http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/data/batches/batch_ohi_ariel_ver02/data/sn83035487/00211100485/1860121501

tionists the ling continued and intemperate interference of the northern people with the question of slave tjin the southern states has at length produced its natural effects the different sections of the union are now arrayed against each other and the time has arrived so much dreaded by the father of iii country when hostile geographical parties have been formed i have lung foreseen and often forewarned my countrymen of the now im pending danger this doe9 not proceed solely from the olaim on the part of congress or the territorial legislatures to exclude slavery from the territories nor from the efforts of different states to defeat the execution of the fugitive slavo luw ah or any of these evils might have been endured by the south without danger to the union as others have been in the hope that time ana reliec tion might apsly the remedy the immediate peril rises not so much from these causes as ftom the faet that the violent ogitation of the slavery ques tion throughout the north for the la6t quarter of 6 century has at length produced its malign in fluence on the slaves and inspired them witb vague notions of freedom hence a sense of securi ty no longer exists around the family altar this feeling of peace at home has given place to appre tensions of bertile insurrection picture of the south miny a matron throughout the south retires at night in dread of what may bofal herself and her children before the morning should this apprehension of domestio danger whether real or imaginary extend and intensify itself until it should pervade tho masses of the southern people then disunion will be inevitable self preservation is the first law of nature and has been implanted in the heart of man by his creator for tho wisest purposes and no political union however fraught with blessings and benefits in all othor respects can long continue if the necessary consequences be to render the homes and qresidoe of nearly half the parties to it habitually and hopelessly inseoure sooner or later the bonds of such a union must be levered it is my conviction that this fatal period has not yet arrived and my prayer to god is that be would proserve the constitution and the union throughout all generations but let us take warn in time and remove the cause of danger the meddlesome north it cannot be denied that for five and twenty years the agitation at the north against slavery in the south hat been incessant in 1835 pictorial band bills and inflamatory appeals were circulated extensively throughout the south of a character te excite the passions of the slaves and in the language of gen jackson to stimulate them to insurrection and produce all the horrors of a servile war this agitation has ever since been continued by tbe publio press by tho proceedings of state and county conventions and by abolition eermons and lectures the time of congress has been occupied in violent speeches on the never ending subject and appeals in pamphlet and other forms endorsed by distinguished names have been sent forth from this central point and spread broadcast over the union how easy would it be for tbe american people to settle tbe slaver question forever and to restore peace and harmony to this dieti acted country they alone can doit all that is necessary to accomplish this object and all which the slave states have ever contended for s to be let alone and permitted to manage their domestio institutions in their own way as sovereign states tbey and they alone are responsible before god aud tbe world for the slavery existing among them for this the people of tbe north re not more responsible and bave no more right to interfere than with similar institutions in rus brazil lincolns election no cause for secession upon their good sense and patriotic forbearance i confess i still greatly rely without their aid it is beyond tbe power of any president no matter what may be hie own political proclivities to restore ptaoe and harmony among the states wisely limited aud restrained as is his power under our constitution and laws be alone can accomplish but little for good or evil on such a momentous question and this brings mo to observe that tho election of tiny one of our fellow citizens to the office of president docs not of itself afford just cause for dissolving tho union this is mora especially true if his election has been effected by a mere plurality and not a majority of tho people and has resulted ftom transiont and temporary causes which may probably never again occur in order to justify a resort to revolutionary resis tance tho federal government must be guilty of a deliberate palpable and dnngerous exercise of powers not granted by the constitution tlio lato presidential election however has been hold in strict conformity with its express provisions how then can tho result justify a revolution to destroy this very constitution reason justice and regnrd for tho conbtitutien all require that we shall wait fur some overt and dangerous act on the part of the president elect beforo resorting to such a remedy be will de conservative it is said however that tho antecedents of tho president elict havo been sufficient to justify the fears of the south that ha will uttompt to invade their constitutional rights but are such apprehensions of contingent danger in the futtiro sufficient to justify tho immediate destruction of the noblest system of government ever devised by mortals from the very naturo of his office and its high responsibilities he must necessarily be conservative the stern duty of administering the vast and complicated councils of this government affords in itself a guaruuteo that he will not attempt any violation of a clear constitutional right alter all ho is no more than tho chief executive officer of the government his province is not to make but execute its laws and it is a remarkable fact in our history that notwithstanding tho repeated efforts of tho anti slavery party no single act has ever passed congress unless we may possibly except tho missouri tumpronc impairing in the slightest decree the rights of the south to their property in sluves and it mny aso be observed judging from present indications that no probability exists of tho passugo of sujh an act by a ijority of b th houses either in the present ur the next congress surely under these circumstances we ought to bo restrained from present action by the precept of ilim who spako as never man spake that sufficient unto the day is the evil thereof the day of evil may ncvor como unless we shall rashly bring it upon our solves it is alleged as one cause for immediate secession that the southern states are denied equal rights with the other states in the common territories but by what authority tiro theso denied not by congress which has never passed aud 1 leliove nover will pase any act to exoludo slavery from theso territories and certainly not by the supreme court which has solamnly decided that slaves ate property and like all other property their owners havo a right to take them into the common territories and hold them there under tbe protection of tho constitution so far then as congress is concerned the objection is not to anything they have already done but to what they may do hereafter it will surely he admitted that this apprehension of future danger is no good reason for an immediato dissolution of tho uuiou a kansas reminder it is true that tho territorial legislature of kansas on tho 23d of february 18c0 passed in great habte an act over tho veto of the governor declaring that slavery is and shall bo forever prohibited in the teintory such an act however plainly violating the rights of property secured by tho constitution will burely lo declared void by the judiciary whenevor it shall be presented in a legal form only threo days after my inauguration tho supreme court of the united states solemnly adjudged that this power did not exist in a territorial legislature yet such has been the factious temper of tbe times that the correctness of this decision has been extensively impugned before the people and the question has given riso to angry political conflict throughout the country those who havo appealed from this judgment of our highest constitutional tribunal to popular assemblies would if they could invest territorial legislatures with power to annul the sacred rights of property this power congress is expressly forbidden by the federal constitution to exercise every state legislature in the union is forbidden by its own constitution to exorcise it it ennuot be exercised in any state except by tbe people in thoir highest sovereign capacity when framing or amending their state constitution in liko manner it can only be exercised by the people of the territory represented in a cenvention of delegates for the purpose of framing a constitution prefuto ry to admission as a state into the union then and not until then are tbey invested with power to decide the questiou whether slavery shall or shall not exist within their limits this is an act of sovereign authority and not of subordinate territorial legislation were it other rise then indeed would the equality of the states in the territories be destroyed and the rights of property in slaves would depend not upon the guarantees of the constitution but upon the shifting majorities of an irresponsible territorial legislature such a doctrine from its intrinsic unsoundness cannot long influence any portion of our people much less can it afford a good reason for a disssoluticn of the union fugitive slavs law to be enforced the most palpable violations of constitutional duty which have yet been committed consist in the acts of different state legislatures to defeat tbe exeoution of tbe fugitive slave law it ought to be remembered however that for these aots neither congress nor any pretideotcan be justly held responsible having been passed in violation of the federal constitution tbey are therefore null and void all the courts both state and nation al before whom tbe question has arisen have from tbe beginning declared the fugitive slave law to be constitutional tbe single exceptiou is that of a state court in wisconsin and this has not only boen reversed by the proper appellate tribunal but has met with sucb universal reprobation that there can be no danger from it as precedent tbe validity of this law has been established over and over again by tbe supreme court r of the united slates with pcrfrct unanimity it is fuundud upon an express proviim of the constitution requiring that fugitivo slaves who escape from service in ono state to nnothar shall bo delivered up to thoir masters without this provisional is a well known historical fuct that the constitution itself could never have been adopted by tho convention in ono form or another under the acts of 1793 or 1sc0 both being substantially the same tho fugitive slave law has been tho law of tho lurid from tho days id washington until tho present moment hero thco a clear case is presented in which it will lo tho duty of the next president as it bus lecu my own to act with vigor in executing this supremo law against tho conilie enactments of state legislatures should he lull in tho pcrfurmnnco ol this high duly lie will then havo manifested a disregard of the cuiisutu tion and laws to the great injury of the people of nearly one half of tho states of the union but are we to presume in advance that 13 will thus vioato hia dutj this would bo at war with every principle of justice if christian charity lot us wait for tl 5 ovcit net tho fugitive slave law has been carried into execution iu every contested ci e cinco too coin mcucemcut of the present administration though it is to be regretted with groat loth and in convenience and with considerable expense to the government let us trust that tho state lochia i tures will repeal their unconstitutional nd obnoxious enactments unless this shall be douo without unnecessary delay it is impossible for any human power to euvo the union the southern states stalling on tho basis of tho constitution have a right to demand this net of justice from tha states of the north should it bo refused them the constitution to which all tho states are parties will have boen wilfully violated by one portion them in a provision essential to tho domestic secu rity and happiness of tho remainder in that event the injured states after having first used all peaceful und constitutional means to obtain redress would bo justified in revolutionary resistance to the government of tho union secession nullification gen jackson i have purposely confined my remaiks to revolutionary rcsistanco becabso ic has been claimed within tho last few years that any state whenevor it shall bo her sovereign will and pleasure may seccdo from the union in accordance with the constitution aud without any violation of the constitutional rghts of the other members of tho confederacy that as each became parties to the union by tho votu of its own peoplo assembled iu convention so any ono ol them muy rotire from the union in a similar manner by tho voto of such a convention in order to justify seccessiun as a constitutional remedy it must bo on tho principle that the federul government is a ruero voluntary association of states to be dissolved at pleasure by one of tho contracting parties if this be so the confederacy is a rope of sand and to be peno triited nud di bohcd by tho cist adverse wave of public opinion in any of tho states in this manner our thirty three stntos may rcsolvo themselves into as many petty jarring and hostile republics each oae retiring from tho union without responsibility whenover uny sudden excitement might impel them to fucli a course by this proeors a union might bo entirely broken into fragments in a few weeks which cott our forefathers many years of toil privation and blood to establish such a principle is v bully inconsistent with its history as it vrus framed with tho gieatcat delib errtion at d care it was submitted to conventions of the pooplo of the several states for ratification its provisions wero discussod at length in these bodies composed if tho first mou of tho country its opponents contended that it conferred power upon the federal government dungerous to tho rights of the stater whilst its advocates maintained that under a fair construction of the instrument there was no foundation for such apprehensions iu that mighty ttrugg between the cist intellects of this or any other country it never occurred to any individual cither among its opponents or ad vocates to assert or even to intimate that their efforts were till vaiu labor because ho moment that any stato felt herself aggrieved sho might secede from the union what a crushing argument would this havo proved against those who dreaded that tho rights of tho states would be tudangered by the constitution tho truth is that it was not until many years after the origin of the federal government that such a proposi then met and refuted of general jackson tion was advanced it was by tho conclusive arguments who in hi message of tho lgth of janu iy 1s33 transmitting tho nullifying ordinance of south carolina to congress employs tho following lan guage the right of the peoplo of a sioglo state to absolve themselves at will without the consent of the othor states from their most solemn obligations hurards the liberty and union and happiness of millions composing this und cannot bo acknowledged such authority is lelioved to be utterly rcpugaaiit both tu tha principles upon which the general government is euustituted and to tbo objects which it was cxpresscly formed to attain it is not pretended that any clause in tha constitution gives countenance to such a theory it is altogether founded upon inforeuco not from any language contained in the instrument itself but from the sovereign character of the several sates by which it was ratified but it is beyond the powcr of a state like an individual to yield a portion of its sovereign rights to secure tho remainder in tho language of mr madison who has been called the father of the constituiion it was formed by the states that is by the people in each of the states acting in their bightst sovereign capacity and formed consequently by the same authority which formed the state constitutions nor is the government of the united states created by the constitution less a government iu the strictest sense of tho torm within lhe sphere of its powers than the governments cieated by the constitution of the statos are within their soveral spheres it is like them organized iuto legislative executive and judiciary departments it operates like them dirsotl on demons and things and like tbem it has al eommand physical foree for executing the powers committed to it was intended to be per pelual and not to be annulled at the pleasure of any one if the contracting parties of tho confed ution a perpetinl union between tho state and by the 13th article it is expressly declared that the articles

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rn state haa at length pro nad iu natural ehecta the ul lerent arcttona of tlia inlou arc no arrayed against each etlier and tbe time li arrived to much dreaded by tha father of bin country whan hostile geographical parties bare been formed i h rm u and oftee forewarned mi enuntmnen of the now imnmlln danger thia doaa not proceed so 11 from tba claim oai tba part of con are or tba territorial legislatures ti nliute 1 ery from tha territories nor from tha efforts of different state to urleal the elocution of the fugitive slave law all or any of them evils might have been endured by tba smith wttuowi danger to uie union others bare bean in tha imp that uine and reflection might apply tha remedy the luuneuiaie pern ante not so much from these eansea aa from ties fact that ties inceaant and violent agitation of tba slavery questiob throughout tbe north for ibe last quarter of a een tiirv has at length prod need its malign influence on tha slaves and inspired tbeiu with rague nouous of fieedom uenea i of sseaiitr no longer exists sroand thj hnil this feeling of pesos at home has given place to appnhrmlone of servile insurrection many a matron throughout tbe south retires at nijtht in dread of what mar befall herself and ber entiuren before ins morning pboold this apprehension of oouieaiic sanger wuetlier rral or linagtuary eiteod and intensify itself until it snail perrade tbe masses of hon them peo le then disankio will become ioeritahle belf prreerrstion tbe first law of nature and haa been implanted in tha heart of man by bis creator lor tle wisest purpose and no political union however fraught with blessina and benefits in all other respects can long continue if the necessary ennseqnenea be to render tbe homes and the bresiiles of nrarlr half tlia parties to it habitually and bo lejly insecure tionner or later tha bonds of sncb a ininn most be serered it is aiy conrletioii that this fatal period has not ret arrived and my prayer to god is that he would preserve tha constituuen aid the uniun throughout all generations bat let ns bks warning in time and remove uie cause of danger it eaaaot be dented that ft 6re and twenty years t lie agitation at the north agsin alarerr in the couth haa been ineeaant in 1h33 nictorial hand bills and inlumimlnn appeal were eireuuted sitenniwly thmaghmit the south n caarwever w eciie me passions 01 tue slaves and in the language oftieenml jaekmo t jtkntilme them to hunrree tion and pradnea all tbe horrors of a servile war tlirs agitation ims ever since been centiued by the public press by the p ooeadings of state and connty conventions and br abolition erinons sou hectares aneiiine at uhigrees lias beea occupied ia violent speeches oa this never ending aubiert and appeals in pamphlet and other conns endorsed by iu tinguii ai names nave been sent forth from this central poiut aijd spread broadcast over uie inlotr how easy would it be fur tbe american pennle to settle the siai ery uuesunn lorever auo to restore peace and harmony to tbry and they alone ana do it all that is necessary to aeenniplish the object and all tor tsbicli tl slave states hare vnreunlsoaxl ilbe let aa ns and poraiitted to manage tlieir doinsstic institulkins in their own iy as soven in states they and tby alone are resmuib before rod and tha worhd for slavery existing among them kor this the people of the north are not more respuniuble and hevng muiav right to interfere than with similar institutions in ktixsu or biaiil i pon their good tense and patiiotic loibeuauc i eonfoss i still greatly rely without their aid it is beyond t w power or any lrtnidtnt no matter what may be bis own polillcnrproclivitjes to restore peace and barmouy among tbe ety limited and restrained aa is power andrr our coostithtioa and laws be alone can accomplish but little for good or tor evil os such a momentous question and this brings me to observe that tbe election of any one of our fellow citierne ts tbe oflice of president does not of it seir afford just eiu for disaolving the union tbi is aiore e ecially true if bis election has been effected by a mere plurality and not a majority of uie people and haa resulted from transient and temporal esjsvs s hich may pmlsibly never tuiasir in oiuer 10 jusuiy a resnri so revolutionary ra aiaunaa the federal government must be guilty of a deliberate palpable and csngerous exercise of powers not granted by the constitution tbe late residential election however lie ncni uviu iu b i couiunnitj wild iis express provisions how then can the molt justify m revolution to destroy this very eoaatiuilioa haason juuc a regard for the consti tution ali retfiire that we shall wait tor some overt aud dana erons act on the part of toe freaident blfort reaartlug to such a remedy it is said however that tha antecedents of the president elect have bean eufheieut to justify the fears of tba ftmth that he will attempt to invade their aonatitutiouai rights but are such apnrebenslona of contingent danger in the fa tare nfacient to justify the immediate destruction of use noble t system of government ever devised by mortals from tha very nature of bra ortice and ma hbrh respotarinilitias ha mast neecasarily be aonservative the stem duty of administering tbe vast aa4 eamplieated aaoaems of this government affords ia itaelf a sasraatea that ha will a at attempt any vio lation or a clear eoewlitutkunal ittfbt alter all lie is no aatre than tbe chief executive efliosr of the government his province is not to make bat toeiecwle the laws and it is remarkable fuel in our history that anlwmisundine tba repeated efforts of the anti elaverv nartv na ainvte ms haa amr passed coagreaa nnlesa we may possibly except tha alisamiri compromise impairing iu tlia slightest degree the rights of tbe south to their property in slaves and it may also be vmserveu jungiuf iron present inoieaiions inat no probata illy esiata of the passage of such an act by a majo ity of both sweats either ia tha present or tlm next congiasx 8urajy ndat tliase ciraunisiaoora wa ought to be tee trained from areaeas act a tv uie praoaut of mim wlm spake aa never naut auake tuat suntaient anlo the day la the evil there if the dv of evu may never sama uuku wa thill rashly txenr k mpan aoaseiver it u alleged as on eaase for nvnewe seeesela that tlia tinntliera states are aaar en nl riri with the acuer states la the anauuoa territarsss but by wbnt anthfif ity a

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message fcuom cilizens of th senate and the housi of representatives throughout tho year since our last meeting tho country has been eminently prosperous in all ita material interests tho general health has baen excellent our harvests have ben abundant nnd plenty smiles throughout the land our commerce and manufactures have been prosecuted with energy and industry and havo yielded fair and amplo returns in short no nation in the tide of timo has ever presented a spectacle of greater material prosperity than wo have dono until within a very recent period why is it then that discontent now so extensively prevails and tho union of tho states which is tho source of all theso bless inss is threatened with destruction the lonz continued and intemperate interference of tho northern people with tho question of slavery m tho bouthern states has at length produced its natural effects tho different sections of the union aro now arrayed against each other and the time has arrived so much dreaded by the father or his country when hostile ceojrraphical parties havo been formed i have iong foreseen and often forewarned my countrymen of tho now impend ing danger ihis does not proceed solely from the claim on the part of congress or tho territorial legislatures to excluda slavery from tho territories nor from tho effjrts of different states to defeat the execution of tho fugitive slave law all or any of those evils might havo been endured by the south without danger to the union us others have been in the hope that timo and reflection might apply the remedy lho immediate peril arises not so much from these causes as from tho fact that the incessant and violant agititionof tho slavery question throughout the north for the last quarter of a century has at length produced its malign influence on the slaves and inspired them with vaue notions of freedom henc a sense of security no lo ger exists around the family altar this feeling of peace at homo has given place to apprehensions of servilo insurrection many a matron throughout the south retires at night in dread of what may bufali herself and her children before tho morning should this apprehension of domestic danger whether real or imaginary extend and intensify itself until it shall pervado the mas3e3 of the smtbern peoplo then disunion will becom9 inevitable self preservation is the first law of nature and has been implanted in tho heart of man by his creator for the wisest purpose and no political union however iranght with blessings and benefits in other respects can long continue if tho necessary consequence be to render tho homos and the firesides of nearly half the parties to it habitually and hopelessly insecure saoner or later the bonds of such a union must be severed it is my conviction that this fatal period has not yet arrived and my prayer to god is that he would preserve tho constitution and the union throughout all generations but let us tako warning in timo and re move the cause of danger it cannot be denied that for five and twenty years the agitation at tho north ajrainst slavery in tho south has been incessant in 1835 pictorial handbills and inflammatory appeals were circulated extensively throughout the south of a character to excito tho passions of the slaves and in the language of general jackson to stimulate them to insurrection and produce all tho horrors of a servilo war this agitation lies ever since been continued bv the public press by the proceedings of state and county conventions and by abolition sermons and lectures the time ot congress has been occupied in violent speeches on this never ending subject and appeals in pamphlet or other forms endorsed by distinguished names have been sent forth from this central point and spread broadcast over the union how easy would it be for the araericin people to settle the slavery question fur ever and to restore peace and harmony to this distracted country they and they alone can do it all that is necessary to accomplish tho object and all for which the slave states have ever contended is to be let alone and permitted to manage their domestic institutions in their own way as sovereign states they and thev nlono are responsible before god and the world for the slavery existing mrn ibm 1 j 0 uuu ira iiu mure rini w inter i fa unn u i it nun iii cimiiur jiistituiions in xtusia or in brazil upon their cood senso and slw mt 1 fv 1 s tiu greatly ly without their aid it is bejond the powcr of any presid3nt no matter what may bo his own political proclivities to res tore peace and harmonv amoncr the states wisely limited and restrained as is his rower under our constitution and laws he alone can accomplish but little for cood or for ovil on such a momentous question and this drines mo to observe that tha election of any one our fellow citizens to the omce of president does not of itself afford just cause for dissolving the union thi is more especially truo is his election has been effected by a mtre plurality and not a ma jority of the people and has resulted fr transient ami temporary causes which may jiiuiy never again rnrcur in order to justify a resort to revolutionary resistance the federal g vornmnt must be n nihy of a deliberate palpable and dangerous exercise of powers not ranted by tho jonsti tution the late presidential election eer nas aeen neia in strict comforaitty with its express provision how then can tne result justify a revolution to destroy this ve 7 constitution keasun justice a re gru lor trie oonstuution ait reoairo that we snau wui ior some overt and dangerous act oil tho part of the president elect before ivsort ng to suon a remedy it is sid however iat tha ant of ie president elect havo bean snfiimt juj iujr me itaro ui me ojuin tliatfto wiil at r t r ri m tempt to invade their constitutional rights but aro such apprehensions of contingent danger in the future sufficient to justify the immediate destruction of the nob i of government ever devised by mortals a lai i io very laiure oi nis omce iin ifu high responsibilities he must necessarily be conservative tho stern duty of administer ing the vast and complicated c meemsof thi government affords in itself a guarautee that c at tot p ttany til lt ol a clear vu j u is no more than the chief executive ofseer of the pvernmeat 11 3 province is not to make markablo fact in our hi torv ih t t r b j iioiy except tho slightest degree tho rights of tho south to their property m slaves and it may also bo observed iudin2 from the nm j tht n probii ty of tho pas sago of such an act by a majority of both f i l v j l uutn v uu4 imuscj ullllcr 111 li1r rrnpnf rtt i congress surely under theso circumtan wi 0u to be strained from present z xna s j tit r i weni unto the y e cvu thereof tho dav ot ovil mcy never como unita we shall bring it upu oars8l s x 13ai ic52d a3 na causa for immediate se mon territories but by what authority are these denied xot bj congress which has neter passej and i believo never will pass court which has solemnly decided that slaves

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e presidents message ftuowcitun4 of the striate and eouu of rtpremuative throughout the year since our last meeting the country ha been eminently prosperous in iu material interests the general health hag been excellent our harvests have been abundant and plenty smiles throughout the land our commerce and manufactures hare been prosecuted with energy snd industry and hare yielded fair and ample returns in short no nation in the tide of time has ever presented spectacle of greater material prosperity than we have done until a very recent period why is it then that discontent now extensively prevails and the union of the states which is the source of all these blessings is threatened with destruction t the long continued and intemperate interference of the northern people with the question of slavery in the southern states has st length produced its natural effects the different sections of the union re now arrayed against each other and the time has arrived so much dreaded by the father of his country when hostile geographical parties have been formed i have long foreseen and often forewarned my countrymen of the now impending danger this does not proceed solely from the claim on the part of congress or the territorial legislatures to ex dude slavery from the territories nor from tlte efforts of different states to defeat the execution of the fugitive slave law all or any of these evils might have been endured by the south without danger to the union as others have been in the hope tliat time and reflection might apply the remedy the immediate peril arises not so much from these causes as from the fact that the violent agitation ot the slavery question throughout the north for the last quarter of a century has at length produced its malign influence on the elarcj and inspired them with vague notions of freedom hence a sense of security no longer exists around the family altar this feeling of peace at home has given place to apprehensions of servile insurrection many a matron throughout the south retires t night in dread of what may befal herself and her children before the morning should this apprehension of domebtic danger whether real or imaginary extend and intensify itself until it should pervade the masses of the southern people then disunion will be inevitable self preservation is the first law of nature and has been implanted in the heart of roan by lis creator for the wisest purposes and no political union however fraught with blessings and benefits in all other respects can long continue if the necessary consequences be to render the homes and firesides of nearly half the parties to it habitually and hopelessly insecure sooner or latter the ixmds of such a union must be severed it is my conviction that this fatal period has not yet arrived and my prayer to god is that he would preserve the constitution and the union throughout all generations but let us take wanting in time and remove the cause of danger it cannot be denied thut for five and twenty years the agitation at the north against slavery in the south has been incessant iu 1835 pictorial hand bills and inflammatory appeals were circulated extensively throughout the south of a character to excite the passions of the slaves and iu the language of jen jackson to stimulate them to insurrection and produce all the horrors of a ixrvilc war this agitation has ever since bwi continued by the public press by the proceedings of state and county conventions and by abolition sermons and lectures the time of congress has been occupied in violent sjceches on the never ending subject and appeals in pamphlet and other forms endorsed by distinguished names have been sent forth from this central point and spread broadcast over the union liow easy would it be for the american people to settle the slavery question forever and to restore eace and harmony to this distracted country they alone can do it all that is necessary to accomplish this object and all which the slave states have ever conteuded tor is to be let alone and permitted to manage their domestic institutions in their own way as sovereign states they and they alone are responsible before god and the world for the slavery existing among them for this the people of the north are not more responsible and have no more right to interfere than with similar institutions 1n russia or brazil upon their good sense and patriotic forbearance i confess i still greatly relv without their aid it is beyond the power of any pre ideut no matter what may be his own political proclivities to restore peace and harmony among the states widely limited and restrained as is his power under our con titu tion and laws he alone can accomplish but little lor good or evil on such a momentous question and this brings me to observe that the election of any one of our fellow citizens to the office of president does not of itself nflord jurt cause for dissolving the union this is more especially true it his election has been effected by a mere plurality and not a majority of the people and has resulted from transient and temporary causes which may probably never again occur in order to justify a resort to revolutionary resistance the federal government must be guilty of a deliberate palpable and dangerous exercise of powers not granted by the constitution the late presidential election however has been held in strict conformity with its express provisions how then can the result justify a revolution to destroy this very constitution reason justice and regard for the constitution all require that we shall wait for some overt and dangerous act on the part of the president elect before resorting to such a remedy it is said however that the antecedents of the president elect have been sufficient to justify the fears of the south that he wili attciup to invade their constitutional rights but are such apprehensions of contingent danger in the future sufficient to justify the immediate destruction of the noblest svs tem of government ever devised by mortals from the very nature of his office and its high responsibilities he mut necessarily be conservative the stern duty of administering the vast and complicated councils of this government affords in itself a guarantee that he will tiot attemnt any violation of a clear constitutional rigrk after all he is no more than the chief executive officer of the government his province is not to make but execute its las ami it is a remarkable fact in our history that notwithstanding the reported efforts of the anti slavery party no single act has ever passed congress unless we may possibly except the missouri compiomise impairing in the slightest degree the l ights of the south to their property in slaves and it may also be observed judging from present judications that no probability exirts of the passage of such an net by a majority of both houses tither in the

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http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/data/batches/batch_ohi_desdemona_ver01/data/sn83035143/00280775666/1860120601

12 06 1860 presidents message ftuov citiztni f iki sttitu and houm of eeprettntativti throughout the year since our laat meat log the conntry has been eminently prosperous in all it material interest the general health bat been excellent our har vest nav been abundant and plenty smiles throughout the land our com merce and manufacture have been prose emeu wua energy end industry ana hare yielded fair and ample returns in abort o nation in the tide of time hai evr presented a epeotaole of greater material pros perity than we hare done until within a very reoent period why is it then that discontent new so extensively prevails and the union of plates which ie the source of all these blessings is threatenod with destruction the long continued and intemperate icierfe reuoe of the northern people with the q ues tion of slatery in the southern slates has at length projumd its natural efieola the disereut aeouous of the union are now a array t agtintl each oiher and the time has arrived so much dreaded by the father of bis country when hostile geographioal par lias h been forced i have long foreseen and often fore warned my countrymen of the now impending danger this does not pro ceed solely from uie claim on the part of locgrcas or the territorial legislature to exclude slavery from the territories nor float the efforts of the different states to defoat the exeoution of the fugitive slave law all or any of these evils might have been endured by the south without danger to the union as others have been in the bop that time and reflection might apply the remedy the immediate peril arises cot so much from these causes as from the fact that the iucessaul and violent agitation of the slavery question throughout the jnorih for the last quarter of a oeutury has at length produced its malign influence on the slaves and inspired thvm with vague notions of freedom hence a sense of security no longer exists around tbe family altar this lolling of p toe at home bus given place to apprehensions of survile insurrection mauy a matron throughout uie south retires at night indreadof what may befall herself and children before moraing bhou d this apprehension of domestic dinger whether real or imaginary extend and intensify itself until it shall pervade the masses of the south era people then disnnion will become inevitable self preservation is the first law of nature and his been implanted in the heart ef man by his creator for the wisest purpose and no political union however fraught with blessings and benefits in all other respects can long continue if tbe necessary consequence be to render the homes and firesides of nearly half the parties to it habitually and hopelessly insecure sooner or later the bunds of such a union must be severed it is my conviction that this fatal period has not yet arrived and my prayer to god is that he would preserve the constitution and the union throughout all generations but let us take warning in time and remove the cause of danger it cannot be denied that for five and twenty years the agitational the north against slavery in the south has been incessant in 1635 pictorial hand bills and inflammatory ap penis were circulated extensively throughout the south of a character to excite the passions of tbe slaves and in the language of gen jackson to stimulate them to in surrection and to produce all the horrors of servile war this agitation has ever since been continued by tbe publio press by the proceedings of stale and county conventions and by abolition sermons and leo turvs the time of congress has been occupied in violent speeches on the never ending subject and appeals in pamphlets and otiier forms endorsed by distinguished names have been sent forth from this oen tral point and spread baoadcast over tbe union how easy would it be far the american people to settle the slavery question forever and to restore peine and harmony to this distracted country i they and ibey alone oao do it au that is ncoosaary to accomplish the object and all for which the slave states h ve ever contended is to be let alone and permitted to manage their domestic institutions in their own way as sovereign slates they and they alone are responsible before god and the world for slavery existing among them for this the people of tbe north are not more responsible and have no more right to interfere than with similar institutions in russia or in br iil upon their good sense and patriotic forbearance 1 confess i greatly rely without their aid it is beyond the power of any president no matter what may be bis own political proclivities to restore peace and harmony among the states wisely limited and restrained as is bis power nnder our constitution and la ws be alone tn accomplish but little fur good or for evil on such a momentous question and this brings me to observe that the election of any one of our fellow oitisens to the office of president does not of itself afford just cause for dissolving the union this is more especially true if his election was effected by a mere plurality and not a majnrity ot the people and has resulted from transient and temporary causes wbiohmay probably never again occur in order to justify a resort to revolutionary resistance be federal government must be guilty of a deliberate palpable and dangerous exercise of rowers not granted by the coostitn tion the late presidential election however has been held in strict conformity with its express provisions how then can the result jusufy a revolution to destroy this very constitution reason justice a regard for the constitution all require that we shall wait for sone overt and dangerous act on the part of the president before resorting to such a remedy it is said however that the antecedents of tbe president elect have been sufficient to justify the fears of the south that he will attempt to iavado their constitutional rights but are such apprehensions of contingent danger in the future sufficient to justify the immediate destruction of the noblest system of government ever devised by mortals from the very nature of his office and its high responsibilities he mast necessarily be conservative the stern duty of administering the vast and complicated concerns of this government afford in itself a guarantee that be will not attempt any violation of a clear constitutional right after all he is no more than the chief executive ofsoer of the government his province is not to make tut to execute the laws and it is a remarkable fact in our history that notwithstanding the repeated efforts of the anti slavery party no single aot has ever passed congress nnless we may possibly except the missouri compromise impairing in the slightest degree the rights of tbe south to their property in laves and it msy also be observed judging from present indications that no probability exists of the passage of such an act by a majority of both houses either in the present or the next congress surely nnder these circumstances we ought to be restrained from present aotion by the precept of him who spake as never man spoke that sufficient onto tbe day is the evil thereof the day of evil may never come unless we shall rashly bring it upon ourselves it is alleged as one cause for immediate secession that the southern states are denied equal rights with the other states in the common territories but by what authority are these denied not by congress which has never passed and i believe never will pass any act to exclude slavery from these territories and certainly not by the supreme court which has solemnly decided that slaves are property and like all ober property their owners have a right to take them into the common territories and bold them there nnder the protection of the constitution so far then as congress is concerned the objection is not to anything they have already done but to what they mav do hereafter it will surely be admitted that this apprehension of future danger is so good reason for an immediate dissolution of the union it is true that the territorial legislator of kansas on the 23d rsr cowles co publishers vol xiv dm cleveland thursday morning december n office no 144 superior street iljm l tprm ijjtr hiibserllmire one sktlllna er weeks trl werklr enupef wna a iliilo mail byfcaertfeera five dull an er yearttrt vv eekiy tare italian per lot g 1860 no 286 of february 1860 passed in great baste an act over the veto of tbe governor declaring that slavery is and shall be forever prohibited iu this territory such an act however plaiuly vioiatiug the right of property secured by the coneii tution will surely be declarod void by the judioiary whenever it shall be presented in a legal form only a few days after my inauguration the supreme court of tbe united states solemnly adjudged that this power did not exist in a territorial legislature yet such baa been the fautious temper of the times that tbe correctness of this deoision has been extensively impugned before the people and the question has given rise to angry political eonfliots throughout the country those who have appealed from this judgment of our highest constitutional tribunal to popular assemblies would if they could invest a territorial legislature with powe to annul tbe sacred rights of property this power congress is expressly forbidden by the federal constitution to exercise every state legislature in the union is forbidden by its own constitution to exercise it it cannot be exercised in any state exoept by the people in their highest sovereign oapacity when framing or amending their slate constitution in like manner it can only be exercised by people of a territory represented in a couvenlion of delegates for tie purpose of framing a constitution preparatory to dihiasion as a state into the union theu and not until then are they invested with power to decide the question whether slavery shad or shall not exist within their limits this is an act of aovureign authority aud not of subordinate territorial legislation were it otherwise then indeed would the equality of the states in the territories be destroyed and the rights of property in slaves would depend not upon the guarantees of tbe constitution but upon the shifting majorities of an irresponsible territorial legislature such a doctrine from its intrinsio unsoundness cannot long influence any considerable portion of oar people much less can it afford a gooa reason for a dissolution of the union tue most palpable violations of constitu tional duty which bave yet been committed consist in the different state legislatures to defeat the execution of the fugitive slave law it ought to be remembered however that for these acts neither con gress nor any president can justly be beld responsible having been passed in viola tion of tbe federal constitution they are therefore null and void all the courts both state and national before whom the question has arisen have from the beginning declared the fugitive slave law to be constitutional the single exception is that of a state court in wisconsin and this has not only been reversed by the proper appellate tribunal but has met with such universal reprobation that there can be no danger from tl as a precedent the validity of this law lias been repeatedly established by the supreme court of the united states with perfect impunity it is founded upon an express provision of the constitution requiring that fugitive slaves who escape from service in one state to another shall be delivered up to their masters without this provision it is a well known historical fact that the constitution itnelf could never have been adopted by the convention in one form or other nnder the aot of 1793 and 1850 both being substantially the same the fugitive slave law has been the law of the land from the days of ivashington until the present moment here then a clear case is presented in which it will be the duty of the next president as it has been my own to aot with vigor in executing this supreme law against the conflicting enactments of state legislatures buouu ne ran in tbe per lormanoe of this duty he will then bave manifested a disregard of the constitution and laws to the great injury of the people of nearly one half of the states of the union but are we to presume in advance that be will tnus violate his duty this would be at war with every principle of justice and of christian charity let us wait for the overt act the fugitive slave law has been carried into execution in every contested case since the commencement of tbe present administration though often it is to be regretted with great loss and inconvenience to the master and with considerable expense to tbe government let ns trust that the state legislatures will repeal their unconstitutional and obnoxious enactments unless this shall be done without unnecessary delay it is impossible for any human power to save the union the southern states standing on the basis of the constitution have a right to demand this aot of justioe fiom the saies of the north should it refused then the constitution to which all the states are parties will bave bt en wilfully violated by one portion of them in a provision essential to the domestic security and happiness of the remainder in that event the injured states after having first used all peaceful and constitutional means to obtain redress would be justified in revolutionary resistance to the government of the union i have purposely confined my remarks to revolutionary resistance because it has been claimed within tbe lust few years that any state whenever this shall be its sovereign will and pleasure may secede from the union in accordance with tbe constitution and without any violation of the con stituiional rights of the other members of the confederacy that as each became parties to the union by the vote of its own people assembled in convention so any one of them may retire from the union in a similar manner by the vote of such a convention in order to justify secession as a constitutional remedy it must be on the principle that the federal government is a mere voluntary association of states to be dissolved at pleasure by any one of the contracting parties if this be so the confederacy is a rope of sand to be penetrated and dissolved by the first adverse wave of public opinion in any of the states in this manner our thirty three states may resolve themselves into as manr petty jarring and hostile republics each one retiring from tbe union without responsibility whenever any sudden exoitement might impel them to such a course by this prooeu a union might be entirely broken into fragments in a few weeks which cost our forefathers many years of toil privation and blood to establish such a principle is wholly inconsistent with the history as well as the character of tbe federal constitution after it was framed with the greatest deliberation and care it was submitted to conventions of the people of the several states for ratification its provisions were discussed at length in these bodies composed of tbe first men of the country itsopponcntscon tended that it conferred poweis npon the federal government dangerous to the rights of tbe states whilst its advocates maintained that nnder a fair construction of the instrument there was no foundation for snob apprehensions in that mighty struggle between the first intellects of this or any other country it never occurred to any individual either among its opponents or advocates to assert or even to intimate that their efforts were all vain labor because the moment that any state felt her self aggrieved she might secede from the union what a crushing argument would this have proved against those who dreaded that the rights of the states would be endangered by tbe constitution the truth is that it was not until many year after the origin of the federal government that snch a proposition was first advanced it was then denied and refuted by the conclu sive argument of general jaokson who in his message of 10th january 1833 transmitting lh nullifying ordinance of south carolina to congress employs the following language lhe right of tbe peo pie of a single state to absolve themselves at will and without tbe consent of the other states from their most solemn obligations and haiard the liberty and happiness of the millions composing the union cannot be acknowledged such authority is believed to be utterly repugnant both to the prinoiple upon whioh the general govern ment is constituted and to the objects which it was expressly formed to attain it is not pretended that any clause in the constitution gives countenance to such a theory it is altogether founded upon in ferenoe not from any language oontained in the instrument itself but from the lov ereign character of the several states by which it was ratified but is it beyond the power of a state like an individual to yield a portion of its sovereign rights to ee oure the remainder in the language of mr madison who has been called tne father of the constitution it was formed by tbe states acting in their highest sover eigh capaoily and formed consequently by tbe same authority whioh formed the state constitutions nor is the government of the united stales oreated by the constitution less a government in the strict sense of the term within the sphere of its powers than the governments created by the constitutions of tbe states are within their several spheres it is like them organized into legislative executive and judiciary depart ments it operates like them directly on persons and things and like them it has at oommand a physical force for execnting the powers committed to iu it was intended to be perpetual and not to be annulled at the pleasure of any one of the contracting parties the old articles of confederation were entitled articles of confederation and perpetual union be tween the states and by the 13th article it is expressly declared that the articles of this confederation shall be inviolably ob served by every state and the union shall be perpetual the preamble to the con stitution of the united states having ex press reference to the articles of eonfedera lion recites that it was established in or der to form a more perfect union and yet it is contended that this more perfect union noes not include tne essential attribute of perpetuity but that the union was designed to be perpetual appears conclusively from the nature and extent of the powers conferred by the constitution upon the federal gov ernment these powers embrace the very highest atttributes of national sovereignty iney ptaoe notn tne sword and the puree under nis control congress has power to make war and to make peace to raise and support armies and navies and to conolude treaties with foreign governments it is invested with the power to coin money and to regulate the value thereof and to regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the several states it is not neces sary to enumerate the other high powers whioh nave been conferred npon the federal government in order to carry the enumer ated powers into effect congress possesses the exolusive right to lay and collect duties on imports and in common with the states to lay and eolleot all other taxes but the consiitutisn has not only conferred these high powers npon congress but it has adopted effectual means to restrain the stales from interfering with their exercise for that purpose it has in strong prohibitory language expressly declared that no state shall enter into any treaty alliance or confederation grant letters of marque and reprisal coin money emit bills of credit make anything but gold and silver com a tender in the payment of debts pass any bill of attainder ex pott facto law or law impairing the obligation of contracts moreover without the consent of congress no state sh ill lay any imposts or duties upon any imports or exports exoept what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws and if they exceed this amount tbe excess shall belong to the united states and no state shall without the consent of congress lay any duty of tonnage keep troops or ships of war in time of peace enter into any agreement or compact with another state or with a foreign power or engage in war unless aotually invaded or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay in order still further to secure the uninterrupted exercise of these high powers against slate interposition it iu provided that this constitution and tbe laws of the united slates which shall be made in pursuance thereof and all treaties made or whioh shall be made under the authority of the united states shall be the supreme law of the land and the judges in every state shall be bound thereby anything in the constitution or laws of oue slate to tbe contrary notwithstanding the solemn sanction oi religion has been superadded to the obligations of official duty and all senators aud representatives of the united states all members of state legislatures and all executive or judicial officers both of the united states and of the several states shall be bound by oath or affirmation to support this constitu tion in order to carry into effect these powers tbe constitution has established a perfect government in all its forms legislative executive and judicial and this government to the extent of its powers acts direotly upon the individual citiiens of every state and exercises its own decrees by the agency of its own officers in this respect it differs entirely from the government under the old confederation which was confined to making requisitions on the states in their sovereign character this left it in the discretion of each whether to obey or refuse and they often declined to comply with such requisitions it thus became necessary for the purpose of removing this barrier and in order to form a more perfect union to establish a government whioh could act directly npon the people and execute its own laws without the intermediate agency of the states this bas been accomplished by the constitution of the united states in short the government created by the constitution and deriving its authority from the soverign people of each of the several states bas precisely the same right to exercise its power over the people of all these states in the en numerated cases that each one of them possesees over subjects not delegated to the united states but reserved to the stales respectively or to the people to the extent of the delegated powers the constitution of the united states is as mush a part of the constitution of each state and is as binding upon its people as though it had been textually inserted therein this government therefore is a great and powerful government invested with all the attributes of sovereignty over the special subjects to which its authority extends its framers never intended to implant in its bosom tbe seeds of its own destruction nor were they at its creation guilty of tbe al surdity of providing for its own dissolution it was not intended by its framers to be tbe baseless fabric of a vision which at tbe touch of the enchanter would vanish into thin air but a substantial an mighty fabric capable of resisting the slow decay of time and of defying the storms of ages indeed well may the jealous patriots of that day have indulged fears that a government of suoh high powers might violate tne reserved rights of the states and wisely did they adopt the rule of a strict construction of these powers to prevent the daugerl but they did not fear nor had tbey any reason to imagine that the constitution would ever be so interpreted as to enable any btale by her own act and without the oooseot of ber sister slates to disaharge her people from all or any of their federal obligations it may be asked then are the people of the states without redress against the tyranny and oppression of the federal government by no moans the right of resistance on the part of the governed against the oppression of their governments cannot be denied it exists independently of all constitutions and has been exercised at all periods of the worlds history under its old governments have been destroys and new ones bave taken their place it is embodied in strong and express language in our own declaration of independence but the distinction must ever be observed that this is revolution against an established government and not a voluntary secession from it by virtue of an adherent constitutional right in short let us look the danger fairly in the face sooession is neither more nor less than revolution it may or it may not be a justifiable revolution bat still it is revolution what in the mean lime is the responsibility and true position of tbe xeoutive tie is bound by solemn oath before god and the oounlry to take care that the laws be faithfully executed and from this obligation he cannot be absolved by any human power but what if the performance of this duty in whole or in part bas been rendered impracticable by events over which he could have exercised no conlroi such at the present moment is the case throughout the stale of south carolina so far as tbe laws of the united stales to secure the administration ot justice by means of the fed eral judiciary are concerned all the federal officers within its limits through whose agency alone these laws can be carried into execution bave already resigned we no longer have a district judge a liistiict attorney or a marshal in south carolina in fact the whole machinery of the federal government necessary for the distribution of remedial justice among the people has been demolished and it would be difficult if not impossible to replace il the only aots of congress on the statute book bearing i pon the subject are those of zstn neoruary 17y and 3d match 1807 these authorize the president after be shall have ascertained that the marshal with bis posse commitatus is unable to execute oivil or criminal process in any particular case to call forth the militia and employ the army and navy to aid him in performing this service having first by proclama tion commanded the insurgents to disperse and retire peaceably to iheir respective abodes withina limited time this duty cannot by possibility be performed in a slate where no judioial authority exists to issue process and where thure is no marshal to execute it and where even if there were such an officer the entire population would constitute oue solid combination to resist him the bare enumeration of these provisions proves how inadequate they are without further legislation to overcome a united opposition in a single slate not to speak of other slates who may place themselves in a similar attitude congress alone has power io decide whether the present laws can or cannot be amended so as to carry out more effectually the ohjects of the constitution the same insuperbable obstacles do not lie in tbe way of executing the laws for the collection of the customs the revenue btill continues to be collected as heretofore bt tbe custom house in charleston and should the collector unfortunately resign a successor may be appointed to perform this duty then in regard to the property of the united states in south carolina this has been purchased tor a fair equivalent by the consent of the legislature of the slate for the erection of torts magatines arsenals io and over these the authority to exercise exclusive legislation has been expressly granted by tbe constitution to congress it is not believed th it any attempt will be made to expel the united 8iates fram this property by force but if in this i should prove to be mistaken the officer in command of the forts bas received orders to act btriotly on the defensive in such a contingency the responsibility for consequences would righttuily rest upon tbe heads of the assailants apart from the execution of the laws so far as this may be practicable the executive has no authority to decide what shall be the relations between the federal government and south carolina he has been invested with no sach discretion he possesses no power to change the relations between them much less to acknowledge the independence of that state this would be to invest a mere executive offioer with the power of recognizing tbe dissolution of the confederacy among our thirty three sovereign states it bears no resemblance to tbe recognition of a foreign dc facto government involving no sucn responsiouity any attempt to do that would on his part be a naked act of usurpation it is therefore my duty to submit to congress the whole question in all its bearings the course of events is bo rapidly hastening forward that the emer gency may soon arrive when you may be called upon to decide tho momentous question whether you possess the power by force of arms to compel a state to remain in the union i should feel myself recre ant to my duty were 1 not to express an opinion on this important subject the question fairly stated is has the constitution delegated to congress the power to coerce a state into submission which is attempting to withdraw or has actually withdrawn from the confederacy if answered in the affirmative it must be on tho principle that the power has been conferred upon congress to declare and to make war against a state after much serious reflection i have arrived at the conclusion that no such power has been delegated to congress or to any other depart met of the federal government it is manifested upon an inspection of the constitu tion that this is not among the specific and enumerated powers granted to congress and it is equally apparent that its exercise is not necessary and proper for carrying into execution any one of these powe

