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2 | Measure Name | Reference (APA) | Addition Versions | Theme | Measure Description | Reliability Notes | Validity Notes | Population(s) Involved in Measure Validation | Applications (Populations & Settings) | Drama Therapy Studies that Used the Measure | General Notes | |
3 | Scale of Body Connection (SBC) | Price, C., & Thompson, E. (2007). Measuring dimensions of body connection. Body awareness and body dissociation. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 13, 945–953. | n/a | Body Awareness | 20-item self-report questionnaire; 2 sub-scales (body awareness, body dissociation) | Cronbach's alpha provides preliminary evidence of internal reliability (body awareness subscale = 0.83; bodily dissociation subscale = 0.78). | Content validity established by panel of experts; confirmatory factor analysis provides preliminary evidence of construct validity | undergraduate students | somatic therapy research | Greaves, A. E., Camic, P. M., Maltby, M., Richardson, K., & Mylläri, L. (2012). A multiple single case design study of group therapeutic puppetry with people with severe mental illness. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 39(4), 251-261. doi: 10.1016/j.aip.2012.03.002 | ||
4 | Burden of Stroke Scale (BOSS) | Doyle, P. J., McNeil, M. R., & Hula, W. D. (2003). The Burden of Stroke Scale (BOSS): Validating patient-reported communication difficulty associated psychological distress in stroke survivors. Aphasiology, 17, 291-304. | n/a | Communication, Social Skills, & Social Interactions | This 64-item measure assesses mobility, self care, communication, cognition, swallowing, social relations, energy and sleep, negative mood and positive mood; can be given in interview form | Sensitive to change over time; Internal consistency reliability ranges from 0.74 to 0.91 (Cronbach alpha) for the instrument domains (Doyle, et al, 2004). | Support for the discriminant and construct validity of the BOSS Communication Associated Distress (CAPD) and the Communication Difficulty (CD) Scales; high and significant correlations between all relevant scales on the Stroke Impact Scale and BOSS. | medically stable, community dwelling, stroke survivors; USA | stroke survivors | Cherney, L. R., Oehring, A. K., Rubenstein, T., & Whipple, K. (2011). Waiting on the words: Procedures and outcomes of a drama class for individuals with aphasia. Seminars in Speech and Language, 32(3), 229-242. doi:10.1055/s-0031-1286177. | ||
5 | Communication Confidence Rating Scale for Aphasia (CCRSA) | Babbitt, E. M., & Cherney, L. R. (2010). Communication confidence in persons with aphasia. Top Stroke Rehabil, 17(3), 214-223.; Babbitt, E. M., Heinemann, A. W., Semik, P., & Cherney, L. R. (2011). Psychometric properties of the Communication Confidence Rating Scale for Aphasia (CCRSA): Phase 2. Aphasiology, 25(6-7), 727-735. doi: 10.1080/02687038.2010.537347 | n/a | Communication, Social Skills, & Social Interactions | 10-item self-report measure that assesses confidence in communication | Person reliability was .81 (good). | Acceptable construct reliability, though one item (about discussion of finances) was not as highly correlated as the other items. | patients with Aphasia | patients with Aphasia | Cherney, L. R., Oehring, A. K., Rubenstein, T., & Whipple, K. (2011). Waiting on the words: Procedures and outcomes of a drama class for individuals with aphasia. Seminars in Speech and Language, 32(3), 229-242. doi:10.1055/s-0031-1286177. | ||
6 | Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale | Crowne, D. P., & Marlowe, D. (1960). A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 24(4) 349-354. doi: 10.1037/h0047358. | multiple translations available | Communication, Social Skills, & Social Interactions | A 33-item self-report measure that assesses whether or not respondents are concerned about social approval; a measure of social desirability bias | Sufficient internal consistency. | Correlates positively with multiple measures of sensitive behaviors, but there is some debate as to what these correlations mean and whether it is evidence of validity for CM. | university students | social desirability; often used to check if respondents are giving socially desirable responses in a research context | MacKay, B., Gold, M., & Gold, E. (1987). A pilot-study in drama therapy with adolescent girls who have been sexually abused. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 14(1), 77-84. doi:10.1016/0197-4556(87)90037-2 | ||
7 | Small Group Socialization Scale (SGSS) | Riddle, B.L., Anderson, C., M., Martin, M., M., (2000). Small Group Socialization Scale development and validity, Small Group Research, 31(5), 554-572. | n/a | Communication, Social Skills, & Social Interactions | A 14-item, Likert-style, self-report measure of socialization in a group experience | Cronbach alpha .88. | Evidence of concurrent validity; SGSS was compared with 4 factors – cohesion, consensus communication satisfaction, loneliness. | undergraduate students | studies of group dynamics; organizational communications research | n/a | ||
8 | Social Skills Improvement System-Rating Scales (SSIS-RS) | Gresham, F. M. and Elliott, S. N. (2008), Social Skills Improvement System-Rating Scales (SSIS-RS), Bloomington, MN: Pearson Assessments.; Gresham, F. M., Elliott, S. N., Vance, M. J. and Cook, C. R. (2011), ‘Comparability of the Social Skills Rating System to the Social Skills Improvement System: Content and psychometric comparisons across elementary and secondary age levels’, School Psychology Quarterly, 26: 1, pp. 27–44. | parent, student, and teacher forms available; revised version (SSIS-RS) available; multiple translations available | Communication, Social Skills, & Social Interactions | a brief questionnaire designed to identify children social behaviour difficulties | Good internal reliability and test-retest reliability. | Evidence of convergent and discriminant validity for the subscales. | children (sample of 4700); US | children; assessment of social skills and problem behaviours; used in evaluating treatment programs | D'Amico, M., Lalonde, C., & Snow, S. (2015). Evaluating the efficacy of drama therapy in teaching social skills to children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Drama Therapy Review, 1(1), 21-39. doi:10.1386/dtr.1.1.21_1 | One of the most frequently cited social skills ratings measures. | |
9 | Venables Rating Scale | Venables, P. H. (1957). A short scale for rating activity-withdrawal in schizophrenics. The Journal of Mental Science, 103, 197-199. Venables, P. J., & O'Connor, N. (1959). A short scale for rating paranoid schizophrenia. Journal of Mental Science, 105, 815-818. | n/a | Communication, Social Skills, & Social Interactions | 10 items; five-point scale | Note that this measure was developed in the 1950s, if you are considering using this measure, please familiarize yourself with recent research on schizophrenia and activity withdrawal. | Note that this measure was developed in the 1950s, if you are considering using this measure, please familiarize yourself with recent research on schizophrenia and activity withdrawal. | n/a | psychiatric settings, clinical and research settings | Nitsun, M., Stapleton, J., & Bender, M. (1974). Movement and drama therapy with long-stay schizophrenics. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 47, 101-119. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1974.tb02275.x | Note that this measure was developed in the 1950s, if you are considering using this measure, please familiarize yourself with recent research on schizophrenia and activity withdrawal. | |
10 | Affect & Arousal Scale (AFARS) | Chorpita, B. F., Daleiden, E. L., Moffitt, C., Yim, L., & Umemoto, L. A. (2000). Assessment of tripartite factors of emotion in children and adolescents I: Structural validity and normative data of an affect and arousal scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 22(2), 141-160. doi: 10.1023/A:1007584423617 | n/a | Emotional Regulation | self-report measure of children's positive and negative affect, and physiological arousal; 27 Likert-style questions | Regarding internal consistency, Cronbach's alpha ranged from .77-.80 for all three subscales. | Reasonable evidence of discriminant validity. | children & adolescents in Hawaii (US); over 20 different ethnicities were represented in the sample | emotional affect and arousal in children and adolescents (age 7-18) | n/a | ||
11 | Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) | Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26(1), 41-54. doi: 10.1023/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94 | Spanish, Italian, Greek, Turkish, Portugeuse, and Korean versions available; brief version (Bjureberg et al., 2016); modified version (Bardeen et al., 2016), state difficulties version (Lavender et al., 2017), postshooting version (Miron et al., 2014) | Emotional Regulation | 36 items, five-point Likert scale; assesses following domains of emotion dysregulation:nonacceptance of negative emotions, inability to engage in goal-directed behaviors when distressed, difficulties controlling impulsive behaviors when distressed, limited access to emotion regulation strategies perceived as effective, and lack of emotional clarity | High internal consistency; good test-retest reliability. | Adequate construct and predictive validity. | undergraduate students | adults; adolescents | n/a | ||
12 | Emotion Reactivity Scale (ERS) | Nock, M. K., Wedig, M. M., Holmberg, E. B., & Hooley, J. M. (2008). The Emotion Reactivity Scale: Development, evaluation, and relation to self-injurious thoughts and behaviors. Behavior Therapy, 39(2), 107-116. | Dutch version (Claes, Smits, & Bijttebier, 2014), and French version (Lannoy, Heeren, Rossignol, & Billieux, 2014) available | Emotional Regulation | 21-item self-report measure of emotion intensity and emotion sensitivity | High internal consistency (alpha = .94). | Evidence of convergent and divergent validity and criterion-related validity (associations with psychopathology). | adolescents and young adults | frequently used in research related to self-injurous thoughts or behaviours and distress tolerance | n/a | ||
13 | Mode Observation Scale (MOS) | Bernstein, D., de Vos, M., van den Broek, E. (2009). Mode Observation Scale (MOS). Unpublished manuscript. | n/a | Emotional Regulation | Observation instrument; 18 schema modes - each scored on a 5-point Likert scale; assesses the maximum intensity of schema modes | Not a lot of information available in the literature. | Not a lot of information available in the literature. | not a lot of information available in the literature | forensic settings | 1. Doomen, L. (2018). The effectiveness of schema focused drama therapy for cluster C personality disorders: An exploratory study. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 61, 66-76. doi: 10.1016/j.aip/2017.12.002 2. Keulen-de Vos, M., van den Broek, E. P. A., Bernstein, D. P., Keulen-de Vos, M., van den Broek, E. P. A., & Vallentin, R. (2017). Evoking emotional states in personality disordered offenders: An experimental pilot study of experiential drama therapy techniques. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 53, 80-88. doi:10.1016/j.aip.2017.01.003 | ||
