Chapter 47 Reading Passages
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Actium
dum Quīntus in fundō Sabīnō quiēscit, rēspūblica in bellum cīvīle iterum rapiēbātur. Octāviānus Antōniusque, cum alter alterum scelerum accūsāret gravissimōrum. plūs odiī inter sē in diēs concipiēbant. tandem Octāviānus ad bellum apertē sē parāvit. tōta Italia in verba eius iurāvit atque eum ducem bellī poposcit. eī senātōrēs quī Antōniō favēbant Rōmā ēgressī ad Antōnium cōnfūgērunt.
cum since: alter alterum the other, i.e. each other concipiēbant harbored. t'elt in verba eius iurāvit swore allegiance to him
Antōnius autem Octāviam, quam iamdūdum Rōmam remīserat, repudiāvit et Cleopātram uxōrem suam esse prōnūntiāvit. quae cum cognōvissent senātōrēs, statim bellum Cleopātrae indīxērunt
repudiavit divorced indīxērunt declared
Antōnius sine morā plūrimās cōpiās collectās ad Graeciam dūxit ut Octāviānō occurreret. Octāviānus autem, Maecēnāte Rōmae relictō quī Italiam administrāret, Brundisium profectus est cum Agrippā, quī optimus erat ducum suōrum. cum cōpiās trāns mare in Graeciam trāiēcisset, castra apud Actium collocāvit haud procul ab Antōniī castrīs.
trāiēcisset had taken across, transported
Agrippa, proeliō cum Antoniī classe commissō, hostēs ita vīcit ut marī dominārētur. Antōnius, cum mīlitēs eius terrā marīque obsessī et famē et morbō morerentur, tandem ērumpere coāctus     est. legiōnibus ūndēvīgintī in lītore relictīs ut castra dēfenderent, classem ē portū dūxit, Cleopātrā sequente.
ērumpere to break out ūndēvīginti nineteen
quattuor diēs tantae tempestātēs erant ut proelium committere nōn possent. quīntō diē, cum mare esset tranquillum, classis utraque ad proelium prōdiit. diū aequō Marte pugnābant. cum     subitō Cleopātra nāvem suam vertit classemque Aegyptiam in fugam dūxit. quae cum vīdisset. Antōnius gubernātōrī suō imperāvit ut rēgīnam sequerētur. tantō amōre Cleopātrae ardēbat ut honōrem suum salūtemque suōrum minōris aestimāret quam ūnam mulierem.
aequō Marte on equal terms gubernātōrī helmsman salūtem suōrum the safety of his men minōris aestimāret valued less
dum Antōnius cum Cleopātrā fugit, classis eius cōpiaeque pedestrēs, cum ā duce dēsertī essent, fortiter tamen hostibus restitērunt; sed tandem spē dēpositā Octāviānō sē dēdidērunt. ille captīvōs hūmānē tractāvit. putābat enim neque Antōnium nec Cleopātram sibi diūtius resistere posse; sē tōtum orbem terrārum iam regere. clēmentiam igitur praebuit ita ut omnēs quī sē dēdiderant līberātōs in exercitum suum accēperit.
cōpiae pedestrēs land forces cum although hūmānē tractāvit treated humanely
Vergilius Actium proelium dēscrībit
hoc proelium, quo fātum imperiī Romāni decretum est, Vergilius in    Aenēide sīc dēscribit:
 dēcrētum est was decided
in medio classis aeratas, Actia bella, /             cernere erat, totumque instructo Marte uideres / feruere Leucaten auroque effulgere fluctus./  hinc Augustus agens Italos in proelia Caesar/ cum patribus populoque, penatibus et magnis dis,/ stans celsa in puppi.../               . parte alia uentis et dis Agrippa secundis/ arduus agmen agens .../ hinc ope barbarica uariisque Antonius armis,/       uictor ab Aurorae populis et litore rubro,/ Aegyptum uirisque Orientis et ultima secum/ Bactra uehit, sequiturque (nefas) Aegyptia coniunx./ una omnes ruere  ...
classēs aerātās the bronze-beaked fleets (ancient warships had a bronze beak at the bows, which was used for ramming) cernere erat ii was possible to see tōtum ... Leucātēn Leucate is the promontory to the south of Actium; Vergil means the whole sea roimd Actium īnstrūctō Marte with warships in formation (literally "with Mars (= war) drawn up') vidērēs you might see fervere seething (literally 'to seethe') effulgere gleaming hinc on this side Augustus... Caesar Octavian. who later took the name Augustus cum patribus with the fathers of the state. i.e. the senators penātibus et magnīs dīs (= deīs) the native gods of Rome and the great (Olympian) gods celsā in puppī on the high poop arduus high. i.e. he stands out prominently agmen agēns leading his line (of ships) hinc on that side ope barbaricā with barbarian help, i.e. with the help of barbarians Aegyptum ... vehit carries (= brings) Egypt (= Egyptian forces) vīrēs Orientis the strength of the East ultima ... Bactra Bactra is modern Afghanistan; it represents the Far East (nefās) what wickedness! ūnā .,. ruere are rushing together
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