and capacity of rural smallholder farmers | ||
96 | Teleglobal-Bakti Project (SES) | Indonesia | Last mile and middle mile | Primary | Direct submission from ESOA; https://www.ses.com/press-release/teleglobal-brings-broadband-access-and-mobile-connectivity-services-rural-communities. | Commercial | SES and Teleglobal’s cooperation is a part of BAKTI’s multi-pronged approach to universal connectivity involving the Palapa Ring of submarine cables to connect Indonesia’s major islands, the interim lease of 50 Mbps of satellite capacity (of which SES-12 is a part), and the construction and launch of a new Satelit Multi-Fungsi to provide 150 Gbps of connectivity around the country. | Public subsidy | Satellite | Teleglobal contracted 1.3 GHz of capacity on SES-12, one of SES’s high throughput satellites (HTS) covering the Asia-Pacific region. Two satellite gateways were built in Jakarta, Indonesia, to facilitate the use of multiple SES-12 spot beams across the country. | SES-12 HTS capacity uses Ku-band and Ka-band frequencies. In early 2019, Teleglobal, a local VSAT operator in Indonesia, and SES signed an agreement to provide broadband internet access and mobile backhaul services to up to 150,000 sites in remote parts of the country. This partnership complements the ongoing Palapa Ring project spearheaded by BAKTI, which involves connecting the major islands in Indonesia with 11,000km of undersea fibre-optic cables to provide broadband internet infrastructure. The project aims to help bridge the digital divide and bring much-needed internet access to schools, hospitals, and local government headquarters in the rural areas of Indonesia. | |||||||||||||||
98 | Tigo Chad - SES | Chad | Middle mile | Primary | Direct submission from ESOA; https://www.ses.com/case-study/delivering-managed-mobile-backhaul-chad; https://www.ses.com/sites/default/files/2019-08/SES_Tigo_CaseStudy_A4_20AUG19_DEF_SCREEN_0.pdf | Commercial | By leveraging SES’s fully managed satellite backhaul service driven by its multi-orbit fleet, a mobile operator, Tigo Chad, has been able to expand coverage into the country. Using a combination of SES’s high-capacity, low-latency O3b Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) constellation, and satellites in Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO), the solution allowed Tigo Chad to bring 2G and upgrade to 3G in rural and previously unserved areas. | pre-paid usage and subscription | None; private investment. | Satellite | Under this partnership, more than 50 sites were connected, 40 cell sites were refurbished, and a satellite teleport was built in N’Djamena. This update to local infrastructure upgraded local services to IP-based technology, specifically from 2G to 3G, and included parallel redundant satellite capacity at ‘critical’ sites in both Ku-band and C-band. The SES Global Operations Center monitors usage 24/7. All sites were brought to 3G-readiness, although a few are still operating 2G technology, depending on the current demand. The deployed hardware can be switched to 2G or 3G remotely to respond to changes in user demand, as well as updated, diagnosed, and sometimes repaired over-the-air. A few 4G-LTE “pilot” sites were also deployed. | Cellular | Cellular | rural | By leveraging SES’s fully managed satellite backhaul service driven by its multi-orbit fleet, a mobile operator, Tigo Chad, has been able to expand coverage into the country. Using a combination of SES’s high-capacity, low-latency O3b Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) constellation, and satellites in Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO), the solution allowed Tigo Chad to bring 2G and upgrade to 3G in rural and previously unserved areas. Under this partnership, more than 50 sites were connected, 40 cell sites were refurbished, and a satellite teleport was built in N’Djamena. This update to local infrastructure upgraded local services to IP-based technology, specifically from 2G to 3G, and included parallel redundant satellite capacity at ‘critical’ sites in both Ku-band and C-band. The SES Global Operations Center monitors usage 24/7. All sites were brought to 3G-readiness, although a few are still operating 2G technology, depending on the current demand. The deployed hardware can be switched to 2G or 3G remotely to respond to changes in user demand, as well as updated, diagnosed, and sometimes