14 | Schema Mode Inventory (SMI) | Young, J., Arntz, A., Atkinson, T., Lobbestael, J., Weishaar, M., van Vreeswijk, M., et al. (2008). Schema mode inventory. New York: Schema Therapy Institute. Lobbestael, J., van Vreeswijk, M., Spinhoven, P., Schouten, E., Arntz, A. (2010). Reliability and validity of the short Schema Mode Inventory (SMI). Behav Cogn Psychother. 2010 Jul;38(4):437-58. doi: 10.1017/S1352465810000226. | short and long version available; multiple translations available | Emotional Regulation | self-report questionnaire; 124 items, 6-point frequency scale | Good internal consistency, Cronbach’s alpha ranging from .71 to .94. | 14-factor structure; moderate construct validity. | non-clinical as well as clinical populations (Axis I and Axis II diagnoses) | clinical settings | Doomen, L. (2018). The effectiveness of schema focused drama therapy for cluster C personality disorders: An exploratory study. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 61, 66-76. doi: 10.1016/j.aip/2017.12.002 | ||
15 | Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) | Bagby, R.Michael; Parker, James D.A.; Taylor, Graeme J. (1994). "The twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia scale—I. Item selection and cross-validation of the factor structure". Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 38 (1): 23–32. doi:10.1016/0022-3999(94)90005-1 | n/a | Emotional Regulation | self-report of 20 questions and a 5-point Likert scale, intended to assess affective dysregulation | Good internal consistency and good test-retest reliability. | Solid evidence for a three-factor structure. | adolescent patients 14-19 admitted for anorexia | research on affective dysregulation | Pellicciari, A., Rossi, F., Iero, L., Di Pietro, E., Verrotti, A., & Franzoni, E. (2013). Drama therapy and eating disorders: A historical perspective and an overview of a Bolognese project for adolescents. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 19(7), 607-612. doi: 10.1089/acm.2011.0623 | ||
16 | Alzeimers Disease Assessment Scale - Cognitive Subscale (ADAS-cog) | Rosen, W. G., Mohs, R. C., & Davis, K. L. (1984). A new rating scale for Alzheimer’s disease. American Journal of Psychiatry, 141, 1356–64. | n/a | Emotional, Cognitive, & Behavioral Symptoms | psychometric scale; cognitive subscale - 0-70 range - higher scores indicate poorer cognitive function | Interrater reliability (intraclass correlation coefficients range, .650-.989); test-retest reliability (Spearman rank-order correlation coefficients, range, .514-1). | Significant different levels of dysfunction between groups of older adults with an diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease and those that do not have the diagnosis. | older adults, some with a diagnoses of Alzheimer's disease and some with no diagnosis | assessing cognitive function in adults | Wilkinson, N., Srikumar, S., Shaw, K., & Orrell, M. (1998). Drama and movement therapy in dementia: A pilot study. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 25(3), 195-201. | ||
17 | Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) | Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 561-571. http://dx.doi.org.proxy3.library.mcgill.ca/10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004 | BDI-II available (Beck, Steer & Brown, 1996); children's version (Kovacs, 1978); Arabic, Xhosa, Japanese, and Swahili versions available; | Emotional, Cognitive, & Behavioral Symptoms | 21-item self-report scale; measures depression level | For BDI-II, internal reliability was moderate to high for the total scale as well as all subscales. | BDI-II distinguished between general and clinical populations. | adults; general and hosptial populations | varied research and clinical applications | MacKay, B., Gold, M., & Gold, E. (1987). A pilot-study in drama therapy with adolescent girls who have been sexually abused. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 14(1), 77-84. doi:10.1016/0197-4556(87)90037-2 | ||
18 | Change in Eating Disorder Symptom Scale (CHEDS) | Spangler, D. L. (2010). The change in eating disorder symptoms scale: Scale development and psychometric properties. Eating Behavior, 11(3), 131-137. doi: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2009.12.003 | n/a | Emotional, Cognitive, & Behavioral Symptoms | 35-item self-report measure with 7 sub-scales: eating preoccupation, restriction, body checking, vomiting, binge eating, body preoccupation, and body dissatisfaction | Internal reliability, Cronbach alpha=.96; one week test–retest reliability was r = .90. | Seven symptom factors were found; total and subscale scores significantly higher for groups with eating disorders. | women with eating disorders and women without eating disorders | assessment of eating disorders symptoms during treatment | n/a | ||
19 | Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia | Alexopoulous, G. S., Abrams, R. C., Young, R. C., & Shamoia, C. A. (1988). Cornell scale for depression in dementia. Biological Psychiatry, 23, 271–284. | n/a | Emotional, Cognitive, & Behavioral Symptoms | interview with caregiver, 19 items, rated on a 0-2 scale; items relate to behavioral, physical, and mood-related signs of depression | Several studies provide evidence of the reliability for this measure for individuals with and without dementia (e.g. Barca et al., 2010). | Several studies provide evidence of the validity of this measure for individuals with and without dementia (e.g. Barca et al., 2010). | dementia patients | pre and post assessment for symptoms of depression in clinical and research settings | Wilkinson, N., Srikumar, S., Shaw, K., & Orrell, M. (1998). Drama and movement therapy in dementia: A pilot study. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 25(3), 195-201. | ||
20 | Dissociative Symptoms Scale (DSS) | Carlson, E. B., Waelde, L. C., Palmieri, P. A., Macia, K. S., Smith, S. R., & McDade-Montez, E. (2018). Development and validation of the Dissociative Symptoms Scale. Assessment, 25(1), 84-98. doi: 10.1177/1073191116645904 | n/a | Emotional, Cognitive, & Behavioral Symptoms | 20-item measure, aims to assess dissociative symptoms | Good internal consistency. | Sample scores consistent with expectations; consistent evidence of convergent and divergent validity. | clinical and non-clinical samples | clinical settings | n/a | ||
21 | General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) | Goldberg, D. P. (1978). Manual of the General Health Questionnaire. Slough: NFER/Nelson. | 38 translations available, including Spanish and Persian; 12, 28, 30, and 60 item versions availalble | Emotional, Cognitive, & Behavioral Symptoms | brief screening tool to identify psychiatric concerns; 4-point Likert scale; domains assessed: depression, anxiety, somatic symptoms, social withdrawal | Cronbach alpha range .78 to .95 in various studies. | Negatively correlated with the global quality of life scale. | adults; adolescents | various; workplace, clinical, research settings; adults and adolescents | Wilkinson, N., Srikumar, S., Shaw, K., & Orrell, M. (1998). Drama and movement therapy in dementia: A pilot study. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 25(3), 195-201. | ||
22 | Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener - 7 (GAD-7) | Löwe, B., Decker, O., Müller, S., Brähler, E., Schellberg, D., Herzog, W., & Herzberg, P. Y. (2008). Validation and standardization of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener (GAD-7) in the general population. Medical Care, 46(3), 266-274. doi: 10.1097/MLR.0b013e318160d093 | brief 2-item version available; multiple translations available | Emotional, Cognitive, & Behavioral Symptoms | a 7-item self-report measure designed to assess client anxiety over the previous 2 weeks; each item is scored from 0 to 3 | Good internal consistency, Cronbach alpha = .89. | Good factorial and concurrent validity. | adults | assessing GAD severity in clinical practice and research | n/a | ||
23 | Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) | Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975). Mini-mental state: A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12, 189–198. | multiple translations available (including French and Spanish); telephone version available; newest version (MMSE-2, 2010) is still based on the 1975 questionnaire, but has some adapted wording | Emotional, Cognitive, & Behavioral Symptoms | brief 30-item questionnaire - score of 23 or less (out of 30) suggests cognitive impairment; questions asses attention, recall, language, abitlity to follow instructions, and orientation | Excellent internal consistency, high test-retest reliability and interrater reliability. | The MMSE-2 successfully discriminated participants with different clinical dementia ratings (CDR); good concurrent validity). | patients with mild cognitive impairment or Alzeimer's disease (for MMSE-2) | varied research and clinical settings; often used in health research and to screen for dementia | Wilkinson, N., Srikumar, S., Shaw, K., & Orrell, M. (1998). Drama and movement therapy in dementia: A pilot study. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 25(3), 195-201. | ||
24 | Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI; MMPI-2-RF) | Ben-Porath, Y. S., & Tellegen, A. (2008). The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 Restructured Form: Manual for administration, scoring, and interpretation. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press | adolescent version available; Hebrew version available; multiple revisions available | Emotional, Cognitive, & Behavioral Symptoms | self-report; 338 t/f questions; assesses major symptoms of psychopathology, personality characteristics, and behavior | See extensive literature on MMPI measure and history. | See extensive literature on MMPI measure and history. | n=2276, men and women aged 18 to 80, US | varied - see MMPI literature | Fryrear, J. L., & Stephens, B. C. (1988). Group psychotherapy using masks and video to facilitate intrapersonal communication. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 15(3), 227-234. doi: 10.1016/0197-4556(88)90007-X *version of MMPI used not specified. | n/a | |