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http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/data/batches/batch_pst_carnegie_ver01/data/sn85025181/00237287939/1860121501

Columbia Democrat and Bloomsburg general advertiser. (Bloomsburg, Pa.) 1850-1866

message or the president of the united states throughout the year since our last meeting thocountry has been eminently prosperous in all its material interests the general health has been excellent our harvests have been abundant and plenty smiles throughout the land our commerce and manufactures have been prosecuted with energy and industry and have yielded fair and ample returns in short no nation in tho tide of timo has ever pro cented a spcctaclo of greater material prosperity than wo havo done until within a vory recent period why is it then that discontent now so extensively prevails and tho union of the states which is tho source of all these blessings is threatened with distruction tho long continued and intenipcrato interference of tho northern people with tho question of slavery in the southern slates has at length produced its natural effects the different sections of the union are now arrayed against each other and the timo has arrive so much dreaded by the father of his country whin hostile geographical parties havo been formed i havo long foreseen and often forewarned my countrymen of tho now impending danger this does not proceed solely from the claim on tho part of congress or tho territorial legislatures to exclude slavery from tho territories nor from the efforts of different states to defeat the execution of the fugitivo slave law all or any of these evils might have been endured by tho south without danger to the union as others havo been iu the hope that time and reflection might apply tho remedy the immediate peril arises not so much from these causes as from tho fact that tho incessant and violent agitation of the slavery question throughout the north for tho last quarter of a century has at length produced its malign influence on the slave and in pired them with vague notions of freedom hence a senso of security no longer exists around tho family alter this feeling of peace at homo has given placo to apprehension of ervilo insurrection many a matron throughout the south retires at night iu dread of what may befall herself and her children bctorc the morning should this apprehension of domestic danger whether real or imaginary extend and intensify itself until it shall pervade tho masses of the southern people then disunion will become inevitable self preservation is the first law of nature and has been implanted in tho heart of man by hiscrcator lor the wisest purpose and no political union however fraught with bless ings and benefits in all respects can lone continue if tho necessary consequcneo bo to render tho homos and the firesides of tearly half the parties to it habitually and hopelessly insecure soonor or later the bonus of such a union must bo severed it is my conviction that this fatal pc iod i vcfr 1 10 ot b e f norl ueclarll s has not yet arrived and my prayers to 1 y8 au lm forever pro i n l l of tit m l hilited m this lorntory such an act n l l ni ii i f nil i orations rut let us take warning in time and 1 remove the cause of danoer it cannot bo i denied that for fivo and twenty years tho agitation at tho north against slavery in the south has been incessant in 1835 pictorial hand bills aud inflammatory appeals were circulated extensively throughout tho south of a character to excite the passious of tho slaves and iu tho lau miasa of general jackson to stimulate them to insurrection and produce all tho mirrors ot a servile war this agitation has over sinco been continued bv the nub 1 lie nress bv tho proceedings of stato aud county conventions and by abolition sor 1 mons and lectures tho timo of congress has been occupied in violent speeches on this never ending subject and appeals in pamphlet and other forms endorsed by distinguished names havo been sent forth from this central point aud spread broadcast o er tho union how easy would it be for tho american people to settle tho slavery question forever and to rcstoro peaco and harmony to this distraeed country they and they alone can do it all that is necessary to accomplish tho object and all for which the slave states havo ever contended is to bo let alone and permitted to manago their domestic institutions in their own way as sovereign states they and they alone aro responsible beforo god and the world for the slavery existing among them for this tho people of the north are not moro rcsponsiblo aud havo no moro right to interfere than with similar institutions iu russia or iu rrazil upon their good senso and patriotio fore bearanoo i confess i still greatly roly without their aid it is beyond tho power of any president no matter what may bo his own political proclivities to rcstoro peaco and harmony among tho states wisely limited aud restrained as is his power under our constitution and laws he abno can accomplish but little for good or forcvil on such a momentous question and this brings mo to ohscrvo that the election of any one of our fellow citizens to tho office of president docs not of itself afford just causo for dissolving tho union this is more especially true if his election has been effected by a more plurality and not a majority of tho people and has resulted from transient aud temporary causes which may probably never again occur in order to justify a resort to revolutionary resistance tho federal government must bo guilty of a deliberate palpable and dangerous cxerciso of powers not granted by tho constitution tho late presidential election however has been held in strict conformity with its express provisions how then can tho result justify a revolution to destroy this very constitution i reason justice a regard for the constitution all requiro that we shall wait for some overt and dangerous act on tho part of tho president elect bo foro resorting to such a remedy it is said however that tho antecedents of tho president elect havo been sufficient to justify tho fears of tho south that he will attempt to invade their constitutional rights rut are such appresions of contingent danger in the futuro sufficient to ju tify tho immediato destruction of tho noblest system ot government ever devised by mortals from tho very naturo of his office aud us high responsibilities he must necessarily bo conservative tho stern duty of administering tho vast and complicated concerns of this government affords iu itself a guarantee that ho will not attempt any violation of a clear constitutional right after all ho is no more than tho chief executive officer of tho government ilia province is not to malic but to execute tho laws and it is a remarkable fact in our history that notwithstanding tho repeated efforts of tho anti slavery party no singlo act has ever passed congress unless wo may possibly except tho missouri compromise impairing in thesilght est degree tho rights of the south to their property iu slaves and it may also bo observed judging from present indications that no probability exists of tho passage of such an act by a majority ot both houses either iu the present or the next congress surely under theso circumstances we ought to bo restrained from present action by tb precept of him who spake as never man spoke that sufficient unto the day is the evil thereof tho day of evil may uever come unless wc shall rashly bring it upon ourselves it is alleged as one causo for immediate secession that the soutlieru states are denied equal rights with the other states in the common territories rut by what authority are these denied not by con gross which has never passed aud i be liuvo never will pass any act to exclude slavery from theso territories aud cer taiuly not by tho supreme court which has solemnly decided that slaves are property and like all other property their owners havo a right to take them into the common territories and hold them thcro uuder the protection of tho constitution so far then as congress is concerned the objection is not to anything they havo ahead v done but to what thev niav do hercalter it will surely be adniittedtbat this apprehension ot tuturc danger is no good reason for an immediate dissolution of the union it is iruo that tho territorial legislature of kansas on tho j3d of feb ruary lego passed in great haste an act however plainly violating tho rights of proplrtj secured by the constitution will su rel bo declared void by tho judiciary whenever it shall do presented iu a legal j totm only three days after my inauguration tho supremo court of tho united states solemnly adjudged that this power did not exist in a territorial legislature let such has been tho factious temper of tho times that tho correctness of this decision has been extensively impugned before tho 1 people and tho question has given rise to angry ponitcm ouumcis luougiiotu iitu country thoso who havo appealed from this judgment of our highest constitutional tribunal to popular assemblies would if they could invest a territorial legislature with power to annul tho sacred rights of property this power congress is expressly forbidden by tho federal t oustitution to exercise hvery stato legislature iu the union is forbidden by its own constitution to exorctso it it cannot be exercised m any stato except by tho peoplo in their highest sovereign capacity when framing or amending their stato constitution in liko manner it can only bo exercised by tho people of a territory represented in a convention of delegates for tho purposo of forming a constitution preparatory to admission as a state into tho union then and not until then aro they invested with power to deeido tho question whether sla very shall or shall not exist in their limits this is an act of tovcrcign authority aud not of subordinate territorial legislation were it otherwise then indeed woud tho equality of tho states in tho territories bo destroyed and the rights of property in tdavos would depend not upon tho guar antees of tho constitution but upon tho shilling malorities of an irresponsible ter ritorial legislature such a doctrino from its iutrinsio unsoundness cannot long influence any considerable portion of onr bloomsburg columbia county pa peoplo much less can it afford a good reason for a disolution of tho union tho most palpablo violation of constitutional duty which havo yet been committed consist in tho acts of different stato legislatures to defeat the execution of tho fugitivo slavo law it ought to bo romcm bercd howovcr that for theso acts dcithcr congress nor any president can justly be held responsible having been passed in violation of tho federal constitution they uro thercforo null and void all tho courts both stato and national before whom tho question has arisen havo from tho beginning declared tho fugitivo slave law to bo constitutional tho finglo exception is that of a stato court in wiscon sin and this has not only been reversed by tho proper appcllato ttibunal but has met with such universal reprobation that there can bo no danger from it as a precedent tho validity of this law has been established over and over again by tho supreme court of tho united states with perfect unanimity it is founded upon an express provision of tho constitution requiring that fugitivo slaves who escape irom sorvico in one state to another shall bo delivered up to their masters without this provisiou it is a well known historical faat that tho constitution itself could never havo been adopted by tho convention in ono form or other under tho acts of 1703 and 1850 both being substantially tho saino tho fugitive slavo law has been tho law of tho land from tho days of washington until tho present moment hero then a clear caso is presented in which it will bo tho duty of tho next pros ident as it ha been my own to act with vigor in executing this supremo law against the conflicting enactments of stato legislatures should ho fail in tho performance of this high duty ho will then havo manifested a disregard of tho constitution and laws to tho great injury of tho people of nearly ono half of tho people of tho states of tho union rut aro wc to prcsumo in advance that ho will thus violato his duty this would bo at war with every principle of jutico and of christian charity let us wait for the over act tho fugitivo slavo law has been carried into execution in every contested caso sinco tho com mencement of tho present administration though often it is to bo regretted with great loss aim inconvenience to tho master and with considerable expense to tho gov ernment iiut us trust that tho state legislatures will repeal their unconstitutional and obnoxious enactmenis unless this shall be done without unnecessary dclay it is impossible for any human power to save mo union the southern states standing on tho bais of the constitution havo a right to demand this act ot mstico from tho states of tho north should it bo refustd then the constitution to which all tho satcs are parties will have been wilfully viola ted by ono portion of them in a provion essential to tho domestic security aud happiness of the remainder in that event the injured states alter having first used all peaceful and constitutional means to obtain redress would be justified in revo lutionary resistance to tho government of the union i havo purposely confined my remarks to revolutionary resistance because it has been claimed within the last few years that auv stato whenever this shall bo its sovereign will and pleasure may secede from the union iu accordance with tho consii tution and without any violation of tho constitutional rights of tho other members of the confederacy that as each became parties to tho union by tho voto of its own people assemble in convention so any ono of them may retire from tho union in a similar manner by tho voto of such a con vontion in order to justify secession as a constitutional remedy it must bo on the principle that tho federal government is a mere voluntary association of states to bo dissolved at pleasure by any ono of tho con tracting parties if this bo so the confcd cracy is a ropo of sand to bo penetrated aud dissolved by the first adverse wave ot public opinion in any of the states in this manner our thirty three states may resolve themselves into as many petty jarring and hostile republics each ono retiring from tho union without responsibility whenever any sudden excitement might impel them to such a course ry this pro cess a union might bo entirely broken iuto fragments in a few weeks which cost our forefathers many years of toil privation aud blood to establish such a principle is wholly luconsntcnt i peace cuter into any agreement or com with tho history as well as tho character of pact with another stato or with a foreigu tho lodoral constitution alter it was framed with tho greatest deliberation aud care it was submitted to conventions ot tho peoplo of tho soveral states for ratification its provisions were discussed at length in theso bodies composed of tho first men of tho country its opponents conteuded that it conterrod powers upon tho federal government dangerous to tho rights of tho states whilst its advocates maintained that under a fair construction of tho instrument there was no foundation for such apprehensions in that mighty struggle botweon tho first intellects of this or any other country it nevor ocourrcd to any individual cither among its opponents or advocates to assert or even to iutimato tliat their efforts wore all vain labor because tho moment that any stato felt herself aggriovod sho might secedo from tho union what a crushing argument would this have proved against thosa who dreaded that tho rights of tho states would bo endangered by tho constitution tho truth is that it was not until many years after tho origin of the federal government that such a proposition was first advanced it was then met and refused by tho conclusive arguments of gen jackson who in his mcssago of jan 10th 1833 transmit ting tho nullifying ordinance of south carolina to congress employs tho following language tho right of tho peoplo of a singlo state to absolve themselves at will and without tho consent of the other states from their most solemn obligations and hazard the liberty and happiness of tho millions composing this union cannot bo acknowledged such authority is believed to bo utterly repugnant both to tho principles upou which tho general government is constituted and to tho objects which it was expressly formed to attain it is not pretended that any clauso in tho constitution gives countenance to such a theory it is altogether founded upou inforenccnot from any languago contained in tho instrument itself but from tho sovereign character of tho several states bv which it was ratified rut is it bovoud tho power of a state liko an individual to yield a portion of its sovereign rights to secure tho remainder in tho language of mr madison who has been called tho father of tho constitution it was formed by tho states that is by tho peoplo iu each of tho states acting in their highest sovereign capacity and formed consc quontly by tho same authority which form 1 cd tho stato constitutions nor is the government of tho united states created by tho constitution less a uovernmcnt in tho strict sense of tho term within the sphere of its powers than tho governments created by the constitution all the attributes of sovereignty over tho of tho states are within their several i special subjects to which its authority cx ephercs it is liko them organized into j tends its framers never intended to im legislative and executive and judi plant iu its bosom tho seeds of its own de cary departments it operates iiko them 1 struction nor were they at its creation dircctjy on porsous aud things aud like guilty of tho absurdity of providing for its them it has at command a physical forco own dissolution it was not intended by for executing the potvers committed to it it was intended to bo perpetual aud not to bo annulled at tho pleasure of any one of tho contracting parties the old articles of confederation were entitled articles of confederation aud perpetual unicn between tho states and by the 13th article it is expressly declared that the articles of this confederation shall be inviolable observed by every state afid tho union shall bs perpetual tho pre aiiib to the constitution of tho united states having express reference to tho articles of confederation recites that it was established in order to form a moro perfect union aud yet it is contended that this moro pci feet union does not include the essential attribute of perpetuity hut that tho union was dn irni d to he perpetual appears conclusively from thoj na me and extent of tho powers conferred by the constitution on the federal govern 1 tyranny and oppression of tho federal mcut theso powers embrace the very i government ry no means tho right highest attributes of national sovereignty of resistance on tho part of the governed they place both the sword and tho purso against tho oppressions of their govern under its control congress has power to ments cannot be denied it exists inde make war and to make peace to raiso 1 pendcntly of all constitutions and has been and support armies and navies and to coneludu treaties with fort ign governments it is mvcsicci wim tne power to com money and to regulate tho valuo thereof and to regulate commerce with foreign natious and among tho several states it is not nccesary to cnumerato tho other high powers which have been conferred upon tho federal government in order to carry tho enumerated powers into effect congress possesses tho exclusive right to lay and collect duties on imports and in common with the states to lay and collect all other taxes rut tho constitution has not only conferred these high powers upon congress out it nas adopted elteetual means to re strain the states from interfering with their cxerciso i1 or that purpose it has in strong prohibitory lauguago expressly declared that no state shall enter into any treaty alliance or confederation grant letters of marque and reprisal coiu money emit bills of credit make anything but gold and silver coiu a tender in pay incut oi ueuts pass any bill ot attaiudcr ex post facto law or law impairing tl obligation of contracts moreover with out tho consent of congress no btato shall lay any imposts or duties on any imports or exports except what may bo absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws and if they exceed this amount tho excess shall belong to tho united states and no state shall without tho consent of congress lay any duty of tonnage keep troops or ships of war in timo of j power or engage in war unless actually invaded or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay in order still further to secure tho uninterrupted cxerciso of theso high powers against stato interposition it is provided that this constitution and the laws of the united states which shall bo mado in pur suauco thereof and all treaties made or which shall bo made under tho authority of tho united states shall be tho supremo law of the land and tho judgui in every mate snail be bound there by anything iu tho coustitution or laws of any stato to tho contrary notwithstanding tho solemn sanction of religion has been superadded to tho obligations of official duty and all senators aud rcnrescnta tives of tho united states as members of suto legislatures and all executive and judicial officers both of tho united states and ot tho several states shall bo bound by oath or afirmation to support this constitution in order to carry into effect theso pow saturday december 15 i860 era tho constitution has established a perfect government in all its forms legislative executivo and judicial and this government to tho extent of its powers acts directly upon tho individual citizens of every stale and executes its own decrees by tho agency of its own oflicors in this respect it differs entirely from tho government uiylcr tho old confedcra tion which was confiucd to making requisitions on tho states in their sovereign character this left it iu the discretion of each whether to oboy or to refuse and they often declined to comply witli such requisitions it thus becamo necessary for the purposo of removing this barrier and in order to form a moro perfect union to establish a government which would net directly upon tho people and execute its own laws without tho intermediate agency of the states this has been accomplished by tho constitution of tho united states in shoit the government created bv tho cou titutioti and deriving its authority from the sovcrcigu peoplo of each of tho several states has precisely tho same right to exercise its power over tho peoplo oi an tneso states in tuo enumerated cases that each one of them possesses over i subjects not delegated to tho united states but reserved to tho states respectively or to tho people to i ho extent of tho delegated powers tne uonstitution ot tho united states is as much a part of tho constitution of each state aud is as binding upon its people as though it had bceu texually inserted therein lhu government therefore is a great and powerful government invested with

http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/data/batches/batch_ohi_cobweb_ver01/data/sn85026050/00280775848/1860120601

12 06 1860 presidents message fellow oihimi of ttu seine nd routt of rprtitntatxtm throughout th yr lino our last meet ing th oountry has been eminently pros perou la all lit material interval th general health hu been xollnt our har vt hav been abundant and plenty smile throughout th land oar eom men and manufacture hav been prof ouita ua energy sna industry and nev yielded fair and ample returns in short no nation in in uue 01 tim bas vr pro sen ted a speotaol of greater material dros perlly than we hare don until within a t very recent period c wbj ia it then that discontent now to extensively prevails and the union of states whioh ia the source of all these bless inis is threatened with destruction the long continued and intemperate idlerfe 1 tfrnoe of the northern people with the qne tion of slavery in the southern states has 1 at length prodaeed its natural efleots the different sections of the union are now nr tared against oh other and the time has arrived so mush dreaded bv the father of bi country when hostile geographical par lies nar been formed 1 bare long foreseen and often forewarned my countrymen of the now impending deoger this doe not pro oeed solely from the olaim on th part of congress or tb territorial legislature to exclude slavery from the territories nor fiom the efforts of the different states to defeat the exeoution of the fugitive slate law all or any of these evils might hate been endured by the south without danger to tb union as omen bar been in the hope that time and reflection might apply the remedy ibe immediate peril arises not so muoh from these eauses as from the r fact that the inoeasant and violent as ibv tion of tb slavery questioa throughout the north for the last quarter of a century has at length produced its malign influence on th slaves and inspired them with vague notions or freedom henoe a sense of seourity no longer exists around th family altar this telling of pe ioe at borne baa given plaoe to apprehen sions or survile inburreolion many a ma iron throughout the south retires at night in dread or wbat may befall berselt andobil dren before morning should thia pprehen sion of dooiestio danger whether real or ti imaginary extend and intensify itself un til it shall pervade the masses of the south p am people then disnnion will beoome in evitable belt presorvaiion is the first law of nature and has been implanted in tb heart ef man by his creator for the wisest purpose and no political union however fraught with blessings and benefits in all other respects can long continue if the ue oessary consequence be to render the homes and firesides of nearly half th parties to it habitually and hopelessly insecure sooner or later the bonds of such a union mast be severed it is my conviotion that ints ratal period has not yet arrived and my prayer to ood is that he would preserve the constitution and the union throughout ait generations but let us take warning in time and re move the cause of danger it cannot be denied that for five and twenty years the agitation at the north against slavery in the south has been incessant in 1835 pictorial hand bills and inflammatory appeals were circulated extensively throughout the south of a character to excite the passions of the slaves and in the language of gen jackson to stimulate them to in surrection and to produoe all tb horrors of a servile war ibis agitation ha ever since been continued by th publio press by tb proceedings of stat and county oon ventions and by abolition sermons and lec lures the time of congress has been oo oupied in violent speeches on the never ending suhjeotj and appeals in pamphlets and other forms indorsed by distinguished e names have been sent forth from this oen tral point and spread baoadoast over the j union how easy would it be for the amerloan people to settle th slavery question forever mil to restore teace and harmony to this distracted oouniry i they and they alone oan do it all that is necessary to accomplish the objeot nd all for which the slave states bure ev r contended is to be let alone and permitted to manage their domestio institutions in their own way as sovereign states tbey and they alone ar responsible befor ood and th world for slavery v existing among them for this tb people of the north are not more responsible and have no more right to interfere than with similar institutions in bussia or in braxil upon their good sense and palri otio forbearance 1 confess i greatly rely without their aid it is beyond th power of any president no matter what may be his own political prcclivities to restore peace and harmony among th states wisely limited and restrained as is his pow t r under our constitution and laws he aloue an acoomplish but little for good or for vil on such a momentous question and this brings me to observe that th aleotion of any one of our fellow oititens to the office of president does not of itself afford just cause for dissolving the union this is more especially true if his aleotion waaeffeotej by a mere plurality andnota majority ot the people and has resulted from trensientand temporary causes whioh may jrobably never again occur in order to uglify a resort to revolutionary resistance the federal government must be guilty of a deliberate palpable and dangerous exercise of rowers not granted by the coustitn tion tb late presidential eleotion however has been held in strict conformity with its express provisions how then can the result justify a revolution to destroy this very constitution reason justice a regard for the constitution all require that w shall wait for ione overland dangerous act on the part of th president before resorting to suoh a remedy it is said however that the antecedents of the president eleot have been sufficient to justify the fears of the south that he will attempt to invade their constitutional rights but are such apprehensions of contingent danger in tb future suffioienmo justify the immediate destruction of the noblest system of government ever devised by mortals from th very nature of ms of oe and its high responsibilities he must necessarily be conservative the item duty of administering the vast and oompll cated ooneerns of this government affords in itself a guarantee that he will not attempt any violation of a clear constitutional right after all he is no mors than th chief exeoutive officer of the government his provinoe is not to make but to execute th laws and it is a remarkable foot in our history that notwithstanding the repeated efforts of th anti slavery party no single act has ever passed congress unless w may possibly except the missouri compromise impairing in th slightest degree the rights of the south to their property in slave and it may also be observed judging from present indication hat no probability diets of th passag of such an act by a majority of both houses either in the present or tb next congress surely unuer iucbo virouiumftnoee w ougnt to be restrained from present action by th precept of him who spake as never man spoke that sufficient unto th day is th evil thereof the day of evil may never eome unless we shall rashly bring it upon our selves it is alleged as on cans for immediate mcesslon that th southern states ars de nid equal rights with th other state in th eommon territories but by what au thorlty art thes denied not by congress whioh ha never passed and i believe never will past any aet to exclude slavery from thes territories and certainly not by th supreme court whioh ha solemnly da elded that slaves are property and like all other property their owner have a right to take them into the common territories and bold them there under the protection of th constitution so far then as congress 1 concerned tb objection is not to anything they bar lraady don but to what they mar do hereafter it will surely be admitted that thi apprehension of futur danger is no good reason for an immediate dissolution or th union it 1 true that thttef ritorlai legislator of kansas 9a u 2 i 1 sv vnf r 1 nl iy l t i 1 ml t j i bswwtfmmsmwwimsw f jj xk ajuu j x luuiiuim i i tit rnvi is r rt n i rsni f 1 v ri i r r z wm i s i sssje ajtui mi of february 1860 passed in great hast an act over th veto of the governor d olarinf that slavery is and shall be for ever prohibited tn thi territory buck an ct liowever plainly violating th tighter of property secured by tb coastl tttloo wih surely be deoisred void by the judiciary whenever it shall be presented in legal firm only a few days after my inauguration th suprem court of the united states solemnly adjudged that this power did not exist in a territorial legislature yet such has been th factious temper of the times that th correctness of this decision has been extensively tmphgned before th people and the question has given rise to angry politioal conflict throughout th country those wb have appealed from this judgment of our highest constitutional tri bunal to popular assemblies would if they could invest a territorial legislature with power to annul the snored rights of prop erty mis power congress is expressly forbidden by tb federal constitution to exercise kvery btate legislature in the union is forbidden by lis own constitution to exeroise it it cannot be exercised in any 8tate except by the people in their highest sovereign enpaoity when framing or amending their state constitution in like manner it can only be exercised by people of a territory represented in a convention of delegates for the purpose of framing a constitution preparatory to admission as a stat into the t dion then and not until then are they invested with power to decide the question whether elats ry shall or shall not exist within their limits this h an tot of sovureign authority and not of subordinate territorial legislation were it otherwise then indeed would the equality of th states in the territories be destroyed and the rights of property in slaves would depend not upon the guarantees of the constitution but npon the shifting majorities of an irresponsible territorial legislature such a doo trine from its intrinslo unsoundness cannot long influence any considerable portion of our people much less can it afford a good reason for a dissolution of the union id mast palpable violations of constitutional duty whioh have yet been committed consist in the diflerent state legislature to aereat tne execution or the f ugitive slave law it ought to be remembered however that for these acta neither congress nor any president oan justly be held responsible having been passed in violation of the federal constitution tbey ars therefore null and void all the courts both state and national before whom the question has arisen have from the begin uiug ueciarea me ruguivo slave law to be constitutional the single exception is thilt of a stat court in wisconsin and this has not only been reversed by the proper appellate tribunal but has met with suoh nniversal reprobation that there can be no danger from it as a precedent the validity of this law has been repeatedly established by the supreme court of the united states with perfect impunity it ia found d npon an express provision of the constitution requiring that fugitive slaves 1 who escape from service iu one state to another shall be delivered tip to their masters without this provision it is a well known historical fact that the constitution itself could never have been adorned hv tb convention 1 u one form or other under the aot of 17b8 and 1850 both beiog substantially the same the fugitive slave law has been th law of the land from the days of vashingon until tb present moment here then a clear1 case is nresented in whioh it will be the duty of the next presl dent as u has been my own to act with vigor la executing thi supreme law against th oonflioting enactment of slat legislatures should he fail in the per lorojance of this duty he will then have manifested a disregard of the constitution and laws to the great injury of the people of nearly one half of tb states of tb union but ar w to presume in advance that he will tnus violate hi duty this wouia dc at war witn every principle of justice and of christian charity let us wait for the overt act the fugitive slave law ha been carried into execution in every contested case sine the commencement of the present administration though often it is to be regretted with great loss and inconvenience to the master and with considerable expense to the government let as trust that the stat legislatures will repeal their unconstitu tional and obnoxious enactment unless this shall be done without unnecessary delay it is impossible for any human power to save the union the southern builes standing on the ba sis of lb constitution have a right to demand this aot of justice fjom th ate of the north should it refused than th constitution to whioh all th states are parties will have been wilfully violated by one portion of tliem in a provision essential to the domealio seourity and happiness of the remainder in that event tb injured slates after having first used all rjeaoeful and constitutional means to obtain redress would be justified in revolutionary resist ance to the government of tb union i have purposely confined my remark to revolutionary resistance because it has been claimed within thelaat few year that any state whenever this shall he it sovereign will and pleasure may seoede from the union in aoeordano with the coasti tution and without any violation of the con stitutional rights of the other members of tne confederacy that as eaoh became parties to the union by the vol of its own people assembled in convention so any one of them may retire from th union in a siu lar manner by the vote of suoh a convention in order to justify secession as a constitutional remedy it must be ou the principle that the federal government is a mere voluntary association of slates to be dissolved at pleasure hv any one of th contracting parties if this be so the conlederaoy is a rope of saud to be penetrated and dissolved by the first adverse wave of ptiblie opinion in any of the 8tates in this man ner our thirty three states may resolve themselves into as many petty jarring and hostile republics each on retiring from the union without responsibility whenever any sudden excitement might impel them to such a course by this process a union might be entirely broken into fragments in a few weeks whioh cost our forefather many years pf toil privation and blood to establish such a principle la wholly inoonautant wtth the history a well as the character of ui leaerai oonsiituuoaur after it was framed with th greatest deliberation and ear it was submitted to aoaventions of tbspeopl f ue several state for ratifi cation it provision war discussed at length in the bodies composed of th first men of th country itsopponentscon lended that it conferred poweis upon th federal government dangerous to th right of th states whilst it advocates maintained thai under a fair construction of th instrument there was no foundation for suoh apprehensions la that mighty struggle between tb first intellect of thia or any other country it never occurred to any individual sillier among it opponent advocates i assert or even to ultimate that their effort wer all rata labor he oaua tb moment that any stat felt herself aggrieved ah waight sed fro th uaioa what a crashing argument would thi kav proved againat tha who dreaded that th right of th state would b n daagsred by lb oouetitutlon th troth that it was not until snaay year after me origin oj mi xeaaral f qiirnment that such a proposition was first advanced it ii i w ftit b7 tkoboiu i rv argumaah of qaral jackson who ia hls msssags of 18 th i anna ry 1833 tmasmitting tne nullifying ordiaaao of south carolina to congress rnpny tb following language ihe right of the people ef a single ritaw toabaolv themselves at will and without th consent of the other states from their moat solemn obligations sni fastens th liberty and happiness of th million oompostag too uaiou eannot b acknowledged suoh authority is believed to be utterly repugnant both to the principle npon which ui general government is constituted and to th object which it was expressly formed toartalav it is net pretended that any olauseia the constitution gives oounlansnoe to such a theory it i altogether founded upon inference not from any language contained in tb ioatrutneut itself but from the sovereign character of1 the several state by whioh it wm ratified i but is it beyond the power of a btate like an individual to yield a portion of it sovereign right to secure tb remainder in th langaag of mr madison who has bee a oalled the father of the constitution it was formed by ths states acting la their highest sovereign capacity and formed consequently by the same authority whioh formed th state constitutions 1 nor is th government of the united states created by tb constitution less a government in th strict sens ofhe term within th sphere of it powers than the government created by the constitutions of the states are within their several sphere it is like them organised into legislative executive and judiciary departments it operates like ibem directly on person and things and like them it has at eommand a physical force for executing th powers committed to it ii was intended to be perpetual and not to be annulled at tb pleasure of any one of the contracting parties the old articles of confederation were entitled articles of confederation and perpetual union between the states and by the 13th article it la expressly declared that the articles of this confederation shall be inviolably observed by vry state and the union shall be perpetual the preamble to the constitution of the united states having express reference to th articles of confederation reoitea that it was established in order to form a more perfect union and yet it 1 ocntended that this more perfect union does not inolude the essential attribute of perpetuity but that the union was designed to be perpetual appears conclusively from the nature and extent of the powers conferred by the constitution npon the federal government these powers embrace the very highest attributes of national sovereignty tbey place both the sword and the purse under hi oontrol congress has power to make war and to make peace to raise and support armies and navies and to conclude treaties with foreign governments it is invested with the power to coin money and to regulate th value thereof and to regu lat commerce with foreign nations and among the several states it is not necessary to enumerate tb other high powers which have been conferred npon the federal government is order to carry the enumerated powers into effect congress possesses the exclusive right to lay and collect duties on imports and in common with the states to lay and colleot all other taxes but the constitution has not only conferred these high power upon congress but it has adopted effectual mean to restrain the stateafrom interfering with tboir exercise for that purpose it has in stiong prohibitory language expressly declared that no state shall enter into any treatv alliance or confederation grant letters of marque and reprisal coin money emit bills of credit make anything butgold and silver ooin a tender in the payment of debts pass any bill of attainder tx pott facto law or law impairing the obligation of contracts moreover without the consent of congress ncstatesh il lay any impost or duties upon any imports or exports except what may be absolutely necessary for executing iu inspeotion laws and if they exceed this amount the excess shall belong to the united btate and no state ahall without the consent of congress lay any duty of tonnage keep troops or ships of war in time of peace enter into any agreement or compact with another state or with a foreign power or engage in war unless aotuauy invaded or in such imminent danger an will not admit of delay in order still further to secure the un interrupted exercise of those high powers against slate interposition it is provided that this constitution and tb laws of the united states wliich shall be made in pursuance thereof and all treaties made or which shall be made under the authority of the united states shall be the supreme law of the land and the judges in every state shall be bound thereby anything in the constitution or laws of one state to the contrary notwithstanding the solemn sanction of religion has been superadded to the obligations of official duty and all senators and representatives of tbe united states all members of state legislatures and all exicutive or judioiai officers both of tbe united states and of the several states shall be bound by oath or affirmation to support this constitution in order to carry into effect these powers ths constitution haa established a perfect government in all its forma legislative executive and judicial and this government to the extent of its powers acts direotly upon th individual citiiens of every state and exercises its own decrees by the agency of its own offioera in this respect it differs entirely from tbe govern meat under the old confederation which was confined to making requisitions on the states in their sovereign character thi iert it in tb discretion of each whether to obey or refuse and they often declined to comply with such requisitions it thus became necessary for th purpose of remov ing this barrier and in order to form a more perftol union to establish a govern ment which could act direotly upon the peo pie and execute it own law without th intermedial agency of the slates this has been accomplished by the constitution of ths united states in short the government created by the conxtitution and deriving its authority from the soverign people of each of the several states has precisely tb same rig bt to exeroise its power over the people af all these states in th enuumerated case that each one of them possesees over subjects not delegated to tbe united states but reserved to the states respectively or to the people to tne extent or the delegated powers the constitution of the united states is as mush a part of the constitution or each state and is as binding upon its people as though it bad been textually inserted uier iu this government therefore is a great and powerful government invested with alt the attribute of sovereignty over the apeolal sutjeots to whioh its authority extends its fraoier never intended to iui plant in its bosom the eeeda of its own destruction nor wer the at it creation guilty of tbe a surdity of provldins for it own dissolution it was not intended by its framers to be tb baseless fabric of vision whioh at th louch of th euohanter would vanish into thin air but substantial and mighty fabrio oapable of resisting the slow ubcsv of time and sf dfin th storms of ages indeed well may th leal ous patriot of that day bar indulged fears niifta violal fluraruiueut et saoa aug powers ui ar ngnu of tb builes and wisely did they adopt th rul of a striot goostruotioo of thes powers to prerent th danger but they did not fear nor bad they any reason to imagine that the constitution would ever be so interpreted as to enable any state by her own aot and without the consent of her sister states to dibsharge her people from all or nny of their federal obligations it may be asked then ar tb peopl of the state without redress against the tyranny and oppression of tbe federal government by no means the right of resistance on tbe pari of the governed against the oppression of their government cannot be denied it exist independently of all constitutions and has been exercised at all periods of the world history under lis old governments bars been destroyed and new ones bay token their place ii is embodied in strong and express language in out own declaration of independence but the distinction must ever b observed that this is revolution against an established government and not a voluntary seoesbion from it by virtue of an adherent constitutional right in short let us look the danger fairly in the face secession is neither more nor less tbaa revolution it may or it way net be a justifiable revolution but still u is revolution what in th mean time is the responsibility and true position of th executive tie is bound by solemn oath before ood and the country to take care that the law be faithfully executed and from thi obligation he cannot be absolved by any human power but what if the performance of this duty in whole or in part has been rendered impracticable by events over which he could have exercised no oontrol suoh at the present moment is the oase throughout the stale of south carolina so far s ths laws of the united states to secure ihe administration o justice by meana of the federal judiciary are conoerned all the federal officers within it limits through whose agency alone these laws can be oarried into execution have already resigned w no longer have a district judge a wauiot attorney or a marshal in south carolina in faot the whole machinery of the federal government necessary for the distribution of remedial justice amoug the people has been demolished and it would be difficult if not impossible to replace it the only aols of congress on the statute book bearing i pon the bubjeot are those of 28th february 1795 and 3d match 1807 tuese authorise the president af tar he shall have ascertained that the marshal with his posse eommitatus is unable to execute oivil or criminal process in any particular case to oall forth the militia and employ the army and navy to aid him in performing this service having first by praclama tion commanded the insurgents to disperse and retir peaceably to their respective abodes withinja limited time this duty cannot by possibility be performed in a state wbere no judicial authority exists to issuo process and where there is no marshal to exeoute it and where even if there were such un officer the eutire population would constitute one solid combination to resist him the bare enumeration of these provisions proves bow inadequate they are without further legislation 10 overcome united opposition in a single state not to speak of other statos who way place themselves iu a similar attitude congress alone has power to decide whether th present laws oan or cannot be amended so as to oarry out more effectually ih objects of lb constitution the sam insuperbable obstacles do not ue in the way of exeouling the laws for the collection of the customs the revenue still continues to be collected as heretofore at the custom house in charleston and should the collector unfortunately resign a suooessor may be appointed to perform this duty then in regard to the property of the united states in south carolina this has been purobased tor a fair equivalent by the consent of the legislature of the state for the erection of torts magaxines arsenals o and over thes the authority to exeroise exclusive legislation has been expressly granted by the constitution to congress it is not believed lb it any attempt will be made to expel the united states fram this property by foroe but if in this i should prove to be mistaken the officer in command of the forts has receivl orders to act etriotly on the defensive in sucn a contingency the responsibility for consequences would tightlully rest upon we jiwiu ui me aasatiauis apart from the execution of the laws so far as this may be practicable the xou tir has no authority to decide what shall be the relations between the federal government and south carolina ii ha been invested with no such discretion us possesses no power to change the relations between them muoh less to acknowledge the independence of that state thi would be to invest a mer executive officer with th power of recognising the dissolution or the confederacy among out thirty three sovereign state it bear no resemblance to the recognition of a foreign de facto government involving no sush responsibility any attempt to do that would on his part be a naked aot of usurpation it is therefore my duty to submit to congress the whole question in all its bearings the course of event i so rapidly hastening forward that th emer gency may soon arrive when you may be called upon to decide tbo momentous questioa whether you possess the powor by fore of arms to compel a stala to remain in the union i should feel myself recreant to my duty wer i not to express an opinion on this important subject the question fairly stated is has tb constitution delegated to congress the pow er to coerce a state into submission which is attempting to withdraw or baa actually withdrawn from the confederacy if an swered in tbe affirmative it must be on tbe principle that tb power bo been eon ferred upon congress to declare and to make war against a state after much serious reflection i have arrived at tb concision that no such power has been delegated to congress or to say other departn met of tli federal government it is maul rested upon an inspeotion of th constituv tion liat this i not among th apeoifioand enumerated powers granted to congress and it is equally apparent that its exercise is not necessary and proper for carrying into execution any ou of thes power so far from thi power baring beea dele gated to congress it was expressly refused by the convention which framed the con litulion i it appear from ths proceeding of that body that on th 31st may 1787 tb clause authorising an exertion of th fore of the whole against a delinquent state cam up fox consideration mr madison opposed it u a brief but powerful speech trout which i shall xlraotbul a singl sentcnoe us observed th us of fore again

