| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | What is sensitivity? | probabilty that a test detects a disease when disease is present. TP/(TP+FN) | behavioral science | |||||||||||||||||
2 | What is specificity? | probability that a disease non-disease when disease is absent. TN/(TN+FP) | behavioral science | |||||||||||||||||
3 | 100% sensitivity means what? | low false negative rate, good for screening disease with low prevelance | behavioral science | |||||||||||||||||
4 | 100% specificity means what? | low flase positive rate, good for confirmatory test after a positive screening test. | behavioral science | |||||||||||||||||
5 | What is case-control study? what does it measure? | compares group of people with a disease to a group without the disease. Measures odds ratio. | behavioral science | |||||||||||||||||
6 | What is a cohort study?What does it measure? | compares a group with an exposure or risk to a group without it. Measures relative risk. | behavioral science | |||||||||||||||||
7 | What is a cross-sectional study? what does it measure? | collects data from a group to assess frequency of a disease in a population. Measures prevalence. | behavioral science | |||||||||||||||||
8 | What is the difference between a double and triple blinded study? | double = patients and doctors don't know, triple = even researchers analyzing data don't know | behavioral science | |||||||||||||||||
9 | what does a phase I trial do? | small number of healthy people, assess safety,toxicity, and pharmokinetics | behavioral science | |||||||||||||||||
10 | what does a phase II trial do? | small number of people with the disease studied; assess efficacy, dosing, and adverse effects | behavioral science | |||||||||||||||||
11 | what do phase III trials do? | large, randomly assigned groups. compares standard of care to new treatment. | behavioral science | |||||||||||||||||
12 | what do phase IV trials do? | postmarketing surviellance, looks for longterm adverse events. | behavioral science | |||||||||||||||||
13 | What is positive predictive value? (PPV) | proportion of positive tests that are a true positive. TP/(TP+FP) | behavioral science | |||||||||||||||||
14 | What is negative predicitive value? | proportion of negative tests that are a true negative. TN/(FN+TN) | behavioral science | |||||||||||||||||
15 | contrast prevalence to incidence | incidence = new cases, prevalence = all currents cases | behavioral science | |||||||||||||||||
16 | What is an odds ratio? | used in case-control studies. odds that a group with a disease was exposed to a risk. | behavioral science | |||||||||||||||||
17 | What is relative risk? | used in cohort studies. risk of developing a disease if exposed to a risk. | behavioral science | |||||||||||||||||
18 | what is attrutitable risk? | proportion of disease occurences cause by an exposure. | behavioral science | |||||||||||||||||
19 | what is absolute risk reduction (ARR)? | absolute reduction in risk between treatment group and a control group. | behavioral science | |||||||||||||||||
20 | How is number needed to treat calculated? | number of patients needed to treat for 1 patient to get a benefit. 1/ARR | behavioral science | |||||||||||||||||
21 | How is number to harm calculared? | number of patients needed tobe exposed to a risk in order to get it. 1/attributable risk. | behavioral science | |||||||||||||||||
22 | constract precision vs. accuracy. | reproducability vs trueness of result | behavioral science | |||||||||||||||||
23 | What does random error cause? | reduces precision of a test | behavioral science | |||||||||||||||||
24 | How do you decrese standard deviation? | by increasing precision. | behavioral science | |||||||||||||||||
25 | What does systematic error cause? | reduces accuracy in a test. | behavioral science | |||||||||||||||||
26 | What is selection bias? | nonrandom assignment to a group. | behavioral science | |||||||||||||||||
27 | what is recall bias? | knowledge of presence of a disease alters recall of subjects; common in retrospective. | behavioral science | |||||||||||||||||