25 | Modified Overt Aggression Scale (MOAS) | Kay, S. R., Wolkenfeld, F., & Murrill, L. (1988). Profiles of aggression among psychiatric patients. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 176, 539–546. | French, Chinese, and Italian versions available. | Emotional, Cognitive, & Behavioral Symptoms | behavior rating scale designed to track frequency and severity of agressive episodes; areas examined: verbal aggression, aggression against objects, aggression against self, aggression against others | Evidence of scale consistently (Huang et al., 2009). | Results support the discriminative validity of the MOAS. | two cohorts of 114 and 150 inpatients in acute psychiatry | inpatient child psychiatric settings | n/a | ||
26 | Perfectionism Inventory (PI) | Hill, R. W., Huelsman, T. J, Furr, R. M., Kibler, J., Vicente, B. B., & Kennedy, C. (2004). A new measure of perfectionism: The perfectionism inventory. Journal of Personality Assessment, 82,(1), 80-91. | a variety of translations available | Emotional, Cognitive, & Behavioral Symptoms | self-report measure; 8 perfectionism scales: Concern Over Mistakes, High Standards for Others, Need for Approval, Organization, Parental Pressure, Planfulness, Rumination, and Striving for Excellence | Good test-retest reliability coefficients. | Significantly correlations with a variety of measures of related constructs. | undergraduate students | research and clinical settings | n/a | ||
27 | Perseverative Thinking Questionnaire (PTQ) | Ehring, T., Zetsche, U., Weidacker, K., Wahl, K., Schönfeld, S., & Ehlers, A. (2011). The Perseverative Thinking Questionnaire (PTQ): Validation of a content-independent measure of repetitive negative thinking. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 42(2), 225-232. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2010.12.003 | Japanese version available; state version available; child version available | Emotional, Cognitive, & Behavioral Symptoms | 15-item self-report measure to assess perseverative thinking | High internal consistency and high re-test reliability for total scale and all subscales. | Substantial correlations with other measures of repetititve negative thinking. | non-clinical and clinical participants | clinical settings | n/a | ||
28 | Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) | Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063–1070. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063 | various versions available, including children's version, elongated version, and shortened version | Emotional, Cognitive, & Behavioral Symptoms | assesses mood; respondents indicate their experience of 20 (10 positive, 10 negative) emotions over a select period of time | High internal consistency. | Convergent and discriminant validity in relation to other measures. | undergraduate students | this scale has been used and validated with numerous populations; researchers considering this scale should search for studies with populations resembling their sample | n/a | Link to more info on the scale and a copy: https://www.toolshero.com/psychology/personal-happiness/panas-scale/ | |
29 | Psychopathology Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) | Hare, R. (2003). Manual for the Hare psychopathy checklist–revised (2nd ed.). Toronto, Canada: Multihealth Systems. Hare, R. D. (1991). The Hare Psychopathy Checklist – Revised. Toronto, Ontario: Multi-Health Systems. | translated into several languages | Emotional, Cognitive, & Behavioral Symptoms | 20-items rating scale; semi-structured interview and review of records | In controlled research environment, this measure has satisfactory inter-rater reliability; however, ratings may be influenced by the personality and experiences of the person doing the rating in real-world environments. | Some evidence of construct validity; some debate as to the underlying factor structure. | male forensic populations | assessment of psychopathology; used to predict risk of re-offense and rehabilitation | 1. Keulen-de Vos, M., van den Broek, E. P. A., Bernstein, D. P., Keulen-de Vos, M., van den Broek, E. P. A., & Vallentin, R. (2017). Evoking emotional states in personality disordered offenders: An experimental pilot study of experiential drama therapy techniques. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 53, 80-88. doi:10.1016/j.aip.2017.01.003 2. Reiss, D., Quayle, M., Brett, T., & Meux, C. (1998). Dramatherapy for mentally disordered offenders: Changes in levels of anger. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 8(2), 139-153. | It is recommended that it be administered only by an experienced and qualified clinician. | |
30 | Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS) | Chorpita, B. F., L. M. Yim, C. E. Moffitt, L. A. Umemoto, and S. E. Francis. 2000. “Assessment of Symptoms of DSM-IV Anxiety and Depression in Children: A Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale.” Behaviour Research and Therapy 38: 835–855. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967(99)00130-8. | self-report and parent-report versions; abbreviated 25-item version; English, Spanish (US, Spain), Chinese, Dutch, Danish, French, and Korean versions available | Emotional, Cognitive, & Behavioral Symptoms | 47-item self-report questionnaire; subscales include: separation anxiety disorder, social phobia, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder; major depressive disorder; there is also a total anxiety scale and a "total internalizing" scale; 4-point scale | Robust internal consistency for a variety of settings, countries, and languages; full scale and anxiety scale alpha coefficients, mean =.93; subscale alpha values range from .74–.85. | Good convergent validity; correlates with DASS-21 depression and anxiety subscales. | youth | clinical and research settings; youth | McLachlan N., & Laletin L. (2015). An evaluation of a mindfulness group in CAMHS using dramatherapy practice. Dramatherapy, 37(2-3), 78-88. doi: 10.1080/02630672.2016.1162823 | ||
31 | Self-Report Symptom Inventory (SCL-90; SCL-90-R) | Derogatis, L., Lipman, R., & Covi, L. (1973). SCL-90: An outpatient psychiatric rating scale--Preliminary report. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 9, 71-79. Derogatis, L. R., & Savitz, K. L. (1999). The SCL-90-R, Brief Symptom Inventory, and Matching Clinical Rating Scales. In M. E. Maruish (Ed.), The use of psychological testing for treatment planning and outcomes assessment (pp. 679-724). Mahwah, NJ, US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers. | revised version, short version available; clinician rating scales available; crime-related PTSD version avaialble; 24 translations available | Emotional, Cognitive, & Behavioral Symptoms | 90-item self-report measure of number and intensity of psychological symptoms; symptoms assessed include: depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulvsiveness, paranoid ideation | Cronbach alpha for global severity index (GSI) ranged from .96 to .97. | Positive correlations with General Health Questionnaire-28 (GHQ-28); inconsistent findings related to construct validity (some studies found a multidimensional structure for this measure while other studies findings support a unitary construct for this measure). | university students | used in psychiatric screenings as well as clinical outcome measurement | MacKay, B., Gold, M., & Gold, E. (1987). A pilot-study in drama therapy with adolescent girls who have been sexually abused. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 14(1), 77-84. doi:10.1016/0197-4556(87)90037-2 | Used extensively across the world. | |
32 | Short Geriatric Depressive Scale (GDS) | Yesavage, J.A., Brink, T. L., Rose, T. L., Lum, O., Huang, V., Adey, M., & Leirer, V.O. (1983). Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: A preliminary report. The Journal of Psychiatric Research, 17, 37-49.; Zalsman, G., Aizenberg, D., Sigler, M., Nahshoni, E., & Weizman, A. (1998). Geriatric depression scale-short form: Validity and reliability of the Hebrew version. Clinical Gerontologist, 18, 39. | 30-item, 15-item, 10-item and 4-item versions available; multiple translations available. | Emotional, Cognitive, & Behavioral Symptoms | self-report questionnaire with 15 yes/no questions; assesses symptoms of depression | For 15-item measure, good internal-consistency, Cronbach's alpha = 0.76. | For 15-item measure, items have high correlations with depressive symptoms (10 items have positive correlations, 5 have negative) (Sheikh & Yesavage, 1986). | outpatients, older adults | older adults | Keisari, S., & Palgi, Y. (2017). Life-crossroads on stage: Integrating life review and drama therapy for older adults. Aging & Mental Health, 21(10), 1079-1089. doi:10.1080/13607863.2016.1199012 | ||
33 | State-Trait Anger Expression (STAXI) | Spielberger, C.D. (1979). State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory, Research Edition Professional Manual. Odessa FL: Psychological Assessment Resources. Spielberger C.D., Krasner S.S., Soloman E.P. (1988). The experience, expression and control of anger. In, Janisse M.P. (Ed). Health psychology: individual differences and stress (pp. 89-108). New York: Springer-Verlag. | multiple editions availablel Child version (del Barrio, Aluja, & Spielberger, 2004); multiple translations available | Emotional, Cognitive, & Behavioral Symptoms | self-report instrument; different versions have different numbers of items; measure of the experience, expression, and control of anger, consisting of 6 scales - state anger, trait anger, anger expression-in, anger expression-out, anger control-in, anger control-out, and an overall anger expression index; 4-point Likert scale | Good internal consistency (alpha coefficients range from .70 to .95); good test-retest reliability. | Good concurrent and discriminant validity; based upon a strong conceptual model of anger (Eckhardt et al., 2004). | Adult male offenders (age 19-49) convicted of violent and aggressive offences | often used in forensic settings | 1. Blacker, J., Watson, A., & Beech, A. R. (2008). A combined drama-based and CBT approach to working with self-reported anger aggression. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 18(2), 129-137. 2. Reiss, D., Quayle, M., Brett, T., & Meux, C. (1998). Dramatherapy for mentally disordered offenders: Changes in levels of anger. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 8(2), 139-153. | ||