repaired over-the-air. A few 4G-LTE “pilot” sites were also deployed. SES and Tigo Tchad partnered with local engineers and technicians in order to import, warehouse, deploy, and install all sites within the deadline. Local experts were effective in navigating the difficult terrain and lack of infrastructure at the install locations. Developing a network of local technicians provides for a rapid response if issues do arise requiring a physical presence. After SES upgraded Tigo sites, there was a reported 30% increase in data traffic at upgraded sites. Tigo is planning on deploying new sites to expand coverage in rural areas in 2020 | The SES O3b system uses Ka-band capacity exclusively. The GEO capacity is in the C-band and Ku-band frequencies. | ||||||||||
106 | Viasat in Mexico | Mexico | Last Mile | Primary | Direct Submission to ITU | Commercial | Community wifi model | Below $1 for unlimited data per hour; prepaid model | None mentioned | Satellite (ViaSat HTS) | not mentioned | Any Wi-Fi Enabled Device | Wi-Fi | Not mentioned (assume low) | 1.5 million people | Across 2,500 sites | not mentioned (assume various) | Low - The communities addressed by Community Wi-Fi tend to be cash-based, and consumers make small purchases. Many are completely unbanked – through our trials in Mexico, we have confirmed that these communities run on a completely cash-based system, with no banks present in their immediate vicinity. It was therefore important to establish a prepaid model that met consumers’ demands while also ensuring commercial viability. Consumers in Mexico pay under $1 for an hour of unlimited data, which is purchased at a point of sale, typically in a general store where they are accustomed to purchasing goods. | not mentioned (assume medium to low) | Unstable power | Yes | Economic impact: the local resellers have seen their average incomes improve and increased foot traffic in their shops. In addition, users have completed online studies and launched their own small businesses, fostering a circular economy in the communities. | not mentioned | Viasat’s high bandwidth global coverage under VS3 will give Community WiFi the opportunity to close the digital divide around the world for those who are underserved with a quality, reliable, and affordable option. | ||
107 | Viasat, Telebras, Brazil | Brazil | Last Mile | Primary | Direct Submission to ITU | Commercial (in PPP) | Programa Governo Eletrônico – Serviço de Atendimento ao Cidadão (GESAC) | Public subsidy | Full Re-occuring; | Satellite | not mentioned | Assume any wifi enabled devices for streaming video | Wi-Fi (from CPE) | high population density | 2 million schoolchildren; 10,000 GESAC sites | Same size as the US | Protected rainforest | not mentioned (assume low) | not mentioned (assume medium to low) | Prohibitive prices of other internet services | Yes | The service performance on SGDC has been excellent, often averaging 20 Mbps download speeds – far in excess of the 10 Mbps GESAC requirement. | Failed initial bid so change in partner agreement that lets commercial SP offer other services: In 2017, Telebras made a public call for bids, but the tender had conditions that would have made the program economically unviable. As a result, Telebras did not receive any acceptable bids. The auction failure, however, opened the door to negotiate an innovative type of agreement that had never been done before. Under the resulting agreement, which has been expressly found legal by the Brazil Tribunal de Contas da União (Court of Accounts), Viasat would build the ground segment, serve as the service provider for the GESAC and other Telebras programs, and operate as a service provider itself across multiple lines of business, such as in-flight wifi, community wifi hotspots and residential service. The partnership pays Telebras revenue share from Viasat’s commercialization of the capacity. For its part, in addition to providing the satellite capacity, Telebras operates the fiber network and gateways, and is the contracting party for federal government programs such as GESAC. | |||
122 | World Telecom Labs - Gabon | Gabon | Last Mile | Primary | Simon Pearson, WTL via email | Government | Communication networks | not mentioned | not mentioned | not mentioned | not mentioned | not mentioned | not mentioned | not mentioned | 2,700 remote villages | 2,700 remote villages | equatorial rainforest | low | not mentioned | not mentioned | Yes | *2016 Best Connectivity Solution for Africa | Involvement of the National Telecommunications Regulatory Agency and Minister of Communication | reduce the white areas whose connection is deemed too unprofitable by private telephony operators. | ||