28 | what is sampling bias | subjects are not representative of the general population - is a selection bias | behavioral science | |||||||||||||||||
29 | what is late-look bias? | information gathered at inapporiate time | behavioral science | |||||||||||||||||
30 | what is procedure bias? | subjects in different groups are not treated the same | behavioral science | |||||||||||||||||
31 | what is confounding bias? | occurs when a factor is related to both exposure and outcome | behavioral science | |||||||||||||||||
32 | what is lead-time bias? | early detection confused with increased survival. | behavioral science | |||||||||||||||||
33 | what is observer-expectancy effect? | when researchers belief in the efficacy of a treatment alters treatment changes | behavioral science | |||||||||||||||||
34 | what is hawthorne effect? | group being studied changes behavior because they know they are being studied. | behavioral science | |||||||||||||||||
35 | 5 ways bias can be reduced: | 1.blind studies. 2.placebo groups. 3.crossover studies. 4.randomization limits selection and confounding bias 5. matching to reduce confoudning bias. | behavioral science | |||||||||||||||||
36 | what is postive skew | mound to the left, tail to the right mean>median>mode. | behavioral science | |||||||||||||||||
37 | What is negative skew? | mound to the right, tail to the left. mean<median<mode. | behavioral science | |||||||||||||||||
38 | What is type I error? | stating there is an effect when there isn't one | behavioral science | |||||||||||||||||
39 | What is type II error? | stating there is not an effect when one does exist (to fail to reject the null hypothesis) | behavioral science | |||||||||||||||||
40 | What is statistical power and how do you increase it? | probability of rejecting null hypothesis when it is false. increases with: larger sample size, large expected effect size, increased precision of measurement. | behavioral science | |||||||||||||||||
41 | What is a confidence interval? | range of values in which a specificed probability of means would expected to fall. | behavioral science | |||||||||||||||||
42 | when to use t-test? | comparing difference of means in 2 groups. | behavioral science | |||||||||||||||||
43 | when to use ANOVA | check differences of means in 3 or more groups. | behavioral science | |||||||||||||||||
44 | When to use Chi-square test? | check differences in 2 of more percentages or proportions, NOT MEANS. | behavioral science | |||||||||||||||||
45 | what is pearson's correlation coefficient? | r is between -1 and +1. closer to 1 the stronger the linear correlation between 2 variables. | behavioral science | |||||||||||||||||
46 | compare primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention. | PDR Prevent(vaccines), Detect(pap smear), Reduce disability(chemotherapy) | behavioral science | |||||||||||||||||
47 | Medicare and medicaid are for what groups? | medicarE = elderly, medicaiD = destitute. | behavioral science | |||||||||||||||||
48 | What is apgar score? | done at 1min and 5min. appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, respiration. >7 is good, <4 means resuscitate! | behavioral science | |||||||||||||||||
49 | What is a low birth weight? | <2500g. increased risk or SIDS and increased overall mortality. | behavioral science | |||||||||||||||||
50 | Give developmental milestones birth-3mo(motor,social,verbal) | rooting reflex,head up,moro reflex gone;smile;orient to voice. | behavioral science | |||||||||||||||||
51 | Give developmental milestones b7-9mo(motor,social,verbal) | sits alone,crawl,transfer toys in hand;stranger anxiety;responds to name, instructions,peekaboo. | behavioral science | |||||||||||||||||
52 | Give developmental milestones 12-15mo(motor,social,verbal) | climb stairs, stack blocks by agex3 blocks;rapprochment of mom;200 words and 2 word phrases by 2 | behavioral science | |||||||||||||||||
53 | Give developmental milestones 24-36mo(motor,social,verbal) | feeds self,kick ball;core gender identity,parallel play;pee at age 3 | behavioral science | |||||||||||||||||