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e presidents message fellow citizen of ke brnatt nna fjoute oj itrprtmntalirett of at throughout tho mr since our last mectloir the country has been 4 hcntlr prosperous lu all its m tcnai interests 4111 general health lias been excellent our harrst hare been abundant and plenty smiles throughout the land our commerce and manufactures ntre been prosecuted with r n cigy anu industry au litveileldcd fair and nmplo returns in short no nation in the tide of time has ever presented a spectacle ol greater mjtcri il prosperity than wo have done unsl a very recent penuo t why is it then ihfudtscontcnt now so extensive lv prevails and the union of the states which it tlie source of all these bleuingi ii threatened nlth destruction tho icing continued and intemperate interference of the northern people with tbeques tlort or slaver in thosoathern states ls at length produced its nalurat cfiects tho different sections or the union ore now arrayed against each other and tho time has arrived so much dreaded by 1 11 f ruiiicrui iiia ouniry wncn nosuie pcograpn ical pu ties ha vo beerf formed i hare long foreseen and often forewarned my countrymen of the now impending danger this docs not proceed soiciv iromino claim on uie part nf congress or the territorial legislature to exclude slavery from the tcnltorlcj nor from tho effort of different states to defeat the execution of the fugitive slave law all or nny of these evils might have been endured by the south without danger to the union as others havo been in tho hope tint time and reflection mlcht apply the remedy the lai mediate peril arises not so much from these causes as from tho fact ttrat incessant and violent agitation of the slavery nucstion throughout the north for tho last ffuaitcr nf a century has at length produced its malign influenco on the blares and inspired them with vague notions of freedom ilonce a sense ofsecurltv no longer exuta around the family ular ills feeling ul peace at hoiuo has give place to apprehensions of servile insurrection many a matruotliroughouttho south retires ut bight in dread of what may befall herself and her children before tho motnlne should this an prehension of domestic danger whether real or imaginary extend and intensify itself until it shall pervade the mcssas of the bouthern pcoplef then disunion wilf become inevitable sclfpreserva tiun is the first law ofnaturc and has been imnlau ted in the heart of man by his creator for the wisest purpose and no political union however fraught with blessings nnd benefits in all other respects can long continue it the necessary consequences bo to render tho homos and the firesides or nearly bait the parties to it habitually and hopelessly insecuie sooner or later the bonds of such n union must be severed it is mv conviction that this ratal pctiod has not vet arrived and mv prayer to god is that he mould preserve the constitution and the union throughout nil generations isui let us iko warning 11 time nnd remove tho cause of danger it cnuuot bo denied that for five nnd twenty cars thenclt uulioiintthe north against slavery jn tho south has been incessant in loiti pictorial hand bills and inlhimitory appeals were circulated extensively throughout the south of a character to excite thopas3ions of the slaves and in the language of general jackson to stimulate them to insurrection nnd produce all tho horrors of a servile war this agitation has ever since been continued by the public pre si by the proceedings of state and county conventions and by abolition sermons nnd lectures the time of congress has been occupied in violent speeches on tlds never ending subject and appeals in pamphlet nnd other forms endorsed by distinguished names havo been sent forth from this central point and spread broadcast over the union jiow easy would it be for tho american people to settle the slavery question forever nnd to restore peace and harmony to thta distracted country they and they alorj can do it all that it necessary so accomplish the object nnd all for wmcn tno slave states have ever contenaen is to ue let alone nnd permitted to manage their domestic institutions in their own way as sovereign states flier and they alone are responsible beforo god and tho world for slavery existing nmoug them for this the people of the north arc not more responsible and have no more right to interfere than with similar institutions in russia or brazil ud on their good sense and patriotic forbearance i confess i still greatly rely without their aid it is beyond tho power of any president no matter what may be hist political proclivities to restore peace and harmony among tho states wisely limited nnd restrained ns is power under our constitution and laws he alone can accomplish but little for good or evil on such a momentous question and this bring mc to observe that tho election of any ono of our fellow citizens to the office of president does not of itself afford jiut cuso for dissolt lng the union tlilsismoro especially true if hw election has been effected by a mere plurality nnd not a majority of the people and ha3 resulted from trancicnt nnd temporary causes which may probably never again occur in order to justify a resort to revolutionary resistance the federal covcrnment must be cnllty of a deliberate palpa ble nnd dangerous exercise of powers not granted by the constitution the late presidential election however has been in strict conformity with its provisions how then can the result justify n revolution to destroy this very constitution rea son justice a regard for the constitution all require that we shall wait lor some overt and danger ous acton tho part of tho president bcloro restoring to sucn a remedy it is said however that the antecedents of the presdent elect liao been sufficient to justify the fears of tho south that be will attempt to invade their constitutional rights lial arc such apprehensions of contingent dancer in tho futuro sufficient to justify the immediate destruction of the noblest system of government devised by mortals from the very nature of his offlco and its high responsibilities he must necessarily be conservative tho stern duty of administering tho vastnud complicated concerns of this government affords in itself a guarantee that ha will not at tempt any violation of a clear constitutional right after nil ho is no moro than tho chief executive officer of the government his provlnco h not to mako but to execute the laws nnd it is a remarkable fact in our history that notwithstanding he repeated efforts of the anti slavery party no single act has ever passed congress unless we may possibly except the missouri compromise impairing in the slightest degree the rights ot tho boutn to their property in slaves and it may also bc ob served iudclnc from present indications that no probability exists of the passage of such an act by a

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presidents message msavoltlzcae at saute ew llottie of throughout tue year since our last tombing the c ou rr has been emiuc utlj prosperous in all iii material interests the htcueral heftlth lias been excellent our bar vests bare heen abundant and plenty smiles throughout tbe land oar commerce and maaixfaciures hare teen prosecuted with cnotvj and industry and haye yielded fair and ample returns in short uo nation in the tide of time has ever presented a spectacle of jrreaier material prosperity than we have done until wiibln a v try recent period why is it then that discontent now extensively prevails and the union ot tbe state which it tha snurce of al these bleailags is threatened with destruction the lour continued and intemperate lnterfertnee t tbe northern tk ople with the question of slavery in tne iroutheru stales baa at length produced lis natural effect the different section ol tbe luion are now arrayed against esicn oilier and the utue has arrived so much dreaded by the futher of his country alien hostile geographical parties have beeu formed i have long foreseen and often forewarned my eoun trymen of the now impendi danger this does not proceed solely from the uaiui on thai part of congrens or the territorial legislatures to exclude slavery ts oni tbe territories nor from the efforts ol alif rent states to defeat the execution of tbe fugitire slave law ah or any of these evlbt might hare been endured by tbe suath without danger to the union a others hare beeu in the hope that rime ad reflection might apply the remedy tbe immediate peril arise not so much from these censes as from the faot that the violent agitation of the slavery question throughout tbe north for tbe last quarter of a century has at length produced its malign influence on the slaves and inspired them wiin var ue notions of freedom iieuje a sense of security no longer exists around lb lamily altar this feeling or peace at l jtua has giyec place to appro hen slons of terrile insurrection many a matron throughout the south returns at hhfht in j read of what mav befal herself nod her children before the morning should this apprehension of domestic dsn ser whether real or imaginary extend and iten ify itself until it shall pervade the masses of the southern peo lr disunion will become inevitable ik lf p reservation i the flrst law ofnstare and has been implanted in thv heart of man by bis creator tor tbe wisest purpose and uo political anion however frsnf bt with i mi and benefits in all other respects can long continue if the necessary consequence oc to rendt r the homes and tbe tire ides of nearly half the j art les to it haoitu ully and hoperesely insecure sooner or later the loads of such a union mast be severed it is my conviction that this ts ti period basnot yet am ved and my prayer lo uoil is i 11 lie would preserve the confutation and tbe union throughout all sreueratlons hut let u take warning in time and remove the cause of danger it uinuot be denied that for nre end tacntj yean the agitation at the north against slavery in tbe south has been incessant in lwo pictorial handbills and inifumtnx lory appeals were circulated extensively uiruuguout the south ol a character to excite tbe passions ot the slaves and in the ul ol general jackson lo stimulate tbein to insurrection and produce all the b irrors of a servile war this agitation has ever since been continued by the pub lie press by the proceedings of state and county coii ven i ion and by abolition sermons and lectures sad the time of con gross has been oceupied la violeut eechrs on iio never ending subject and appeals in pamphlet and other forma indorsed by distinguished names hare been sent forth from this central point and spread broadcast ovel tne union llow easy would it be for tbe american jteople to settle the slavery question forever sud to restore peace and harmony to ibis distracted country they alone can do it all thai is necessary to accomplish the object ami all for which tbe slave 3taw have ever contended is to be let alone and permitted to manage their dotnes tic institutions io their own way as sover eign mates they and they alone are responsible before liod and tbe world for tbe slavery existing among tbem for this tbe people of in north are not responsible and hare no mora right to interfere than with similar inslitutious in russia or in brazil upon tbeu good sense and patriotic forbearance i confess 1 stdl greatly rely without their aid it is beyond tbe power of any fres idem no mailer want may be his own political proebvities to restore esce and bar ii u auioii the stales wisely h unlet si i restrained as is bis power under our constitution and lsws he ulone can arrotn plisb but btlle for good ur for evil ou such a momentous question and this orings ineto observd that tbe election of any oneofour fel low citiicns to dpae ottioe of ireudeot does not of itneit afford jasi causa for deeolvinu tbs alga this is more esfieciailjr true it mis election has been eltected by a mere plu i slit i and cot a majority of the people and has resulted from transient and temporary vaiises which may probably never agaia oc cur in ol der to justify a resort to rerolu tiobarv i iience the federal iovernnien t must he guilty of a deliberate palpable and dangerous exercise of powers not granted by iiu constitution the late 1residcatial election however has been held in strict contorunly wih its express provisions how uic ii ran tu result justify a revolution to alistroy this very constitution v reason justice h regard tor the constitution all require thut wc shall wail for some overt and dangerous act ou the part of the president elect belerv resorting to such u remedy it as said how ever that the antecedents of tbe ivesmmm iect bar been suuicient to justify the l ars of ibc south that h will sttenipt to lotaoe their constitutional rights but are such apprehensions of contingent danger in the iutuis sufficient to justify tbe immediate destruction ol the noblest system of jov iiu ever denned by morula from the rery nature of bis otni e und its high re sponsiuiuliee be must necessarily be eou aervsuvt the stern dr ty f administering the vast and complicated councils of this iiorsmiucot utiurds lu iisoll u guarantee that be irilj not allemt any sioialiou of a oi ur constitutional right after all he is no more than tbe i liief executive otbccr of the government ills ltovluee is not to inasc but execute its laws and it is a remarkable laut in out history that notwithstanding the repeal el efforts of the and slavery ny uo ueb act bss eter ua scd congress unless ie may favoral fv except the missouri t apfomise impairing in the slightest degree the rights of the south to their property in slaves and it way also be ob asrved jadgiug from present indications that no probability exists of the passage of sucj i an act by a majority of both houses either lit the present or the next cougrcss surely under these eircum tarices we ought to he restrained from t rr ei i action by the preoept of ilim who spoke as nerer uiau spake that sufficient anto the day is the evil thereof tbe tevy of evil may never come unless we ball rashly bring it u ou ourselves il is aliened as one cause for immediate secession that the southern states are denied equal rights wi h the other slates in ibc ooiumou terrlior lt it hy what authority arc these denied not by con srress which has uever passed and i believe never will pass any act to xclude slavery from these territories kud certainly not by tbe supreme court which has solemnly decided that slaves sre property and like all other properly their owners hsv the right to take theni into the common territories and hold t beta there under the prole lion of tbe itfustliallon so far then as congress is ooucemed the ohjrrllou is not to anything thrv itava already done hut lo what they may do her after it will surely be admitted thai ibis apprebcuaion of future danger is no good reason for an immediate ii s lutiin ol the union it is true that the territorial legislature of kansas on the shi of february 1wj0 passed in great basic an net over the veto of the governor iselanu that slavery is and shall lie for eror prohibited in the territory such an act howcv r plainly xiolatlngtbe rights t prope rty secured by tbe constitution wilt surely bu declared void by thcjudi rlry whenever it shall be presented in a lejai toim only three days after my in siuguratioii tlie supreme court of the united slates solemnly adjudged that this power did not exist in a territorial legislature vet such bus been tbe factions tsaa er of tha times that ihe correctness cl till uucisiou has been extensively iin pugt aafiare th aastf aa and the question has rivrii rise to angry political con ti ts throughout tbe country these who appealed from this judgment of our tdgho umltuiloiial tribunal lo popular assemblies would if they could inverts tel ui tial legislature with power to anuul the sacred rights of preperty this power of i ngre s is expressly forbidden by the iedcral consliiulion to exercise and every state legislature in the union is forbidden hy it cii constutlon to ex erelir il it eanuot be exercised by any slate icept by the eiple lu their highest sovereign uapacity when framing or umendlug their sute consiiiutiou in like muudw it can only be exercises by the people of tbe terril ny represented in a couven ion ot delegates for the purpose of framing a constitution prejiara jor to admission as a state into the i uiou then and not until then are they invested with power to dei ide t lie itiestlon wheth er slavery shall or hall not exist within their limits tbi if an act of sovereign authoritv and not subordinate terriio l ial legiauilon weie ii olherwue then ludeeif would the equality of tbe btstcslu the i rilories be destroyed uud the nglsl of properly in slaves would depend uot uiu the guarantees of tbe onstitntiou but upon ihe shifting lualortliee of an irreskusitile teiriturisl legislature bu h a do trine from its intrinsic nnsouiuines cannot long influence any considerable portion of onr people much less ran it alfor a good reason lor a alissuluiiou of the union the most pal usjle violations ol eouslitutional duly which have yet hem committed consist in the acts ol different stale legislatures lo defeat ihe execution of the fugitive slave law il ought lo hi remembered bowew i that t r these acts nelthet coo s resi ueu auv licsideiit can be justly held i j eupassedicvlolaliou it the federal consiitutlnn they ate therefore null and void all the courts but one both state an i national before wtetn the queik has atttao hare from the ieimiini declared tic fugitive jhsve law lo be eou stitntionsl the shff e exrepki is that of the state of wiacousin and this eral stales cd br hi peofwr 4 mfcawsisl sori et ifjtk has uot only beeu reversed anpellate tribunal but mil versa re prolan tou that uki m he no danger from it as a preeedeut 1 be vitality of this law has been established over and over again by the supreme court of the unites states with per feat unanimity it is founded upon au ex l reus provision of the couslitaliou requiring that fugitive slaves who escape from senile iu one state to another shall be delivered up to their musters without this provision it is a well known ltuiorial bet that the consliluuoa uaelt could never have been adopted by the convention in oue form or another under the acta of ltwand 1s50 both being substuhlialiv the same the fugitive slave law has been the law of the und from the days of waahitigt on ud lil the present aaoment hereiheuaclear eateupreaented ld whieli tt will be the duly of the next president as it baa been my own toast with rigor in executing lite supreme law against the conflicting enactments of slate legislatures should be fall in the performance of this high duty be will then hare manifested s disregard of the consttlation and laws to the great in jury of like people of nearly osie jmif ol llie slates of the colon bet are we to presume in advance that lc will thus violate his duty this would be at war with every principle of justice and of christian chare tv let us wait for tbo overt act the fugitive slave law has been carried into execution lu every contested case since tbe commencement of the present administration though often ills to be regretted with great loth and inconvenience aud with considerable expense to tbe government let us tru t that the state legislatures will repeal their unconstitutional and obuoxious enactments unless this shall bedonc without unnecessary delay it u impossible for any power to save the union the southern sutes standing on the basis of the constitution hare a right to demand ibis act of justice tom the state of the north should it be reius d tbem the coosistjtrn to which all the stales are parties will hare been wilfully violated by nc poiiionof them in a provision essential to tbe do nestle security and happiness of tbe remainder in that event tbeiijnredstates after baring first nsed all peaceful aud constitutional means to obtain redress would be jusuflod iu revolutionary resistance to t be government of the unimi i have purposely confined thy retonrxs to revolutionary resistance because u has heen claimed within tbe last few years that any state whenever it shall be their sovereign will and pleasure may accede from the union hi ftcvordanee s itbtheconstilu tiou and without any violation ot i be constitutional rights of the other members of the confederacy thai as each became parties to the union by the vote of its own people assembled lu convention so anyone of them may retire from the union in a similar mariner by the vote of euch a convention in order to justify secession as a constitutional remedv it must be on ihe principle that the federal government is a mere voluntary association of states to be dissolved at pleasure by any one of the contracting parties if this he so the confederacy is a rope of sand to be penetrated and dissolved by the first adverse wave of public opinion iu any of the states in this manner onr thirty three states may resolve thcui eivc s inioas many petty jarring and hostile republics each one retiring from the union without responsibility whenever any sudden excitement might impel them to such a course by this course a union might be entirely brokeu into fragments in a few weeks which cost omr forefathers many years of toil privation and hardship to establifb such a principle is wholly inconsistent with the constitution it was framed with the greatest deliberation and care it was submitted to conventions of the people of the several stales for ratification its provisions were discussed at lenjrih in these bodie composed of the first men of tbe country iu opjionenls contended that it conferred power on the federal government dangerous to the rights of the states whilst its adroraii s maintained that under a

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presidents message fcuow t li tus of he fs mitt and house of jleprrscnhitim throughout tho year since our meeting tho country bus been eminently prosperous in nil its material interests the fienend health has been excellent our mrvests have been abundant mid plenty smiles throughout the land our commerce and manufactures have been prosecuted with energy and industry und have yielded fair and ample returns in short no nation in the tido of timo hus ever presented n spec taelo of greater inr toriul prosperity than we have done until within n vevy recent period why is it tlo li that discontent now so extensively prevuils und the union of these stales which is tho source of all these blessings is threatened with destruction tho long contiimed nnd in ixople with the sul iect of slarrrv thl l ojeinnly deei lnhut slaves arc prop southern states has at lenuth produced its natural elleets the dillerent sections of the union are now urrayed ugaiust each other and the time has arrived so much dreaded by the father of his conn try when hostile geographical parties have been formed i have long foreseen nnd often forewarned my countrymen of tho now impending danger this does not proceed solely from tho claim on the part of congress or tho territorial legislatures to exclude sluvory from the territories nor from the ellorts of dillerent states to defeat tho execution of the fugitive slave law all or any of these evils might have been endured by the south without danger to the union as others have been in the hope that time ami reflection might apply a remedy the immediate peril arises not so much from these causes as from the fact that the incessant und violent agitation of the slavery question throughout tho north for the lust quarter of a century has at length produced its malign influence on the slaves and inspired them with vague notions of freedom jloneo a sense of security no lunger exists around the family altur this feeling of peace at home has given place to apprehensions of servile insurrection many a matron throughout the south retires nt night in died of wlmt may befidl herself and her children before the morning should this apprehension of domestic danger whether real or imaginary extend and intensily itself until it shall iervndc tho musses of the southern people then disunion will become inevitable sell preservation is the first law of nature nnd has been implanted in the heart of man by his creator for the wisest purpose nnd no political union however fraught with blessings and benefits in all other respec ts can long continue if the necessary consequence be to render the homes and tho tiresidesof nearly half tho parties to it habitually and hopelessly insecure sooner or later the bonds of such a union must lie severed it is my conviction that this fatal period has not yet arrived unci my prayer to hod is that ho would preserve tho constitution und tho union throughout all generations jlul let us take warning in aline nnd remove the euusi of clanger it cannot bo denied that for live ami twenty years the agitation ut the north uguinst slavery in the south bus been incessant in lsoii pictorial hund bills and inll ciiiniatory au nk were circulated extensively throughout the south of a character to excite the passions of the slaves unci in tlio language of jelieral jackson to stimulate them to insurrection nnd produce nil the horrors of servile war this agitation bus ever since been continued by the public press by the proceedings of state und county conventions nnd by ubolition sermons nnd lectures tho timo of congress has been occupied in violent speeches on this never ending subject niict appeals in pamphlet und other forms endorsed by distinguished names have been sent forth from this central point mid spread broadea t over tho union how easy would it bo for the american people to settle tho shivery question forever and to restore peace und harmony to this distracted country they unci they alone can do it all that is necessary toiiccomjilishthu object und all for which tho slave states have ever contended is to be let alone anil permitted to liiaiia e their domestic institutions iu thoir own way as sovereign stales they and they alone are responsible before ood and tho world for the slavery existing among them l v this the people of tlio north nro not more responsible and have no moro right to interfere than with similar iiislitutions in kussiu or in lirazil upon their good sense und patriotic forbeurnneh 1 confess i still greatly ruly without their uicl it is beyond the power of any president no matter what may bo his own political proclivities to restoro penoo and harmony nmong tho stutes wisely limited and restrained as is his power under our constitution nnd laws lie alone can ac coiulhish butlittlo for good or for evil on such a momentous question and this brings me to observe that tho election of any onoof our fellow citizens to tho ollico of president does not of itself atford juht cause for dissolving tho union this is moro especially true if his election has been eueuted by a mere plurality nnd a majoiity of the people and has resulted from transient and temporary causes which may probably never again occur lu order to justify a resort to revolutionary resistance tho federal uovernment must be guilty of a deliberate palpable and dangerous exercisu of powers not grunted by tho constitution the late presidential election hus been held in strict conformity with its express provisions how then can tho result justify a revolution to destroy this very constitution ltcuson justice a regard for tho constitution ull require that we shall wait for some overt and dangerous net on the part ot tho president elect before resorting to such a romedy it is said however that tho antecedents of the president elect huvo been sufficient to justify the fears of the south that he will attempt to invado their constitutional rights licit are such apprehensions of contingent dunger in the future sufficient to justify the immediate destruction of the noblest system of government ever devised by mortals from the very nature of his oftico and its high responsibilities he must necessarily be conservative the stern duty of administering the vast and complicated concerns of this government ntlords in itself a guarantee that ho will not attompt any violation of a clear constitutional right after all he is no more than the chief executive ollicer of tho uovernment his province is not to muko hut to execute the laws and it is a remarkable fact in our history that notwithstanding the repeated courts of tho anti slavery party no singlo act has ever passed congress unless we may possibly except the missouri comdromise imnairimi in the slight est degree the rights of the south to their property in slaves audit may also be observed judging from present indications that no probability exists of the passage of such un act by n minority of both j louses either in the precentor the next congress surely under these circumstances we ought ui be restrained from present action by tho precept of him who spake as never man spake that sullicient unto the day is the evil thereof the day of evil may never como unless we shall rashly bring it upon ourselves it is alleged ns on mso for immedi nto secession that the southern states nro del iecl oipial lights with the other states in the common territories hut by what niithoiity are these denied not by congress which has never passed and i believe never will pass any act to exc lude slavery from tbeso territories nnd cer tainly not by the supremo court w hich eny und like nil other property their owners have n right to take them into the common territories and hold them there under tho protection of the constitution so far then as congress is concerned tho objection is not to anything they have already done but to what they may do hereafter it will surely bo admitted that this apprehension of future danger is no good reason for nil immediate dissolution of tho union it is true that the toriilorial legislature of kansas on the 2od of february iktiu passed ill great husto an act over tho veto of the oov ernor declaring that slavery is unci shall be forever prohibited in this territory such un act however plainly violating tho rights of property secured by the constitution will surely bo declared void hy tlio judiciary whenever it ahull bo presented in a legal form only three days alter my inauguration the supremo court of the united stales solemnly adjudged that this power diet not exist iu a territorial legislature vet such has been the factious temper of tho times that tho correctness of this dceissiou hus been extensively impugned before tho people nnd the question has given rise to nngry political conlliets throughout tho country those who have appealed from this judgment of our highest constitutional tribunal to popular assemblies would if they could invest a territorial legislature with power to unnul tho sacred rights of property this power congress is expressly forbidden by tho federal constitution to exercise kvery state legislature in the union is forbidden by its own constitution to exercise it it cannot bo exercised in any suite except by tho people iu their highest sovereign capucity when framing or amending their stuto constitution in liko manner it can only be exerciscl by the people of a territory represented in a convention of delegates for the purpose of framing a constitution preparatory to admission us a state in the union then and not until then nre they invested with power to decide the question whether slavery shall or shall not exist within llieir limits this is an net of sovereign uuthorily nnd not of siibordinute territorial legislation were it otherwise then indeed would tho equality of tlio states in the territories be destroyed und the rights of property in slaves would depend not upon the uuurantecsof the coiistiluiion but upon the shifting majorities of an irrepressible territorial legislature such a doctrine from its intrinsic unsoundness cannot long influence ony considerable portion of our people much loss can it afford a good reason for udissolution of the union the most palpnblo violations of constitutional duly which have yet been committed consist in tlio acts of dillvivnt slate legislatures to defeat the execution of tho fugitive slave law it ought to bo remembered bowover that for these acts neither congress nor any president can justly bu huld responsible having been passed in violation ot the federal coiisiiiution they are therefore null unci void all the courts both stale and national before whom tho question bus arisen huve from the beginning declared tho fugitive slave law to be constitutional the single exception is that of a statu court in wisconsin and this has not only been reversed by the proper appellate tribunal but has met with such universal reprobation that there can be no danger from it as a precedent the validity of this law has been established over and over again by the supreme court of tho united states with perfect unanimity it is founded upon an express provision of tho constitution requiring uiut fugitive slaves who escape from servico in one state to another shall bo delivered up to their musters without this provision it is a well known historical fact that the constitution itself could never have been adopted by the convention inonuformor other under the acts of vji and 1 800 both being substantially tho saoio tho fugitive slave law has been tho luw of tho land from tho days of washington until the present moment here then a clear case is presented in which it will be the duty of the next president as it bus been my own to act with vigor in executing this supremo luw iiguiiut tho conflicting enactments of stute legislatures should ho lit i 1 in the performance of this nigh duty ho will then havo manifested a disregard of tho constitution and laws to the great injury of tho pcoplo of nearly one half of tho slates of tho union hut aro wo to presume in advance that ho will thus violate his duty this would be at war with every principlo of justice and of christian charity lot us wait for the overt act the fugitive slave luw hus been carried into execution in every contested case since the commencement of the present administration though often it is to be regretted with great loss und iueonvcuienco to the uius tgr nnd with considerable expenso to the government let us trust that the stuto legislatures will repeal their unconstitutional and obnoxious enuctments unless this shall bo dona without unnecessary delay it is impossible for any human power iosuvo the union tho southern si at oh standing on the basis of the constitution huvo a right todemund this act of justice fiom the stutes of the north should it be refused then tho constitution to which all the stutes are parties will have been wilfully violated by one portion of them in a provision essential to the domestic security and happiness of theromaiuder in that event tho injured stutes after having first used all peaceful and constitution means to obtain redress would be justified iu revolutionary resistance to the uovernment of the union i have purposely confined my remarks to revolutionary resistance because it has been claimed within the last low years that any state whenever this shall be its sovereign will and pleasure may secede from the union in accordance with the constitution and without any violation of the constitutional rights of the other members of the onfei rncv that ns each became parties to the union y the vote of its own people acserablcd in convention so buy one of thcts may retire from the union in a similar manner by the vote of such a convention in order tojustity secession as n constitutional remedv it must he oh tlio principlo that the federal goveaimotit is a mere voluntary asnciatlpir of states to bo dissolved at lesurwby any ono of tho contracting parties j if this bo so the confederacy is n ropeof sand to be penetrated unci disolvc ly the first adverse wnvo of public option in nny of tho sutes in this mninor ourthirty threo states inny resolve jhemselves into is many petty jarring yd hostile republics each onn rotirir fn ym the union without