123 | World Telecom Labs - Morocco | Morocco | Last Mile | Primary | Simon Pearson, WTL via email | Commercial | Universal Access' project; Tele-Centre as a combination of Call Shop and Cyber Café | Pre-paid usage | not mentioned | satellite hub | VoIP, WTL SoIP switches. | PVx device - built-in AT, Firewall, and internet caching | not mentioned | not mentioned | not mentioned | 8,000 locations | not mentioned | not mentioned | not mentioned | not mentioned | Yes | not mentioned | Moroccan National Telecommunications laboratiry | This is an ideal project for WTL, playing to the company’s 3 main strengths, namely, satellite bandwidth optimisation for VoIP, pre-paid capability and SS7 connectivity” | ||
124 | World Telecom Labs - Tanzania | Tanzania | Last Mile | Primary | Simon Pearson, WTL via email | Commercial | MVNO model; converted to Micro Mobile Netgwork Opertor (MMNO) resulting to Amotel | Universal Service Funds (USF) | not mentioned | Vivada, a complete package that enables the turnkey delivery of voice and data connectivity solutions within the rural environment. | not mentioned | Smartphones and wifi enabled devices | GSM and WiFi | not mentioned | 4,000 villages | remote areas | not mentioned | not mentioned | not mentioned | Power supply (periodic disruption) | YES | Services include: GSM telephone calls • Cybercafé • WiFi Hotspot • Calling cabins • Money Transfer | not mentioned | The combination of Amotel, WTL and Vivada created a ‘win-win’ situation, in which the needs of the regulator to see coverage extension, the need of the MNO to avoid undue risk while maximising return from existing assets and the needs of the community to access voice and data services for the first time could all be met. | ||
126 | Zenzeleni Networks | South Africa | Last Mile | Primary | Direct submission from APC | Community Network / Non-profit (co-opertaive, university and tribal community) | Non-profit (co-opertaive, university and tribal community) / Zenzeleni currently provides affordable, reliable connectivity within several communities in the rural Eastern Cape province of South Africa, specifically in Mankosi, Mcwasa, Nomadolo and Zithulele | Subscription and Pre-paid usage (depending on user type); R3.00 (US$ 0.25) per call | None | Microwave; Fiber network, Community wi-fi network | Zenzeleni’s solar-powered, wireless network can carry up to 200 megabits per second (Mbps). While there are still limited connection points (or hotspots) to the network, the average monthly traffic has been 1.5 terabytes (TB), with over 5,000 different devices connected to the network. | Assume Any Wi-Fi enabled devices; personal computers (PCs), mobile phones | Assume Wi-Fi | No data provided; likely medium to low | 3500 residents | Apart from servicing its four communities, Zenzeleni now offers internet to seven local businesses and three schools. | Unclear: tribal villages so maybe some hills | Low-income users | Low literacy | "extremely high unemployment, deep levels of poverty, high rates of out-migration by people of economically active ages, and a lack of economic infrastructure"; low electricity penetration; telecommunications (cost of pre-paid data and charging a phone) can reach up to 25% of monthly income; Lack of electricity; Patriarchal ecosystems | Yes | Cooperative sets up community networks in different areas and provides them bandwidth in exchange for a fee, in addition to its own users; 3500 residents ; Conducted training of trainers, digital skill needs assessment, and is gathering educational content for its digital literacy outreach initiatives. | Entity serves as a more affordable alternative to commercial operators, leveraging funding from donors. Model is not yet fully sustainable, pending the creation of more rural community networks under the cooperative's umbrella. Microwave chosen as backhaul as efforts to co-locate with commercial operators' towers and access their fiber have not been successful. Conducted training of trainers, digital skill needs assessment, and is gathering educational content for its digital literacy outreach initiatives. | |||