54 | Give developmental milestones 3yr(motor,social,verbal) | ride tricycle,copy circle;spends part of a day away from mom;900 words and complete sentences | behavioral science | |||||||||||||||||
55 | Give developmental milestones 4yr(motor,social,verbal) | uses zippers,grooms self,can hop on 1 foot;imaginary friend,cooperative play;can tell detailed story | behavioral science | |||||||||||||||||
56 | what is rooting reflex | turn head to stimulus and make sucking face for nipple | behavioral science | |||||||||||||||||
57 | what is moro reflex | kid startled by being dropped | behavioral science | |||||||||||||||||
58 | what is babinski sign | tickle foot, toe goes up. not normal after age 2 | behavioral science | |||||||||||||||||
59 | give BMI formula | weight in kg/(height in meters)^2 | behavioral science | |||||||||||||||||
60 | when does grief become patholgoic | after 1 year. | behavioral science | |||||||||||||||||
61 | What is orotic aciduria(physiology,findings,tx) | inability to convert orotic acid to UMP due to defect in UMP synthetase; increased orotic acid in urine,megaloblastic anemia that isn't improved by B12, failure to thrive,no hyperammonemia;oral uridine administration. | biochem | |||||||||||||||||
62 | What is adenosine deaminase deficiency(give physiology) | Excess ATP and dATP via inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase->prevents dna synthesis and decrease lymphocyte count causing SCID. | biochem | |||||||||||||||||
63 | What is Lesch-Nyan syndrome(physiology,findings) | defective purine salvage pathway due to absence of HGPRT; excess uric acid leads to retardation,self-mutilation,hyperuricemia,gout,choresoathetosis. | biochem | |||||||||||||||||
64 | Mutation in ataxia telangiestica | nonhomologous end joining, which repairs dsDNA breaks. | biochem | |||||||||||||||||
65 | mutaiton in xeroderma pigmentosum | nucleotide excision repair, which releases damaged bases | biochem | |||||||||||||||||
66 | What cell types are permanent | neurons, skeletal and cardiac muscle, RBCs | biochem | |||||||||||||||||
67 | what cells types are stable(quiescent) | hepatocytes,lymphocytes | biochem | |||||||||||||||||
68 | what cell types are labile? | bone marrow, gut epithelium,skin,hair follicles,germ cells | biochem | |||||||||||||||||
69 | I-cell disease(physiology,findings) | inclusion cell disease, failure of addition of mannose-6-phosphate to lysosome proteins which leads to lysosomal storage disease(proteins never added to lysosome);coarse face,clouded cornea,high plasma levels of lysosomal enzymes. | biochem | |||||||||||||||||
70 | Chediak-Higashi syndrome(physiology,findings) | mutation in lysosomal trafficking regulator gene (LYST), microtubule sorting does not occur;recurrent pyogenic infections,partial albinism,peripheral neuropathy. | biochem | |||||||||||||||||
71 | vimentin stains: | connective tissue | biochem | |||||||||||||||||
72 | desmin stains: | muscle | biochem | |||||||||||||||||
73 | cytokeratin stains: | epithelial cells | biochem | |||||||||||||||||
74 | GFAP stains | neuroglia | biochem | |||||||||||||||||
75 | neurofilaments stain | neurons | biochem | |||||||||||||||||
76 | type I collagen(found in,defective in:) | bone,skin,tendon,dentin,cornea,late wound repair;defective in osteogenesis imperfecta. | biochem | |||||||||||||||||
77 | type II collagen(found in) | Cartilage(hyaline),vitreous body,nucleus pulposus) | biochem | |||||||||||||||||
78 | type III collagen(found in, defective in) | reticuin,skin,blood vessels,uterus,granulation tissue,fetal tissue;Ehler's danlos | biochem | |||||||||||||||||
79 | Type IV collagen(found in, defective in) | basement membrance and basal lamina;alport sydrome | biochem | |||||||||||||||||
80 | Marfans syndrome is a defect of: | Fibrillin(found in elastin) | biochem | |||||||||||||||||
81 | Prader-Willi syndrome(genetics,findings) | paternal allele on chromosome 15 is not expressed;mental retardation,hyperphagia,obesity,hypogonadism,hypotonia | biochem | |||||||||||||||||
82 | Angelman's syndrome(genetics,findings) | Inactivation of mother's allele on chromosome 15; mental retardation,seizures,ataxia,inappropriate laughter | biochem | |||||||||||||||||