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The Highland weekly news. (Hillsborough [Hillsboro], Highland County, Ohio) 1853-1886

presidents message ito vrjloui cilhcn of fhe snnfn and of lrprreii ittivct throughout tlie year finco our last nioctinp tho country lins been eminently prosperous in nil its niatoriul interests t ho gunrral lirnltli 1ms been cx ecllent our harvests linve been nbuml ant ntnl plenty cmilos throuphnnt the land our entumeriie ami manufneturc have been pnisrcutoj with energy nnil industry mid have yielded fair and ample returns in short no nation in the tide of time lias ever presented a spectaclo of greater material prosperity than we have done until within a very reernt period why is it then that dis con t o 11 1 now extensively prevails and 1tiinn of the strifes which is the konrco of nil these blessing is thrent lencdwith destruction the lnnpjoon linued and intemperate interference of tho northern people with the uestion of slavery in the southern slates has length produced its natural effects the different hcelions of the union are now arrayed against each other and the time has arrived so much dreaded by the father of his country when hos tile ireofrra pineal parties have been forni eil j have lung lorcseen nnil olten forewarned my countrymen of the now tn pen din danger this does not proceed nolely from the claim on the part of congress or llic territorial legislatures to exclude slavery from the territories nor from the efforts of different states to defeat the execution of the fugitive slave law all or any of these evils might have been endured by the south without danger to the union as others have been in the hope that time ainl relic tion might apply the remedy the immediate peril arises not so much from these causes as from the fact that the violent agitation of the slavery tiucstion throughout the north for the last quarter of u century has at length produced its malign influence on the slaves and inspired them with vague notions ot lieedom hence a sense of security no longer exists around the family altar this feeling of peace nt home has given place to apprehensions of servile insui reel ion many a matron throughout the south retires at night in dread of what may be fa i herself and her children before the morning should this apprehension of domestic danger whether real or imaginary extend and intensify itself until it shall pervade the masses of the southerii people disunion will become inevitable self preservation is the first law of nature and has been implanted in the heart of man by his creator for i lie wisest purpose and no political union however fraught with blessings and benefits in all other respects ean long continue if the necessary consequence be to render the homes and firesides of nearly half the parties to it habitually and hopelessly insecure sooner or later ihe bonds of such a union must be severed it is my eon viction that tins fatal period has not yet i arrived and my prayer to hod is t hat ho would preserve tho constitution and tin ininn il in ic in nt 11 r i tioiih but let us take warning iu time and remove tho cause of danger it cannot bo denied that for five and twenty years the agitation at the north against slavery iu the south has been incessant in iso pictorial hand toll and inflammatory appeals were circulated extensively throughout the south of a character to excite

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e presidents message a jmloxc citizens of vic senate and house of representatives i throughout the year since our last meeting the country ha been eminently prosperous in all its material interests the general health has been excellent our harvests have been abundant and plenty smiles throughout the land our commerce and manufactures nave been prosecuted with energy aud industry and f i j t have yielded fair and ample return in j r t abort no nation in the tidi of time has if over presented a spectacle of greater ma terial prosperity than we have done an til within a very recent period why n it then that discontent now 4 80 extensively prevails and the union of 0 j f i fni thc states which is thc source of all t these blesftines is threatened with do j i btraobont lhe long continued i and in temperate interference of the isorihorn people with the question of slavery in the southern states ha at length produced its natural effects 1 he different sections i of the union are now arrayed aain t each other and the time has arrived so muoh dreaded by the father of hi country when hostile geographical parties have been formed i have long fere ceu and often forewarned my oouutrymen of the now impending danger this does not proceed solely from the claim on the part of congress or the territorial legislatures to exclude slavery from the territories nor from the efforts of different states to defeit the execution of the fu gitive slave law all or any of these evils might bare ieen endured by the south without dan j ger to the union as others have been j 20 the hope that time and reflection might apply the remedy lhe immediate peril arises not so much from these causes as from the fact that the incessant and vio lent agitation of the slavery question of tbo qext congress sureljt throughout thd norta for the last quarter nder tbese circumsuljcest we ought to he a century has at length produced restrained from present action by the malign influence on the slaves and m j t of nitn wbo tpake a9 never man spired them with vague notions of free hufficieot udto tbe day ia tbo dom hence a sense of security no ion i u tbereof tbe day of evh may dev ger exists around the family alter ibis i er cqm uqjea3 wo aha raahlj bring jt feeling of peace at home has given place q our elve9 to apprehension of servil insurrection j it ja aeged a one cau e for mmedi many a matron throughout tbe south re 8eccssiod that the southern states are tires at night in dread of what may be denied ri ht3 witb lhe otber statcs fall herself and her children before the tbfi ommon territories but by morning auouia tn appreoeomouoi uome uc i e j danger wnctaer real or ibiugiuary t aqd j be5cve n vcr win pas9i adj act t0 tend and intensify itself until it shall per esclu je b a from tbese territories vade thc masses of the southern people and certaiulv dot bj the supremo court then disunion will become meltable whicb hajj 9oledli1iy decided that slaves self preservation is the grst law or nature are property and like all otber proper and has been implanted in the heart of tbeir owners have a right to take tbem man by his creator for the wisest pur imo lfae oommod territories and bold pose and no political union however tbeaj therc under tho protection of the fraught witb blessings and benefits in all q00fctlloti00 otber respects can long continue if the cgg g cqdflerned necessary consequence be to render ho faave homes and tho fireside 0f nearly ha f be i j j darties to it habitual y and hopelessly in cauj u j j psru luuuauuu j r j hereafter it will surely be admitted secure sooner or later tbe bonds of i c 8 4 i t that this apprehension of future danger is sucb a union must be severed it is my lu ir o o b y no good reason for an immediate dissolu conviction that this fatal period ba not b tt t u tn rna tion of the union it h true that the ter vet arrrited and my prayer to bod is fir t iqj j j r r ntorml eitit ature of kansah on the sdd that lie would preserve toe stuuuon mq d in t ba te and the union throughout all genera ovjthe vctopof tbe go ernorf de j tl0 0 3 i i clarinj that slatery is and shall be but let u ute warning in time and bibited fd thia territory remove tbe cause of nftor it cannot an act however plainly violating be denied that for five and twenty years property secured by tbe the agitation at the north ainst slavery c o p be in tbe south ha been incessant in 18 3o y 1 j pictorial handbills and inflammatory p by the judiciary whenever it shall be pre lais were cirulated extensively through j 8cdtd lu a leal form out the south of a character to excite tbe only three days after my loougara pa sions of the slaves and in the yan 1 tion tbe supremo court of the united ffuace of general jackson to stimulate statcs solemnly adjudged that tbib pow them to insurreetion and produce all the j er did hot exi8t in a territorial leg la horrors of a servile war this agitation tare yet such has boeu the factious has ever muco been continued by the pub j temper of the times tnat the correctness lie press by the proceedings of state and j of this deci iou has been extensively im i 1 a ufnrn tun nonn r anil the ntlpfl county conventions and by anoiition ser mons and leotures the timo of congress has been occupied in violent speeches on this never ending subject and appeals in pamphlet and other forms endorsed by distinguished names have been sent forth from this central point and spread broad east over the uuion how easy would it be for tho american people to settle the slavery question forever and to restore peace aud barmo oy to this distracted country they and they alone can do it all tbat is necessary to accomplish the object and all for which the slave states jia ve ever contended is to be let alone and permitted to manage thoir domestic institutions in their own way as sov ereign states they and they alone are 0 m kpfnrr onh the world for the slavery existing among them for this tbe people of the north aro not more reidonsible and bave no more right to in terfere than with similar institutions in rubsiaor id brazil upon their good ense and patriotic forbearance i confess t itill ffreatlv rely without their aid it is beyond the power of any president 00 matter what may be his own political proclivities to restore peace and hartno nv atuodtf the states wisely limited 1 e j uea and restrained as is his power under out constitution and laws he alone can no ootupllsh but little for good or for evil on suou a momentous question nc i drn8 mo 10 observe that the election of any oho of out fellow citizens tq ho q co q proiiidont doetj not of jt self afford just cause for dissolving the his election has boon effected by a mere plurality nod dot a majority of the people and has resulted from transient and tenpr caues wbticb j pobabij never again occur in order to justify a resort to revolutionary resistauco the federal government must be guilty of a deliberate palpable aud dangerous exer of nol ted j thc con btitulion the ute pre8idcntial oleetioo how has been held in lriot cooform fa n is 003 h caq tfae a rcvo ottod tq dc tbs tonrtitusion rea f n son justice a regard for the constitution lf u n r an require that we shall wait for some f overt and dangerous act on the part of r j i v t the president elect before resorting to guch a rcniedy it i baid boweverj that the anleoe of u e pres5dent eject have been a in f a f u that be will attempt to invade their con i i 0 tj u stitutional rights j3ut are such appre f rrr hencions ot contingent danger in the fu turo uffiicifin t0 u je imaiediate destrucdoi1 of the jnobet tcm of ernmeot evef 6cvhcd fc tfce ve qf lig bj i i i i cont ervative lhe btern duty of administering the vast and complicated con cerns of t hit government affords in itself a guarautee that he will not attempt any violation of a clear constitutional right after all ho is no more than the chief executive officer of the government hi province is not to make but to execute the iaws and it is a remarkable fact in hour history that notwithstanding the repeated efforts of the anti elave ry partv no single act has ever pacd congns unless wo may possibly except l n nnmnrn mn n t liuf in th j 8li btest d the r5 ht3 of the south j thejr in au m and it may also be observed judging from present indications that no probability exists of the passage of such an act by a mniorife nf hoth flnnsps either in the

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Union County star and Lewisburg chronicle. (Lewisburg, Pa.) 1859-1864

tiin the couotry lias been eni iie iti pruspei us in all its uintetiul interests 1 ee i ncr il ln ulih has leen excellent vu hit vests have i ceil al un hint and plenty smi es ihror bou the luud uur otumerce met un nut ii inns huve ihiu prosecuted with etiiigv i i iu lustry mid have ieltlt tl lair and anqle ivlutns in tle il no nation iu the tiieuf time has ever puschteda s cctacie of greater tintciial pri upciity th at wo have done ci tilwitiiiii a very recent lijd why is it then that disc titcrit now sr extensively revti s iti the union of the states which is the source of nil these blessings ie ttireit n l with ivstrictinii the 1 con tinlie id intcmpente ititfrffnr ee it the northern t eople with the question of slavery m the ulhi in st etes has at length produced its natural e lhcts i he elilh reni icctii rs of tlie 1niou are now arrived against euh othf r utel the time has arrive i so much elremleil by thefith ref ids country when hostile geo ciaphic a patties have teen tunned i have im tup seen and often forewarned my countrymen o the now impending dauger 1 his does no proceed solely irom the claim on the pirt i futures or the territorial legi latures to ex t lule slavery from the teirit ries nor trom the t darts of different states to defeat the execu ti n of the fugitive slave law all or any of these evils might have teen endured ly the south without daniter to the union tun others have wen i in the he pe that tune and reflection mi jilt apply the remcvly liie humediite jieril nris not s much irotu these isiisesa tro n itie fact tint the ince sant atid violent agitation of the slavery questhin throughout the oirft or tlie last quarter or a centurv has at 1 ugth proiineed its malign itillueni e upon the siaies and iustitcil them with vague notions 1 freedom hence a reuse of secutitv no i r exists arountl the family alt tr this t tiii of pence nt home has given place to ap inciiiiimiiii oi tcicne iiisurtection many uiititm throughout the south retires at night itnlr ad of what may befall hers lf and her il il lien before the morning should this nn i rih us ou of domestic thinner whether real or iiut tti try extend and intensify itself until it nn i e rvade t he masses of thesonthern people ttieu ih anion will become inevitable si if nre h rvjiim is the hr t law of nature and has been ijipl uitcd iu the heart of man by bis creator lor the iv sest purpose and no political union hos v r iraagl with blessings and lenetitsin nil nth r re pects can lnnr continue if the ne cesary cons queuce ik to render the homes and hreilfs of marly half the partii s to it habitu ully and h rn h s ly iimeci re sooner or later tue bjuilso sueh a union must be severed it is my com iction ih it lliis fatal period has not yet arrived and my prayer to l od is that ii weuld pr erve the constitution and the lui u tiiiuiihout all generations 1 t let tis take warning iu time and remove t ie ea i of danger it cinnot be denied that fir ine arid twenty ars the agitation at thu itua a ust slavery ia the botiih lias been e su iu piet jrial hatitibills aud iu iuiuut i vap ia s w ie citculated extensively t tuu ii u the south of a character to ex tit hie pissiuua of the slaves and in the lan iratue u ueu ial jackson to stimulate them tiuisaiteaioo aud produce all the horrors of astrvii war tms agitation las ever since keen cutiuued hy tha public press by the pro eecuiu of mate and county conventions and iy lui ea sermons and lectures 1 he time i ju iets las been occupied iu violeut speechs a t is never ending subject audapiieals in lm ih et au l other foims eudorsed by distin kuteiiei r mes havi bien tent forth flora this jrttial jkint and sptcad troadca t over the ii w cisy would it bf for the american peo h to settle the slavery question forever and cotutry lc5 j lrmody to distracted uirv f iey e l0 all that is h t t iltpl uieoli tt uj to he 1 c h c contended is de let oue and permitted to manage their wt institutions in their own l toveren suui they aj iey alone l e uc ufore uud aud the world for t u fjl t for this the and h v esk nsioie r ie iii im iorin ai not i s 1 interfere tnao with miliar tnstitut ons iu itussi or

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message t uqu cittttnt of the senal and iotise of representatives throughout ttie joor slnoo our lavt meet ing the country list boen eminently pros purou in all in material interests tho bonorm health hat been excellent our har bfive boon abuttdont and pleutv tniilef tht fi i wv vut niu mna jor commerce and xnanulacturct have beon prosecuted with energy aud industry and have yielded fair and ample roturn iu abort no nation in the tido of timo hai ovor prosontod a apodaclo of greater tnatei iul prosperity than wo have dou until within a tory recent period why it it then that discontent now 10 extensively prevail and thu union of statos which it the tourco of all theso blessings is threatened with destruction tho long continued and intomporoto interferenco of tho northern pooplo with tho question of slavery in thu southern statoi hna ut length produced hi natural effects the different ection of tho union are now arrayed gainst each other and the time has arrived o much dreadod by tho father of his country whon hostilo geographical purtict huvo wuu lunuuu 1 nave long loroautn and often forowarnod roy cooutrvmon of the now impending danger thisdoea not proceed solely from tho claim on tho part of congress or tho territorial legisluturoi to exolude slavory from the torriro ul from the effjr of uiuoront stutes to defeat the execution of tho fugitive slavo lv all or any of theso evils might have been endured by the south without danger to tho union 111 others bavo beon in tho bopo that time and reflootiou might apply the remedy tho immediate put il arises not to much from tboso onuses as from tho fact that the incessant and violent agitation of tho slavery question throughout tho north for tho last qrartor of a century bus t length produced its malign influence on toe davos and inspired them will vague notions ot freedom ilonce a sunto of security no longnr ox ssts around the family altar this fouling of peaoo at borne has given placo to apprehensions of torvilo insurrection many a matron throughout tho south rotiros at night in dread of what niay befall herself uud children before morning should this apprehension of domestio danger wholher real or imaginary extond and intensify itself until it shall porvado tho masses of tho southern people thou disunion will become inevitable self preservation is tho first law of nature and has boon implanted in tho heart of man by bit creator for the wisest pur poso and no political unlon howovui fraught witb blessings and benefits to ovory ono in ii other respects cui long continue if tho necessary consequence bo to render tho hornet and firesides of hourly half tho parties to it babituully and hopelessly insecure soonor or later tho bonds of such a union must be sevorcd it it my conviction that thit fatal period hat not yet ariivod and my prayer to god it that ho would preserve the constitution and tbo union throughout all generations but let ut tuko warning in time and ro tnove tho causo of danger it cannot bo denied that for five and twenty yoars the agnation at tne jnortn against slavury in tbo south has been incessant in 1835 pic torial handbills and inflammatory appeals were circulated exteneivoly throughout ttio south of a character to excito tho passions 01 tne slaves and in thu lat gungo ol uon jackson to ttimulato them to insurrection and to produce nl tho horrors cf a torvilo war ims agitation hat evor unco been continued by the puliho prosshry tho pro eeedingt of state and couuty conventions ana oy anontior sormons and lectures tho timo of congress has been occupied in violont speeches on tbo nover ending sub jnct and appeals in pamphlets and olhor forms endorsed by distinguished names havo boon snnt forth from this central point no sproad oroaucast over tho union how easy would it be for the arnnrionn people to sottlo tho slavery question forever and rostore peaoo and harmony to this dis traded eountryl thoy and they alono can do it am that is noootsary to accomplish tho otject and all for which tho slavo statos huvo ever contended is to bo let alono and pormltted to manage thoir domestio institutions in their own way as sororcign states they and thoy alono are responsible boforo tied and the world for slavury existing among them for this the pooplo of tho north are not more responsible and have no moro right to interfere than witb similar institutions in iluisla or in brazil upon thoir good tense and patriotic forbearance i ooufi ss i greatly rely without thoir aid it is beyond tho poor of any president no mnttor what may be his own political proclivities to ro store poace and harmony among tho states wisely limited and restrained ns is his powor uodur our constitution and luwt he alooe can accomplish but little for good or for evil on such a momentous question and this brings mo to observe that tbo eleotion of any ono of our follow citizens lo tbe offioo of president does not of itself afford jutt cause for dissolving tho union this is more ospeo ally true if bis election was effuoted by a more plurality and not majority or tne pooplo and has resulted from transiont and temporary causes which probably may novor again occur ia order to justify a resort to revolutionary resist a nee tbe fudural govornmont must bo guilty of a dullborate palpable and danger ous exorcise of powers uot granted by tho uonstttutton ine late rrestdoniiol eleo tion bowovor has beon bold in strict con fortuity with its express provisions how then can tho result justify a revolution to destroy this very constitution reason lost loo a regard for tho constitution ul re quire that we shall wait for some overt aud dangorous act on tbe part of the president peiore retorting to sued a remedy it is taid however that tbe antecedents of tbe prosident eloot have beon suuioiont to justify tbe fears of the south that ho will attempt to invado their constitutional rights but are tuck approbensions of con tiugeut danger iu the futurosuuloiont to jus tifv tbe immodiato destruction of the no blest system of covoruuiout ever devitod by mortals from tho very nature of his of floe and its bigh responsibilities be must necessarily be conservative ine stern duty of administering tho vast and complicated concerns of tbit government affords in it solf a guarantee that be will not attempt any violation ef a eleur constitutional right after ail he it no mure than tho chief ex ecutive officer of tbe government his province is not to make but to exec u to tho lawoj ana it it remarkaoie raci iu our history that notwithstanding the repeated ef forts of the anti slavery party no tingle act bat evor passed congress uulost we may possibly except be missouri compromise impairing in tbe slightest degree the rights f tbe south to their property id slaves and it may alto be obter red judging from present indications that no probability ex istt of tho passage of such 1111 act by a majority of both houses either in the present or in tho next congress huroly under these circutnslnnroa we ought to bo restrained from picscnt action by tho precept of him who spake as nover man spoke that sufficient unto tho day is thu evil tholoof tho day of evil may never come utiles wo shall rut lily bring it upon ourselves it is alleged as ono cnuso for immediate secession that tho southern states are do tiied equal rights with tho other states in tho common territories hut by what authority arn these denied not by congress which lms never passed and i believe never will puss any act to excludo slavery from these territories t and certainly not by the buprcmo untirt which has solemnly decided that slaves orn property and like nil other property their owners bnve a right to take them into the common territories and bold them there under the protection of the constitution so far then at congrefs is concerned objection it not to anything they lro ul ready dono but to what they nn l o hero after it will turnlv im ariimltcd that tilit pprohension of future danger is no good ml euluiy uu huip reason for an immediate dissolution of llio union it is true tliut tho territorial legit lntnrn nf rim na n 111 rf fjil ri isfin r ar ft lul iliiatoun act ovor tho v eto ol tho governor declining that slavery is and shall he forever prohibited in this territory such un act however pluinly violating tho rights of property secured by the constitution will surely ho declared void by tho judiciary whenever it shall be prosontod in u legal form only a few das uftor my inauguration tho supremo conn of the united kiutes solemnly adjudged that this power did tint exist in a territorial legislature yol such has boon tho fuotinus temper ot tho tunes that tho correctness of this decision bus been extensively impugned befmo tho pooplo and tho question has givou rise to angry political cot ti os throughout tho country ibuso who havo appealed from ibis lujg inenl of our highest constitutional tribunal to popular assemblies would if thuv oould invest a territorial legislature wit it power to annul the sucred rights of property this power congress is expressly forbidden hy tiie ft dorul constitution to exorcise rorv btatu legislature in tho union forbidden hy its own constitution to exer ciso it it cannot be exorcised in any stato except by tho pooplo in their highest sovereign capacity when framing or amending thuir statu constitution in liko manner can only bo exorcised by tho people of a territory represontod in a convention of delegatus for the purpose of framing a constitution preparatory to admitsion us a state into thu union then uud not until then ara thoy invested with power to decido question whether slavery shall or shall exist within their limits this is an act sovereign authniity and not of subordinate territorial legislation were it otherwise then indeed would tho equality nl states in tho territories ho destroyed nni tho rights of properly iu slaves wod depend not upon the guurantees ot tho constitution but upon tho shifting mninriiics of irresponsible territorial legislature such a doctrine from its intrinsic unsoundness cannot long inuueuco any considerable portion of our people much lees can it hfford a good reason tor a dissolution of the union tho most palpablo violations of constitutional duty which havo yet been committed consist in rcs of different state legisa turct to defeat tho elocution of tho fogiiivo sluvo law it ought to bu remembered howovor that for these acts neither congress nor any president can justly bo held responsible having been passed in violation of tho federal constitution they thorcforo null and void all tho courts both state and national botoro whom question bus arisen huvu from tho begin in declared thu fugitive slave la v to constitutional tho tingle exception is nf a stato court in wisconsin and this lot only boon reversed by the proper appel late tribunal but has met with such univer sal roprobation that there can bu no danger irom it as a precedent tno validity this law has been repeatedly established tho supremo court of tho united stales with perfect impunity it ia founded upon uti exprubs provision nf the constitution that fugitivo slaves whoefenpo from service in mm state to another shall bu do livorod up lo their masters without provision it is a well known historical that tho constitution itself could never huvo beon adopted by tho convention in form or olhor under too acts ot i mi 1650 both being substantially the same fueuivo slavo law was the luw of tho from tho days ol washington until tho present moment hero then a clear caso presented iu which it will bo tho duty tho next president as it has been my to act with vigor in executing thu supremo law against tho conuicting enactments stato legislatures should bu fail in performance of this duly ho will thun manifested u disregard of the constitution and laws to the great injury of tho ponplo of nearly one hult ot too btutes ot union but are wo to presume in advance that he will thus violate his duty would be at war with ovory principle of tico ond of christian chanty let us for the overt act the fugitivo slavo has beon carried into elocution in every contested caso since thu commencement of tho prosont administration though often it is to bo regretted with great loss and convionce to tho muster and witn consider ablu exnenso to tho government lot i ubl illal iiiu iuiu urioi miub i i i ci in ft i their unconstitutional and obnoxious enact ments unless this snail bo done wucoui unnecessary delay it it impossible fur human power to save tho union tho southern states standing on basis of tho constitution havo a right to this uot of justice from tho statos the north should it bo rofueed then constitution to which ull tho slates are ties will have been willfully violated hy portion of them in a provision essential tbe domestio security und happiness of remainder in that event the injured statos after having first used all peaceful and constitutional means to obtain redress would bo justified in revolutionary resistance to tbo government of thu union i have purposoly confined my romarks revolutionary resistance because it hat claimod within the last few years that state whenovor this shall be its snverolgn will and pleasure may tocedo from union iu accordance with the constitution and without any violation of

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yicldod h teuitavajbondantlr and boontifuttr rewarded be loq of tiie bushandinan our great six pies y ve cotmosmied high prices and up till with ij a brief ierid or manufapturing mineral s4d mechanical oceopatiom itare largely partaken of the general prosperity we have pos e8cd ait the clenieou of material wealth in sisii abundance and yet notwithstanding all kjterecu in at rhe present moment in a deplora ft condition in uie midst ol ensarpased plen ivin ail ue piodocrsof agrirolture and in tu the eloments of national wealth we find our ioatuilacturek suspended oar tmwic works re it ded our prirateentorpiikes of diffurent ljadp nhandoued and thoundg of useful laborers thrown out of employment and reduced to want h the revenue of the goternnient which is chief derived from duties on imports from abroad lias been greatly reduced whilst the appropri ajn mad by umgrkff at its last session for i r the wirrent fiscal year are eery large itv amount jlodrr lsecin ui itmealoan may lie re i quired before the dose trf yur present sessrion but tbik although deeply tme regretted would prove o be only a slight misfortune when comic spared with the juif riiig and distrvss prevailing amqnf lite people with this government can litplail deeulr to sympstkizesj though it nnv be without the power to extend relief it is our duty to inquire what has produced uch uiajrtunate results and whether their recurrence eaat be prevented in nil former re revulsions the blame might hare been fairiy at tributcd to a ya iety of co operating causes but not pou tiw present occasion it u appar eat that our ctutinr misrertunes have proceed ved iwldyroiu eurcxtravaaant and vicious srs tern of uauerurrery and bank credits excit int the neonie to wild toieeulations and cainb ling in slocks thene tevnlxions roust continue to recur at successive rn tervau so long as the utnentoc the paper corrency and bank loans and dibcoents of the country shall be left to the disrxetioa of firartcen handred irresponsible baakuis usstitutioiis wnicn trom ue very law f their nature will consult the iirterrst of their 1 ue trainers ot tne oonsuinuon wnen tuey aii1a rkavatia kmfn mwa nrart t a t o1 he st ten ivum coininjr money cuiitting bills of credit or making any thin but gold and silver xin a tender in payment of debts supposed they bad protected the people against the evils of an excessive and interminable paper curren 4tv tkov a wa nemkancikin ftm thft arv uttniy toj 55maly that a government endowed with the sovereign attribute of coming money ana rcgu hting the value thereof should have no power to prevent others from driving this coin out of the country and filling np the channels of circulation with paper which does uot represent gold and silver s it w on nf the highest and most rcsrjonsible uties of government to insure to the people a und circulating medium the amount of which ought to be adapted with the utmost possible wisdom and skill to the wants of internal trade and foreign exchange if this be either greatly above or greatly below the propet standard the marketable value of every mans property is increased or diminished hi the same propor uoo and injustice to individuals as well as in nl k 11 bmu tr f vi b mihfflniiils mm tlio nn neouences uiui w u w w ww wwhw w vw federal constitution yrhicli has now prevailed too long to be changed this important and delicate dnty has disserved from the coining power and virtually transferred to more thnn four teen hundred state hanks acting independent ly of each other and regulating their paper it sues almost exclusively by a regard to the pres ent interest of their stockholders exercising the sovereign power of providing a paper cur rency instead of coin for the country the lirst doty which these banks owe to the public is to ieep in their vaults a sufficient amount of gold and silver to insure the convertibility of their notes into eoui at all times and under all circuin lances no bank ought ever to be chartered hout such restrictions on its business as to fecure tins result au omer restrictions are mdarativelr vain this is the only true tnuchstone the only cftcient regulation of a pa per currency the only one which can guard u1c puuhc agllm ofd iwura w i i ow wii fjoiis as a collateral and eventual security it s doubtless wise and in all cases ought to be tquired that banks shall hold au amount or boiled states or slate securities equal to titeir notes in circulation and pledged for their redemption this however furnishes no adequate security against our over issues on the contrary il may be per verted to inflate the currency indved it is possible by this means to convert all the debts uf the united statts ana state governments in tn bank notes without reference to the specie rmiuired to redeem tb o however valuable rtmse securitiws tuav be in themselves they cannot be converted into gold and silver at the moment of irossure as our experience teacher in sufficient time to prevent bank suspensions and the depreciation ot notes in fcngiann t hich is to considerable extent a paper money country though vastly behind our own in this resect it was deemed advisable anterior to h act of parliament of 2844 which wisely eparaled the usuc of notes from the banking department for the bbii of england always to a m 1 1 t n wl f ofjts combined circulation and deposits ii asks proportion as no more than sufficient to prcure the cotiverlibilily of its notes with the vmoie oi urea uniain ana io some extent tne fntinciit of europe as a field for its circulation ridenng it almost impossible that a sadden run r u a dangerous amount should be made on it the n prokirlion would certainly be insufficient founder our banking ysuih each ofourfour ti o hundred banks lias but limited cireumfcr i ir tlu il i lrnlolw 1 v r vw bw il ill 4 1 u1uibc ol very few days the depositors and note hold 1 era might demand froaa aaoh ft bank aau6tiit amount in speeia to compel it ta a wpend vri altbough it had cniu i iu vaults equal to oe third of its tmaaediato nabiltue and yet i am not aware with the exception of the bank of louisiana that any state bank throughout the unioq baa been requiretl by hs charter to keep this or any other proportjow ef gold and rflver compared with the anient of ka combitled cir ukuoa a ad avpomtn whathae been the con sequupet c jn a tent rcaort toade b ther tnasorir dejw x fion of the bauka threag jijs tju awrd1ng to returns aai juay i nori uie aggregate 4ubo ecieift their wsulh is 5s w40 s3a oi ham s14j7 88 and of their depe ool 52 thus it ap pears tlie ban regttf w ftmnis 11 i if 4 i pokites it was palptble therefore thai tint the very first pressure must drive them to suspen sion and deprive the people of a convertible currency with all its disastrous consequences it is truly wonderful that they should have so long continued to preserve their credit when a demand for the payment of one seventh of their immediate liabilities would have driven them into insolvency and this is the condition of the banks notwithstanding that four hundreds of millions of gold from california have flowed in uon us within the last eight years and the tide still continues to flow indeed such has been the extravrgance nf bank credits tliat the banks now iinid a considerably less amount of specie either in proportion to their capital or to their circulation and deposites combined than they did before the discovery of gold in california whilst in the year 1848 their ssecie in proportion to their capital was more than equal to one dollar fur four and a half in 1847 it does not a mount to one dollar for every six dollars and thirty three cents f their capital in the year 1848 the specie was eqval within i very small fraclhm to one dollar in fivetif their circulation and depesitest lrr 1857 it is not eqeal to one dollar in seven arid a half of their dircubtion and deposites i rom this statement it is easy to account for our finaacial bistttry for the last forty years u has been a history of extravagant expansions in the business of the countiy followed by ru iuou8 contractions at kooeefsire intervals the best and most enterm israg men have been tempted to their ruin by excessive bank loans of more paper credit exciting them to extravagant importations of foreign goods wild speculations and nribons and demoralizing stock gam bliug when the crisis arrives aa arrive it must the wank ran extend no relief to the people in a vain straggle to redeem their liobilf ties in specie they are compel led to contract their loans and their issues and at last in the hour of distress when their assistance is most needed they and their debtors together sink into insolvency it is this never svstem of extravagant expan sion raising the nountial nrioe of every article the cost of similar articles in countries whose circulation is wisely regulated which has pre vented us from competing in onr own markets with foreign manufacturers has produced extravagant importations and has counteracted the effect of tlie large incidental protection afforded to our domestic manufactures by the present revenue tariff cut for this the branch es of our manufactures composed of raw materials the production of our own country such as cotton iron and woolen fabrics would not only hare acquired almost exclusive possession of the home market but would have created for themselves a foreign market throughout the world deplorable however as may be our present fi nancial condition we may yet imluge in bright hopes for the future so otner nation has ever existed which could have endured such violent ex pansions and contractions of paper credits witout lasting injury yet the buoyancy of youth the energies of on population aud the spirit which never quails before difficulties will enable as soon to recover from our present fiuanci l embarrastnncut and ma va occasion us speedily to forget uie lesson they have taaght in the meantime it is the dnty of the government by all proper means within its power to aid in alleviating the sufferings of the people occasioned by the suspension of the banks and to provide against the recurrence of the same calamity unfortunately in either aspect of the case it can do but little thanks to the independent treasury the government has not suspended payment as it was compelled to do by the failure of the banks in 1837 it will continue to discharge its liabilities to the people in gold and silver its disbursements in coin will pass into circulation and materially assist in restoring a sound currency from its high credit should we be compelled to make a temporary loan it can be effected on advantageous terms this however shall if possible be avoided but if not then the amount shall be limited to the lowest practicable sum i have therefore determined that whilst no useful government works already in progress shall be buspcnded new works not already commenced will be postponed if this can be done without injury to the country those necessary fur its defence shall proceed as though there bad been no crisis in onr monetory atiairs iiut the federal government cannot do much to provide against a recurrence of existing evils ivcu it insurmountable constitutional objections did not exist against the creation of a national bank this would furnish no adequate preventive security the history of the lust bank of the united states abundantly proves the truth of this assertion cuebji bank cou not if it would regulate the issues and credits fourteen hundred state intnks in such a manner aa to preveut the ruinous expansions aud contractions in our currency which afflicted the country throughout the existence of the late bank or secure us agaiust luture suspensions in 1826 an effort was made by tliellank of england to curtail the issues of the country banks under thfrjnmt favorable circumsiances the paper currency had been expanded to a ruinous extent and the bank put forth all its power to contract it in order to reduce prices anilirestore the eqjillirium of the foreign exchanges it accordingly commenced a system of curtailment of its loans and issues iu the vain hope that that the jofut stock and private banks of the kingdom would be compelled to iolluw its example found howevar that ns it contracted they expanded and at the end of the prolicss to employ the language of a very high official authority whatever reduction of the pnper circulation was effected by the bank of england in 1h0 was more than made up by the issues of the countrv banks but a bank of the united states would not if it could restrain the issues and loans of ti e state banks because its duty as a regulator of the currency must often be in direct conflict with the imuaediato interest of its stockholders if we expect one agent to restrain or control an other tatetensumust at la iivaomr de grae fee anteoofatic uot the crn aetors of a kfank of the united 8ta wauld 11 the same tnter nand tlut aaia iacliaauoa with toe directors of the state bank to expand the currency to aeco mimdaa thef a voritm and frieoda with loao4 and to deere large divjbiids sach has been our experiawm irt vegard w de katt hank alter all k boat mainly raty pe the pa triolisu aad wisdouef the state for the prevention and redress of the evil if they will at rd ui a reei specie agistor oar paper crrea ufionvoy tacreatipg the ds ktmiriatioa of bank rotes grstto jjtwenty and afieewank to fifty douara v tkey will require that the hefdcsha l ai all ytnes keep on haadat least tee dollar of gold and silver for every three dollars of their ejrcejlatioa ami depcbitas aa it they will pro tliing can arrest that th moment they suspend they shall go into liquidation i believe that such provisions w th a weekly publication by each bank of a statement of its condition would go far to secure u against future suspensions of specie payments congrees in my opinion possesses ihe power to pass a unifor a bankrupt law applicable to all banking institutions throughout tho united stales and i stiongly recommend iu exercise this would make it the irreversible organic law of each banks existence that a suspension of specie payments shall produce its civil death the instinct