34 | Strength & Difficulty Questionnaire (SDQ) | Goodman, R. (1997). Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire [Database record]. Retrieved from PsycTESTS. doi: 10.1037/t00540-000 | translated into more than 20 languages; German, Chinese, Greek, Arabic, Dutch, French, Japanese, Kirundi, Polish, and Croatian versions available | Emotional, Cognitive, & Behavioral Symptoms | the SDQ is a measure of emotional and behavioral difficulties, it includes a measure of symptoms and an impairment supplement documenting the burden associated with the symptoms; it is a 25-item Likert scale that is completed by participants and by informants (teachers), the SDQ also includes an impact supplement that enquires about symptoms in terms of chronicity, distress, social impairment, and burden for others | Internal consistency of the self-report version reported as satisfactory. Although not high, with Cronbach’s alphas ranging from .53 for the total SDQ score at T1 and .73 at T2. The internal consistency of the self-report Impairment Impact Supplement was excellent (α = .96). Internal consistency of the teacher’s version was also high (α = 0.91 at T1 and 0.90 at T2). | The psychometric properties of the SDQ are good (Goodman, 2001); validity of the total score is satisfactory. | underprivileged and underschooled high school students | school settings | 1. Rousseau, C., Armand, F., Laurin-Lamothe, A., Gauthier, M., & Saboundjian, R. (2012). A pilot project of school-based intervention integrating drama and language awareness. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 17(3), 187-190. doi:10.1111/j.1475-3588.2011.00629.x 2. Rousseau, C., Benoit, M., Gauthier, M-F., Lacroix, L. Alain, N., Rogas, M.V., Moran, A., & Bourassa, D. (2007). Classroom drama therapy program for immigrant and refugee adolescents: A pilot study. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 12(3), 451-465. doi:10.1177/1359104507078477 3. Rousseau, C., Gauthier, M., Lacroix, L., Alain, N., Benoit, M., Moran, A., . . . Bourassa, D. (2005). Playing with identities and transforming shared realities: Drama therapy workshops for adolescent immigrants and refugees. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 32(1), 13-27. doi: 10.1016/j.aip.2004.12.002 | ||
35 | Symptoms Checklist - 90 (SCL-90; SCL-90-R) | Derogatis, L., Lipman, R. & Covi, L. (1973). SCL-90: An outpatient psychiatric rating scale - Preliminary report. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 9: 13-17 Derogatis, Leonard R.; Savitz, Kathryn L. (2000). The SCL-90-R and the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) in Primary Care. In Maruish, Mark Edward (ed.). Handbook of psychological assessment in primary care settings. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. pp. 297–334. | revised version (SCL-90-R) available; multiple translations available. | Emotional, Cognitive, & Behavioral Symptoms | 90-item inventory assessing symptoms in 9 dimensions: omatization, obsessive-compulsive disorder, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, hostility, phobic anxiety, paranoid ideation, and psychoticism | SCL-90-R is an established measure that has more than 1000 studies demonstrating its reliabiility and validity. | SCL-90-R is an established measure that has more than 1000 studies demonstrating its reliabiility and validity. | numerous clinical and community populations | clinical settings | MacKay, B., Gold, M., & Gold, E. (1987). A pilot-study in drama therapy with adolescent girls who have been sexually abused. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 14(1), 77-84. doi:10.1016/0197-4556(87)90037-2 | ||
36 | The Impact of Events Scale - Revised | Weiss, D.S. (2007). The Impact of Event Scale-Revised. In J.P. Wilson, & T.M. Keane (Eds.) Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD: a practitioner's handbook (2nd ed., pp. 168-189). New York: Guilford Press. Weiss, D. S., & Marmar, C. R. (1996). The Impact of Event Scale - Revised. In J. Wilson & T. M. Keane (Eds.), Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD (pp. 399-411). New York: Guilford. (NOTE: Includes measure in its entirety.) | The original version was a 15-item measure that does not include symptoms of hyperarousal | Emotional, Cognitive, & Behavioral Symptoms | a 22-item self-report measure that assesses subjective distress caused by traumatic events; includes intrusion, avoidance, and hyperarousal scales | Good internal reliability. | Solid support for a three-factor structure. | motor vehicle accident survivors | survivors of traumatic events | n/a | ||
37 | Balanced Emotional Empathy Scale (BEES) | Mehrabian, A. (1996). Manual for the balanced emotional empathy scale (BEES). Unpublished manuscript. Mehrabian, A. (1997). Relations among personality scales of aggression, violence, and empathy: Validational evidence bearing on the risk of eruptive violence scale. Aggressive Behavior, 23(6), 433-445. | French and Spanish versions available. | Empathy | 30-item, self-report, unidimensional measure of affective empathy | Internal consistency Cronbach alpha coefficients ranges from .82 to .90. | BEES correlates positively with Emotional Empathetic Tendency Scale, Basic Empathy Scale, and various other measures. | college students | adults; studies of social cognition | n/a | ||
38 | Basic Empathy Scale (BES) | Jolliffe, D., & Farrington, D. P. (2006). Development and validation of the Basic Empathy Scale. Journal of Adolescence, 29(4), 589-611. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.; D’Ambrosio, F., Olivier, M., Didon, D., & Besche, C. (2009). The basic empathy scale: A French validation of a measure of empathy in youth. Personality and Individual Differences, 46(2), 160-165. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2008.09.020 | n/a | Empathy | self-report, 20 item Likert scale; items assess affective and cognitive empathy | Cronbach alpha cognitive and affective components range from .71 to .87. | BES correlates with measures of intelligence, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness (Jolliffe et al., 2006). | adolescent males and females (UK) | children and adolescents (ages 9-18) | n/a | ||
39 | Empathy Quotient (EQ) for Adults | Baron-Cohen, S., & Wheelwright, S. (2004). The Empathy Quotient: An Investigation of Adults with Asperger Syndrome or High Functioning Autism, and Normal Sex Differences. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34(2), 163-175. doi: 10.1023/B:JADD.0000022607.19833.00 | Spanish version, Russian version, Chinese version, Turkish version available | Empathy | 60-item self-report measure of empathic capacity; item responses are structured in a forced choice format, ranging from 'strongly agree' to 'strongly disagree' | Cronbach alpha range .78 to .92. | Correlates negatively to Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) Personal Distress subscale, correlates positivly with Perspective Taking, Empathic Concern, and Fantasy IRI subscales. | adults from general population; adults with a diagnosis of Aspergers; adults with 'high functioning autism' | clinical psychology and related settings; social science | n/a | ||
40 | Feeling and Thinking Scale (FTS) | Garton, A. F., & Gringart, E. (2005). The development of a scale to measure empathy in 8 and 9-year old children. Australian Journal of Education and Developmental Psychology, 5, 17-25. | n/a | Empathy | this 18-item measure assesses the cognitive and affective components of empathy in children; questions focus on empathic concern, perspective taking, personal distress, and fantasy | Cronbach alpha range .53 to 69. | Correlates to self-efficacy, social self-efficacy, and academic self-efficacy. | boys and girls age 7 to 9 | children | n/a | The FTS is an adaptation of the interpersonal reactivity index (IRI) but for children. | |
41 | Griffith Empathy Measure (GEM) | Dadds, M. R., Hunter, K., Hawes, D. J., Frost, A. D. J., Vassallo, S., Bunn, P., . . . Masry, Y. E. (2008). A measure of cognitive and affective empathy in children using parent ratings. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 39(2), 111-122. doi: 10.1007/s10578-007-0075-4 | this is the revised version of the Index of Empathy Measure for Children and Adolesents; Chinese version available | Empathy | parent-report, 23-item Likert scale; items assess cognitive and affective empathy observed in children | Cronbach alpha = .81; range .62 to .83 for cognitive and affective subscales. | Correlates with Maximum Distress Allowed, verbal IQ scores, Cruelty to Animals Inventory. | parents of children age 4 to 16 | children | n/a | ||
42 | Index of Empathy for Children and Adolescents | Bryant, B. K. (1982). An index of empathy for children and adolescents. Child Development, 53(2), 413-425. doi: 10.2307/1128984 | revised version (Griffith Empathy Measure); Chinese version available | Empathy | 22-item measure indicating degree to which children express the emotional arousal component of empathy, with possible scores from 0-22, higher scores indicating more empathetic responding | Satisfactory test-retest reliability. | Widely utilized instrument, validated to provide multidimensional assessment of cognitive and affective components of empathy in a large sample of Spanish children (Artisu, tello, Ortiz, & Gandara, 2008). | 5th & 8th grade middle school children (in NYC) | Emotional arousal component of empathy | Bornmann, B. A., & Crossman, A. M. (2011). Playback Theatre: Effects on students’ views of aggression and empathy within a forensic context. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 38(3), 164-168. doi:10.1016/j.aip.2011.04.005 | ||
43 | Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) | Davis, M. H. (1980). A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy. JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 10, 85. | multiple translations available; adapted version for couples | Empathy | a 28-item measure, 5-point Likert scale; a multidimensional assessment of empathy with four subscales: Perspective Taking, Fantasy, Empathic Concern, and Personal Distress | Good internal constency across multiple studies (e.g., Carey, Fox, & Spraggins, 1988; Cliffordson, 2001; Pulos et al., 2004); initial measures of internal consistency ranged from .70 to .78. | Some uncertainty as to factor structure; correlates positively with Hogan scale of cognitive empathy (r ~.42) (Davis, 1983) and the Empathy Quotient (EQ: r ~ .49) (Melchers, Montag, Markett, & Reuter, 2015), as well as the Brief Empathy Scale (BES) cognitive empathy subscale (r ~ .35). | adults | adults | n/a | ||
44 | Kids' Empathetic Development Scale (KEDS) | Reid, C., Davis, H., Horlin, C., Anderson, M., Baughman, N., & Campbell, C. (2013). The Kids' Empathic Development Scale (KEDS): A multi‐dimensional measure of empathy in primary school‐aged children. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 31(2), 231-256. | n/a | Empathy | participants are presented with pictographs and are asked to ascribe emotions to the people in the images; interview questions; assesses cognitive, affective, and behavioural aspects of empathy | Cronbach alpha total = .84; affective = .63, cognitive = .82, behavioral = .84. | Correlates positively within cognitive and behavioural subscales, and with Bryant's Index of Empathy, and Wechsler subscales | 220 children aged 7-11 yrs | children | n/a | ||
45 | Multidimensional Emotional Empathy Scale (MDEES) | Caruso, David R. and Mayer, John D. (1998). The Multidimensional Emotional Empathy Scale (MDEES). UNH Personality Lab. 21.