83 | Achondroplasia(dominance,physiology,findings) | Autosomal dominant. defect in fibroblast growth factor(FGF)receptor 3.;Dwarfism,short limbs,larger head but normal trunk.assoc with advanced paternal age. | biochem | |||||||||||||||||
84 | Autosomal-dominant polycycstic kidney disease(ADPKD)(dominance,physiology,findings) | Autosomal dominant;mutation in PKD1, chromosome 16;bilat. massively enlarged kidneys, multiple huge cysts. assoc w/polycystic liver dx,berry anerusyms,mitral valve prolapse. | biochem | |||||||||||||||||
85 | what diseases are associated with ADPKD? | polycystic liver disease, berry aneurysms, mitral valve prolapse. | biochem | |||||||||||||||||
86 | Familial adenomatous polyposis(dominance,physiology,findings) | autosomal dominant;mutation on APC gene. chromosome 5;colon covered in polyps after puberty. | biochem | |||||||||||||||||
87 | Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia(osler-weber-rendu syndrome)(dominance,physiology,findings) | autosomal dominant;inherited disorder of blood vessels;telangiectasia, recurrent epistaxis, AVMS, skin discolorations. | biochem | |||||||||||||||||
88 | Hereditary spherocytosis(dominance,physiology,findings) | autosomal dominance;spheroids due to spectrin or ankyrin defects;hemolytic anemia, increased MCHC, need spleenectomy to cure. | biochem | |||||||||||||||||
89 | Huntington's disease(dominance,physiology,findings) | autosomal dominant;CAG trinucleotide repeat gene on chromosome 4;depression,caudate nucleus atrophy,chorioform movements,decreased levels of GABA and Ach in the brain. | biochem | |||||||||||||||||
90 | Neurofibromatosis type 1(von recklinghausen disease)(dominance,physiology,findings) | autosomal dominant;mutation in long arm of chromosome 17;cafe-au-lait spots,neural tumors,lisch nodules, optic gliomas. | biochem | |||||||||||||||||
91 | neurofibromatosis type 2(dominance,physiology,findings) | autosomal domaint;NF2 gene on chromosome 22;bilateral acoustic schwannomas, juvenile cataracts | biochem | |||||||||||||||||
92 | Tuberous sclerosis(dominance,findings) | autosomal dominant;facial lesions,hypopigmented ash leaf spots,cotical and retinal hamartomas,seizures,cardiac rhabdomyomas,increased incidence of astrocytomas. | biochem | |||||||||||||||||
93 | von Hippel-Lindau(dominance,physiology,findings) | autosomal dominant;deletion of VHL gene(a suppressor) on chromosome 3 which results in constitutive expression of HIF and increased angiogenic factos;hemangioblastomas,bilateral multiple renal cell carcinomas. | biochem | |||||||||||||||||
94 | Cystic fibrosis(dominance,physiology,findings) | autosomal-recessive;defect in CFTR on chromosome 7. CFTR is a calcium channel;meconium ileus in newborns,bronchiectasis,pancreatic insufficiency,nasal polyps,intertility in males due to missing vas deferns. | biochem | |||||||||||||||||
95 | what lab is diagnostic for cystic fibrosis? | increased calcium concentration in sweat (calcium channel can't resorb in skin. Note: in lungs this channel is supposed to EXCRETE calcium). | biochem | |||||||||||||||||
96 | Fragile-X syndrome(dominance,physiology,findings) | X-linked;defect in methylation of FMRI gene,is a CGG trinucleotide repeat;mental retardation,macroorchidism,long face and jaw,everted ears,autism, mitral valve prolapse. | biochem | |||||||||||||||||
97 | Duchenne's dystrophy(dominance,physiology,findings) | X-linked frameshift;deletion of dystrophin gene leads to accelerated muscle breakdown;pseudohypertophy of calf,pelvic and girdle muscle weakness at first,onset before 5, use gowers manuever. | biochem | |||||||||||||||||
98 | Why do mutaitons in dystrophin gene occur so often? | longest gene in the human genome, anchors muscle fibers. | biochem | |||||||||||||||||
99 | What are the pregancy quad screen results for down syndrome? | decrease a-fetoprotein,estirol. increased B-HcG, inhibin A. | biochem | |||||||||||||||||
100 | What are the pregancy quad screen results for edwards syndrome? | decreased: a-fetoprotein,BHcg, estriol. normal: inhibin A. | biochem |