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the 1 ist congriii our constituents hiro enjived an uausu il degree of inalth tho oirth has yielded her iruit cbuiid intly and his bountifully rewirded the toil ol tne busb indm in our great ctapbe hate commanded high trices und up till hithin a brief period our m inufactu lin mineral and in oh tnic tl occupations h iv largely partaken of the general pros pnty wo have posses id all tho elomenti of lu iteri l wealth in rich ahund ince an 1 jpt notwithstanding all thsi udvimigm our country in it uionet iry interests is at the present mom ent in a d plor tble con ditijn in the midst of un urp iss d plenty in u 11 tho productions of agriculture and in all the elements ol n ition al we alth we ii id our lnanuf iuturies supendud our public works retarded our pnrite en erprises ol different kinds abandoned and thousands ofuselul laborers thrown out of employ tnint and reduce to want the revenue ul tho govs rnuieut which is rliitfly derived from duties on imports from abroad has been greaily reduced whilst the appropriations made by congress at its last session far tho curent liscal year arc very large in amount i nder these circumtanos a loan may lo ri quired beloro the close of jour present i tsiuu but this although deeply tu be ro grctttd would prove to bo only a sli ht raufortunu when cimpired with tho suffering aud distress previlling among tho pe lie with this tlie government omnot fail dcipy to symp ithize thoogh it may bj ttiiliont it e power to ixtuid relief i is our duty to enquire what has pro du d such unlurtunale result mid whe tner their recurrence can bo prevented in ail former revulsions the blame might have been fairly attributed to a variety of co op rating uiuses but not so upon the present occasion itisappirent tnat our existing luislortunes have proceo led solely irom our extravag mt and vicious system til piper currency and bank credits exciting the people tj wild speculations aud piuibling in stocks these revulsions continue to recur at sucessive intervals so lot g as the umount ol pap r currency and bans loans and disc unto of the country eh ill be lelt to tne di cretion of lourteeu hundred irrcep jiislble innkuig i islilulions v lueh irom tne very law of tiw nature t ill ton ujc the int rest ol their slock l ol ur rather then the public wellaru llie trainers ut the constitution when they give to congress the povver to coin money and to regulate the value thercul end prohibited the states irom coming mull turning bills ot credit or making uiiy tiling but gild and silver coin a tender in pihh nl ot debts bipposed they had jroueted the people ugalut the evils ol an exe ive an j irruieem ioio p iper currency itie arc not responsible lor the existing iinomaly that a govcrniniiit enjowed witn tho sovereign uttiibute ot coining money u d regu ating the valua tnereut shuuid 1ine no power to prevent others irom dri ving this coin out ol the country and tillm up the channels of circulation with piper wmcti does tut represent gild an i sliver it is one ot the highest and most responsible duties ofgovernm ut to insure to iht people a sound eiruulating medium the uuouut of which ought to be adapted with the inmost possible wisdom und skill to the wants ol ntern il trade und ioreign exchanges if this be either greatly above or gieatly below the proper standard the mainetuble value ut every inms property is inenasedor diminished in the same proportion and injustice to individuals as well us incalculable evils to the community are tlio constquence jufui tuuately under the construction of the iojeral constitution which lias now prevailed too lung to be changed this im jormnt and delicate duty has been duseve red irou the coining pjvveritnd virtually trans errtd to mure than fuurfen hundred but bunk acting independently of each u tr und regulating their paper issues ul tt is delusively by a regard to the present in ri eta of their stockholders kxercis ing tho sovereign powerol providing a pa p i currency instead uf coin for the coun try the first duty which these banks owe t the ublic is to keep in their vaults a tuni ieui muount ol gold and silver to insure the convertibility ol their notes into coin lit all times and under all circumstances no baiu ooght tver to bo chartered witi o t such restrictions on its business as to c uro this result all other restrictions are comparatively ain this is t lie only true touchstone the only ifficient regulator of a piper currency the only one wuieh cm guard the public against over issues and bank 6uspinsuns as a collateral and ventual security it is doubtless wis and ta all c ises ough t to be required that banks t iall hold an amount ot united states or state securities iqual to their nutes in circulation and pledged for their redemption this howtver lurnishes no ad quale sc cuitty iigiinrt over issues on the con tr ry it miy be perverted toinqtie the currtney indeed it is pocsihla by this moans to conv rt a 1 the dobts of the united states und sloto government into bank note without relerence to the specie required to redeem them however valu uhlc these curitiei miy be in them elves iey cinnot be converted into gold and bit ct at the moieent uf pressure us our n perionco tenches in sufficimt time to iirevmt bank mtiiensions and tho depreci ation of bank notes lu england which is to a contiderable txtint a ppr money country though vastly behind our own in this rcfpect it was deemed advisable anterior to the act ol iarliwnent of 1314 v alch wisely separated the issue ol notes f m the banking depirtment for the ii ink ul england always to keep on bund gold i nlsilveriqu il to ono third of its cum bined circuution mil dupo its if this proporlioi was no more tn in suleeient tu secure tho convertibility o its notes with the whoto of great britain and to some extent the continent of europe an a eeld lor its circulation rcuderins it almost imposl blj that a sudden aud immediate run to d ngerous iinount should ho made upon it tne sitae proportion would bo insufficient undtr our baukicg system kijli of our fount n hundred banks im but a limited circumference for its circulation and in the courso of a few days the depositors and noteholders might demand from such a bank a sufficient amount ol specie to compel it to suspend even although it had coin in its vaults equal to ono third of its li ibilitios and yet i am cot aware with tlio exception of the banks ol louisiana that any state hank tliough out tho lrion has been required by its charter to keep this or any other proportion of gold a d silvor uompired with the lmoiint of its c 3m bined circulation and de posits what has been the oonseqiiencu 1 in a recent report made by the treasury depirtment on the condition of the hanks throughout i he different states according to returns dated nearest to january 1857 i ho aggregato amount olactui specie in tl ir different vaults is 5 349 s38 uf ieir circulation 214 778 842 nd ol their posits 230 301 362 tnusit appears thtt tbet bmks in the aggregite have v msiderably less than one dollar in seven of ld and silver compared with their circu 1 le sis it was ptpable therefore that tho very first presort mut drive them to bu pjn sion and deprive tho people of a oonveri iblo currencv with all is ills istrnus run peiiincos it is truly wonderful that they ihiiiij hnvo so long continued to preserve their cred t when the demind for the avment of one eventh of their imm idiati liibilities would bavo driven them into insolvency and this is tho condition of tho banks notwithstanding that lour hundred millions ol gold from calilornii havu fl

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iwe senate nj zfotu o reprttentativtt la obedience so the command of the constitution it has now become ray duty to give to congress information of the state of the tjuion and recom mend to their consideration such measures as l r m tn b necepsarv and expedient bat first and abote all our thanks are due to almighty god foe the numerous benefits which he ia tvtnl nnon this deople and our united d rarer oueht to ascend to him that he would con tinue to bless our great republic in time to come as be has blessed it in time past since the adjournment of the last congress our canstituents hare enjoyed an unusual degree of nf health the earth has fielded her fruits abun dantly and has bountifully rewarded the toil of the inrhndman our ereat staples have commanded hich prices and cp to within a brief period our niatinfarturitie mineral and mechanical occupa tions bare largely partaken of the genecal pros perity we hate possessed all the elements 01 ma terial wealth in rich abundance and yet notwith standing all these advantage our country in its monetary interests is at the present moment in a deplorable condition in th midst of untiunjassed plenty in all the pro ftf rricnltnre and in all the elements of national wealth we find our manufactures suspended onr nublie works retarded our private enter prise of different kinds abandoned and thousands cf useful laborers thrown out of employment and duopd to want the rerenue of the goveenment which is chiefly derived from duties on imports from abroad has been greatly reduced whilst appropriating mada hv hon press at hs last session for the current fiscal year are tery large in amount under these circumstances a loan msy be requir ed before the close ol your present session but this although to be deeply regretted would prove to be otilv a alight misfortune when compared with the suffering and distress prevailing among the people with this the government cannot fail to deeply eymphatixe though h may be without the power to extend relief it ia our duty to enquire what has produced such unfortuntwe results and whether their recurrence ran ba rjrevented in all former revulsions the nlame might have been faiily aiuibuted to a variety of co operating causes but not so upon the pres ent occasion it is apparent mv wur eiuaiug fnrtttnm have oroceeded solelv from our extrava gant and vicious system of paper currency and bank credits excitine the people to wild speculations and gambling in stocks these revokions must continue to recur at successive intervals so long as the amount of onoer currency and bank loans and discount of the country shall be left to the discretion of fourteen hundred irresponsible banking institutions which fora the very law of their nature will eansult the interest of their stockholders rather than the nnblic welfare the framers of the constitution when they gave to congress the power to coin money and to regulate the value thereof and prohibited the states from coinio monet emitting bills of credit or ma king anything but gold and silver coin atender in payment or dents eupposea wey nu pruiecicu wc people azainet the evils of an excessive and irre deemable paper currency they are not responsi ble tor an existine anomaly that a government en dowed with the sovereign attribute ol coining mon ey and rcculatire the value thereof snouia nare no power to prevent others from driving this coin out of the country and filling up the channels of circu lation with paper which does not represent goia ana it i one of the hiehebt and most responsible du ties of the government to insure to the people a mnnna olrcttlfttir v medium the amount of which dvuiiu q nncrvit to be ad mted with the utmost possible wis dom and skill to the wants of the internal rade and foreien exchanges if this be either greatly above or creatly below the proper standard the marketa ble value of every mans property is increased or diminished in the same proportion and it justice to in hn1 well as incalculable evils to the com mnnitv re the conseouences unfortunately under the construction of the tvdirj constitution hich has now prevailed too long to be changed this important and delicate du tyhas been duevercd from the coining pow r and virtually transferred to more than fourteen hundred sute bank acting inaepenaeniiy oi eavn oct ma mxniutinp their naner issues almost exclusive ly bv a regard to the present interest of their 6tock ln dpra exercising the sovereign power of pro tiding a paper currency instead

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Columbia Democrat and Bloomsburg general advertiser. (Bloomsburg, Pa.) 1850-1866

ike senate and house of 1 j licprcscmaiivcs in obedienco to tho command of tho constitution it has now become my duty to givo to congress information of tlio state of tho union and recommend to their consideration such measures as i mav judge to bo necessary and expedient iiui irrsi aau auovo all our llianks are due to alnuebty god for tho numerous boiiefits which uo has bestowed upon this peoplo j arid our united prayers ought to ascend to him that ho would contiuuo to bless our groat republic in timo to como as uo has mossed it in timo past since tho adjournment oftho last conarcss our con stituents havo enjoyed an unusual degree of health tho earth has yicldod her fruits abundantly and has bountifully rewarded the toil of tho husbandman our great staples have commanded high prices anu up till within a bnel period our manufacturing mineral nnd mechanical occupations havo largely partaken of tho general prosperity wo hive possessed all tho elements of material wealth in rich abundance and yet notwithstanding all theso advantages our country in its monetary interests is at tho present moment in a deplorable condition in tho midst of unsurpassed plonly in all tho productions 01 agriculture and in all tlio clements ol national woalth wo find our manufactures suspended our publi works retarded our privato enterprises of different kinds abandoned and thousands of useful laborers thrown out of employment and reduced to want tho revenuo of tho government which is chiefly derived form duties on im ports from abroad hasbeon greatly reduced whilst tho appropriations made by congress at its last session for the current ficalycar are very largo in amount under theso oircumstmccs a loan may bo required beforo the close of your present session but this although deeply to bo regretted would prove to be only a slight misfortune wbco compared with the suffer ing and distress prevailing among the people with this tho government cannot tail deeply to sympathize though it may be without the power to extend relief it is our duty to inquire what has pre durcd such unfortunate results and whether their recurrence can be prevented t in all former revulsions the blamo might have been fairly attributed to a variety of co operating causes but not so upon tho present occasion it is apparent that our existing misfortunes have proceeded solely from our extravagant and vicious system of paper currency and bank credits exciting ho people to wild speculations and gambling in stocks these revulsions must continue to recur at succcssivo intervals so long as tho amount of tho paper currency anuoanu l ans and otsnminf ct h 2 shall bo left o the discretion of fourteen 1 hundred irresponsible banking institutions i which from tho very law of their nature i will consult the intcrrst of their stockhuld ors rather than tho public welfare the framers of tho constitution when tbey gave to congress tho power to coin money and to reguldte tho valuo thereof ln li l 1 ci r money omittidg bills of credit or making anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment 0f debts supposed tbov had protected the people against tho evils of an t excessive and irredeemable paper currency they aro not responsible for tho cxistiii2 1 anomaly that government endowed with i tho sovereign attributo of ooining money 1 and regulating tha valuo thereof should hive no power to prevent others from driving this coin out of tho country and filling up tho channels of circulation with paper wuicti uocs not represent gold and silver it is one of the highest and most rospon siblo duties of government to insuro to the people a sound circulating medium tbo amount of which ought to bo adapted with the utmost posiiblo wisdom and skill to tho wants of internal irado and foreign ex changes if this bo either greatly abovo or greatly below tho proper standard tho marketable valuo of every mans property is increased or diminished in tho same proportion and injustice to individuals as well as incalculable cvils to tho community arc tho consequence unfortunately under tho construction of the federal constitution which has now prevailed too lonp to bo clianseu this im portant and delicate duty has been dissev crcd from tho coining power and virtually transferred tj moro than fourteen hundred stato banks actiug independently of each other and regulating their paper issues alniift exclusively by a regard to the pro sent interest ot tuctr stockholders jiscr eising tho sovereign power of providing a paper curronoy instead

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since the adjournment of the last congress our constituent have en joyed an unusual degree of health the earth has yielded her fruits abundantly and has bountifully rewarded the toil of her husbandman our great staples have com manded high prices and up till within a brief period our manufacturing mineral and mechanical occupations nave largely partaken ot tbe general prosperity we bavo possessed all the elaments of material wealth in rich abundance and yet notwithstanding all those advantages our country in its monetary interests is at tbe present moment in a deplorable condition in the minst of unsurpassed plenty in all tbe productions of agriculture and in all the elomenu of national wealth we find our manufactures suspended our public works retarded our private enterprises of different kinds abandoned and thousands of useful laborers thrown out of employment and reduced to want the rovenue of the government which is chiefly dorived from duties on imports from abroad has been greatly reduced whilst the appropriations made by congress at its last session for tbo current fiscal year are very large in amount under theso circumstances a loan may bo required before the close of your present sossion but tins although deeply to be re gretted would prove to be slight misfor tune when compared with the sutlering and distress prevailing among the people with this the government cannot fail deeply to sympathise though it may bo without pow er to extend relief it is our duly to inquire what lins pro duced such unfoitunate results and vvlieth er their recurrence can bo prevented i in all former revulsions the blame might have been fairly attributed to a variety of co operating causes but not so upon the present occasion it is apparent that our existing misfortunes have proceeded solely from our extravagant and vicious system of paper currency and bank credits exciting the peo ple to wild speculations and gambling in stocks these revulsions must continue to recur at successive intervals so long as the amount of the paper currency nnd bank loans nnd discounts of the country shall be left to the discretion of fourteen hundred irresponsible banking institutions which from the very law of their nature will consult the interest of their stockholders rather than the public welfare tho framcrs of the constitution when they give to congress the power to coin money and to regulate tho value thereof and prohibited the states from coining money emitting bills of credit or making anything but gold and silver coin a louder in paymont of debts supposed they had protected tho people against the evils of an excessive and irredeemable cuironcy they aro not responsible for tbo existing anomaly that a government endowed with the sovereign attribute of coining money and regulating tho value thereof should havo no power to prevent others from driving this coin out of tho country and filling up the channels of circulation with paper which does not represent gold nna silver it is ono of the highest nnd most respon sible duties of government to insure to the peoiilo a sound circulating medium the amount of which ought to bo adapted with the utmost possible wisdom and skill to the wants of internal trade and foreign exchanges if this be cither greatly above or greatly below tho proper standard dard tho marketable value of every mans property is increased or diminished in the proportion aud injustice to individuals well as incalculable evils to the community are tho consequence unfortunately under tho construction the federal constitution which has now pre vailed too long to bo changod this important and delicate duty haa been dissevered from the coining power and virtually transferred to more than fourteen hundred state banks acting independently of each other and regulating their paper issues al most exclusively by a regard to the present interest of their stockholders exercising the sovereign power of providing a paper currency instoad of coin for the country the first dutv which theso banks owe to public is to keep in their vaults a sufficient amount of gold and silver to insure the convertibility of their notes into coin at time and under all circumstances no bauk ought ever to be chartered with out such restrictions on its business as secure this result all other restrictions comparatively vain this is tho only true touchstone the only efficient regulator of paper currency tho only one which 1 will ta guard tbe public against over issues bank suspensions as a collateral ventual security it is doubtless wiso and in all cases ought to be required that banks shall bold an amount of united states or state securities equal to their notes in circulation and pledged for their redemp tion this however furnishes no adequate securities against over issues on tho contrary it may be perverted to inflate currency indeed it is possible by means to c vert all tho debts of the uni ted stales and state governments int bank notes without reference to mo specie required to redeem them however valuable these securities may in themselves they caunot be converted to gold and silver at the moment of pressure as our xporionee teaches in sufficient tim to prevent bank suspensions and depreciation of bank notes in england wuwtt is to a ooosidorbblo extent a paper money country though vastly behind own iu this respect it was duued advisabu anterior to tha act of parliament of as of all to are a can which wisely separatod tho issue of notes from tho banking department for the baok of england always to keep on hand gold and silver equal to ono third of its combined circulation and deposites if this proportion was no more then sufficient to secure the convertibility of its notes which the whole of great britain and to some extent tho continent of europe as a field for its circulation rendering it almost impossible that a sudden and immedi ate run to a dangerous amount should be made upon it the same proportion would certainly be insufficient under our banking system each of our fourteen hundred banks has but a limited circumference for its circulation and in the course of a very few days the depositors and note holders might demand from such a bank a suthcient amount in specie to compel it to suspend even although it had coin in its vaults equal to one third of its immediate liabilities and yet i am not aware with the exception of the banks of louisiana that anv slate bank throughout tho union has been required by its charter to keep this or any othor proportion of trold or silver compared t i with the amount of its combined circulation and deposits what has been tho conse quence f in a recent report made by tb treasury department on tho condition of the banks throughout the different states according to returns dated nearest to janu ary 1857 the aggregate amount of actual specio in tceir vaults is f 58 349 838 ol their circulation 214 678 822 and of their deposits 230 361 352 thus it appears that these banks in the aggregate have considerably less than ono dollar in seven of gold and silver compared their circulation and deposits it was palpablo therefore that the vory first pressure must drive them to suspension and deprive the people of a convertible currency with all its disastrous consequences it is truly wonderful that they should havo so long continued to preserve their credit when a demand for the payment of one seventh of their immediate liabilities would have driven them into insolvency and this is the condition of the banks notwithstanding that four hundred millions of gold from california have flowed in upon us within the last eight years and tho tide still continues to flow indeed such has been the cstravaganco of bank credits that the banks now hold a considerably less amount of specio cither in proportion to their capi tal or to their circulation and deposites combined than they did before the discovo ry of gold in california whilst in the year 1848 their specie in proportion to their capital was more than equal to ono dollar for four and a half in 1857 it does not amount to ono dollar for every six dollars and thirty three cents of their capital in the year 1848 the specie was equal within a very small fraction to one dollar in five of their circulation and deposits in 1857 it is not equal to one dollar in seven and a half of their circulation and deposits i rom this statement it is easy to account for our financial history for tho last forty years it has been a history of extravagant expansions in the business of the country followed by ruinous contractions at successive intervals tho best and most en terprisiug business men have been tempted to their ruin by excessive bank loans on mere paper credit exciting them to extravagant importations of foreign goods wild speculations and ruinous and demoralizing stock gambling when tho crisis arrives as arrive it must the banks can extend no relief to the people in a vain strugglo to redeem their liabilities in specio they arc compelled to contract their loans and their issuos and at last in the hour ot distress when their assistance is most needed thev and their debtors together sink into insol vency it is this paper system of extravagant ex pansion raising the nominal price of every article far bevond its roal value when com pared with the cost of similar articles in countries whose circulation is wisely regula ted which has prevented us frjm coinpo ting in our own markets with foreign manufacturers has produced extravagant impor tations and has counteracted tho effect of the large incidental protection afforded to our domestic manufactures by the present revenue tariff hut for this tho branches of our manufactures composed of raw materials the production of our own country such as cotton iron and woolen fabrics would not only have acquired almost exclusive possession of tbe homo market but would nave created for themselves a foreign market throughout the world deplorable however as may be our pres ent financial condition we may yet indulge in bright bones tor the tuturo sso oilier nation has ever existed which could have endured such violent expansions and ountrac n fi 1 lions ot daoer creuiis wiutoui lasting uiiiirv yet the buoyancy of youth the energies of our population and the spirit which never quails before difficulties will cnrtble us soon to recover from our present financial embarrassment and may even occasion us speedily to forget the losson which they have taught iu tbe moan lime it is tho duty of the government bv all proper means within its now er to aid in alleviating the suffarings of the of ana and and the this be in the our 1844 etary affairs people occasioned by the suspension oi ine banks and to provide against a recurrence of the same calamity unfortunately cither aspect of tbe case it can do but little thanks to th independent treasury tho government has not suspended pay ment as it was compelled to do by th failure of th bsnks in 1837 it will con tinue to discharge its liabilities to the people in gold and silver its disbursements in coin will pass into circulation and mate rially assist in restoring a sound currency from its high credit should we be compelled to mak a temporary loan it can be effected on advantageous terms this how ever shall if possible be avoided but not then tho amount shall be limited to the lowest practicable sum i have therefore determined that whilst no useful government works in progress shall bo susponeed new works not already corn raenced will be postponed if this can don without injury to th country those necessary for lu defonc tbsll proceed though then had been no crisis in our toon but the federal government cannot do much against a recurrency of existing evils even if surinounntable constitutional ob jections did not exist against tho creation of national bank this would furnish no ad equate preventive security the history of last bank of the united is tales abundantly proves the truth of the assertion such a bank could not if it would regulate tho issues and credits of fourteen hun dred state banks in such a manner as to prevent the ruinous expansion and contrac tions in our currency which afflicted the country throughout tho existence of the late bank or secure us against further suspensions in 1 853 an eqort was made by tbe uank england to curtail tho issuos of tho country bauks under tho most favorable cir cumstance i he paper currency had boon expanded to a ruinous extent and the bank put forth all its power to contract it in order to reduce prices and restore tbe equili brium of the foreign exchanges it accor dingly commenced a system of curtailment oi lis loans ana issues in me vain nope that tbo joint stock and private banks of of the kingdom would be compelled to fol low its example it found however that as it controctod they expanded and at the end of tho process to employ tbo language of a very high official authority whatever reduction of paper circulation was effected by the bank of england in 1852 was more than made up by th issues of th country banks but a bank of tho united states would not if it eould restrain the issues and loans of the stale banks because its duty as a regulator of the currency must often be in direct conflict with the immodiato interest of its stockholders if wo cxpoct one agent to restrain or control another their interests roust at least in some degree be antagonis tic but tho directors of a bank of tho united statos would feel the same interest and the inclination with tho directors of the state banks to expand the currency to ac doe not commodate their favorites and friends with if as loans and to declare largo dividends such has been our exporienco in regard to the last bank after all wo must mainly rely upon the patriotism and wisdom of the states for tho prevention and redress of the evil if they will afford us a real specio basis for our paper circulation by increasing tho denomination of bank notes first to twenty arid afterwards to fifty dollars if they will require that the banks shall at all times keep on hand at least one dollar of gold or silver for every three dollars of their circulation and deposits and if they will provide by a self executing enactment which nothing can arrest that the moment they suspend they shall go into liquidation i believe that such provisions with a weekly publication by each bank of a statement of its condition would go far to secure us against fu ture suspensions of specio payments congress in my opinion posessea tho power to pass a uniform bankrupt law up plicablo to all banking institutions through out the united states and i strongly rec ommend its exercise i bis would make it tho irreversablo organic law of each banks existence that a suspension of specie pay ments shall produce its civil death the instinct

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sines the adjournment of uie last con gress our constituents have enjoyed an unu sual degree of health the earth hss yield ed her fruits abundanty and hns bmirii iful ly rewarded the toil of the husbandmnn our great tpts have commanded high prices and up till within a brief period our manufacturing mineral nnd mechnmcnl oc cupations have largely partaken of the general prosperity we have possessed all the elements of maleriul wealth in rich a bundance and yet notwithstanding all these advantages our country in its monetary interests is at the present moment in a deplorable condition in the midst of unsurpassed plenty in all the productions of agriculture and in all the elements of national wealth we find our manufactures suspended our public works retarded our private enterprises of different kinds abandoned and thousands of useful laborers thrown out of employment and reduced to want the revenue of the government which is chiefly derived from duties on imports from abroad has been greatly reduced whilst the appropriations made by congress al its last session for the current fiscal year are very large in amount under these circumstances a loan may be required before the close of your present session but this although deeply to be regretted would prove to be only a slight mis fortune when compared with the suffering and distress prevailing among the people with this the government csnnot fail deep ly to sympathize though it may be without the power to extend relief it is our duty to inquire what has pro duced such unfortunate results and wheth er they can be prevented in all former revulsions the blame might have been fairly attributed to a variety of co operating causes but not so on the present occasion it is apparent that our existing misfortunes have proceeded solely from our extravagant and vicious system of paper ourrrency and bank oredits exciting the people to wild speculations and gambling in stocks these revulsions must continue to recur at suceessive intervals so long as the amount of the paper currency and bank loans and discounts of the country shall be left to the discretion of fourteen hundred irresponsible banking institutions which from the very law of their nature will consult the interest of their stockholders rather than the public welfare the trainers of the constitution when they gave to congress the power to coin money snd to regulate the value thereof and prohibit the states frem coining money emitting bills of credit or making anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts supposed they had protected the people against the evils of an excessive and irredeemable paper currency they are not responsible for the existing anomally that a government endowed with the sove reign attribute of coining money and regulating the value thereof should have no power to prevent others from driving this coin out of the country and filling up the channels of circulation with paper which does not represent gold and silver it is one of the highest and most respon sible duties of government to insure to the people a sound circulating medium the a mount of which ought to be adapted willi the utmost possible wisdom snd skill to the wants of internaltrsde and foreign exchang es if this be either greatly alove or greatly below the proper standard the mnrketa be value of every mans property is in crea ed or diminished in the same proportion and injustice to individuals ss well ss incalculable evils to the community are the consequence unfortunately under the construction of the federal constitution which has now prevailed too long to be changed this important and delicate dluy has been dissev ered from the coining power and virtually transferred to more than fourteen hundred state banks acting independently of each other snd regulating their paper issues almost exclusively by regard to the present interest of their stockholders exercising the sovereign power of providing a paper i currency instead of coin for the country the first dilty which these banks owe to the public is to keep in their vaults a sufficient amount of gold and silver to insure the convertibility of their notes into coin at all times and under all circumstances no bank ought ever to be chartered without such restrictions on its business as to secure this result all olher relrictinns bre comparatively vain this is the only true touchstone the only efficient regulator of a paper currency the only ore which can guard the publio against over issues and bank suspensions as a collateral and eventunl securily it is doubtless wise and in all cases ought to be required that banks shall hold an amount of united stales or state securities equal to their notes in circulation and pledged for their redemption this however furnishes no adequate se curity again over issues on the contra 1 ry it may he p rvrie l fo inflnte the cur renoy indeed it i pnihl by tliin means to convert al il debis nf llie uni rd suen i j o i ana oiai governim nls int tmnk notes without reference to the specie required to redeem however valunhle these securities may be in themselves they cannot be converted into gold and silver at the moment of pressure as our experience teaches in sufficient time to prevent bank suspensions and the deprecation of bank notes in england which is to a considerable extent a paper money country though vastly behind our own in this respect it was deemed advisable anterior to the act of parliament of 1844 which wisely separated the issue of notes from the banking depart ment for the bank of england always to keep on hand gold and silver equal to one third of its combined circulation and depos ites if this proportien was no more than sufficient to secure the convertibility of its notes with the whole of great britain and to some extent the continent of europe as a field for its circulation rendering it al most impossible that a sudden and immediate run to a dangerous amount should be made upon it the same proportion would certainly be insufficient under our banking system each of our fourteen hundred banks has but a limited circumference lor its circulation and in the course of a very few days the depositors and note holders might demand from such a bank a sufficient amount in specie to compel it to suspend even though it had coin in its vaults equal to one third of its immediate liabilities and yet i am not aware with the exception of the bunks of louisiana that any slate bank throughout the union hns been required by its charter to keep this or any other proportion of gold and silver compared with the amount of its combined circulation and deposites what has been the consequenee in a recent report made by the tteasury department on the condition of the banks throughout the different slates according to returns dated nearest to january 1857 the aggregate amount of actual specie in their vaults is 58 349 838 of their circulation 214 778 832 and of their deposites 230 351 352 thus it appesas that these banks in the aggregate have considerably less than one dollar in seven of gold and silver compared with their circulation and deposites it was palpable therefore that the very first pressure must drive them to suspension and derive the people of a con vertible currency with all its disastrous consequences it is truly wonderful that they should have so long continued to pre serve their credit when a demand for the payment of one seventh of their immediate liabilities would have driven them into insolvency and this is the condition of the banks notwithstanding that four hundred millions of gold from california hsve flowed in upon us within the last eight years and the tide still continues to flow indeed such was the extravagance of bank credits that the banks now hold a cons derable lea amount of specie either in proportion to their cpilal or to heir circulation and dopo ites combined than they did before the discovery oi gold in califor nia whilst in the year 1848 their specie in proportion to their onpitul was more than equal to one dollar lor four and a half in 1858 it does not amount to one dollar for every six dollars and thirty three cents of their capital in the year 1848 the specie was equal within very small fraction to one dollar in five of their circulation and deposites in 1857 it is not equal to one dollar in seven and a halt of their circulation and deposites from this statement it is easy to acocunt for our financial history for the last forty ears it has been history of extrava gant expansions in the business of the country followed by ruinous contractions at successive intervals the best and most enterprising mert have been tempted to their ruin by cxeeisire baok lean of there paper credit exciting them to extravagant importations of foreign goods wild specula ions and ruinous snd demoralizing stock gambling when the crisis srrives as arrive it must the banks can extend no relief to tho people in a vain struggle to redeem their liabilities in speeie they are compelled to contract their loans and their issues and at last in the hour ef distress when their assistance is most needed they and their debtors together sink into insolvency it is this paper system of extravagant expansions raising the nominal price of every article far beyond its real value when compared with the cost of similar artichs in outlines vl circu oii is wisely regulated which bus prevented us from conpeting in nur own markets with foreign inannliicliiri s lm piniluci d extravagant importiiiiois nnd bus i oniiterncled the ef ivi nlilif lnrce itirtidintnl protection afford td nr d tniic in iiml ciiires by the iri t iit n vetitik tariff but for this the branches of our maiiulaclures composed of raw material the protection of our oivn country such ns cutloti iron and woolen fabrics would not only have acquired almost exclusive possession of the home market but would have created for themselves a foreign market throughout the world deplorable however as may be our present financial condition we may yet indulge in bright hopes for the future no other nation has ever existed which could have endured such violent expansions and contractions of paper credits without lasting injury yet the buoyancy of youth the energies of our population and the spirit which never quails before difficulties will enable us scon to recover from our present financial embarrassment and may even occasion us speedily to forget the lesson which they have taught in the mean time it is the duty of the government by all proper means within its power to aid in alleviating the sufferings of the people occasioned by the suspension of the banks and to provide against a recurrence of the same calamity unfortunately in either aspect of the case it can do but little thanks to the independent treasury the government has not suspended payment as it was compelled to do by the failure of the banks in 1837 it will continue to discharge its liabilities to the people in gold and silver its disbursements in coin will pass into circulation and materially assist in restoring a sound currency from its high credit should we be compelled to make a temporary loan it can be effected on advantageous terms this however shall if pos sible be avoided but if not then the amount shall be limited to the lowest practicable sum i have therefore determined that whilst no useful government works already in progress shall be suspended new works not already commenced will be postponed if this can be done without injury to the country those necessary lor its defense shall proceed as though there had been no crisis in our monetary affairs but the federal government cannot do much to provide against a recurrence of existing evils even if insurmountable constitutional objections did not exist against the creation of a national bank this would furnish no adequate preventative security the history of the last bank of the united states abundantly proves the truth of this assertion such a bunk could not if it would regulate the issues and credits of fourteen hundred slate hanks in such a manner as to prevent the ruinous expansion and contractions in our currency which afflicted the bountry throughout the existence of the lute bunk or secure us against future suspensions iuls23an effort was made by the bank of england to curtail the issues of the country bunks under the most favorable circiim tunces the paper currency had been expanded to a ruinous extent snd the bank put forth all its power to contract it in order to reduce prices and restore the equilibrium of the foreign exchanges it accordingly commenced a system of curtailment of its loans and issues in the vain hope thnt the joint stock and private banks of the kingdom would be compelled to follow its example it found however that as it contracted they expanded snd at the end of the process to employ the language of a very high official authority whatever reduction of the paper circulation was effected by the bank of england in 1825 was more then made up by the issues of the country banks but a bank of the united states woulc not if it could restrain the issues and losni of the state banks because its duty as a regulator of the currency must often be in direct conflict with the immediate interests of its stockholders if we expect one agent to restrain or control another their interests must at least in some degree be antagonistic bui the directors of bank efjhe u nited states would feel the same interest and the same inclination with the directors of the state banks to expand currency so accommodate their favorites and friends with loans and to deolare large dividends suoh has been our experience in regard to the last bank after all we must mainly rely upon the patriotism snd wisdom of the states for the prevention and redress of the evil if they will afford us a real specie basis for our pa per circulation by increasing the denomination of bank notes first to twenty and after wards to fifty dollars if they will require that the banks shall at all times keep on hand at least one dollar of gold and silver for very three dollars of their eiroulalion and deposits and if they will provide by a sell executing enactment which nothing can arrest that the moment they suspend they shall go into liquidation i believe that such provisions with a weekly publication by each bank of a statement of its condition would go far to secure us against future suspensions of specie payments congress in my opinion possess the power to pass a uniform bankrupt law applicable to all banking institutions throughout the united states and i strongly recommend its exercise this would make it the irreversible organic law of each banks existence that a suspension of specie payments shall produce its civil death the instinct

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peesidents message jewaie ciiirene cf iht snalt end home ef rerrttntatltet in obedience to the command of the con titatisn it has now beeeroe j dnty to give to congress informitun of the state ot the unien and recommead to their consideration such measures as i judge to be necessary and expedient uut nrsr ana awve sji our arc due to almighty cod for the numerous benests wbicb lie has beetowed upon this neonle and our united prayers ought to atcend to ilim that lie srouiu continue to ess our great resublis 10 time to come is lie has messed it in time past since tne aiiournmeut of the list congress our constituents have enjoyed an unuintl de gree of health the earth has yielded faer fruits abundantly and bountifully rewarded the toil of the husbandman oar great tuples have commanded high prices una up ttu n brier penotf our msnauc tuiing mineral and mechanical occupations have laigely partaken of the general prosperity we have possessed all the elements of material wealth in rich abundance and yet notwithstanding all these advantage our country in it monetary interests is at the present moment in a deplorable condition in tbe midst of unsurpassed plenty in all tbe production of sericulture and in all tbe elements of nit onal wealth we find our manufactures suspended our public works recorded our private enterprises of different kinos abandoned and thou sends sf useful laborers thrown out of employment and reduced to want the retenus of the government which i cbiefly derived from duties or imports from abroad naa been greatly re iucej whiltt the appropriations made by congress at its ust session for tbe current fiscal year are very large in amount under the circumstances a loan maybe required before the clue of your present session but tins although deeply to be regretted would prove to be ony a slight misfortune when compared with the suf fering and distress prevatl sg among the people with tfiis tbe government cannot fail deeply to sympathise though it may be without the piwer to extend relief it is our duty to inquire what has produced tech unfortunate results uud whether tbeir recurrence can be prevented t in ah former revulsions the blame might have been fairly attributed to a variety of co operating cauies but not sa upon tbe present occasion it is apparent tiiat our existing misfortunes have proceeded solely from our extravagant and vioious rystetn of paper current and hiuk ereditr exottiog tbe people to wild speculations and camtling in stocks thetfl revulsions most continue to recur at eueccotive intervals so long as the amount of paprr currency and bank loins aatl dircouoti ef the coaotnr shall be left to the discretion of fouiteen hundred irre epjneibie banking ustitutioos which trom tbe very law f tbeir nature will consult tbe interest of their stockholders raiber than tbe public welfare the fraserb of the constitution which gives to coogren tbe power to coin money atd to regulate tbe value thereof and prohibit the fctatei from coining man or credit or making anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts suppose they bad protected the people agaiast tbe evils ef an excessive and irredeemable paper currency they are bet responeible for tse existing anoro r taat government en slowed with tbe sovereign attribute ef eoiuing mooey and regulated the value thereat should have no power to prevent other from driving tbe coin out of tbe eoaatry and filling np the channels of otrealotioa with paper whieh dees net rep reseat giw and silver it u one of the highest and most res ponstfefe datieo of government to issue to the people a sound circautint medium uc aeaovbt of which osght to be awapted a hit the utmost possible wisdom anl skill to the wants of internal trade and foreign exchanges if this be either greatly above or greatly below the prosier standard tbe marketable vatse of every bubs property is lacreased or di saieiesieel in the same proportion and ia jwotice to isdividaols as well as incalculable evils to the eoastnanity are the oes eequeoces unforiiimtely under the construction of the federal constitution which has now prevailed tie losg to be changed this important and detieate duty has been dissevered from tbe coining power and virtually trabfered to more than fourteen hundred state banks acting iadesvendent lr of each ether and legnhting tbeir not only have acquired amost exclusive