Retrieved from: https://scholars.unh.edu/personality_lab/21 | n/a | Empathy | 30-item, self-report measure of empathy; Likert-type | Cronbach alpha = .86, but subscales varied. | Correlates to Emotional Empathetic Tendence Scale (Mehrabian & Epstein, 1972). | male and female adults 23 years of age | adolescents and adults | n/a | ||
46 | Questionnaire of Cognitive and Affective Empathy (QCAE) | Renate L. E. P. Corcoran, R., Drake, R., Shryane, N., & Völlm, B. (2011). The QCAE: A Questionnaire of Cognitive and Affective Empathy. Journal of Personality Assessment, 93: 1, 84- 95. doi: 10.1080/00223891.2010.528484 | multiple translations available (Portuguese; Italian) | Empathy | a self-report 31-item measure of adult cognitive and affective empathy; 4-point Likert scale | Cronbach alphas: perspective taking .85, emotional contagion .72, online simulation .83, peripheral responsibity .65, proximal responsivity .70. | Cognitive and affective empathy still distinct forms of empathy. BES correlates w QCAE subscales. | adults in their twenties, male and female; British | clinical and public health settings | n/a | ||
47 | The Empathy Assessment Index | Gerdes, K. E., Lietz, C. A., & Segal, E. A. (2011). Measuring empathy in the 21st century: Development of an empathy index rooted in social cognitive neuroscience and social justice. Social Work Research, 35(2), 83–93. doi:10.1093/swr/35.2.83 Lietz, C.A., Gerdes, K.E., Sun, F, Geiger, J.m., Wagaman, M.A., Segal, S.A, (2011). The Empathy Assessment Index (EAI): A Confirmatory Factor Analysis of a Multidimensional Model of Empathy, Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research, 2:1, 104-124. | multiple translations available; multiple revised versions, a 22-item measure being the most recent | Empathy | self-report measure consisting of 22 statements to which responses are given on a 1-6 scale | Reliability coefficient alpha values range from .64 to .74 | Correlates with Interpersonal Reactivity Index, with correlation coefficients ranging from .48 to .75. | social work students and professionals, students across disciplines | used to measure changes in empathy in a treatment context; forensic settings | n/a | ||
48 | Toronto Empathy Questionnaire (TEQ) | Spreng, R. N., McKinnon, M. C., Mar, R. A., & Levine, B. (2009). The Toronto Empathy Questionnaire: Scale development and initial validation of a factor-analytic solution to multiple empathy measures. Journal of Personality Assessment, 91(1), 62-71. doi: 10.1080/00223890802484381 | Arabic version available | Empathy | self-report empathy measure that conceptualizes empathy as an emotiional process; respondents read statements and rate how frequently they feel or act in the manner described in the statements | Cronbach alpha .85; high test-retest reliability. | High construct validity; highly correlated with other measures of empathy. | undergraduate males and females | adolescents; university students; adults | n/a | Link to online version: https://psychology-tools.com/test/toronto-empathy-questionnaire | |
49 | Adult Playfulness Scale | Glynn, M. A., & Webster, J. (1992). The Adult Playfulness Scale: An initial assessment. Psychological Reports, 71, 83–103. doi: 10.2466/PR0.71.5.83-103. | German translation available | Playfulness | this 32-item self-report measure consists of a list of adjectives, responses are given on a 7-point scale; there are 5 subscales: spontaneous, expressive, creative, silly, and fun | Satisfactory internal reliability (Cronbach alpha between .73 and .83). | Good convergent and predictive validity. | adults | adults | n/a | ||
50 | Adult Playfulness Trait Scale (APTS) | Shen, X. S., Chick, G., & Zinn, H. (2014a). Playfulness in adulthood as a personality trait. A reconceptualization and a new measurement. Journal of Leisure Research, 46(1), 58–83.; Shen, X. S., Chick, G., & Zinn, H. (2014b). Validating the adult playfulness trait scale (APTS) – An examination of personality, behavior, attitude, and perception in the nomological network of playfulness. American Journal of Play, 3(3), 345–369.; Shen, X. S. (2010). Adult playfulness as a personality trait: Its conceptualization, measurement, and relationship to psychological well-being. Pennsylvania State University. Doctoral dissertation, Retrieved from: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url ver=Z39.88-2004&res dat=xri:pqdiss&rft val fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft dat=xri:pqdiss:3576769 | n/a | Playfulness | 19-item, 7-point Likert scale; questions ask about fun-seeking motivation, uninhibitedness, and spontaneity | Good internal consistency. | Evidence of predictive, concurrent, and convergent validity. | adults, US | adults | Versluys, B. (2017). Adults with an anxiety disorder or with an obsessive-compulsive disorder are less playful: A matched control comparison. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 56, 117-128. doi:10.1016/j.aip.2017.06.003 | ||
51 | Older-Adult Playfulness Scale (OAPS) | Yarnal, C., & Qian, X. (2011). Older-adult playfulness. An innovative construct and measurement for healthy aging research. American Journal of Play, 4(1), 52–79. | n/a | Playfulness | 15-item, 10-point Likert scale | Good internal consistency, Cronbach alpha = .70. | Evidence of discriminant and convergent validity. | adults, +65 | older adults | Versluys, B. (2017). Adults with an anxiety disorder or with an obsessive-compulsive disorder are less playful: A matched control comparison. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 56, 117-128. doi:10.1016/j.aip.2017.06.003 | ||
52 | Short Measure of Adult Playfulness (SMAP) | Proyer, R. T. (2012). Development and initial assessment of a short measure for adult playfulness: The SMAP. Personality and Individual Differences, 53(8), 989-994. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2012.07.018 | n/a | Playfulness | 5-item self-report Likert scale to assess playfulness in adults | High interclass correlations (typically higher than .80). | Support for divergent validity in relation to negative correlations with a measure of 'seriousness'. | adults | research related to wellbeing | n/a | ||
53 | Test of Playfulness Scale (ToP) | Bundy, A. C., Nelson, L., Metzger, M., & Bingaman, K. (2001). Validity and reliability of a test of playfulness. Occupational Therapy Journal of Research, 21(4), 276-292. | n/a | Playfulness | an observer measure; free play is observed and then scored related to extent, intensity, and skillfulness | High interrater and intrarater reliability. | Excellent concurrent validity. | typically developing children; children with autism; children with developmental disabilities | pediatric settings | n/a | ||
54 | Young Adult Playfulness Scale (YAPS) | Barnett, L. A. (2007). The nature of playfulness in young adults. Personality and Individual Differences, 43, 949–958. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2007.02.018 | n/a | Playfulness | 15 item, 10-point Likert scale | High internal consistency, Cronbach alpha = .918. | Not fully explored; no known validity studies. | adults, age 18-30 | young adults | Versluys, B. (2017). Adults with an anxiety disorder or with an obsessive-compulsive disorder are less playful: A matched control comparison. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 56, 117-128. doi:10.1016/j.aip.2017.06.003 | ||
55 | Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) | Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. | multiple translations available (e.g. Frence; Spanish, Italian); eating disorders version available (Button, 1990) | Self-Acceptance, Self-Confidence, & Self-Esteem | 10-item self-report measure; Likert scale; measure of global self-esteem | Good test-retest reliability. | Good concurrent, predictive, and construct validity. | high school students | global self-esteem research; social science research | 1. Greaves, A. E., Camic, P. M., Maltby, M., Richardson, K., & Mylläri, L. (2012). A multiple single case design study of group therapeutic puppetry with people with severe mental illness. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 39(4), 251-261. doi: 10.1016/j.aip.2012.03.002 2. Moran, G. S., & Alon, U. (2011). Playback theatre and recovery in mental health: Preliminary evidence. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 38, 318-324. doi:10.1016/j.aip.2011.09.002 3. Orkibi, H., Bar, N., & Eliakim, I. (2014). The effect of drama-based group therapy on aspects of mental illness stigma. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 41(5), 458-466. doi: 10.1016/j.aip.2014.08.006 4. Rousseau, C., Benoit, M., Gauthier, M-F., Lacroix, L. Alain, N., Rogas, M.V., Moran, A., & Bourassa, D. (2007). Classroom drama therapy program for immigrant and refugee adolescents: A pilot study. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 12(3), 451-465. doi:10.1177/1359104507078477 | ||
56 | Self-Acceptance Scale | Berger, E. M. (1952). The relation between expressed acceptance of self and expressed acceptance of others. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 47, 778–782. | n/a | Self-Acceptance, Self-Confidence, & Self-Esteem | this 36-item self-report measure assesses self-acceptance, specifically measuring feelings of confidence, self-worth, and competence | This measure is known to be highly reliable. | This measure is known for its validity; used as comparison measure in development of the self-compassion scale. | undergraduate students | research and clinical settings; used with high school and college students | n/a | ||
57 | Self-Compassion Scale | Neff, K. D. (2003). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2, 223-250. doi: 10.1080/15298860390209035 | short version available; multiple translations available, including French and Spanish | Self-Acceptance, Self-Confidence, & Self-Esteem | 26-item self-report measure that assesses components of self-compassion: self-kindness, self-judgement, common humanity, isolation, mindfulness, overidentification | Good test-retest reliability (for overall score = .93); good internal reliability (Cronbach's alpha = .92). | Highly correlated with measures of self-acceptance and self-esteem; not significantly correlated with measure of narcissism. | undergraduate students | adolescents; adults | n/a | Information on this measure and the research behind it can be found here: https://self-compassion.org/self-compassion-scales-for-researchers/ | |
58 | Self-Esteem Rating Scale (SERS) | Nugent, W. R., & Thomas, J. W. (1993). Validation of a clinical measure of self-esteem. Research on Social Work Practice, 3(2), 191-207. doi: 10.1177/104973159300300205 | short form available (Lecomte, Corbière, François; 2006) | Self-Acceptance, Self-Confidence, & Self-Esteem | 40-item, Likert type self-report measure of self-esteem; 20 positive, and 20 negative items | Evidence of good reliability (coefficent alpha = .97). | Negatively correlated with Index of Self-Esteem (ISE; where high scores indicate problems with self-esteem) and the Generalized Contentment Scale (GCE). | primarily social work students | social work settings | n/a | ||
59 | Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness scale (ISMI) | van den Noortgate, W., & Onghena, P. (2007). The aggregation of single-case results using hierarchical linear models. Behavior Analyst Today, 8(2). | ISMI was modified for the Orkibi 2014 study (stigma resistance items excluded, shortened to 12 items from 24); multiple versions and translations | Stigma | normally 24-item measure, has been shortened to 12 items with stigma resistance items not included | Internal consistency was 0.90 and the test–retest reliability coefficient was r = 0.92. | ISMI was positively correlated with the BDI, and negatively correlated with the RSES and the Empowerment Scale (ES). | adults with mental illness | people with mental illness | Orkibi, H., Bar, N., & Eliakim, I. (2014). The effect of drama-based group therapy on aspects of mental illness stigma. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 41(5), 458-466. doi: 10.1016/j.aip.2014.08.006 | ||
60 | Perceived Devaluation and Discrimination Scale (PDD) | Link, B. G. (1987). Understanding labeling effects in the area of mental disorders: An assessment of the effects of expectations of rejection. American Sociological Review, 52(1), 96–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2095395; Link, B. G., Mirotznik, J., & Cullen, F. T. (1991). The effectiveness of stigma coping orientations: Can negative consequences of mental illness labeling be avoided? Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 32(3), 302–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2136810 | Spanish version available | Stigma | 12-item measure; 6 questions related to perceived discrimination, 6 related to perceived devaluation | Good internal consistency (Cronbach alpha = .88). | Good face validity. | community residents; psychiatric patients | community and psychiatric settings | Orkibi, H., Bar, N., & Eliakim, I. (2014). The effect of drama-based group therapy on aspects of mental illness stigma. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 41(5), 458-466. doi: 10.1016/j.aip.2014.08.006 | ||
61 | Self-Stigma in Mental Illness Scale (SSMIS) | Corrigan, P. W., Watson, A. C., & Barr, L. (2006). The self-stigma of mental illness: Implications for self-esteem and self-efficacy. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 25(8), 875-884. doi: 10.1521/jscp.2006.25.8.875 | criminal records scales available (Moore et al., 2016) | Stigma | 40-item self-report measure, 9-point Likert scale | Internal consistency ranged from 0.72 to 0.91 (Cronbach alpha); subscale test-retest reliability ranged from 0.68-0.82. | Evidence of criterion-related validity and construct validity. | individuals with mental illness | individuals with mental illness | n/a | ||
62 | Self-Stigma of Depression Scale | Barney, L. J., Griffiths, K. M., Christensen, H., & Jorm, A. F. (2010). The Self-Stigma of Depression Scale (SSDS): Development and psychometric evaluation of a new instrument. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 19(4), 243-254. doi: 10.1002/mpr.325 | versions available in English and German | Stigma | 32-item self-report measure; 7-point Likert scale, measures self-stigma among people with depression | Internal consistency for subscales ranged from 0.78 to 0.95 (Cronbach alpha). | Satisfactory construct validity. | university students, members of a depression Internet network, and members of the general Australian public. | general population | n/a | ||
63 | Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation - Outcome Measure (CORE-OM) | Barkham, M., Evans, C., Margison, F., Mcgrath, G., Mellor-Clark, J., Milne, D., & Connell, J. (1998). The rationale for developing and implementing core outcome batteries for routine use in service settings and psychotherapy outcome research. Journal of Mental Health, 7(1), 35-47. doi: 10.1080/09638239818328 Evans, C., J. Connell, J. Barkham, F. Margison, G. McGrath, J. Mellor-Clark, and K. Audin. 2002. “Towards a Standardised Brief Outcome Measure: Psychometric Properties and Utility of the CORE-OM.” The British Journal of Psychiatry 180 (1): 51–60. doi:10.1192/bjp.180.1.51. Evans, C., Mellor-Clark, J., Margison, F., Barkham, M., Audin, K., Connell, J., et al. (2000). CORE: Clinical outcomes in routine evaluation. Journal of Mental Health, 9, 247–255. | Japanese, Spanish, and South African versions available; British sign language version available | Treatment Outcome | 34-items questionnaire; Likert scale; self-report; general outcome measure for psychotherapy; 4 subscales: problems, well-being, functioning, risk to self and others | One-week test‐retest reliabilities ranged from .60 to .91; good internal reliability, Cronbach alphas ranged from .75 to.94. | Evidence for discriminant validity not strong; underlying factor structure unclear. | clinical and non-clinical samples | clinical and research settings | 1. Dent-Brown, K., & Wang, M. (2004). Pessimism and failure in 6-part stories: Indicators of borderline personality disorder? The Arts in Psychotherapy, 31(5), 321-333. doi: 10.1016/j.aip.2004.09.001 2. Greaves, A. E., Camic, P. M., Maltby, M., Richardson, K., & Mylläri, L. (2012). A multiple single case design study of group therapeutic puppetry with people with severe mental illness. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 39(4), 251-261. doi: 10.1016/j.aip.2012.03.002 3. Kirk, J. C. (2015). Dramatherapy with women survivors of domestic abuse: A small scale research study. Dramatherapy, 37(1), 28-43. doi: 10.1080/02630672.2015.1101480 | ||
64 | Outcome Questionnaire (OQ) | Lambert, M. J., Burlingame, G. M., Umphress, V., Hansen, N. B., Vermeersch, D. A., Clouse, G. C., et al. (1996). The reliability and validity of the outcome questionnaire. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 3(4), 249–258. | Multiple translations available, including French (Canadian), French (European), Spanish. | Treatment Outcome | 45-item self-report measure that assesses three areas of mental health: subjective discomfort, interpersonal relations, and social role performance. | Good internal realiability - Cronbach alphas: symptom distress (.93), interpersonal relationships (.78), social role (.70), total score (.94). | Good concurrent and construct validity (for total score); correlates with other measures of distress; measure can distinguish between clincial and non-clinical populations. | clinical, community, and undergraduate samples | clinical and research setting; measure given repeatedly to assess client progress | Greaves, A. E., Camic, P. M., Maltby, M., Richardson, K., & Mylläri, L. (2012). A multiple single case design study of group therapeutic puppetry with people with severe mental illness. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 39(4), 251-261. doi: 10.1016/j.aip.2012.03.002 | ||
65 | Psychological Outcome Profiles - Kids (PSYCHLOPS-Kids) | Godfrey, E., Aubrey, M., Crockford, S., Haythorne, D., Kordowicz, M., & Ashworth, M. (2018). The development and testing of psychlops kids: A new child-centred outcome measure. Child and Adolescent Mental Health. doi: 10.1111/camh.12271 | based on adult version of PSYCHLOPS (see other entry on this spreadsheet) | Treatment Outcome | self-report; pre- and post- versions; likert-type items (with emoticons instead of traditional Likert-type descriptors) and open-ended response items, inviting text or drawing | Cronbach's alpha for internal reliability >.7. | Adapted from the adult PSYCHLOPS questionnaire, a validated and reliable client‐generated measure used in primary care mental health. The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) was used as a comparator instrument completed by parent/carers of 32 children; mean effect size, 0.39. The effect size difference between both instruments was not significant (t = 1.05; p = .30); the PSYCHLOPS Kids Problem domain effect size (mean, 0.68) was significantly greater than for the SDQ (t = 2.06; p = .04). Concurrent validity was demonstrated by strong predictive power of change scores for the self‐assessment of change item in PSYCHLOPS Kids; therapist‐assessment of change was not a significant predictor of change scores. PSYCHLOPS Kids and SDQ change scores were not significantly correlated. | children, age 7-13 who have received a mental health intervention | children; health care settings | Godfrey, E., Aubrey, M., Crockford, S., Haythorne, D., Kordowicz, M., & Ashworth, M. (2018). The development and testing of psychlops kids: A new child-centred outcome measure. Child and Adolescent Mental Health. doi: 10.1111/camh.12271 | ||
66 | Psychological Outcome Profiles (PSYCHLOPS) | Ashworth M, Robinson S, Godfrey E, Shepherd M, Evans C, Seed P, Parmentier H, Tylee A. (2005). Measuring mental health outcomes in primary care: the psychometric properties of a new patient-generated outcome measure, PSYCHLOPS (Psychological Outcome Profiles). Primary Care Mental Health; 3:261-270; Ashworth M, Shepherd M, Christey J, Matthews V, Wright K, Parmentier H, Robinson S, Godfrey E. (2004). A client-centred psychometric instrument: the development of ‘PSYCHLOPS’ (‘Psychological Outcome Profiles’). Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 4:27-33 | kids version (see separate entry on this spreadsheet) | Treatment Outcome | self-report; pre- and post- versions; Likert-type items (with emoticons instead of traditional likert-type descriptors) and open-ended response items, inviting text or drawing | Good internal reliability, Cronbach alpha scores: pre-therapy 0.75 - 0.81, post therapy 0.83 - 0.88; the test-retest intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.70 (Evans et al., 2010). | Evidence of convergent validity; positive correlations with Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation – Outcome Measure (CORE-OM) and Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (HADS).