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presidents message llclxl fj gentlmenof ilu senate cmf 2totfr o repruaiauvtt jj xinrobfedknceitoshe combaiadbf the constitution mhasowvraomep4ny daty to give to congress iuiuruiu iga oi me biiqui idb uukjo una recom mend to their consideration such s measures as i judge to be necessary and expedient r t but first and abore all our thanks are due to almighty god for the numerous benefits which he has bestowed upon thispeople aud our united pray era ought to ascend to him that he w6uld continue to bless our great republic in time to come as lie has blessed itln time past since the adjournment of the last congress our constituents hare enjoyed an unusual degree of health the earth has yieldedher fruits abundanly and has bountilully rewarded thetoil of the iius landman our great staples have commanded high prices and up to within a brief period our manu factoring mineral and mechanical occupations have largely partakenof the general prosperity we hare possessed all the elements of material wealth in rich abundance and yet notwithstanding all these ad tantages our country in its monetary interests is at the present moment in a deplorable condition in the midst of unsurpassed plenty in all the pro ductions of atrriculture and in all the elements of national wealth we find our manufactures suspend1 ed our public works retarded our private enterprise of different kinds abandoned and thousands of use ful laborers thrown out of employment and tcduced to want the revenue of the government which is caieuydcnved from duties on imports from abroad nas been greatly reduced whilst appropriations made by congress at its last session for the current fiscal year are very large in amount under these circumstances a loan may be required before the close of your present season but this although to be deeply regretted would prove to be only a slight misortune when compared with the suffering and disjtr 5s prevailing among the people with this the government cannot fail deeply to sympathise though it may be without the power to extend relief it is our duty to inquire what has produced auch unfortunate leiultb and whether their recurrence can be prevcntedl in all former revulsions the blame might havo been fairly attributed to a variety of co operating causes but not so upon the present occasion it is apparent that our existing misfor tunes nave proceeded solely from our extravagant and vicious system of paper currency anil bank credits exciting the people to wild speculations and gambling in stocks these revuls ons must continue to recur at successive interva s so long as the amount of the paper currency and bank loans and discounts of the country shall be left to the discretion of four teen hundred irrespocsible banking institutions which from the very law of their nature will consult the interest of their stockholders rather than the public welfare the iramera of the constitution when they gave to congress iho power to coin money and to regu late the value thereof and prohibited the states from coinining money emitting bills of credit or making anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts supposed they had protected the people against the evils j f an excessive and ir redeemable paper currency they arenot respon sible for the existing anomaly that a government cn dowed with the sovereign attribute of coimnir mon ey and regulating the value thereof should have no power to prevent others from driving this coin out of the country and filling up the channels of circu lation with paper which does notteprcsent gold and silver it is one of the highest and most responsible du ties of the government to insure to the people a sound circulating medium the amount of which ought to be adapted with the utmost possible wisdom and skill to the wants of internal trade and foreign exchanges if this be eitber greatly aboveor great ly below the proper standard the marketable value of every man s property is increase 1 or diminished in the same proportion and injustice to individuals as well as incalculable evils to the community are the consequence unfortunately under the construction of the fed eral constitution which has now prevailed too long to be changed this important and delicate duty has been dissevered from the coining power and virtual ly transferred to more than fourteen hundred stale banks acting independently or each other and reg ulating their paper issues almost exclusively by a regard to the present interest ot their stockholders x xercistng the sovereign power of providing a pa per currency instead of coin for the country the first duty which these banks owe to the public is to keep in their vaults a sufficient amount ot gold and silver to insure the convertibility of their notes into coin at ail times and under all circumstances no benk ought ever to be chartered without such re strictions on its business as to secure this result all other restrictions are comparatively vain this is the only true touchstone the only efficient regulator of a paper currency the only one which can guard the public against over issues and bank suspensions as a collateral and eventual security it is doubtlesswise and in all cases ought to be required that banks shall hold au amount of united states or stale securities equal to their nates in circulation and pledged for their redemption this however furnishes no adequate security ngainst over issues on the contrary it may be perverted to inflate the currency indeed it is possible by this means to convert all the debts of the united states and state governments into bank notes without reference to the specie required to redeem them however valuable these securities may be in themselves they cannnt be converted into gold and silver at the moment of pressure as cur experience teaches in sufficient time to prevent bank suspensions and the depreciation of bank notes in england which is to a considerable extent a paper money country though vastly behind our own in this respect it was deemed advisable anterior to the act of parliament of 18 44 which wisely separated the i iue of notes frcm the banking department for the hank of hngland always to keep on hand gold and silver equal to one third of its combined circulation and deposits if this proportion was no more than sufficient to secure the convertibility of its notes with tho whole of great britain and to some extent the continent of europe as a field for its circulation rendering it almost impossible that a sudden and immediate run to a dangerous amount should be made upon it the same proportion would certainly bo insufficient uu der our banking system each of our fourteen hundred banks has but a limited circumference for its circulation and in the course of a very few days tho depositors and note holders might demand from such a bank a sufficient amount in specie to com el it to suspend even although it bad coin iu its vaults equal to one third of its immediate liabilities and yet i am not aware with the exception of the banks of louisiana that any state bank throughout the union has been required by its charter to keep this or any other proportion of gold and silver com pared with the amount of iis combined circulation and deposits what has been the consequence in a recent report made by the treasury department on the condition of the banks throughout the differ ent states aecording to returns dated nearest january 1657 the aggregate amount of actual specie in their vaults is 58 349 fc38 of their circulation 214 778 822 and of their deposits 230 ojl 35i thus it appears that these banks in the aggregate have considerably less than one dollar in seven of gold and silver compared with their circulation and deposits it was palpable therefore that toe very frs pressure must drive tbeta to tinpebsiun and de prive the people of a convertible currency with all its disasterous consequences it is tr dy wohderhil that they ebxuld have sj long continued to preset va their credit whin a demand lor the payment of one seventh oi t ieir immediate li biliiit would fclvj driven them in mso vency a d this is the condition of the banks do withstacdiau that our hand ed millbi 6 of gold f on cal forcis have fl j wed in aoa us within hc kst eih year and the tide still oltiuuos to 11 w indie t uc bas betn ihs exta agance cf the bank c edits that th banks now ho d a cods derab e lass am hint oi bdecie either ia proportion ti tneir capul or to their circulation a

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ct to tht commar d cf tbe con e now become my duty to givt information of the state of the reeomuiend to their consideration res as i judge to be necessary g auu and above ell oor thanks ere due oty god for the numerous benefits baa bestowed upon thii peeplu nltml prayers continue to ascend to t lie would continue to bless our vpublic iu time to come he has in time past adjonrometilof tie last congress bate enjoyed nn nniisuel do 10 eartb has yielded her id has bouulifully tewar usbundman our great jed hinh prices aud op hod our manufacturing nanicfll occupations have a of the eeneral nrosderity glased all the elenionta of uiauv 1 1 1 l 1 in ncu euuuoancb miu jvt uvv jing all these advantages our coun ila monetary interests 1 at tue presvn lent in deplorable condition in the midst of unsurpassed plenty in oil the productions of agriculture and in all the ilenieulsof national wealth we find oar manufactures suspended our public works retarded our private enterprise of different kinds aban boned and thousands of useful laborers thrown out of employment and reduced to want the revenue of the government which is chiefly derived from duties on imports from abroad has been creally reduced whilst the appropriations made by congress at its last session fof tho current fiscal year are very large in amount uader theso circumstances a loan may be lequirod before the close of yeur present set siou but this although deeply to be regret tod would prove to be only a slight misfortune when compared with the suflering and distress prevailing among the people with this the government cannot full deeply to sympathize though it may be without tbo nower to extend relief it is our duty to inquire what has produced such nufortuoate results and whether tfoir recurrence can be prevented t in all our for itier revulsions the blame might have been fairly attributed to a variety of co operating causes but not so on the present occasion it is apparent that our existing misfortunes have proceeded solely from out extravagant and vicious svstem or paper currency ana bank credits exciting tue people to wild spo dilations and cambling in slocks these revulsions must continue to recur at successive intervals so long as tbo amount of the paper currency end banic loans ana discounts of the country shall be left to the dis tion of fourteen hundred irresponsible bank in 1 irstitutioos which from the very law of their nature will consult the interest of their stockholders rather than the public welfure the framers or the constitution when they gave to congress the power to coin money and to regulate the value thereof and prohibited the slutes from coining money emitting bills of credit or makiug anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts supposed tbey had protected the people agaiust the evils of an excessive aud irredeemable paper currency they are not responsible tor the existing anomaly that a government endowed with a so veieicn attribute ofcoinin nionev and rctrulatidir the value thereof should have no power to prevent oth ers from driving this coin out of the country and filling op the channels of circulation with paper wntcn does not represent goiu ana silver it is one of the highest and most responsi ble duties of government to insure to the people a sound circulating medium the amount of which ought to be adapted with the utmost possible wisdom and skill to the wants of internal trade and foreign exchanges if this be either greatly above or greatly below j the proper standand the marketable value of every mans property is increased or diminished in the same proportion and injustice to individuals as well as incalculable evils to the community are the consequence unfortanately under the construction of the federal constitution which has now prevailed too long to bo changed this important and delicate duty has been discovered from the coinago power and virtually transferred to more thou fourteen hundred state banks acting independently of each other and regulating their paper issues almost exclusively by a regard to the present interest of their stockholders exercising the sovereign power of providing a paper currency instead of coin ior tue country the tirst duty wmcu these banks owe to the public is to keep in their vaults a sufficient amount of gold aud silver to insure the convertibility of their noteb into coin at ail times and under all circumstances no bauk ought ever to be chartered without such restrictions on its business as to secure this result all other restrictions are comparatively vain this is the only true touchstone the only efficient regulator of a paper currency the only one which can guard the public ngaiust over issues and bank suspensions as a collateral and eventual security it is doubtless wise and in all cases ought lo be required that bauka shall bold an amouut of united states or state sororities equal to tboir notes in circulation and pledged for their redemption this however furnishes no adequate security agaiust overissues on the contrary it may be perverted to inflate the curreuey indeed it is possible by this means to convert all the debts of the l nited states and state goveramaots into bauk notes without reference to the specie revuired to redeem them however valuable these securities may be in themselves they eauuol be converted into gold and silver at lb 11 01r ent or pressure as our experience teaches in sudlcient time lo preveot bank suspensions ana the depreciation of bauk 1 notes ia engund which is to a considerable extent a paper money country though vastly behind our own in this respect it was deemed advisable anterior to the act of parliumeat of 1844 which wisely separated the issue of notes from the banking department for tie bank of england always to keep on hand gold and silver oqual to one third of its combined circulation and deposits if this proportion was no more than sufficient to secure the convertibility of its notes with the wbolo of great britain and to some extent the continent of europe as a field for a circulation rendering it almost impossible that a sudden and immediate run to a dangerous amount should be made upon it tho same proportion would certainly be iusuiucieat under our banking system each of our fourteen hundred banks has but a limited circumference for its circulation and in the course of a very few days the de positors and note holders might demand from ucb a bank a sufficient amount in specie to compel it to suspend even although it had coin in its vaults equal to one third of its immediate liabilities and yet i am not aware with the exception of the banks of lousiaos that any state bank tbougbout the loiou bas been required by its charter to keep this or any other proportion of gold aud silver couidared with the amount of its combined circulation aud depcsilf what bas been the eousenuenca t ia a recent report made by the treasory department on the couditioo of the banks throughout the different states according to returns dated uearest to january 1657 the aggregate amount of actual specie in their vault is 58 349 838 of their circulation t2li 78fl 822 aud of their deposits 230 301 853 thus it appears that these banks in the aggregate have considerably less than one cellar in seven of fold and silver compared wrth rhrlr eh dilation and deposit it was palpable therefore that tho very first pressure mnst drive them to suspension ana deprive the people of a convertible currency with all its disaitrtos consequences t it is truly wonderful that they should nave so long continued to preserve their credit wlien a demand tor tue payment or ooe e venth of thek immediate liabilities would have driven them into insolvency and this is the condition of the banks notwithstanding that ronr hundred millions of gold from call fnrnia linve flowed in ouoa us wltbill the last eight years and the tide continues to flow ludced sucti has licen tne extravagance 01 bunk credits that the banks now hold ft con siderably less amount of specie either in proportion to their capital or to their circulation and deposits combined than they did before the discovery of gold in california whilst iu the year 1p48 their specie in pro portion td their capital was more tlian equal to one dollar for four aud a half in 1867 it docs not amount to one dollar for every six dollars and thirty three cents ef their capital in ttie year 184b the specie was equal wunin a very small fraction to one dollur iu seven and a half to their circulation and deposits i roni this statement it is easy to occeunl our financial history for the inst forty years has been a history of extravagant exnan spin in the business of the country followed bytruinons contractions at successive inter vals the best and mo6t enterprising men have beenmempted lo their ruin by excessive bonk loans v mere paper credit cxcitir them to extravagant importations cf foreign goods wild sacculations and ruinous and demoralising sloc4j gambling when the crisis arrives as arriveait must the banks can extend no relief to if he people in a vaitl struggle to redeem tneif liabilities in specie they are compelled to contruct their loans and their issues twirl at lust in the hour of distress when thefr assistance is most nreded tbey and the is debtors tocetber sink into insol vency 1 v it if this paper system of extravagant ex pension raising the nominal price of every article jar bevond its real vulue when compar ed wkb the coal of similar articles in coun tries whose circulation is wisely recnlated which has prevented us from competing in our owtt markets with foreign manufacturers has iifbduced extravagant importations ana una j counteracted the effect of the large incidental protection afforded to our domestic mnnnluc tores by the present revenue tariff 15 ut for this the branches of onr manufactures composed of raw materiuls the production of our en fabrics would not only hove acquired al most exclusive bosscssion of the home market but would have created for themselves a for eign market throughout the world deplorable however as may bo onr pre sent financial condition we may yet indulge in bright bepb for tho future i0 other na tion bas ever existed which cojld have endur ed such violent expansions and contractions of paper credits without lasting iujury yet the buoyancy or youth too energies 01 our population and the spirit wmcu never qnaus before dilhcolties will enable us soon to re cover from our present financial embarrass ment and may even occasion ns speedily to forget the lesson which they bnvo taught in the mean time it is the duty of the gov eminent by proper means within its power to aid iu alleviating the sufferings or the people occasioned bv the suspension of the banks and to provide neainst a recurrence of the same calamity unfortunately in either aspect of the case it can de but little thanks to the iudependent treasury the government has not suspended payment as it was compelled to do by the failure of the banks in 1837 it will centinue to discharge its liabilities to the people in gold and silver its disbursements in coin will pass intocir colation and materially assist in restoring a sound currency from its high credit should we be compelled to make a temporary loan it can be effected on advantageous terms this however eh l if possible be avoided but if not then the amoaut limited to the lowest practicable sum v i have therefore determined that whilst no useful government works already in progress shall be suspended new works not already commenced will be posponed if this can be done without injury to the country those necessary for its defence shall proceed as though there had been no crisis in our monetary affairs but the federal government cannot do much to provide against a recurrence of existing evils even if insurmountable constitutional objections did not exist against the creation of a national bauk this would furnish no adequate preventive security the history of the lust bank of the united states abundantly proves the irulu 01 mis assertion such a bauk could not if it would regulate the issues and credits of fourteen hundred state banks in such a manner as to prevent tho ruinous expansions and contractions in our currcucy which afflicted the country throughout the existence of the lute bank or secure us against future suspensions lo 1823 an effort was made by the dank of england to curtail the issues of the country bauks under the most favorable circum stances the paper currency had been expanded to a ruiuous extent aud the bank put forth all its power to coutract it in order to reduce prices and restore the equilibrium of the foreign exchanges it accordingly commenced a system of curtailment of its loans and issues in the vain hope that the joint stock and private banks of the kingdom would be compelled to follow its example it found however thut as it coutractod they expandud and at the end of the process to employ the language of a very high official authority whatever reduction of paper circulation was effected by the bunk of engluud in 1825 was more than made up by the issues of the country banks hut a hank of the united stales would not if it could restrain the issues and loans of the state banks because its duty as a regulutor or the currency must olten be in direct can fla t with the immediate interest or its stocu holders if we expect one agent to restrain or control another their interests must at least iu some degree be antagonistic but the directots ore liank or the united states would feel the lau interest and the same iucliuation with the diicttors of the state bauks to expand the currency to accoin modate their favorites snd friends with loans and lo declare large dividenda such has beta our experience in regard lo the last bank after all we must mainly rely upon

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since the adjournment of tho jaat congress our constituents have enjoyed an unusual degreo of henlih the earth has yielded her fruit abundantly end has bountifully rewarded the loil of the husbandman our great staple have com mended high prices snd ap till within a brie period our manufsouirlnir mineral and me chaswsl oc apvftj lnsf ui hp irtxttwi f the geuentl projierity we feftvc poeeee sed all ths elements of material wealth in rich abnndanoe and yet notwithstanding all these advantages our country iu its monetary interests is at the present moment in deplorable condition in the midst of unsur passed plenty in sll the productions of agri culture and in all the element of national wealth we find our manufactures susnended our publio work retarded our private enter prise oi oinerent kinds abandoned and thousands of useful laborers thrown out of employmentand reduoed to wnuu the revenue or the government which is chiefly de rived from dulies on inports from abroad has been greatly reduced whilst the appropriations made by congress at its last aeasion for the current fiscal year are very large in amount under these circumstances a loan may be required before the close of your present ses sion but this although deeply to bo regretted would prove to be only a slight mistortune when compared with the suffering and distress prevailing among the people with this the government cannot fail deeply to sympathize though it may be without the power to exiena rciiei it is our duty to inquire what has produced audi unfortunate results and whether their recurrence can be prevented in all former revulsions the blame might have been fairly attributed to a variety of co operating causes but not so upon the present occasion it is apparent that onr existing misfortunes have proceeded solely from our extravagant and vicious system of paper currency and bank credits exciting the people to wild speculations and gambling in stocks these revulsions must continue to recur at successive intervals so long as the amout of the paper currency and bunk loans and discounts of the country shall be left to the discretion of fourteen hundred irresponsible banking institutions winch irom llie very law ol their nature will consult the interest of their stockholder rattier than the public welfare the fratnera of the constitution when they gave to congress tho power to coin money and to regulate the value thereof and prohibited ums states from coining money emitting bills of credit or making any thing but gold and silver enin a tender in payment of debts supposed they had protected the people against evila of an excessive and irredeemable paper currency they nre not responsible for the existing anomaly that n government endowed witii the sovereign attribute of coining money and regulating the value thereof should have no power to prevent others from driving this coin out of the country and filling up the channels of i l j circulation wim paper wuicn uoes no repre sent gold and silver it is one of the highest and most responsi ble duties or uovernment to insure to the people a sound circulating medium the amount of which oujht to be adapted with the utmost pobsiho wiadom and skill to the wants ot internal trade and foreign exchanges if this be either greatly above ui grently below the proper standard the marketable value of every mans property is increased or diminished in the same proportion and injustice to individuals as well us incalculable evils to the community are tho consequence unfortunately under the construction ol the federal constitution which has now pre vailed too long to be changed this important and delicate duty has been dissevered from the coining power and virtually transient d to more than fourteen hundred btate banks net ing independently of each other and regu lating their paper issues almost exclusively bv a regard to the present interest of their stockholders exsrcising the sovereign pow er of providing a paper currency instead of coin for the country the flint duly which these banks owe to the public is to keep in their vaults a sufficient amount of gold and silver to insure the convertibility of teir notes into coin at all times and under all cir cumstances no bank ought ever to be char tered without such restrictions on its busi ness as to secure this result all other re strictions are comparatively vain this is the only true touchstone the only efficient regit lutor of a paper currency the only one which can guard the publio against over issues and bunk suspensions asa ool lateral and even tual security it is duubtlrs wise and in n cases ought to be required that banks shall hold sn amount of united states or state securities equal to their notes in circulation and pledged for their redemption 1 his however furnishes no adequate security against overissues on the contrary it miiv be perverted to inflate the currency indeed it ia possible by this means to convert all the debts ol the united states and htnte govern menu into bank notes without reference the specie required to redeem them llowev er valuable these securities may be in them selves they cannot be converted into gold and silver at the moment of pressure as our experience teaches in sufficient tune to pre vent bank suspensions and tne depreciation of bank note in england whicii is to considerable extent a paper money country tliouuh vastly behind our own in hits respect it was deemed advisable anterior to the net of parliament of 1844 which wisely separated the issue of notes from the banking department for the bank of england ulways to keep on hand gold and silver equal lo one thiid of it oombiued circulation and depos lies il this proportion wss no rnora than sufficient to secure th convertibility of it notes with th whole of greet britain and to some extent the continent of europe as a field for its circulation rendering it almost impossible that sudden and immediate run to a dangerous amount should be made upon it the same proportion would oerlninlv be insufficient under our banking system each of our fourteen hundred bank ha but limited circumference for it circulation and in the eoursa of very few day th depositor and note holder might demand from suoh bank a sufficient amount in ipeol to oompsl it to suspend veu although it had eoln in it vaults equal to one hird of it immediate liabilities and yt i tm not swore with th exception of the bank of louisiana that any suite bank throughout the union haa been required by its charter to keep this or dy other proportion of gold and silver compared with the amount of ita combined circulation and deposite what ha been th eons quencef in a recent report made by th treasury department on the condition of th banks throughout the different stale act cording to re arn dated nearest to january 1867 ths aggregate amount of actual sped in thsir vaults is 98 349 838 of iheir circulation 214 778 8113 snd of their deposit 330 361 363 thus it appear that the banks in the aggregate have considerably less than one dullur in seven of gold and silv ver oouipared with their circulation and depositee it was palpable therefore that th very first presaur must drive them to eus pension and deprive the people of a convert bl currency with all it disastrous conse quences it in truly wonderful thnt they should hajr long sowtinurd to preserve uieir when a jeyinnd lor the pnyment ot ape wflfvklrr of their m medio inbililfe j vroald bar flrrvw uierh iolit fistirv dc 3 and this f th condition of th bank not withstanding that fonr hundred million of gold from california have flowed in upon ua within the lost eight years and the tide still continues to flow indeed such ha been th extravagance or bank credits that the bank now hold a considerably less amount of specie either in proportion to their capital or to iheir circulation and depositee combined then they did before th discovery of gold in call lorma w htlst in the year 1848 their specie n proportion to their capital was more than equal to one dollar for four snd a half in 1b57 it does not amount to one dollar for every six dollars and thirty three cent of their capital in the year 1848 ihe epeci was equal within a very small fraction to one dollar in five of their circulation and depositee in 1857 it is not equal to one dollar in seven and half of their circulation and eposites from this statement it is assy to account for our financial history for the last forty years it has been a history of extravagant expansions in the business of the country followed by ruinous contractions at successive intervals the best and most enterprising men have been tempted togtheir ruin lby excessive bauk loans of mere paper credit exciting them to extravagant importations of loreign goods wild speculations end ruinous and demoralising stock gambling when t he erisis arrives as arrive it must the banks caa extend no relief te the people in a vain struggle to redeem their liabilities in specie they are compelled to contraot their loans aud their issues and at last in tbehourof distress when their assietanoe is most needed they and their debtors together sink into insolvency it is this peper system of extravagant expansion raising the nominal price of every article fsr beyond its real valne when compared with the cost of similar articles ia countries if hose circulation is wisely regntafe sd which has prevented us from competing in our own markets with foreign manufacturers has produced extravagant importations and has counteracted the effect of th arge inoideutal protection afforded to our do mestic manufactures by the present revenue taritt hut for tins the branches of onr manufactures composed ol raw materials lb pro ducetion of our own country such as oottos iron and woollen fubrios would not only have acquired almost exclusive possession ef the uonre mar net out would nave creaia lor themselves a foreign market throughout the world deplorable however as may be euv sresent financial condition we may yet la ulge in bright hopes for the future no other nation has ever existed which could nave endured such viulent expansions snd contrso tions of paper credits without lasting injury yet the buoyancy of youth the energies of our copulation and the spirit whioli never quails efore difficulties will enable us soon to recover from our present financial embarrassments and may even occasion us speedily to forget the lesson which they have taught in tho mesn tune it is i he duty oi tne uov ernment by all proper means wil bin ita power lo aid in alleviating the suffering of the people occasioned by the suspension of the banks and to provide against recurrence of the same calamity unfortunately in either apeet of the case it can do but little thanks to the independent treasury the government has not suspended payment as it was compelled to do by the failure of the banks in 1887 it will continue to discharge its liabilities to the people in gold and silver its disbursements in coiu will pass into circulation and materially assist in restoring a souid ourreney from its high credit should we be compelled to make a temporary lon it esa be elfected on advantageous terms this however shall if be avoided but if not then the amount shall be limited to the lowest pract icable sum i have therefore determined that whilst no useful government works alrendy in progress shall be suspended new works not already commenced will be postponed if this can be done without injury to the country those necessary for its defence shall prooeed as though there had been no crisis iu our mo nelary affairs but the federal goveruinent cannot do much to provide against a recurrence of existing evils even if insurmountable constitutional objections did not exist against the orealion of a national bank this would furnish no adequate preventive security the history of the lost bank of the united states abundantly proves the truth of this assertion suoh a bsuk could not if it would regulate the issues and credits ef fourteen hundred state banks in such a manner as to prevent ths ruinous expansions and contractions in our currency which afflicted the country throughout theexisteooe of the late bank or secure ua against future suspensions in 1828 an effort was made by the bank of england to curtail the issues of the eountry banks under the most favorable circumstances the paper currency had been expanded to a ruinous extent aud the bank put forth all ita power to contract it in order to reduce prieoe and restore the equilibrium of the foreign exchanges it aoeordingly eommenoed a system ef curtailment of ite loans and issues in the vain hope that the juiut stock and private banks of the kingdom would be compelled to follow its example it found however that as it eontraoted tbey expanded and at th end of the process to employ the language of very high orlicinl authority whatever reduction of ths paper circulation was effected by the bank of england in 1826 wss more than made up by the issue of tb country banks but a bank of th united state would not if it could restrain the issue and loan of the stale bank because its duty aa regulator of the currency must often be in direct conflict with the immediate interest of ita stockholders if we exnret on agent to restrain or eontrol another their interest must st least in some degree be antagonistic but the director of a bank of ihe united state would feel the same interest snd ih same in clination with th directors of th stat banks to expand th currency lo aeeommo data their favorite and irlends witn loan snd lo dedars large dividends such ha been our experience in regard lo ih last bank after all we must mainly rely upon th patriotism snd wiadom of th slats for th prevention aud redress of th vil if tbey will afford tt real speei bai for or pa 3 i1 p i iv tvv r i 1 fl per circulation by increasing tha denomination of bonk notes flrel to twenty and after ward to fifty rnllara if they will require that the bank shall at all lime keep on hand t least one dollar of gold and ailvor for every three dollars of their circulation and depositee and if they will provide by a aelf exe eating enactment which nothing ean arrest that uia runmertt they suspend thty ahall go into liquidation i believe that such provis inns with a weakly publication by each bunk f a etataoient of ita condition would go fur to secure ua against future suspensions of paaie payment congress in my opinion pnaaeaa the power to paaa a uniform bankrupt law applicable to all banking institution throughout the united states and i strongly recommend ita exercise this would make it the irreversible

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The Highland weekly news. (Hillsborough [Hillsboro], Highland County, Ohio) 1853-1886

recommend to their consiilera llnu audi measures nj judge to be neces sary and expedient thanks god for the crops but deplores the crisis hut first ami above nil our thanks nrn due to almighty cod for tho niiineroii benefits which lie lis bestowed upon this people nnd our united prayer ought te nscend to him that he would eon i i nue to bless our great re ptihlie in lime to come us lie has hlemcd it in time past htucn the adjournment of the inst congress our roiirlitiieiits liave enjoyed an unusual degree of health the earth bus yielded her trails nhiiiidantlv and bus bountifully rewarded the toil of the husbandman i ur great staples bavs cuinucuided hidi prices anil up till with n a brief period nur niniiiifaeliiriiig pud iiieehanical occupations huve hugely partaken nl the general prosperity we have possessed all the elements of inaler ial wealth ill rich lib i nilane and yet not withstanding nil ihi te ndvnntage our country in its monetary interests is nt lie present moment ill n deplorable condition in tho midst of unsurpassed plenty in nil the productions nf agriculture and in all lie elements of national wealth we find our inn nil fact u res suspend d our puldic works retarded our private enterprise o different hind nhundon cd nud thousands of useful laborers thruwn nu t of employment nnd reduced lo want the revenue of tlie government whiuh is chielly derived from emirs on imports from abrouil bus been greatly reduced whilst the appropriations mde by congress nt its last session lor the current fiscal yenr ura very large in amount a government loan necessary under tin so circumstances a loan may be required before iho close of your present session but this although deeply tu bo regretted would prove to be only a slight mislortunc w hen compared with ihe sutiering nud distress prevai i iug nmong i lie people with this the government cannot fail deeply to sympathize though it may be without the power to extend relief the financial trouble owing solely to the banks it is our d ut y lo inqui re what has produced such ii it tort n note results nnd whether their recurrence can lit prevented 1 in nil former revulsions the bl uuo might have been fairly all rihi tetl to a variety of co operal i ng causes but not so upon tne present occasion it is apparent that our existing misfortune have proceeded solely from our extravagant nnd vicious system of paper currency mid haul credits exciting t io people to wild speculations n nd gambling in slocks tins revulsions must continue lo recur id successive in tervala so loag as ihe amount of paper currency anil hank loans mil discounts of tho country shall he ijft to the discretion of four l eii hundred irieiponsiblu hanking instilu liona w hich from iho very law of llieir nature will consit t the interests of their stuck hold rs rather than tho public welfare banks power of congress over the currency the f ramers of tlie constitution when they oave to congress the power to coin money nnd to regulate the valiio thereof nnd prohibited tie s t lies from coining money emitting b lls of credit or making anything but gold nnd silver lender in payment of debts supposed hey had protected ihe people against the ills of un excessive und irredeemable paper currency they are not responsible for the existing anomaly laat a govern incut endowed with the sovereign attribute of coining mniiy end regulating the value thereof should have no power to prevent others from driving ibis coin out of ihe couulry und tilling up ihe chanirds of circulation willi paper which does not reproseut gold und s lver it is one of the highest unit most re poisi hie duties of government to insure lo the peo pie a sound circulating medium the union ut of which might lo lie adapted with the utmost possible wis uiii und skill lo tile wants of internal trade and foreign exchanges if this be cither greatly above or greatly below the proper standard tho marketable value of every mans properly is increased or diminished in the same proportion and injustice tu individuals as hull us incalculable evils to the com i it y are ihe consequence unfortunately under the construclioti of the federal coiislilutioii which has now prevailed too long to he elm nged this iniioiliut and delicate duly has been dissevered f i o ill the coining power mid virtually tr oislcnvd to more tliau fourteen hundred stale hanks uct i ng independently cn h other nnd regulating their pap r issues almost exclusively by a regard to the present iuterest of their stockholders i ve ci sing the sovereign power of providing u paper currency instead of coin lor iho country tho ji rut ily which these hanks owe lo tin public is to keep in their vaults n sdllicieut union lit of gold unit silver to insure the conver iliility of tin ir noles into coin ut uil tim ja and uudur all cir cumstances no bank ought ever lo he chartered without such restrictions on its business ns to secure this result all oili r restrictions lire comparatively vain thorfa tho only true touch stone ihe only tllii icnt regulator of a paper currency the only one which can guuru the public against over issues nud bunk suspensions as u collateral and eventual security it is doubtless wise nnd in ull cases ought to he required that banks ahull hold all uiiiomit of united stales or slate soeiimiss eijual lo thoir notes ill circulation und pledged for their re denip iou this however furnishes no uile qilulo security ugainst over issues un the cuiiliury it may he perverted to inflate the currency indeed it is possible by this means to convert ull the debls of the united slates and slate governments into bunk notes without reference to ihe specie required to re deein thcm however valuable tbuse securities may be in themselves they cannot be convened into gold and silver ut the moment of pressure as our experience leaches in sufficient time tu prevent hunk suspensions and the depreciation of bank notes in kngbiud which is to a consiilurable extent u paper money country though vastly behind our own in this respect it waa deemed advisibla iinteriur to tho act ol parliament in lsll which wisely separated the issue of notes from ihe banking department for tlie ilink of uugluud always lo keep on hand gold und silver e iiml to one third of its combined circulation und deposits if this proportion waa no more than sulfii ieut to secure the coiiverlihilliy of its notes with ihe whole ofljreut uritain and lo some extent the continent of kurope us a field for its circulation rendering it almost impossible tint a sudden and immediate run lo a dangerous uiiiouui s inulil he made upon it the sunn proportion would be certainly iiisullicient under our banking system kucli lit our fourteen huiul red hanks has but a limited circumference for its circulation c ud ill the coursj of a few days the depositors mid note holders might l man i front such u bank a sullio eut umouiil in specie to compel it to suspend even although it had coin in its vaults equal to one third of its iiiunediiitu liabilities and yet i uiu not aware wilh the exception of tliu banks of louisiana that any stale bank throughout the union lias been compelled by its charter to keep this or any other proportion of gold uml silver camp ued w ith the uinooiil of us co nbiiiud circulation and deposits what baa been ilia consequence in u recent ro puit in nl by the treasury uepai tuieiit oil ihe condition of the banks throughout thd different stnt a c ordlng to returns datd nearest to january lrt tha aggregate amount of actual i pci in their vault is rih ti i8 of their circulation 211 77e s and of thoir deposits j in il ri2 i hu it appear tin it these imnks in the aggregate have cnnsl d rnhly les tlian one dollar in seven of gold n nil silver cnnpsred with their circulation nl id deposit it was palpable thereto re thai tl le very first pressure mut drive lliein to up tu ion and deprive the people of a converlibl i c iirreiicy with nil its disastrous consequences it is truly worn lerfu that they should hnve so long coiitliiund to preserve their credit when a demand lol the payment of one seventh of their liiimeiliatn linb litie would have ctnv en them into insolvenc y and ll is is tha con dition of the bank not withstanding that four hundred millions of geld from california have flowed in upon us with in tlie last eight year and the tide slill conti lines to flow indeed such ha been thenxtn ivnrrancn of bank credits that the bank now sti ji bold a considerable less anion nt of speric either in propo rtion lo their capital or lo their circulation and d

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presidents message in obedience to the command of ihe con tin kn it has now hecome ray duty lo give lo congress information of the state o the union and recommend to their consideration rock mewur as i may judge lo be necessary and expedient bat erst and above all cur thanks are due to almighty gd for die numerous benefits which tie has bestowed upon this people and our united prayers ought to ascend to uioi that he would continue to bless our great republic io lime to come as he has blessed it in time past since the adjournment of the last congress our constituents have enjoyed an unusual degieeot health the earth has yielded ber truits anuncaniiv ana nas nounu fully rewarded the toil of he husband man our great staples have commanded high prices and np till within a brief period our manufacturing mineral and meclanical occupations have largely partaken of the general prospr ri y we have possessed all the elements of mate rial wealth in rich abundance and yet notwithstanding all hese ad vantages our country in its monetary interests is at the present moment in a deplorable eon dilioo in ike midst of unsurpassed plenty in all the productions of agricul cat ureanu in mil lie eicu ic is ui uituonai wealth we gad our minufactores fus pended our public works retarded our private enterprises i nisereni kinds abandoned aud thousands of useful laborers thrown out of employment and reduced lo want the revenue of ihe government which is chiefly derived from duties oa import frwn abroad has been greatly reduced whilst the appropriations made by congress at its last session lor the current fiscal year are veiy large in ainyant under these circum lances a loan may be requiied befote the close of your present session but this although deeply to be regretted would prove to be only a slight misfortune when compared with the suffering and distress prevailing among the people with this the gov ernmeni cannot fail deeply to sympathise though it may be without the power lo extend relief it is our duy to icqutie what has produced such unfortunate resul s and whether their recurrence can be prevent ed in all former revulsions ihe blame might have been fairly attributed to a rariety of co operating causes but not so upon the present occasion it is appa rent that our exising roisfoitunes have proceeded solely frra oar extravagant and vicious system of paner currency and hark i ri illts xciiinl the peorle to wild speculations and gambling in slocks these tevulsions niul coutinui tj recur at successive intervals so lung rs ihc amount of the paper currency and bank loans and discounts of ihe country shall be wft lo the discretion of fourteen hundred irresponsible banking institutions which from the very law ot ineir nature will consult ihe iuteresi of their stockholders lather than the public welfare the framers of ihe coniiuti n when tber eave to congress the power to coin money and o regulate the value thereof and prohibited li e states from coining d onty emitting onis ot crtaii or making anj tiling but gold and iilver coin a lender in payment of debts sup posed they had protected the people against the evils of an excessive and irredeemable paper currency they are not responsible tor tte existing anomaly that a ovemm nt endowed with the sovereign attribute of coining money and rezalalin the value thereot should have no power lo prevent others from driving this coin out of the country and filling up the channels of circulation with paper which does not represent gold and ailver it is one of tie highest and most responsible duties of the government to lukihq tu ui vvii iu medium the amount of which ought lo be adapted with ihe utmost possible wisdom and skill lo tbe wants of internal trade and foreign exchanges if this be either greatly above or greatly bolow the proper stamlard tbe marketable value of every man property is increasea or ai minished in the same pioportion and injustice to individual as well as incal ciia iv iii wvuiwmiij consequence unfortunately under tbe construction of the federal constitution which has now prevailed too long to be changed this important and delicate duy his been dissevered from the coining power and virtually transferred lo more than fourteen hundred state banks acting inde i i 1 i pendenuy ot eacn omer anu reuiaiiog their paper issues almost exclusively by a regard te the present interest of ihtir stockholders exorcising the sort reign power of providing a paper currency instead of coin for the couatry the first duty which these banks owe lo the pub lie is to keep in their vaults a sufficient mount of gold and silver to insure tbe convertibility of tteir notes into coin at all times and tinder all ciicumstances ko bask ought ever to be chartered without sucb restrictions on its business as tj secure tlis result ah other restrictions are comparatively in vain this is the only true touchstone the only efficient regul ar of a paper currency the only one which can guard the public against over issues and hank suspensions as a collateral and eventual security it is doubtless wise and in all ca es ought to be required that banks shall hold an amount of united states or stae securi tie equal to their notes in circulation and pledged for their redemption this however furnishes no adequate security against over issues oa the contrary mar be perverted to inflate the currency iutjeed it is possible by this means to convert all the debts of the united states and stale governments into bank notes without reference to the specie required lo redeem them however valuable these securities may be in themselves they cannot be converted into gold and silver at the moment of pressure as our exrerience teaches in sufficient time to prevent bank suspensions and the depreciation of bank notes in england which is to a considerable extent a piper mcney country though vastly behind our own in this respect it was deemed advisable anterior to the act of parliament of 1844 which wisely separated the issue of notes fiom the banking department for the bank ot england always to keep on hand gold and silver equal o one hird of is com bined circulation and deposits if this proportion was no more than sufficient to secure the convertibility of its notes with ihe whole of great britain an lo some extent the continent of europe as a field for its circulation rendering ii a most impossible that a sudden aud imrae diate run to a dangerous amount should be made upon it the same proportion would certainly be insufficient under our banking system each of our fourteen hundred banks has but a limited eircuoi ference for its circulation and in tbe course of a very few days the depositor and note holders might demand from such a bank a sufficient amount in specie to compel it to suspend even although it had coin in its vaults equal to one ihi d of its immediate liabilities and yet 1 am not aware with ihe exception of the batiks of louisiana that any state bank throughout the union has been required by its charier 10 keep this or any propor lion of gold aud silver compared with ihe amount of its combined circulation and deposits what hasbeenibecmisequenre in a recent report made by the treasury department on the condition of the banks throughout the different states according to returns dated nearest to january 1857 the aggregate amount of actual specie in their vaults is 858 349 838 of their circulation 214 778 822 and of their deposits 8336 351 342 thus it appears that these banks in the aggre gate have considerably less than one dollar in seven of gold and silver com pared with their circulation and deposit il was palpable therefore thai the very first pressure must drive them to suspen sioo and deprive the people of a con vr ruble currency with alt its disastrous consequences it is truly wonderful that ihi y f houlj have so k ng continued to prt serve their credit when a demand for the payment of one seventh of iheir immediate liabilities would have driven ibrtn into insolvency and this h the condition of the banks notwithstanding that lour c itfornia hundre i millions of gold from i have flowed in upon us within ihe last eight years and the tide still continues to ujw in teen such lias been the tx ravagance ol bank crrdit that the j banks now bold a considerably less j xiiuuiii ui eiecte emier iu proportion io their capital or their circulation at deposits combined than thty did before the discovery of gold in c tlrnia whilst in the year 1843 their specie in proportion to their capital was more than equal to one dcllar for four and a hali iu 1857 it does not amount to one doll r tor every hi dollars and ihirtv ttiree it certs of th tr capital in the year 1843 j their circulation and deposits from this statement it is easy to ac count lor our ti ianc ai history tor ihe lasl forty years il bas been a history i ihe specie was equ d within a very small fraction lo one dollar in five of their c r i t 1 ana cu ion ana aepos w m iao ll is not equal toone doliat in seven aud ahalf of ot extravagant exoan ions in the busi ness of the country followed by ruinous contractions al successive intervals the best and most enterprising men have been tempted to their ruin by excessive bank loans of mere paper credit exciting ihem to extravagant importations of for eign goojs wild speculations and tuinous and demoralizing stock gambling when ihe crisis arrives as airive ii must ihe banks can extend no relief to the people in a vain btruggli to redeem their liabilities i i specie ihey are compelled lo conlract iheir loans and their issues and at last in the hour of dis tress when their assistance is most needed they and their debtors together sink into insolvency it is ihis paper system of extravagant expansior raising the nominal price of every article far beyond its real value when compared with the cost of similar articles in countries whose circulation is wisely regulated which bas prevented us from competing in our own markets with foreign manufacturers has produced extravagant importaions and bas counter acted the effect of the large incidental protection afforded to our domestic manufactures by the present revenue tariff but for this the branches of our manufactures composed ol raw material 1 ihe production of our own country such as cotton iron and woolen fabrics would not only have acquired almost exclusive possession of the home maiket but would nave created ior tnemseives a loreign market throughout ihe world deplorable however aa miy be our present financial condition we may yet indulge in bright hopes for the future no other nation has ever existed which could bave endured such violent expansions and contractions of paper credits without lasting injury yet the bouyancy of youth the energies of our population and ibe spirit which never quails before difficulties will enable us soon to recov er from our present financial embarrass ment may even occasn n as speedily to forget the lesson which they have taught in the meantime it is the duty of the government by all proper means within its power to aid in tlleviat ng the sufferings of the people occasioned by tbe suspension of the banks and lo provide against a recurrence of the tame calamity unfortunately in either aspect of the case it can doimt little thanks to tbe independent treasury the govern ii lo al i ment bas not suspended payment as it was compelled to do by ihe failure of the j banks in 1837 it will continue to dis charge its liabilities lo the people in gold pect our aget another their and silver its disbursements in coin will pass into circulation and materially assist in restoring a sound currency from its high credit should we be ccm pcllrd to make a temporary loan il can be effected on advantageous terms this however shall if possible be avoided but if not then the amount shall be limited lo the lowsst practicable sum i have therefore determined that whilst no useful governmeut works already in progress shall be suspended new works not already commenced will be postponed if this can be done without injury to the country those necessaiy for its defence shall proceed as though there had been no crisis in our monetary affairs but the federal government cannot do much to provide against a recurience of existing evils r ven if insurmountable constitutional objections did not txisi against the creation of a national bank this would furnish no adequate preven live security the history of the last bank of the united states abundantly proves the truth of this assertion sucti a bank could not if it would regulate the issues and credits of fourteen hundred stale banks in such a manner as o prevent the tuinous expansions and con tractions in our currency which indicted the country throughout the existence of ihe late bank or secure us against future suspensions in 1825 an effort was made by the bank of england to curtail the issues of the country banks under the most favorabli circumstances the piper currency had been expanded to a ruinous extent and the bank put forth all its power lo coutrari it in order to reduce prices and restore the equilibrium of the foreign exchanges it according ly commenced a system of curtailment of its loans and issues in the vain hope that the joint stock and private banks of the kingdom would be compelled lo follow its example il found however that as it contracted they expanded and at the end of the process lo employ the language of a very high official u thcrity whatever reduction of ihe pa per circulation was effected by the bank of england in 125 whs more than made up by the issues of the country banks bat the bank of the united states would not if it could restrain the issues of the slate banks because its duty as a regulator of the currency must often be in direct conflict with the immediate in terests of its stockholders if we ex nrenls to restrain or conttol interests must at least in i ome degree be antagonistic but the i i n l uict win uuiu us leiti pyevit tst sis for our dj der bv inc easin r directors of a bank of the united states would feel the same interest and the same inclination with the directors of the sates bviks to expand the currency to accomodate iheir favorites and friends wiih loans and to declare large dividends such has been our experience in regaid ihe last bank j 1 i j r 1 l t or me prevention anu reuress 01 lue e i af er all we must mainly rely upon lie t iht the denomination of bank notes first to m j if tllty will ovije bv self exec iit enneimeol which nothing can arres that the moment ihey suspend they shad twenty and afterwards lo fifty doiuis iii 1 1 l 1 1 ii if tl wii re lhal the b