| adults, primary care settings, UK population | pre-therapy and post-therapy outcome instrument for adults in psychotherapy | n/a | Not meant to be used to diagnose. Note there is a charge to use this measure. | |
67 | Psychological Therapies Outcome Scale - Intellectual Disabilities (PTOS-ID) | Vlissides, N., Beail, N., Jackson, T., Williams, K., & Golding, L. (2017). Development and psychometric properties of the Psychological Therapies Outcome Scale – Intellectual Disabilities (PTOS-ID). Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 61(6), 549-559. http://dx.doi.org.proxy3.library.mcgill.ca/10.1111/jir.12361 | n/a | Treatment Outcome | psychological therapy outcome measure for individuals with intellectual disabilities; paper/interview | Sufficient internal consistency, Cronbach alphas ranged from .76 to .85. | Construct validity, support for a three-factor structure. | 175 people with an ID diagnosis | populations with intellectual disabilities | n/a | ||
68 | Treatment Outcome Package (TOP) | Kraus, D. R., Seligman, D. A., & Jordan, J. R. (2005). Validation of a Behavioral Health Treatment Outcome and Assessment Tool Designed for Naturalistic Settings: The Treatment Outcome Package. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61(3), 285 - 314. doi: 10.1002/jclp.20084 | Norwegian version available; child, adolescent, and adult version available | Treatment Outcome | the TOP is a clinical outcome questionnaire; a measure of global symptom severety, and clinical scales consisting of 58 items assessing 12 symptom and functional domains: work functioning, sexual functioning, social conflict, depression, panic, psychosis, suicidal ideation, violence, mania, sleep, substance abuse, and quality of life | Good internal consistency reliability (alphas = .69–.93) and test–retest reliability (ICCs = .87–.94) for clinical scales. | Clinician and patient feedback on measure items in an iterative process to ensure face validity; excellent convergent validity - comparisons with existing measures and related constructs (Boswell et al., 2009; Kraus et al., 2005). | clinical and general population | progress and outcome measure to be used in treatment/naturalistic research settings. | n/a | ||
69 | Youth Outcome Questionnaire 30.2 (Y-OQ 30.2) | Burlingame, G.M., Wells, M. G., Hoag, M. J., Hope, C. A., Nebeker, S. R., Konkel, K., et al. (1996). Manual for the Youth Outcome Questionnaire. Stevenson, MD: American Professional Credentialing Service. | parent report measure; self-report measure | Treatment Outcome | 30-item Likert-style form designed to track change in clinical functioning, normed for parent reporting for patients ages 4-17; yields cumulative score of psychological distress; 6 subscales of somatic distress, social isolation, conduct proglems, aggression, hyperactivity/distractibility, depression/anxiety; a statistically significant change in symptoms is indicated by a change score of 10 points (Burlingame et al., 2004) | Internal consistency reliability of .97 and test-retest reliability of .83 (Warren, Nelson, Burlingame, & Mondragon, 2011). | Greater sensitivity to measuring change in clinical functioning in children than the commonly used Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and Behavior Assessment System for Children-2 (BASC-2; McClendon et al., 2011). | children & adolescents, ages 4-17 | Assesses psychological distress and change in clinical functioning; clinical and research settings | Haen, C. (2014). Examining roles in children's group therapy: Applying a dramaturgical role instrument to group process. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 41(5), 554-562. doi: 10.1016/j.aip.2014.08.001 | Because completed by parents, does not include perspectives of participants themselves. | |
70 | Assessment of Quality of Life (AQoL) | Citation information for various versions of AQoL is available here: https://www.aqol.com.au/index.php/citing-aqol-instruments | instrument versions include AQoL-8D, AQoL-7D, AQoL-6D, AQoL-4D | Wellbeing | versions have between 12 and 35 items, and assess dimensions including independent living, happiness, mental health, coping, relationships, self worth, pain, senses, visual impairment, coping | Varies by version (see link in notes). | More information on validity of AQoL instruments: https://www.aqol.com.au/index.php/validation-faqs | various, mostly clinical | AQoL instruments have been used with various populations. For more info, please see: http://www.aqol.com.au/index.php/aqol-publications | n/a | Each instrument can be used as a simple additive health related quality of life (HRQoL) measure, providing profile scores on the different dimensions or items of the descriptive systems. When utilities are computed, instruments can provide an overall index of HRQoL. Link to background information, validity information, and copies of various versions of the AQoL instrument: https://www.aqol.com.au/" | |
71 | Children's Acceptance and Mindfulness Measure (CAMM) | Greco, L. A., W. Lambert, and R. A. Baer. 2008. “Psychological Inflexibility in Childhood and Adolescence: Development and Evaluation of the Avoidance and Fusion Dramatherapy 87 Questionnaire for Youth.” Psychological Assessment 20: 93–102. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.20.2.93. | n/a | Wellbeing | 17-item questionnaire; 4-point scale; assesses three facets of mindfulness: observing, acting with awareness, accepting without judgment | Evidence of internal consistency. | Significant correlations between CAMM and other measures of psychological distress. | adolescents | children | McLachlan N., & Laletin L. (2015). An evaluation of a mindfulness group in CAMHS using dramatherapy practice. Dramatherapy, 37(2-3), 78-88. doi: 10.1080/02630672.2016.1162823 | ||
72 | Clifton Assessment Procedures for the Elderly (CAPE) | Pattie, A.H., Gilleard, C.J. (1975). A brief psychogeriatric assessment schedule: validation against psychiatric diagnosis and discharge from hospital. Br J Psychiatry, 127, 489-493. Pattie, A. H., & Gilleard, C. J. (1979). Manual for the Clifton Assessment Procedures for the Elderly (CAPE). Kent, UK: Hodder & Stoughton Educational. | abbreviated version available | Wellbeing | 30-item questionnaire facilitated by staff - there is both a cognitive assessment scale, as well as a behaviour rating scale | Intercorrelations among subscale scores: 0.30 to 0.78; test-retest reliability at 2 to 4 weeks was 0.84, alpha=0.77. | Correlates with the MMSE (0.90) and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS, 0.37); three factors identified: physical disability and communication scales, apathy items, and social disturbance items. | older adults | clinical settings; older adults | Wilkinson, N., Srikumar, S., Shaw, K., & Orrell, M. (1998). Drama and movement therapy in dementia: A pilot study. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 25(3), 195-201. | ||
73 | Flourishing Scale (FS) | Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Tov, W., Kim-Prieto, C., Choi. D., Oishi, S., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2009). New well-being measures: Short scales to assess flourishing and positive and negative feelings. Social Indicators Research, 39, 247-266. | more than 17 translations available (including French, Spanish) | Wellbeing | brief 8-item self-report measure of the respondent's self-perceived success; areas covered include relationships, self-esteem, purpose, and optimism; instrument provides a single psychological wellbeing score | Good alphas, moderately high temporal reliabilities. | Good convergent validity. Note that does not assess individual components of social-psychological well-being, but for assessing overall well-being, appears to be adequate. | Primarily college students | adults | n/a | Link to free copy of measure, scoring instructions, and measure translations: http://labs.psychology.illinois.edu/~ediener/FS.html | |
74 | Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) | Lawton, M. P., & Brody, E. M. (1988). Instrumental activities of daily living scale (IADL) original observer rated version. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 24, 785–787. | observer, interview, and paper versions available; Chinese translation available | Wellbeing | a series of 8 questions which can be asked in an interview or on paper; there is an observer version as well; the purpose of the questionnaire is to assess abilities and functioning related to complex activities necessary for living in a community (e.g. shopping, cooking, finances) | Strong evidence of reliability (see Loewenstein & Mogosky, 1999 for details). | Evidence of concurrent validity (see Loewenstein & Mogosky, 1999). Some evidence that the assessment may be more suited for women than men (Kane & Kane, 1981) | older adults | older adults; clinical and research settings to identify declines in functioning | Wilkinson, N., Srikumar, S., Shaw, K., & Orrell, M. (1998). Drama and movement therapy in dementia: A pilot study. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 25(3), 195-201. | Used in more than 3000 published studies. | |
75 | Meaning of Life Questionnaire | Krause, N. (2004). Stressors arising in highly valued roles, meaning in life, and the physical health status of older adults. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 59, 287-297.; Krause, N. (2007). Longitudinal study of social support and meaning in life. Psychology and Sging, 22, 456-469. | multiple translations available | Wellbeing | self-report inventory, scores 1-5 on agreements with 8 statements; measure four dimensions of meaning: values, sense of purpose, goals, and reconciliation with the past | Evidence of internal consistency, Cronbach alphas ranged from 81 to .92. | Evidence of convergent and discriminant validity. | college students (USA); adolescents (Australia) | adults; older adults | Keisari, S., & Palgi, Y. (2017). Life-crossroads on stage: Integrating life review and drama therapy for older adults. Aging & Mental Health, 21(10), 1079-1089. doi:10.1080/13607863.2016.1199012 | ||
76 | Multicultural Quality of Life Index (MQLI) | Mezzich, J. E., Cohen, N. L., Ruiperez, M. A., Banzato, C. E. and Zapata‐Vega, M. I. (2011), The Multicultural Quality of Life Index: presentation and validation. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 17: 357-364. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2753.2010.01609.x | multiple translations available, including Chinese, Korean, and Spanish versions | Wellbeing | concise instrument for comprehensive, culture-informed, and self-rated assessment of health-related quality of life; it is composed of 10 items (from physical well-being to global perception of quality of life); each item is rated on a 10-point scale | High test-retest reliability, high internal consistency. | Strong factorial and discriminant validity. | psychiatric patients and hospital professionals in NYC | clinical and healthy populations | n/a | ||
77 | Personal Orientation Inventory (POI) | Shostrom E. L. (1964) An inventory for the measurement of self-actualization. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 24, 207-218. | modified version available; French and Spanish translations available | Wellbeing | 150 item self-report measure; a measure of attitudes and values related to the construct of self actualization; sub-scales measure self-actualizing values, existentiality, feeling reactivity, spontaneity, self-regard, self-acceptance, the nature of people, synergy, acceptance of aggression, and capacity for intimate contact | Test re-test reliability ranging from .52 to .82. | POI correlates in expected directions with multiple measures of mental health. | college students | pre-post measure of "self-actualization"; applications in research, employee development, and studies of consumer behavior | Fryrear, J. L., & Stephens, B. C. (1988). Group psychotherapy using masks and video to facilitate intrapersonal communication. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 15(3), 227-234. doi: 10.1016/0197-4556(88)90007-X | ||
78 | Quality of Life Alzheimer's Disease (QoL-AD) | Logsdon, R., Gibbons, L., McCurry, S., & Teri, L. (1999). Quality of life in Alzheimer’s disease: Patient and caregiver reports. Journal of Mental Health and Aging, 5, 21–32. | self-rating (SR) and proxy rating (PR) versions available | Wellbeing | this 13 item measure assesses quality of life for those with Alzeimer's disease; questions assess physical health, energy, mood, living situation, memory, family, marriage, friends, self as a whole, ability to do chores, ability to do things for fun, money and life as a whole | Poor agreement between self and proxy ratings; acceptable internal consistencey reliability (Cronbach’s alpha was 0.74 for patients and 0.86 for proxies). | Lower QoL correlated significantly with symptoms of depression, cognitive impairment, ADL impairment, and solitary living; proxy rating should not be considered a valid substitute for the self-report measure. | patients receiving home care or long term care | patients with Alzeimer's disease | Jaaniste, J., Linnell, S., Ollerton, R. L., & Slewa-Younan, S. (2015). Drama therapy with older people with dementia—Does it improve quality of life? The Arts in Psychotherapy, 43, 40-48. doi:10.1016/j.aip.2014.12.010 | n/a | |
79 | Quality of Life in Neurological Disorders (Neuro-QoL) | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS). (2015). User Manual for the Quality of Life in Neurological Disorders (Neuro-QoL) Measures, Version 2.0. Retrieved from: https://www.sralab.org/rehabilitation-measures/neuro-qol | Adult and pediatric versions available and in both English and Spanish | Wellbeing | self-report measure that assesses quality of life along multiple domains for individuals with neurological disorders; assesses physical, mental, and social domains | Good internal consistency. | Evidence of concurrent validity: measure differentiates between severity of impairment and number of reported health concerns. | children; adults | children; adults | n/a | n/a | |
80 | Quality of Life Scale (QOLS) | Flanagan, J. C. (1978). A research approach to improving our quality of life. American Psychologist, 33(2), 138-147. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.33.2.138; Burckhardt, C. S., & Anderson, K. L. (2003). The Quality of Life Scale (QOLS): reliability, validity, and utilization. Health and quality of life outcomes, 1, 60. doi:10.1186/1477-7525-1-60 | validated and published translations in Swedish, Norwegian, and Hebrew. A validated Chinese version exists in thesis format. | Wellbeing | concise 15-item instrument for assessing quality of life in chronic illness populations as well as healthy populations. The intrument covers 5 domains: physical and material well-being; relations with other people; social, community, and civic activites; personal development and fulfillment, and recreation | Flanagan did not report internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's alpha) estimates in his instrument development work. Estimates from the first study of 240 American patients with chronic illness indicated that the 15-item scale was internally consistent (α = .82 to .92) and had high test-retest reliability over 3-weeks in stable chronic illness groups (r = 0.78 to r = 0 .84). Other researchers have reported similar reliability estimates for the 16-item scale. | Discriminant validity for populations expected to differ. Convergent validity has also been demonstrated. Recent studies have suggested that QOLS has 3 factors in both healthy samples and across chronic conditions, as well as across two languages and across genders. | various adult populations, including clinical populations | various adult populations; clinical settings | n/a | Link to a copy of the instrument with scoring instructions: http://www.contentedits.com/img.asp?id=13179 Link to more info on scale: https://rtcom.umn.edu/database/instruments/QOLS | |
81 | Questionnaire for Eudaimonic Well-Being | Waterman, A. S., Schwartz, S. J., Zamboanga, B. L., Ravert, R. D., Williams, M. K., Agocha, V. B., . . . Donnellan, M. B. (2010). The Questionnaire for Eudaimonic Well-Being: Psychometric properties, demographic comparisons, and evidence of validity. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 5(1), 41-61.http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17439760903435208 | Polish version available | Wellbeing | assesses sense of meaning and purpose in life, enjoyment derived from activities that are personally expressive, intense involvement in activities, perceived development of best potentials, investment of significant effort | Sufficient internal consistency (α = .86). | Convergent, discriminant, construct, and incremental validity. | undergraduate students, US | adults | n/a | Scale items found in Waterman et al., 2010 article. | |
82 | Ryff's Scales of Psychological Well-Being (PWB) | 42-item: Ryff, C. D., Almeida, D. M., Ayanian, J. S., Carr, D. S., Cleary, P. D., Coe, C., … Williams, D. (2007). National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS II), 2004-2006: Documentation of the Psychosocial Constructs and Composite Variables in MIDUS II Project 1. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research. 18-item: Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. M. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(4), 719–727. Adapted from: Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 1069-1081. Ryff, C.D. (1991). Possible selves in adulthood and old age: A tale of shifting horizons. Psychology and Aging, 6, 286295. | 42-item and 18-item version available; the 42-item scale is more statistically sound than the 18-item version (Ryff et al., 2007) but it takes longer to administer; English, Korean, and Romanian versions available | Wellbeing | 42-item scale (or 18-item brief scale) measures six aspects of wellbeing and happiness: autonomy, environmental mastery, personal growth, positive relations with others, purpose in life, and self-acceptance; the 42-item scale is more statistically sound than the 18-item version (Ryff et al., 2007) but it takes longer to administer | High internal consistency for long version. Short version has low internal consistency and should only be used when there is serious need for a brief measure. | Numerous validity studies with various populations. Researchers considering this scale should search for studies with populations like their sample. Some evidence that the internal constructs may not be independent. | nationally representative samples of adults 25 and older, US | adults of all ages, college students; African-Americans living in New York and Mexican-Americans living in Chicago (Ryff, Keyes, & Hughes, 2003). | Keisari, S., & Palgi, Y. (2017). Life-crossroads on stage: Integrating life review and drama therapy for older adults. Aging & Mental Health, 21(10), 1079-1089. doi:10.1080/13607863.2016.1199012 | Link to more info on the scale and a copy of both 42 and 18 item versions: http://sparqtools.org/mobility-measure/psychological-wellbeing-scale/ | |
83 | Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) | Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction with Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71-75. | More than 30 translations available, including French and Spanish. | Wellbeing | self-report, 5-item measure which assesses the cognitive component of subjective well-being; it is a measure of overall level of the individual’s satisfaction with life | Reliability has been demonstrated in terms of high internal consistency with a value of 0.87 and stability overtime with a test-retest coefficient of 0.82. | Adequate criterion validity, good convergent and discriminant validity. | Validated for use in numerous adult populations. Normative data for many of these populations indexed in Pavot & Diener (2009) . Link to publicly available pdf of article: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e0aa/5b223e6fdc0abc86cb4459ba5bb4ff2dd3a7.pdf | many applications; most widely used scale in scientific literature on life satisfaction worldwide | n/a | Link to free copy of measure, scoring instructions, and measure translations: http://labs.psychology.illinois.edu/~ediener/SWLS.html | |
84 | Satisfaction with Life Scale for Children (SWLS-C) | Gadermann, A. M., Schonert-Reichl, K. A., & Zumbo, B. D. (2010). Investigating validity evidence of the Satisfaction with Life Scale adapted for children. Social Indicators Research, 96, 229-247. | Dutch/Flemish version available | Wellbeing | self-report, 5-item measure which assesses the cognitive component of subjective well-being in children; it is a measure of overall level of the individual’s satisfaction with life | High internal consistency. | Convergent and discriminant validity in relation to other measures. | Students in grades 4-7, mean age 11.5 yrs | children 10 years of age or older; school settings | n/a | Adapted from the SWLS (Diener et al. 1985) with the goal of making a new version with items and a format that would be more understandable for children. Link to publicly available MIDI questionnaire that contains the SWLS-C on p.12 http://earlylearning.ubc.ca/media/e-mdi_instructional_survey_grade_4_2018-19_bc_en_watermarked.pdf | |
85 | Scale of Positive and Negative Experience (SPANE) | Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Tov, W., Kim-Prieto, C., Choi. D., Oishi, S., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2009). New well-being measures: Short scales to assess flourishing and positive and negative feelings. Social Indicators Research, 39, 247-266. | Arabic, French, German, Hindi, Italian, Japanese, Persian, Polish, Spanish, and Turkish translations available | Wellbeing | assesses affective component of subjective wellbeing; 12-item questionnaire includes six items to assess positive feelings and six items to assess negative feelings | Good alphas, moderately high temporal reliabilities. | Good convergent and incremental validity with other measures of emotion, wellbeing, happiness, and life satisfaction. Thought to be valid in both research and applied situations. | college students | varied clinical and research settings | n/a | Link to free copy of measure, scoring instructions, and measure translations: http://labs.psychology.illinois.edu/~ediener/SPANE.html | |
86 | Social Support Questionnaire (SSQ) | Sarason, I., Levine, H., Basham, R., & Sarason, B. (1983). Assessing social support: The social support questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 44: 127-139. | Short form available | Wellbeing | a 27-item self-report questionaire that measures the amount of and satisfaction with social supports | High internal consistency; good test-retest reliability. | Negatively correlated with measures of depression. | undergraduate students | adults; adolescents | MacKay, B., Gold, M., & Gold, E. (1987). A pilot-study in drama therapy with adolescent girls who have been sexually abused. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 14(1), 77-84. doi:10.1016/0197-4556(87)90037-2 | ||
87 | Integration of Stressful Life Experiences Scale (ISLES) | Holland, J. M., Currier, J. M., Coleman, R. A., & Neimeyer, R. A. (2010). The Integration of Stressful Life Experiences Scale (ISLES): Development and initial validation of a new measure. International Journal of Stress Management, 17, 325-352. doi:10.1037/a0020892 | short form 6-item version available | Wellbeing | measure of meaning making when faced with stressful life experiences; 16-item self-report measure | Good internal reliability (α = .80 to .92), moderate test-retest reliability over 2-3 months (r = .48 to .59). | Concurrent validity; evidence of significant correlations with other meaning-oriented measures. | young adults; bereaved young adults | veterans; those who have witnessed violence; older adults with depression; bereaved individuals | n/a | ||
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