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fellow citizens i appear before yon tbie dav to take the solemn oath that wilt by or is states nnd will to the best of my ability preserve protect and detend the tjonstitution ot me uniwa states in entering upon this great office i most humbly invoke the god of our fathers for wisdom and firmness to cxecuto its hih and responsible duties in such a manner as to restore harmony and tho ancient friendship among the peopu of the several states anil to preserve jur free institution throughout many generations convinced that i owe my elcctionjto the inherent love for tbe constitution and the union which still animate tbe hearts of the american peoplo let me earnestly ask their powerful support in sustaining all just measures calculated to perpetuate these the richest political blessiugs which heaven bis ever bestowed upon any nation having determined not to become a candidato for re election i shall bare no motive to influence my conduet in administering the oovernn1e 1t exoept the desire ably and faithfully to serve my coumry and to live tn tbe grateful memory of my countrymen we have recently passed through a presidential contsst in which the passion of our fellow citiiene were excited to the highest decree ny questions 01 deep and vital importauoe but when the people proclaim 1 their win ine me tempest at onus saur sided and all was calm tbe voice of the major ity speaking in the manner prescribed dy tne constitution was heard and instant submission follow ed our ow n cuuntry oould alone have ex hibited to grand nod striking a spectacle of tbe capacity of man for self government what t a happy conception tuen im 11 iur vungrws w apply this simple rule that tho will of tbe msjer ity hhall govern to tho settlement of the question of domestio slavery in the territorie i coogreae is neither to legislate fclavery into any rr wry or state nor to exclude it therefrom but to leave uru 1 7 fra to frm and te eomfort the people thereof perfectly free to frm ana e sf the anti sla very bugle lt their domestic institution in thoir own way i abject only to lia constitution of the united states as a natural consequence congress has ntnry ot kansas also prescribed that when the territory hall he admitted as a state it shall o received lota ik onion with or without shivery as their cvwttitution may prescribe at the time of their emission a different opinion has arisen in retard to the time when the peoplo of a territory halt deoide this question for themselves this is happily a matter of but littlo practical importance nod beside it is a judicial question which legit imately belongs to tlie supreme court of the united states before whom it is now pending and hill it is understfktd be speedily nd finally ttled to their decision in common with nil good citiicns t shall cheerfully submit whatever this may be though it has been my individual opinion that under the nebraska kansas act lhe appropriate period will be when the number of actual residents in the territories shall justify the formation of a constitution with a view to

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en robert emmer and his love of twas lhe evening of a lovely dav the last dav for the noble and ill itot emmet a young lady stood at the castle gate and de sired admittance into the dungeon she was closely veiled and the keeper could not inl ine who sho was nor why one if such proud bearing should he a suppliant at the prison door however he granted tho boon led her to the dungeon opened lhe massive iron door then closed it again and tho lovers were alone he was leaning against the prison wall with a downcast head and his arms were folded upon his breast gently she raised the veil from her face and emmet turned to gaze upon all that earth contained for him the girl whose sunny brow in the days of boyhood had been his polar star the maiden who had sometimes made htm think the world win all sunshine the clanking of the heavy chains sounded like a death knell to his curs and she w ept like a child euiint t said but little yet he press ed her warmly to his bosom and their feelings held a silent meeting such a meeting perchance as is held in heaven only there we part no more in a low voice he besought her not lo forget him when the cold grave received his inanimate body bespoke of by gone days the happy boms of childhood when bis hopes were bright and glori sus and he concluded by requesting ik r sometimes to visit the places and scenes that were hallowed to his memory from tho days of his infancy and should tiie world pronounce his name willi scorn and contempt he prayed she would still cling to him with affection and remember him when all others should forget hark the church hell sound id and he remembered the hour of execution the turnkey entered and after dashing the tears from his eyes he separated them om their long embrace and led lhe lady from the dungeon at the entrance she turn ed and their ryes met they could not say farewell the door swung upon ils heavy hinges and they parted forever no not forever is there no heaven at sunrise next morning he suffered gloriously a martyr to bis country and to liberty and one oer her the myrtle showers its leaves by soft winds t inned she faded midst italian flowers the last of that fair baud twas in the land of italy it was the gorgeous time of sunset in italy what magnificent scene a pale emaciated girl lay upon her bed of death oh it was hard f i r her to die far from her home in this beautiful laud where ilowers bloom perennial and the balmy air comes freshly to the pining soul oh no her star had set the brightness of her dream had faded her heart was broken when ties havo been formed on earth close burning lies what is more heartrending and agonizing to the spirit than find at iast the beloved ono is snatched away and all our love is given to a passing flower enough sho died the betrothed robert emmet lhe lovely sarah curr iu italy contains her last remains its ilowers breathe their fragrance over her grave and the lulling tones of the shepherds into sound a requiem to her memory

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it is unnecessary to stae in detail the alarming condition of the torritory of kansas at the time ot my innu iiratiun the oppibini parties then stood in hostilo rtk against cucli other and any i accident might have rtdightod the flumes i f civil i war uemiie at this critical moment kansas was left without a governur by the resignation of tjjv ceary on tho 19 h of february previous the territor i 1 i 1 i j l r i election ot oelclaies on the third monday of i june to a convention to meet on tho first monday of september for tho purpose of framing a con stitotion preparatory to admission into tho union this law was in the main fair and iust nnd it is to he regrotted unit all the qualified electors had v1h1 i18 at the time of the election for delegates an extensive oikhiiizalion cxistid in tho territory who o avowed olject it was if need be to put down tho lawful government by force nnd to establish a government of their t p under the so called topcka constitution the persons attached to this revolutionary organization abstained from taking any part in the election the act of the territorial legislature had omit not registered theuisclves and voted under its pro ted to provide for puhniitrsur to the ticonlc the constitution which might be framed by tho eonven tion and in tho excited stato ot public feeling throughout kansas an apprehension extonsivcly prevailed that a design existed to forco noon them a constitution in relation to slavery against their n t will in this emergency it became my duty as it was my unquestionable right having in viovv the union of all good citizens in support of tho territorial laws to express nn opinion on tho truo con struction of the provisions concerning slavery contained in the organic act of congross of thn 30th may 1k54 congress declared it to bo the truo intent and meaning of this act not to legislate slavery into any territory or stato nor to exclude it therefrom but io leave the people thereof perfectly free to form and regulate their domestic institutions in their own way under it kansas when admitted ns a state was to be received into the cnion with or without blavery as their constitutiiin may prescribe at the time of thoir admission did congress moan by this language that tin delegates elooted to frame a constitution should havo authority finally to decide tho question of slavery or did they intend hy leaving it to thej peopu that tho peoj in of kansas tliciiselvs should decide this question by u direct vote on this subject i confess h id never entertained a serious doubl and therefore in my instruction to ijov walker on the 2sth march last 1 merely said that when a constitution shall be suhniittcd to the peoplo of the terriiory they must be protected in tho exercise of their rihtof voting fir or against that instrument and the fair expression ol the popular will must not bo interrupted by fraud or violence in expressing this opinion it wns far from my intention to intnrfcru with the decision of the peo ple ol kansas entier lor or ngninst slavery ri oni this i have always carefully abstained intrusted i with the duty of taking care that the hvwe be i faithfully executed my only desire whs that tha peoplo of kansas should furnish to congress the evidenco required by the organic net whether for j against slavery nnd in this manner smooth r 1 0 inin thn t 1 in the condition of territorial dependence into mt j a suvoieign state it was their duty in my everywhere throughout the inion thsy publicly opinion to iiiiiko known their will by tha votes ol majority on hie direct question whether this important domestic institution should or should not continue to exist indeed this was the only possible mode in which their v ill could be authentically ascertained the eloclion of delegates to a convention must necessarily take place in separate districts from this cause it may readily happen as has often been the case that a majority ol tho peoplo i f a state territory are on one side of a question whilst majority of tho representatives from the sevoral districts into which it is divided may be upon the other side this arises from the fact that in some districts delegates may be elected by small ma jorities whilst in others those ot different senti uients may receive majorities sumcieutly great nut only to overcome the votes given for the former but to leave a largo majority ol the whole people direct oposition to a majority of the delegates liesides our history proves that influences may be brought to bear on the representative sui ficiently powerful to induce him to disregard the will of his constituents the truth is that no other authentic nnd satisfactory mode exists of ascertaining the will of a majority of the people any stats or territory on an important and ex citing question like that of slavery in kansas except by leaving it to e direct vote how wise then was it for congress to pass over all subordinate and intermediate agencies nnd proceed directly to the souroeof all legitimate power under our constitution i how vain would any other principle prove in practice this may be illustrated by the rnseol kansas should she be admitted into the union with a constitution either maintaining or abolishing slavery against tho sentiments of the people this could have no other effect than to continue and to exasperate the exciting agitation during the brief period required to make the constitution conform to the irresistible will of the majority the friends and supporters of the nebraska and kansas act when struggling on a recent occasion to sustain the wise provisions before the great tribunal of ihe american people never dif fered about its true moaning on this subject of to hit pledge j their biith nud their honor that thov would rheei lolly ttnhmit the question of slavery to the decision o ll bona jile people of kansas without ai restriction or qualification whatever all wcie cordially united upon t lie pent doctrine of popular sovereignty which u tin vital prim pie of our free institutions h id it then been in sinuntcd irotn any quarter that it would be a sufh cient coi miiianco with tho requisitions for tho or faaiiio law lor tho members of a convention thero alter to he elected t withhold the question of slavery from the people and to cubstiiute their own will for that of a legally ascertained majority of ail heir constituents this would have been instantly njcutcd everywhere they rcinnined true to tho resolution adopted on a celebrated occasion thej m4 k reorient an me to tink ttiroii tho k ality and fairly expressed will of a majority ol iiotu il rei lonts nnd when ever the number of their inhabitants justify it to form u constitution with or withint shivery nnd be ndmuicd into the union upon terms of perfect equality with tho other states tho convention ti frnmo a constitution for kansas met on the first monday of sonlnmber last 1 hey wero sailed together by vittuoofnn act of tuo territorial legislature whose biwlul existence 1 j uijiinu ncen recognized liy t otigre in oitlerent forms nnd ly different enactments a large pro clerk portion of tho citizens of kansas did not think proper to register their names and to vote at the election for delegates j hot an opportunity to do this having been fail ly afforded their rofusal to nval themselves of their right could in no manner affect tliu legality of tho convention this convention proceeded to frame a constitution for kansas nnd finally adjourned on tho 7th jay nf november but liltlo difficulty occurred in mo convention except on the miviect of slavery he truth i that the uenernl mvisioii of our ro eent state constitution nrn pn similar and i inny jnjj excellent tint the difference between then jt e serili il nder tho earlier practice of the f overiunent no cor mitn ion rratned hy the conven territory preparatory to its admission in tllb v n n state had been mbmilicd to the pc f i trust however tho example set by the

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love twas the evening of a lovely day the last day of the noble and ill fated emmet a young girl stood at the castle gate and desired admittance into the dungeon she was closely veiled and the keeper could not imagine who she was nor that anv n r such proud bearing should be an humble suppliant at the prison door however he granted the boon led her to the dungeon opened the massive iron door thn rinraj again and the lovers were alone he was leaning against tne prison wall with a downcast hei jand his arms were folded upon bis breast gently she raised the veil from her face and emmet turned to gaze upon all that earth contained for him tbe girl whose sunnybrow in the days of boyhood had been bispolar star the maiden who had sometimes made him think the world was all sunshine tbe clanking of the chains sounded like a deth knell to her ears and she went chiid emmet said but little yet be pressed ner warmly to his bosom snd their feelings held a silont meeting such a meetinir ner chance as is held in heaven only when we pan no more in a low voice he besought her not to forget him when the colh received his inanimate body he spoke of bygone days tbe happy hours of childhood wheu his hopes were bright and glorious and he concluded by requesting her some times to visit tne places and scenes that were hallowed to his memory from the of hiechildhood and though the world might pronounce his name with scorn ami rnn tempt he prayed sha ehoud still cling to mm wnen an others should forget hark the church bell sounded snd he remembered the hour of execution the turnkey entered and after dashing the tears frum his evea separated them from their long embrace and iej me lady irom the dungeon at thexen trance sne turnej and their eyes met tbey could not say farewell the door swenir upon its heavy hingesnd they parted for ever no not torever is there not s heaven at sunrtse next morning he suffered glor ously martyr ta his country and to liberty and one oer ber the myrtle showers lis leaves by eott winds fanned she faded midst italian bowers the last of their fair band twas in the land of italy it was the gorgeous ime of sunset in italy what a magnificent scene a pale emaciated girl lay upon the bed of death oh it was bard for her to die far fron her home in thi beautiful land where flowers bloom perrer aia and the balmy air comes freshly to the piningsonl oh no her star has set the brightness of her dream has faded her heart was broken when ties have been formed on earth close burning ties what is more heart rendering and agonizing to the spirits man 10 ana at last the beloved one is snatched away and al our love given to a passing flowret enough she died the beroteed of robert emmet the lovely sarah curran jtniy contains her last remains its floa ers breathe their fragrmce over her grave and the lulling notes of jhehej herds lute sound a requiem to her memory

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om it is unnecessary to state in detail the alarming condition of the territory of kansas at the time of my inauguration the opposing parties then stood in hostile array against each other and any accident might bare relighted the flames of civil war besides at this criti cal moment kansas was left without gpver 4 nor by the resignation of gov geary on the 10th of february previous the terri torinl legislature had passed a law providing for the election of delegates on the third monday of june to a convention to meet on the first monday of september for the purpose of framing a constitution preparatory to admission into the union this law was in the main fair and just and it is to be regretted that all the qualified electors had not registered themselves and voted under its provisions at the time of the election for delegates an 1 extensive organization existed in the territory whose avowed object it was if need be to put down the lawful government by force and to establish a government of their own under tho so culled lopeka constitution the persons attached to this revolutionary organization abstained from taking any part in the election the act of the territorial legislature bad omit tod to provide fur submitting to the peonlo tho constitution which might be trained by the con veniiou una in tne excited state ot puwic lee4 injr throughout kansas an nnprehoniion alien sively prevailed that a design existed to torce upon tlieui a constitution iu relation to slavery their will in this emergency it ie my duty us it was my unquestiouablo right having in view the union nf all good citizen iu support of the territorial laws to express an opinion on the true construction of the pruri sioiis concerning slavery contained in tf o or guttio net nt congress ot the oth may iso i congress declared it to be tho truo intent and meaning of this act not to legislate slavery into any territory or state nor to exclude it there from but to leave ft people thwe f pctferily free to form sod regulate oheir domestic institutions in their own way under it kansas whendmittod m a state was to be receiv ed into the union w b or without slavery as their constitution may prescribe at the time of their admission i did congress mean by this language that the delegates elected to frame a constitution should have authority finally to decide the question of slavery or did they intend by leaving it to the people thai the peopleof kansas themselves should decide thii question by a direct j vote i on this subject i confess i mutviever enfcrtain ed a serious doubt and therefore in my instructions to governor walker of the 28th march last i merely said that when a consti tution shall be submitted to the people of the territory they must fee protected in tne exercise of their right of voting for or against that instrument and the lair expression of the popular will must not be interrupted by fraud jot violence in expressing tliis opinion it was far from my intention to interfere with the decision of the people of kansas either for or against slavery from this i have always carefully abstained intrusted with the duty of taking care that the laws be faithfully executed my only desire was that the people of kansas should furnish to congress the evidence required by the organic act whether for or against slavery and in this manner smooth their passage into the union in emerging from the condition of territorial dependence into that of a sovereign state it was their duty in my opinion to make known their will by the votes of the majority on the direct question whether this important domestic institution should or should not continue t j exist indeed this was the only possible mode in which their will could be authentically ascertained the election of delegates to a convention must necessarily take place in separate districts from this cause it may readily happen as has often been the case that a majority of the people of a state or territory are on one side of a question whilst a majority of the representatives from the several districts into which it is divided mar be upon the other side this arises from toe tact tliat in some uistricu aeiegates may be elected by small majorities whilst in others those of different sentiments may re ceivc uiljuitucn ouiuvicjiiijr overcome the votes given for the former but to leave a large majority of the whole people in di rect opposition to a majority of the delegates besides our history proves that influences may be brought to bear oa the representative suffi eiently powerful to induce him to disregard the will oftusconslituents the truth is that no other authentic and satisfactory mode exists of ascertaining the will of a majority of the peo pie of any state or territory on an important nd exciting question like that of slavery in kansas except by leaving it to a rect vote how wise then was it for congress to pass over all subordinate and intermediate agencies ana proceed directly to the source of all legitimate power under our institutions how vain would any other principle prove in practice this ur be illotratd by the cue of kansas should she he admitted into the union w th a constitution either kaiataininc or abolishing slavery against the sentiment f the people oils conm havi no other effect than to con una and to e prat the existing agitation during the brief period required to make the constitution conform to the irresistible will of the arvjorltr tna friends and supporters of the nebraska and kansas act when strarxliaa on a recent occason to sustain its wise provisions before the great tribunal of the american people never differed about its true meaning on this sub ject eeverywhere throughout the union theypublicly pledged treir faith and their honor that they would cneer juuy submit the the question of slavery to the decision of the boxf ridb people of kansas without any restriction or qualification whatever all were cordially united anon the great doctrine of popular sovereignty which is the vital principle of our free institutions had it then been insinuated iran any quarter that it would be a sulficient com phance with the requisitions of the organic law for the mem a bersof a convention thereafter to be elected to withhold the question of slavery

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come twas the evening of a lovely day the last day for the noble and ill fated emmet a young lady stood at the castle gate and desired admittance into the dungeon she was closely veiled and the keeper could not imagine who she was nor why one of such a haughty bearing should be an humble suppliant at the prison door however he granted the boon led her to the dungeon opened the massive iron door then closed it again and tho lovers were alone lie was leaning against the prison wu l wiili a downcast head nnd his arms were folded on his breast gently she raised the veil from her face and emmet turned to gazo up ti ini hiat e mined im him tho girl wlp e sir rtii con r v rnv in the davs ol hoynood iri r i n his n ta star the maiden who had sometimes nude i him think the world was all sunshine the chiming of the heavy cl irs siaindjil like a death knell to her ears an i she w pt like a child emmet said but liti ya he iiresse her warmlv t his bosom and heir leelings held a silent meeting such a meet ing niethinks as is held m there wc part no more in he besought her not to for jleavi n only a w oii r ine cum i i and single of ly gne days the happy eurs ut eh d rienee of i wlcn llis lorcs nvu c lr 111 and i in i rrrave recewto ms ihm lie lolioil iuul lit 4iviuii i c iv ut her sometimes to visit the daces and scenes that were hallowed to his memory from the days of infancy and though the world l i v o n i t r might pronounce ins namo w hit scorn and contempt oh he prayed she would till cling to him with iifloetiun and remember him when all others should forget hark the church bell sounded and he rementberd the time of execution the turnkey entered and after dashing a tear om his eve he separated them from their long j than to have the name of liar it is so embrace and led the lady from the dun j considered in all nations and with all peo goon at tho entrance she turned andjile it is con iidred one of the meanest their eves met they could not s iy fare st cowardly vices of which one well the door swung upon its heavy bin 1 can be guilty the li tr i always a cow gts and they parted forever no not lard he lei s e beeau e h f is af aid b forever is there no heaven itoll the truth at sunrise next morning he suffered g riously a liberty niartvr to his country and aial one oer her the nn rte f its haves hy sott win is fann v she faded midst italian ll nrr the ln t of that fmr hand twas in the land of italy it was the gorgeous time of sunset in ltaly what a magnificent scene a pale emaciated girl laid upon her bed of death oi was it hard for her to die far from her home in tins beautiful land where flowers bloom perennial and the balmy air counts freshly to the pining soul oi no her star had set the brightness of her dream had ci ded her heart was broken when lies have iven formed on earth close burning ties what is more heai i rending and ago i nizing to the spirit than to find at last i he beloved one is snatched away and all our love is given to passing flowers enough she died the betrothed of robeit emmet the lovely sarah curran italy contains her last remains its lowers breathe their fragrance over the grave and the lulling tones of the shepherds lute soun 1 a requiem to her memory cftting

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fellow citizens 1 nppour licfiiro you this day t0 tako the solemn oath that i will ruitliyully pxecute the office of president of the united states ntitl will to the bot ot my utility preserve protect nnd defend tho constitution of tlio united states in entering upon tliis great office 1 most liuinmy invoke tho l od of our fathers fur wisdom nnd firmness to executo its high nnd responsible duties in such a manner ns to restore harmony nnd tlio ancient friendship nmong the people of the several states nnd to picerve our iron institutions through out many generation convinced tint i owe my election to tho inherent love fur tho constitution nnd tho union which still animates the hearts of tho american people 1 1 t 1 1 iminifiiv iik ini ir power nn support in sustaining nil just measures calculated to jierp tuato thrse and tho richest political blessings which ilenven has ocr bestowed upon any nation having determined not to become a candidate for re election 1 shall have no motive to inlluence my conduct in administering tho iovernment ox cept the desire ably and laithfully to s ivo v i uuniry ami to live in the gr itelul memory nl my cnuiitn me n h e have recentlv passed through n pre sidential contest in w hich tho passions of uur iciinw ciii7cris were excitol to the highest degieo by question ol deep ami vital importance but when the people proclaimed their will tho tempest at oneo sub sided nnd all was calm the voici of tho majority speaking in the manner prescribed by the constitution was heard nnd instant submission followed our own country could alone have exhibited so grand and striking a spectacle of tho capacity of man for self government hat u happy conception then was it for congress to apply this simple rule that the will of tlio majority governs to the settlement of tho question ol domestic slavery in the territo lies congress is neither to legislate slavery intoteiritorics or states nor to exclude it therclroin but to le no the people orfectly ireo to lurm and regulate their domestic institutions in their own wiit subject only to tho constitution of the united states as a natural consequence congress has also piescribed that when tho territory ol kansas shall bo admitted as a state it shall bo received into the union w itli or without slavery as their constitution may prescribe at the timo of their admission a difference nt opinion has arisen in regard to the time when the prnple of u territory shall decide this question for themselves this is happily a matter of but little practical importance and besides it is a judicial question which legitimately belongs to tho supreme court of the united states be loro whom it it now pending and will it is understood bo speedily and finally settled to their decision in common with nil good citizens 1 shall cheerfully submit whatever this may be though it has been my individual opinion that under the nebraska kansas act the appropriate period will he when the number ol actual residents in tho territory shall justify the formation ol u constitution with a view to

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http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/data/batches/batch_tu_homer_ver01/data/sn88061076/00200293897/1857121401

in expressing this opinion it wa9 fiir from my intention to interfere with the decision of the people of kansas either for or against slavery from this i bave always carefully abstained intrusted with the duty of taking care that the law be faithfully executed my only desire was tnat the people of kansas should furnish to congress the evidence required by the organic act whether for or against slavery and in this manner smooth their passage into the union in emerging from the condition of territorial dependence into that of a sovereign state it was their duty in my opinion to make known their will by the votes of the majority on the direct question whether this important domestic institution should or should not continue to exist indeed this was the only possible mode iu which their will could be authentically ascertained the election of delegates to a convention must neces arily take place in separate district from this cause it may readily happen as has often been the case that a majority of the people of a state or territory are on one side of a question whilst a mnjority of the representatives from the several districts into which it is divided may be npon the other side this arises from the fact that iu some districts delegates may be elected by small majorities whilst in others those of different sentiments may receive majorities sufficiently great not only to overcome the votes given for tlie former but to leave a large majority of the whole people in direct oppo ition to a majority of the delegates besides our history proves that influences may be brought to bear on the representative sufficiently powerlul to induce him to disregard the will of his constituents the truth is th it no other authentic and satisfactory mode exists of ascertaining the will of a majority of the peoyle of any state or territory on an important and exciting question like that of slavejy in kansas except by leaving it to a direct vote how wise then was it for congress to pass over all subordinate and intermediate agencies and proceed directly to the source of all legitimate power under our institutions how vain would any other principle prove in practice this may be illustrated by the case of kansas should she be admitted into the union with a constitution either ma utaining or abolishing slavery against the sentiment of the people this could have no further effect than to continue and to exasperate the exciting agitation during th j brief period required to make the constitution conform to the irresistible will of the majority the friends and supporters of the nebraska and kansas act when struggling on a recent occasion to sustain its wise provisions before the great tribunal of the american people never differed about its true meaning on this subject everywhere throughout the union they publicly pledged their faith and their honor that they would cheerfully submit the question of slavery to the decision of the bona fide people of kansas without any restriction or qualification whatever all were cordiully united upon the great doctrine of popular sovereignty which is the vital principle of our free institutions had it then been insinuated from any quarter than it would be a sufficient compliance with the requisitions for the organic law for the members of a convention thereafter to be elected to withhold the question of slavery from the people and to substitute their own will for that of a legally ascertained majority of their constituents this would have been instanty rejected everywhere they remained true to the resolution adopted on acelebiated occasion recognizing the right of the people ot all the territo ries including kansas ana isedrasxa acting through the legally aud fairly expressed will of a majority of actual residents and whenever the number of their inhabitants justifies it to form a consti tution with or without slavery and be admitted into the union upon terms of perfect equality with the other states the convention to frame a constitution for kan sas met on the first monday of beptember last i they were called together by virtue of an act of the territorial legislature whose lawful existence has been recognized by congress in different forms ald by different enactments a large proportion of the citizens of kansas did not think proper to regi ter their names and to vote at the election for delegates but an opportunity to do this having been fairly affjided their refusal to avail theimev 8 of their right could in no manner affect the legality of the convention this convention proceeded to frame a cmstitu tion for kansas jand finally adjourned on the 7th day of november but little difficulty occurred in the convention except oa the subject of slavery the truth is that the general provisions of our recent state constitutions are so similar and 1 may add so excellent that the difference between them is not essential under the earlier practice of the government no constitution framed by the convention of a territory preparatory to its adrnk ion into the union as a state had been submitted to the people i trust howsver the example set by the last congress requiring that the constitution of minnesota should be subject to the approval and ra i fication of the people of the proposed state may be followed on future occasions i took it for granted that the convention of kansas would act in accordance with the example founded as it is on correct principe and hence my instruc ions to gov walker in favor of submitting the constitution to the peeple were expressed in general and unqualified terms in the kansas nebraska act however this requirement as applicable to the whole constitution had not been inserted and the convention were not bound by its terms to submit any other portion of the instrument to an election except that thich relates to the domestic institution of slavery this will be rendered clear by a simple reference to its language it was not to legislate slavery into any territory or state nor to exclude it herefrom but to leave the people thereof perfectly free to form and regulate their domestic institutions in their own way according to the pliin construe k tion of the sentence the words domestic institutions have a direct as they have ao approptiate reference to slavery domestic institutions are limited to the f jiily the relation between master and slave and a few others are domestic institutions and are entirol dirtmefc trent fctfetttutv ng of apolitical character besides there sas no quc tion then before congress nor indeed has there since been any serious question before the people of kansas or the country except btcn relates to the domestic inbtitution of slavery the convention after an angry and txcited debate finally determined by a majority of only two to submit the question of slavery to the people though at the last furty three of the fifty delegates present affixed their signitures to the constitution a majority of the convention were in tavor of establishing slavery in kansas they accordingly inserted aa article in the constitution for this purpose similar in form to those which had been adopted by other territorial conventions in the schedule however providing for th transition from a territo rial to a state government the question has been fairly and explicitly referred to the people whether they will have a constitution with or without slavery it declares that before the constitution a dopted by the convention shall be sent to congresa for admission as a state an election lh be held to decide thia question at which all the white male inhabitant of the territory above the sg of 21 art entitled to vote they are to vote by ballot and the ballots cast at said election shall be endorsed constitution with slavery and constitution without slavery if there be a majority in favor of the constitution with slavery then it is to be transmitted to congress by the president of the convention in its original form if on the contrary there shall be a majority in favor of the constitution with no slavery then the article providing for slavery shall be stricken from the constitution by the president of this con vention and it is expressly declared that no slavery shall exist in the state of kansas ex cept thas the right of property in slaves now in the territory shall m do manner de interierea wun and in that event it is made his duty to have the constitution thus ratified transmitted to the congress ot the united states for the admission of the state into the union at this election every citizen will have an oppor tunity of expressing his opinion by his vote whether kansas shall be received iu the union w ith or without slavery and thus this exciting question may bj peacefully settled in the very mode required by the organic law the election will be held under legitimate authority and if any portion cf the inhabitants tha i refuse to vote a fair opportunity to do so having been presented this will be their own voluntary act and they alone will be responsible for the consequences whether kansas shall be a free or a slave state must eventually under some authority be decided by an election and the question can never be more clearly or distinctly presented to tlie people than it is at the present moment should this opportunity be rejected she may be involved for years ia domestic discord and possibly in civil war before she can again make up the issue now so foituaalely tendered and again reach the point she has already attained kansas has for some years occupied too much of the public attention il is high tioe this shoulj be directed to far more important objects when once admitted iuto the union whether with or without slavery the excitemeut beyou l her own limits will speedily pass away aud she wiil then for the first time be left as she ought to have been long since to manage her own affairs in her own way if thej constitution ou the subject be displeasing to al ninjority ot the people no human power can prej vent them from changing it within a brief period under these circumstances it may well be quesji tioned whether the peace and quiet of the whole country are not of greater importance than the nieip temporary triumph of either of the political parties in kansas f suould the constitution without slivery be adip ted by the votes of the majority the rights ef pio perty in lvea now iu the territory are reeivd the i umber of these are very small but if it wre greater the provision would be equ dly just and reasonable these thives were brought into the territory under the constitution of united states and are now the property ot their masters this point has at length been finally decided by the highest judicial trbunal of the country and this upon the plain priucipal that when a eeckde racy ot sovereign states acquia new territory at tiieii joint expense both equally and justly ddiand that the citizens of one and all of theta shi3 have the right to lake into it whatsoever is recop ized a properto by the common ccustuution t have suuimaiil confiscated the property ia slaves already in the territoty would have been an oct if gross injustice and contrary to the practice of the older states of the uuiou which have abolished slavery a territorial government was established for utah by act of congress approved the 9ih september 1850 and ihe constitution and laws of tie united sutes were thereby extended over it o ur as the same or any provisions thereof may be applicable tiiis act provided for the appoiutment by the president by and with the advice and consent of the senvte of a governor who wa to be ex officio su oeiietendent of indian affairs a secretary three judges of the supreme court a mai shall aud a district attorney subsequent acts provided for the appoiutment of the officers necessary m extend our lind and our indian system over the territory biigham young was appointed the first governor on ihe 20th september 1850 and ha hehl the of fice ever since whilst governor yocnj has been both governor and superintendent of iudiau affairs throughout this period he has been at the same time the head ot the church called the latter day saints and professes to govern its members and dispose of their property by direct iiispladon and authority from the almighty h s powur has been therefore absolute over both church aid state the people of utah almost exclusively belong to this church and believing with a finatical spirit that he is governor of the territory by divine ap pei ltment they obey his command as if these were direct revelations from heaven if therefore he c l ooses his government shall come into collision with the government of ihe united sates the members of the moimon church will yield implicit obedience to i is will i unfortunately existing facts leave but little doubt that ich is his determinauon without entering upou a minute history of occurrences it is ciffluieiit to say that a 1 the offices of the uuited states judicial and tx cu ive w th the single exception of two indian agents liave found it nec cessary for their owu pei sonal salety to withdraw from tueterritory and there no longer remajjs any government in utah but the despotism of lwgtiam young this being the con di ton i ol affairs in the territory i could not mistake the path of duty as chief fxecut ve magistral i wa9 bound to restore the supremacy of the constitution and laws within its limits in order to effect this purpose i appointed a new governor and ajier federal officers r ft t j u 1 i f r ior ulan anu sent wiui iucui a imuiart mrce iur their protection and to aid ae a posse comitatus in cas of need ia the execution oi the laws with the religious opinions of the mormens as long as they remained mere opinions however deplorable iu themselves and revering to the moral an religious sentiment of all cai istendom i had no right to interfere actions alone when in violation of the constitution and laws of the united slates become the ligitimate subjects for the jurisdiction of the civil magistrates my hvtruclions to governor cumming have therefore beea framed in strict accordance with these principles at their date a hope was indulged that no tieceis ity might exist for emp oving the military io resuming and maintaining the authority of the hw but tnis hope has now vanished governor young ha by procla matiod declared his determination to maintain his power by force and has already committed acts of hostily ogainst the uuited states unless he should retrace his steps the territory of utah will be in a state of open retk 1 ion he has committed these acta of hostility notwithstanding mnjor van vlict au officer tf the army tent to utah by the com m hiding general to purchase provl ions for troops had given him thestiongst assurances of tlie peaceful intentions of the government oini that troops would only be employed al a posse conrtatus when ca e 1 on by the civil authority to aid in the execution ot the laws there is reason to believe that gov young has long contemplated this result he knows that the co tinuance of his despotic power depends upon the exclusion of all settlers from he territory except those who will acknowledge his divine mi cion and implicitly obey hi will and that an enlightened pub ic opiuion there woald soon prostrate iri tftu tions at war with the laws both of god and man he has therefore for several years in oider to maintain his independeoce been industriously employed in collecting and fabricating arms and muni lions of war and iu disciplining the mormons for mi itary service as superintendent of indian affairs he has bad an opportunity of tampering with the indian tribes and exciting their hostile feelings against the united states this according to our it formation he has accomplished in regard to some of these tribes while others bave remained true to their allegiance ard have communicated his intrigues to our indwa agnts he has laid in a store of provi ions for three years which in case of necessity as he informed majo van yliet le will conceal and theft take to the mountajns and bid dtfimce to all th powers of the government a great part of all this may be idle boasting but yet no wise government wdl lightly estimate the efforts which may be inspired by 6uch pbrenzied fanaticism as exu ts among the ilormons in ltali this is the first rebellion which has existed in our territories and humanity itself requires that we should put it down in such a maener that it shall be the last to trifle with it would be to encourage it and to rendir it formidable we ought to go there with such an imposing force as to convince these de udej people that resistance would be vain and thus spare blood we can in this manner convince them ilikt we are their friend not their enemies in ord r to accomplish this object it will be necessary according to the estimate ot the war de f annum to raee four additional regiments and ibis ear nettly retoaimend to congrvms at the present moment of dipresskin in the ie venues ot the couu try i am or7 to w obliged to recommend such a meagre but i feel confident of the support of oi gress cost what u may in suppressing the insurrection and in restoring and maintaining the sover eignfy of the constitution d ian a over the territory of utah i recommend to congress the establishment of a territorial government over arizoi incorporating with it such portioua of new mexico aa they may deem expedient i need carcely adduce arguments in support of th reccnimendfuiori we are bocn l to protect the live id propc ty of our citi sen ii hiliupg a izonia ana

8679:5136:18458:8488:5042:872:3924:2547:21444

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y emma d e n hoctiiwootit chapter i the astrolccells prediction 1 reading a few weeks since ono ofde quinccy papers three memorable mur tiers recalled to rny mind tho strange circumstances of one of tho most mysterious domestic dramas that ever taxed the ingc nuty of man or required tho flight of time 10 uevciop the locality of our story lies amid one v of tho old dominion where the head vnters of the rappahannock wash tho base j of the rluo rid2 fi the precise spot cropland is a sub i r hmo and beautiful scene where two torest 1 crowned ranges of mountains cross each other at obliiiue angles i 1 at the intcr ct tingpoint of these ridges rated position altiimont at the period at which our story opens 1 i t pi the lour estates m the tour angles ol the irregular mountain cross were owned as a li vitra ine eastern arm runeu i the life property of madame auderly a virginian lady of the old school the western nud most valuable estate was the inheritance of ilonora paulo an orphan heirefs grand danghtcr and ward of madame auderly the northern and smallest one called from being the deepest vale of the four llawes hole was the property of old lturh hawe n widower of gloomy temper parsimonious habits and almost fabulous wealth the southern farm named froji the extravagant cost of tho elegant mansion house elaborate out building and highly ornamented grounds which had absorbed the means of tho owner varqniers polly was tho hoavily iuortgaged patrimony of godfrey pnrquier dulanie the grandson of hugh hawe and now a young aspirant for legal honor at the lniverity of virginia rut little beiicgt to the heir was to be hoped from the inheritance of his fathers liurtherned property in the first place old hugh llawe had brought up in his own namo ail tho claims against ihu estate of parquicrs folly doubtless to prevent u foreclosure and to save the property for his grandson rut unhappily godfrey had mortally offended the despotic old man by declining an agricultural life and persisting in tho study of a profession a course that had resulted in his own disinheritance to make this punishment more bitter tq his grand son the old man had taken into favor his nephew dr henry llawe whom he had established near himself at parquicrs polly at this lime tho disinherited heir hav iug finished a term at the university had come down to spend a part of his vacation in his native place it was upon the saturday evening of his arrival that be found the little hotel and indeed the whole village of altaiuoiit in a great state of excitement from the fact that the celebrated heiress mi s ilonora luule hud just stopped there and passed through on her way home those who had been so happy as to catch a glimpse of her face vied with each oilier in praise of her many charms while those who had itot listened with eagerness and looked forward to indemnifying themselves by seeing her at church next morning tho next day godfrey dulanie attended church where he saw and fell in love with the most beautiful and intellectual looking gill he had over beheld from the cheapness and simplicity of her attire he supposed her to be some poor dependent of mad iiuo auderly s in whose pew rhe oesat godfrey was completely captivate and ho resolved ut oueo to woo and if pos siblc win this lovely bevnj for his wife poor girl lough ho was he was glad fhe was poor because i hc could for that reason bo more easily won l ut on no conipanying mr willoughby thrj clergy man and his brothei in law finest heine homo after church what was his tistoiiuh merit and dismay at being introduced to lheiuppu ee poor giil whom ue found to be no other than tho celebrated miss ilonora paula the greatest heiress and belle as well as the best and noblest girl in tho state of virginia she greeted him cordially and in a few minutes the company were buisily engaged in conversation the topic of capital punishment having been started godfrey turned to ilonora and said i take an especial personal interest in having capital punishment abolished miss paule do you believe in astrology ilonora started fixed her eyes intently npon the questioner and then withdrawing them answered sir why did you ask me if i believe in astrology because miss paulo i was about to relate for your amusement a prediction that was made concerning myself by a professor of that black art a prediction exclaimed mrs will oughby drawing near with eager interest yes madam replied mr dulanie smiling a prediction which if i believed wn ii 11 norffitnlv fliannao ni n n f irrtf ttm i abolishment of the penalty threo years i since while i was sojourning for a short l n q on way i vnwenitjt j chanccd to hear of the i egyptian dcrvis aehbad who was at that time creating quite a sensation in the city his wonderful reputation was tho theme idlencssanu curios curiosity combined to lead i tun tr liid rnait u tt rn iiiirnil n aiirlit tn jt cast my horoscope lie demanded and i gave him the day and hour of my birth and tlicn i took leave with the promise to pl t return in the morning the next day i ft 11 tjuunniljuu jiullutil cilllujpli my horoscope was a horror scope in t deed it predicted for me a short aud stormy life and a sharp and sudden death 1 oood heaven hut the details i 4it proitlicsicj four remarkable events rrj t of vuchhm alrcadycome to pass and that was the loss osmy patrimonial estate singular coincidence interrnnted mr willoul as he arose and joined his lrother in lnw at the other nnd of the room i thought so when the prophecy was flli11 1 rcilied godfrey and the other three events softly inquired ilonora the other three events if they follow as predicted must happen within the next two years or before i reach my twenty fifth anniversary the first of these is to be the unexpected inheritance of vast wealth upon hearing this a bright smile play around tho lips of ilonora and tanished the clouds from her brow she waited a few minutes for him to proceed but finding that he continued silent she said well mr dulanie go on what was the third predicted event do you command in3 to inform you no sir i beg you of your courtesy

12159:4079:2603:1359:14904:17552:26784:7491:23164

http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/data/batches/batch_pst_carnegie_ver01/data/sn85025181/00237287939/1857031401

Columbia Democrat and Bloomsburg general advertiser. (Bloomsburg, Pa.) 1850-1866

the xnau jural address fellow citizens i appear before you this day to take tho solemn oath that i will faithfully exceuto tho office of iresidcnt of tho united states and will to tho best of my ability preserve protect and defend tho constitution of tho united states in entering upon this great office i most humbly invoke tho god of our fathers for wisdom and firmness to cxecuto its high and responsible duties iu such a manner as to restore harmony and ancient friendship among tho people of tho several states and to preserve our free institutions throughout many generations convinced that i owo my election to tho inherent lovo for tho constitution and tho union which still animates tho hearts of tho american peoplo let us earnestly ask their powerful support in sustaining all just measures calculated to perpetuato theso the richest political blessings which heaven has ever bestowed upon any nation having determined not to becomo a candidalo for re election i shall have no motive to influence my con duct in administering the iovernment ex cept tho dosiro ably and faithfully to serve my country ami to live in tho grateful memory of my countrymen we havo re ccntljr passed through a presidential con 1 tcrriho ovils which would result from dis in which tho passions of our fellow citizens 1 union to every portion of tho confederacy wero excited to tho highest degree by ques tions of deep and vital importance put when tho peoplo proclaimed their will tho tempest at once subsided and all was calm tho voice of tho majority speaking in tho manner prescribed by the constitution was heard and instant submission followed our own country could alono havo exhibited so grand and striking a spectacle ot tho capacity of man for self government instrumental by ita example in the exten what a happy conception then was it for sion of civil and religious liberty through congress to apply this simplo rulo that out the world tho will of the majority shall govern to next in iinportanco to tho maintenance the settlement of the question of domcstio 1 of the constitution and the union is tho slavery in the territories congress is duty of preserving tho government freo neither to legislate slavery into any ter from tho taint or oven tho suspicion of rilory nor to excludo it therefrom hut to j corruption iublio virtuo is tho vital ioave tho peoplo thereof perfectly freo to spirit of republics j and history proves form and regulate their domestic institu that when this has decayed and tho love of tions in their own way subject only to tho money has usurped its place although the constitution of tho united states as a forms of freo government may remain for natural consequence congress has also prescribed that when tho territory ot kan i sas shall bo ndnntlnil aa a htntn it kltnll i10 i received into tlm tlninn wllli nr witrinnt slavery as their own constitution may prcscribo at tho timo of their admission a different opinion has arisen in regard to tho point of timo when tho peoplo of a territory shall decide tho nucstion for them selves this is hannilv a matter of but little practioal importance j besides it is a judicial qucstiou which legitimately belongs to tho supremo court of tho united states iiofore whom it is now pending nnd will it is understood bo speedily and finally settled to their decision in co nuion with all good citizens i shall cheerfully submit wkatcvor this may bo though it has ever been my individual opinion that undcrtho nebraska kansas net tho appropriate period will bo when tho number of actual resident in tho territory shall justify tho formation of a constitution with a view to its admission as a stato into tho union but uo this as it may it is

8571:15957:11398:5159:22199:8353:18632:17208:21363

http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/data/batches/batch_pst_carnegie_ver01/data/sn85025181/00237287939/1857121901

Columbia Democrat and Bloomsburg general advertiser. (Bloomsburg, Pa.) 1850-1866

in expressing this opioion it was far from my intention to interfero wit the decision of tbo people of kansas cither for vt agaid5t slavery from tms 1 havo al ways carefully abstained intrusted with ilia duty of taking oare that the laws bo faithfully cxeoutod 1 my only desiro was tint the pcoplo ot ivansas t liould furnish ip congress the evidence required by tho nrp auic act wnenicr ior or against slavery nnd in this manner smooth their passage into tho union in emerging from tho oonuition ot territorial tlcpondenco into that of a sovereign state it was their duly in my opinion to ruako known their will by the votes of tho majority oa tho direct question whether this important omcsiio institution enowa or should not continao to exist iadeed this was the only possiblo mode in which their will eould bo authentically ascertained tho cleclinn of delegates to a coavaation must necessarily take place in separate districts frqm this ctuso it may roadily happen ai bus often been the case that a majority of the people of a state or territory are ono lido of a question whilst a majority of the representative from tho several districts into which it is divided may ba upon tho other side this arises fromtbo fact that in somo districts delegates may be elaoted by small majorities whilst in others those of different scntimcnu may receive majorities sufficiently great not to overcome the votes given for the tormer but to leave a largo majority of tbi j holc people in direct opposition to a majority of tho dolegates besides our history proves that influences may bebrought io bear on iho representative sufficiently powerful tn induce him to disregard the will of his constituents tho truth is that no other authentic and satisfactory mode exists of ascertaining tho will of a msjoiity of tho people of sny state or territory on cn important and cxcitidg question like that of slavery in kansas except by leav ing it to a direct vote how wise then was it for oonsress to pas3 over all subor ornate ana intermediate agencies and proceed directly to tho source of nil legitimate power uudcr our institutions how vain would any othor principle nro e in practice i this may bo illustrated by the case of kansas should sho be admitted into the union with a constitution maintaining or abolishing slavery against the sentiment of the people this oould havo no other effect than to continue nnd to exasperate the cxising agitation during tho brie period required tct make tbc constitution conform to the irrcsis ible will of the majority tho friends and supporters of tho nebraska nnd kansas net when struggling on a tecen occasion to sustain its wise provit ions before the great tribunal of the american pcoplo never differed about its truo meaning on this subject everywhere throughout the union they publicly pledged their taith and their honor that they would cheerfully submit the question of slavery to tho decision of tho bona fide people ttfl kansas without any restriction or qualifi nation whatever all woro cordially united i upon the great docirino of popular sove totgnty wbich is tho vital principle of our frco institutions had it then been insin uatcd from any quarter that it would bo at hufficient compliance with tho requisitions of th drganio law for tho members of a convention thereafter to bo elected to withhold the question of slavery from tho people nnd to substituto their own will for ttiat oi a legany ascenaincu majority oi an thpir constituents this would have been instantly rejected iivcrywhoro llicy remained true to the resolutions adopted on a celebrated pecaeion recognizing tho right of the people of all territories in rluding kansas and nebraska actiog through the legally and fairly expressed nil o a majority of actual residents and wboncver the number of their inhabitants justifies it to form a constitution with or vithout slavery anil be admitted into the union upon terms of perfect equality with the othef stacs the convention lo frame a constitution for kansas met on tie first monday of september last they were called together by virtue of an act of tho territorial log isl turp whoso lawful csistonce had been recognized by congress in different forms and by different enactments a large proportion of the citizens of kansas did not think proper to register their names and to

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http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/data/batches/batch_pst_carnegie_ver01/data/sn85025181/00237287939/1858011601

Columbia Democrat and Bloomsburg general advertiser. (Bloomsburg, Pa.) 1850-1866

ding a few lvccli3 since ono of t o quinceys pnpers tlirco memorable murders recalled tolnymind the sliano circumlbneea of ono of tlio most mysterious doines io drniniis tlit ever taxed tlio ingenuity of mr nj or required the flight of time to devolope the local y of our story lies amid nno of tlio wildest and mostpicturcsquo tegt ns of the od dominion wbe ro tbo bead iva ters of tbo knppab nnock wash tbo biie of the blue ridge the precise spot crcpslahd ia a sub limo and beautiful scene where two forest crowned ranges of mountains cross each other at obliquo angles at the intersecting point of th se ridges nestles a little liainlul named from iu elevated position altamont at the period bt which our story opens tbo four estates in tbo four angles of the irregular mountain cross wero owned as lollows tlio eastern farm balled piedmont was tho lifo property of j1admo audcrly a virginian lady tif tho old school tbo western and most valuable estate was tbo inheritance of ilonora laulc an orphan heiress grand daughter and ward of madame auderly tbo northern nnd smallest ono called from being tho deepest vale of tbo four ii awes hole was tbo property of old hugh ilawe a widower of gloomy temper parsimonious habits and almost fabulous wealth the southern farm nnmed from tbo extravagant cost of the elegant mansion fi ail0palfi mit lniljimr and limhlv ornaillqutcu grcuflus wlu0l liau abhordcu tbo means of the lite ovscr farnuiera folly was ihe heavily mortgaged patri mony of godfrey rarquicr uubinie tho grandson of hugh hawo and now a young aspirant or legal honors at tho university of virginia ilut little benefit to tbo heir was to bn hoped from the inheritance of his fathers burthcucd property in tbo first place old hugh hatfo had bought up in bis own name all tbo claims against tbo cstato of farquicrs folly doubtless to prevent a j tho clouds from bcr brow sbo waited c foreclosure and to save the property for jfew minutos for him to proceed but find bis crandson ing that ho continued silent sbo said liut unhappily godfrey had mortally1 offended tho despotic old man by declining an agricultural life and persisting in the study of a profession a courso that had resulted in bin own disinheritance to do so to make this punishment mora bitter to i very well bo said dropping his voico his grandson tho old man had taken into to a low undertono it was o bn my favor his nephew dr henry hauo whom marriage with tbo woman i should wor lie had established near himself at farquicrs ship folly i a deep vivid blush supplanted tho bright at this tlmo tho disinterested heir hav ng finished a term ut tho university bad coiiio dowu tu spend a part of bis vacation n his nativo place it was upon tbo saturday ovouiug of his arrival that ho found tho littlo hotel and indeed tha wholo village of altamont in a great stoto of excitement from tho fact ibat tho celebrated heirees miss ilonora paule had just stopped thero and passed through on her way home tlioso who had bcon so happy as to catch a glimpse of her face vied with each other in praise of her nuny charms wbilo it ten o i limt nnl uctminil ivitti nnrir rnps ii fn i i i nif ii m el i w t nlnirr l the i p t v j r morning tho next day godfrey dulanio attended church whero ho saw and foil in lovo with tho most beautiful and intellectual looking girl ho had over beheld from tho cheapness and simplicity of her attire ho supposed bcr to bo somo poor dependent of madame auderlys in whoso pew sbo sat godfrey was completely captivated and ho at onco resolved to woo and if possiblo win this lovely being for his wife poor girl though eho was ho was glad sbo was poor because bbo could for that reason be tnoro easily won wut on accompanying mr willoughby the clergyman and his brother in law ernest heine homo after church what was his astonishment and dismay at being introduced to tho supposed poor girl whom ho found to bo no other than tbo celebrated miss ilonora paule the greatest heiress and bello ai well a3 the best and noblest girl in the state bf airgiuia sbo greeted him cordially and in a few minutes tho company wore busily engaged in conversation tho topic of capital punishment having been started godfrey turned to ilonora and said i lake an especial personal interest in having capital punishment nbf lisbed miss laulc do you believe in astrology i ilonora started fixed her eyes intently upon the questioner and then withdrawing them answered sir why do you ask mo if i buliovo in astrology v betauso miss paulo i was about to relate for your amusement a prediction that vr made concerning myself by a professor of that black art a prediction exclaimed mrs wil loughby drawing near with eager interest lcs madam replied mr dulanio smiling a prediction which if i believed would certainly dispose me to lavor tbo abolishment of tho death penalty three years since while i was sojourning lor a short time in the city of isicbmonj on my way to the university i chanced to hear 1 tbo egyptian dor vis achhad who was it that limo creating quite a sensation in the city his wonderful reputation was tho themo of every tonguo idleness and curiosity combined to lead mo to his rooms ho required a ight to cast my horoscope he demanded and i gave him tho day and hour of my birth and then i took leave with the promise to return in tho morning tho nest day i went well questioned ilonora earnestly my horoseopo was a hor ttort sropo indeed 1 it predicted for me a short and stormy lifo and a rharp and sudden death good heaven 1 hut tbo details it prophesied four remarkable events the drst of which has already coma to pass and that was the loss of my patrimonial estate 1 singular coincidonco 1 interrupted mr willoughby as bo arose and joined his wilo and brother in lav at tho other end of tho room i thought so when tbo prophecy wjs fulfilled replied godfrey and th other three events j softly i inquired ilonora thtj other threo events if they follow as predicted must happen within the next two years or boforo i reach my tweuty fifth auntversary tho first of these is to j bo tho unexpected inheritance of vast wealth upon hearing this a bright smile played around tho lips of ilonora aud banished well mr duunic ro cu what was tho third predicted event j co you command mo to inform you o sir 1 beg you of your courtesy smile that quivered over ilonora s variable faco thcro was a pause broken at length by her voico as sho gontly inquired and tho fourth i the answer camo reluctantly and in tones so low as to meet only her car tho fourth and last prediction was that before my twenty fifth birth day i should perish on thtscojjomr i a low cry broko from the lips of ilonora 1 as bcr bauds flew up and covered her faco after a ininuto or two sho dropped them and looking him stoadily in tho faco said with quiot firmness you doubtless wonder ht mv emotion now bear me on tbo autumn followinn tho summer in which lb it predb tiou was made to you i was iu baltimore with my grandmother and with mrs willnughby who wa3 then miss heine curiosity took us to tlio rooms of ibo egyptian wiid was then practicing in that city and afier some such preparations as ho hud used in your case ho cast my horoseopo and read my future it was this that bcfnro my twentieth birthday 1 fhould bo a brido but never a wife fur lb it the fatal form of the scaffold arose between the nuptial bene diction and the bridal chamber such turned away and gavo placo to his ucph were iho words of tbo prophecy sho cw who had all the while been posted bo spolto with a eolcinmty that seemed to overshadow every other feeling chapter ii ini b ydils birtcle tho next day ilonora informed bcr grandhiother madaino auderly of god frcys presence in tho neighborhood and tho old lady s

12159:4079:2603:1359:14904:17552:26784:7491:23164

http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/data/batches/batch_ohi_cobweb_ver01/data/sn85026050/00280775940/1857031301

ther inaugural address fiiow crmi i appear before you this day to uk tb solemn oath that i will lasithaiilt uto the office of president of the united stuloh nd will to the host of my ability preserve protect and defend lho constitution of the united stftto in entering npoo thii great office t mini humbly ititoke the god of our fnther fur wisdom and firmness to execute its high and responsible duties in such manner s to restore harmony and the ancient friendship among the aerem state and to projorvo our free institutions throughout inany gonorntious convinced that i owe my election to tne inherent lore for tho constitution and the union which atill auirtmtes the henrts of the american people let roc earnestly ask their powerful support in sustaining all just measures calculated to perpetuate these the hchoftt political blessing which heaven has ver bestowed upon any nation having determined not to become a candidnlo for re election i shall have no motive to influence my conduct in administering the gov era men i except tho desire ably and faithfully to serve my country and to live in tho grateful memory of my countrymen we bare recently passed through a presidential contest in which the passions of our fellow citixens were excited to the highest degree by questions of deep and vital importance but when the people proclaimed their will tho tempest at once subsided and all was calm the voice of the majority speaking in the manner prescribed by tho constitution was heard and instant submission followed our own country could alone have exhibited so grand and striking a spectacle of the capacity of ninn for self ffoverninent what a happy con ception then was it for congress to apply this simple role that tho will of the major ity shall govern to tna settlement 01 me question of domestic slavery in the terri tories congress is neither to legislate slavery into any territory or stat nor to exclude it therefrom but to leave tne feo t lo thereof perfectly free to form and rpirn late their domestic institutions in their own way subject only to tho constitution of the united states as a natural consequence congress ha also proscribed that when tho territory of kansas shall bo admitted as a state it shall bo received into tho union with or without slavery as their constitution may prescribe at tho time of their ad mission a different opinion has arisen in regard to tho time when the people of a territory shall decide this question for themselves this is hnppily a mutter of but lil tlo practical importance mid besides it is a judioial question which legitimately belongs to the supreme court of the united states before whom it is now peuding and will it is understood be speedily and tonally settled to their decision in common with all good citizens i shall choorfully submit whatever this may bo though it has baen my individual opinion that under the nebraska kansas sot the appropriate period will bo when the dumber of actual residents in tho territories shall justify tho formation of a constitution with a view to its admission as a state into tho union but be this as it may it is

6048:4835:16641:23361:14953:2250:11808:16365:19931

http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/data/batches/batch_ohi_cobweb_ver01/data/sn85026050/00280775940/1857103001

robert emmet and his love nt a ii nf oc wns by by was for 111 floor was their d their occupied of 105 it was the evening of a lovely day thtr last of tho noblo and ill fated emmot a young girl stood nt the castle gate nnd losired admittance into tho dungeon mho was closelv veiled and the keeper could not imsgino who ehe was nor that any ono of such proud bearing should bean humble applicant to the prison door how ever ho granted hor boon led her to tho ilungeon opened tho massive iron door thcu closed it agnin and the lovers were alone ho wns leaning against the prison wall with a downcast head and his arms were folded upon his breast gently sho raised the veil trom her face and emmet turned to gnze upon nil thnt enrth contained for him the girl w hoso sunny brow in tho days of his boyhood had been his polnrstar the maiden who had sometimes mado him think the world wns nil sunshine the clankincr of linins sounded like a death knoll to her ears nnd she wept liko a child em met said but little yet ho pressed hor warmly to his bosom and their feelings had aailont meeting perchance as is held in heaven whon wo part no more in a low voice ho besought her not to forget him when th cold grave had received bis inanimate body no spoko ot bygono days the nappy hours of childhood nnd though tho world might pronounce his name with scorn and contempt bo prayed sho would still cling to him with affection and remember him when all others should forget hark 1 the church bell sounded and ho remembered the hour of execution the turnkey entered and after dashing tho tears from his eyes ho separated them from their long embrace nnd led tho lady from the dungeon at tho entrance she turned and their eyes met they could not say farewell the door swung on its heavy hinges and they parted forever no not foroverl is there not a heaven i at sunrise the next morning he suffered gloriously a martyr to his country and to liberty and on ocr tier the myrtle shower its leaves by the soft winds fanned phi faded midst italian flowers th last or their mr land t was in the land of italy it was the georgeous timo of sunset what a magnifi cent scene a pale emaciated girl lay upon tho bed of denth oh 1 it was hard for her to dio far from home in this beautiful land where flowers bloom perennial and tho balmy air comes fresh to the pining soul oh no her star had set her heart was broken when ties have been formed on earth close burning ties what is moro heart rending ami agonizing to the spirit than to find tho beloved one is snatched away and all our love is given to a passing floweret knough sho died tho betrothed of robert tiitimet the lovely barah curran italy contains her last remains its flowers breathe their fragrance over her grave and th notes of the shepherds lute sounds a requiem to her memory

8679:5136:18458:8488:5042:872:3924:2547:21444

http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/data/batches/batch_ohi_cobweb_ver01/data/sn85026050/00280775940/1858011501

e hold n ntent of the khnhnnnntk urnnh the bnee of 111 hhie ltldiro the nrpclse ent croiplnnd in a anhllmeand homttlfnl eeene where two forret rrnn ned ranges ol mountain crona earh other nt oi in ie nnirh1 at the intere riinr nolnt of thoan thief neatlea n little hamlet named fintn it elevated position altiniont at the period at wlili h onr atnry opens the foar ealatos the fnnr ancles of the irregular moantnto croaa were owned aa lollowal the eastern fnrm railed pleflmont was the lire property miukim amlerlv a irglula lady or the old school the western and moat taltiable estate was the inherit ance nt honora paul an orphan belrcsi granddaughter and ward of mndam anderlr the northern and amallrst one ealled from being tha deepest vale of the four hawea hole was the proncrty old hugh hawe a widower of gloomy tomper paralmo nlens habits and almost fabulous wealth the innlhern farm named from the extravarsnt cost of elegant manslnn tionse alahorate out bnlldlngs and highly ornamented grounds which had absorbed the means of tha lata owner farnnirra folly was the heavily mortgaged patrimony of godfrey farrjnler dula nle the grandson of ltugb hawe and now a young aspt rant for legal honors at the unlva slty of virginia lint little benefit to the heir was to lie hoped from the inheritance of hla fathers hnrthened property in the first place old hugh hawe had bought np in his own name the claims against the estata of faronlers folly oubtlcss to prevent a foreclosure and to save the prop erty for his grandson but unhappily godfrey bad mortally offended the des nollc old man hydccllningan agricultural life and persisting in the studv of a profession ft course that had result in hla own disinheritance to m tko this ptiiiihhmeiit more bitter to ills grandson the old man had taken into far his nephew dr henry hawe whom he had established near himself at faqulers folly at this time tlie disinherited heir having finished a term at tho tlnlrei ltv had oome down to spend a part of his vacation in his native place it was noon the saturday evening of his arrival that he found the little ho and indeed the whole village of mton in a great stale of eanitenp nt from the fact that the celebrated heiress miss honora paule had lust stop ped there and pis d through on her wav home i those who had hin so h ljipy aa to ertfeh a glimpse of j her face vied with ench other in praise of her many charms while those who had not listened with eai ernesa and look forward to indemnifying themselves by iiajlng her at ch irch the neit morning the next dar godfrey diitnole attended church where liesawaod fell in love with tho moat haautlrul and intel lectual looking girl he had nom nnd nlm tiritv of lio ftttlrt ho uipohin1 hr to be home pnnr flimm uilpnt of mirlmo andorlj i in whom ppw

12159:4079:2603:1359:14904:17552:26784:7491:23164

http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/data/batches/batch_mohi_henri_ver01/data/sn86063325/00200292479/1857031901

washihotost wednesday march 4 1857 the procession started for the capitol about noon it was very long and present ed a beautiful appearance the military of the district and our cemmuuity were fully represented messrs buchanan and breckenridge rode in an open carriage surrounded by thekey atohe club preceded by the military and a representation jby a lady of the goddess of liberty mounted on a high platform drawn by six horses and followed by a model of a sliip of war of considerable size made by the mechanics of washington navy yard then followed the various clubs engine companies see mr buchanan reached the capitol about 1 r m and proceeded to deliver his inaugu ral address ihe crowd tremendous and the chrcrinir verv enthmiastic twenty four military companies seven clubs and associations and several fire com panies participated in the procession he oath was administered to mr bue ler the reading of the inaugural the inacockal address fellow citizens i appear before you this day to take the solemn oath that i will faith fully execute the office of president of the united states and will to the best of my ability preserve protect and defend the constitution of the united states in en teiing upon this great office i must humbly invoke the ged tf our fathers for wisdom and firmness to execute its high and responsible duties in such a manner as to restore harmony and the ancient friendship among the people of the several states and to preserve our free institutions throughout many generations convinced that i owe my election to the inherent love for the constitution and the union which still animates the hearts of the american people let me ear nestly ask their powerful support in sustaining all just measures calculated to perpetuate these the richest political blessings which heaven has ever bestowed upon any nation having determined not to become candidate for re election i shall have no motive to influence my conduct in adminis tering the government except the desire bly and faithfully to serve my country and to live in the grateful memory of my coun trymen we have recently passed through a pres idential contest in which the passions of our fellow citizens were excited to the highest degree by questions of deep and vital ira portancej but when the people proclaimed their will the tempest at once subsided and all was calm the voice of the majority speaking in the maimer prescribed by the constitution was heard and instant submis sion followed our own country could alone have exhibited so grand and striking a spec tacle of the capacity of man for self government what a happy conception then was it fo congress to apply this simple rule that the will of the majority shall govern to the settlement of the question of domestio slavery in the territories congress is neither to legislate slavery into any terri tory or state nor to exclude it therefrom but to leave the people thereof perfectly free to form and regulate thei domestic institu lions in their own way subject only to the constitution of the united states as a natural consequence congress has also prescribed that when the territory of kansas shall be admitted as a state it shall be received

12159:4079:2603:1359:14904:17552:26784:7491:23164

http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/data/batches/batch_ohi_edgar_ver01/data/sn84028820/00280775460/1857031201

Holmes County Republican. (Millersburg, Holmes County, Ohio) 1856-1865

washington march 4 1857 the procession started for the capitol boat noon it was very long and presented s beautiful appearance the military of the district and our community were lully represented messrs buchanan and breckenridge rode in an open carriage surrounded by the keystone club preceeded by the military and a representation by a lady of the goddess of liberty mounted on a high platform drawn by six horses and followed by a model of a ship of war of considerable size made by the mechanics of the w ash ington navy yard then followed the rations clubs engine companies fcc according to thg progranie already published mr lehannn reached the capitol about 1 oclock p m and proceeded to deliver his inaugural address the crowd was tremendous and the cheering very enthusiastic twenty four military companies seven clubs and associations and several fire com panies participated in the procession the oath was administered to mr buch anan after the reading of the inaugural the inaugural address fellow citizens i appear before you this day to take the solemn cath that i will faithfully execute the office of president of the united states and will to the best of my ability preserve protect and defend the constitution of the united states in entering upon this great office i most humbly invoke tho god of our fathers for wisdom and nrmness to execute lis high and responsible duties in such a manner as to restore harmony and the ancient friendship among tho people of the several stales and to preserve our free institutions throughout mauy generations convinced that i owe my election to the inherent love for the constitution and the union which still animates tho hearts of the american people let mo earnestly ask their powerful support in sustaining all just measures calculated to preserve these the richest po litical blessings which lieaven has ever bo stowed upon any nation having determined not to become a candidate for re t loction i shall have no motive to influence my conduct in admiuislering the govern ment except the desire ably and taitiituliy to serve my country and to live in the grateful memory of my couiitrymeu we have recently passed through a presidential contest in which the passions of our fellow citiz6ns were excited to the highest degree by questions of vital impor tance but when tho people proclaimed their will the tempest was subsided and all was calm the voice of tho majority speaking in the manner prescribed by the constitution was liearu and instant submission followed our own country could alone have exhibited so grand and strikiug a spectacle of the capacity of man for self government what a happy conception then was it for congress to apply this sim ple rule that the will of the majority shall govern to the settlement of the question of domestic slavery m the lerrilories congress is neither to legislature slavery into any territory or state nor to exclude it therefrom but to leave the people thereof perfectly free to form and regulate their own domestic institutions in their own way suject only to the constitution of the united stales as a natural consequence congress has also prescribed that when the territory of kansas shall be admitted as a state it shall be received

8571:15957:11398:5159:22199:8353:18632:17208:21363

http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/data/batches/batch_ohi_edgar_ver01/data/sn84028820/00280775460/1857121701

Holmes County Republican. (Millersburg, Holmes County, Ohio) 1856-1865

it la una retry to state ia detail tha alarming condition of the territory of v at the tiro of my inauguration tbe opposing parties then ttvod ia hostile array against nch other aad any accident might hte relighted the flame of qtu wmr besides at this critical moment kansas was left withoat a governor by the resignation of uov geary on the 19th of feburuary previoes that territorial legislature had passed a law providing for the election of delegates on the third monday of june to a convention to meet on the first monday of september tar the pnrpose ol framing a constitution preparatory tu admission into the lnion this law irai in ihe main 6ur and just and it is to be regretted that all the qualified electors had not registered themselves and voted under the provisions at the time of the election for delegates an extensive organization existed in the territory whose avowed object it was if need be to put down the lawful government by force and to establish a government of their own nnder the so called topeka constitution the persons attached to this revolutionary organization abstained from takinc anr dart in toe election the act of the territorial legislat arc bad omitted to provide for submitting to the people the constitution which might be framed by the convention and in the excited state of public feeling throughout kansas an apprehension extensively prevalent that a design existed to force npon tnem a constitution in relation to slavery against their will in this emergency it became my duty as it wa9 my cnquestionable right caving in view the union or all goou citizens in support of tbe territorial laws to express an opinion on tho true ronstruction of the provisions concerning slavery in the organic act of congress of the 30th mav 1854 con gress declared it to be the true intent and meaning of the act not to legislate slavery into any territory or mate not to exclude it therefrom but to leave the people thereof prefoclly free to form and regulate their domestic institutions in their own way under it kansas when admitted as a state ws to be received into the union with or without slavery as their constitution may prescribe at the time of their admission did congress mean by this language that the delegates elected to frame a constitution should have authority finally to decide the question of slavery or am luey luiena ov leaving it io me people that the people of kansas themselves should decide this question bv direct vote on this subject i confess i had never entertain eu a senous doubt and therefore in my instructions to gov walker of the 26th xlarch last i merely said that when a constitution shall be submitted to the people of the territory they must be protected in the exercise of their right of voting for or against that instrument and the fair expression of the popular will must not be interrupted by fraud or violence in expressing this opinion it was far from my intention to interfere with the decision of the people of kansas either for or against slavery from this 1 have always carefully abstained in trusted with the duty of taking care that the laws be faithfully executed my only desire was that the people of kansw should furnish to cougres the evidence required by the organic act whetlur for or against slavery and in this manner siuooth their pomage into tbe lnion in emerging from the condition of territorial dependence into that of a sovrreign state it was their duty in ray opinion to make known their will by the votes of the majority on the direct question whetlier this important domestic institution should or should not continue to exist indeed this was the only possible mode in which their will could be authentically ascertained the elections of delegates to a convention must necessarily take place in separate districts from this cause it may readily happen as has often been the case that a majority of tbe people of a state or territory are on one side of a question whilst a majority of the representatives from the several districts into which it is divided may be npon the other side this arises from the fact that in some districts delegates may be elected by small majorities whilst in others those of different sentiments may receive majorities snrricientlv great not only to over come the votes given to the former but to leave a large majority of the whole people in direct opposition to a majority of the delegates dcwuea our uiyiory proves inat influences may be brought to bear on the representative suffici ently powerful to induce him to disregard the will of his constituents the truth is thnt no other authentic or satisfaetery mode exists of osceruuhiiig lue 111 01 a ninjoriry ox lne people of any state or territory on an impottant and exciting question like that of slavery in kansas then was it for congress to ass over all subordinate and intermediate ap m ics and proceed directly to the sources ol all legitimate power under oar institutions how vain would any other principle provs in practice this may be illustrated by the case of kansas should she be admitted into the union with a constitution either maintaining or abolishing slavery against the sentiment of tbe people this could have no other effect than to continneand to exasperate the exciting agitation during the brief period required to make the constitution conform to the irresistable will of the majority the friends and supporters of the xbrmiln and kansas act when struggling on a recent occasion to sustain its wise provisions before the great inounai 01 the american people never differed about its true meaning on this subject everywhere throughout the l nion they publicly pledged their faith and their honor that they would cheerfully submit the question of slavery to the decission of theiona fide people of kansas without any restriction of or qualification whatever all were cordially united upon the great doctrine of popular sovereignty which is the vital principle of our free institutions had it then been insinuated from any quarter that it would be a sufficient compliance with the rt questions of the organic law for the members of a convention thereafter to be elected to withhold the question of slavery from the people and to substitute their own will for that of a legally ascertained majority of all their constituents this would have ben instantly rejected everywhere they remained true to the resolution adopted on a celebrated occasion recognizing the right of the people of all tho territories including kansas and nebraska acting through the legally and thirty expressed will of a majority of actual residents and when ever the number of their inhabitants justified it to form a constitution with or without slavery and be admitted into the union upon terms of perfect eqtiality with the other states the convention to frame s constitution for kansas met on the first monday of september last they were railed together by virtue of an act of the terrilorirl legislature whose law ful existence had been recognized by congress in different forma and by different enactments a large proportion of tha eitixena nf aia not think proper to register their names aad to vote at the election for delegates but an opportunity to do this having been fiurly afforded their refusal to avail themselves of their right could in no manner affect the legality of the ti j wuieuuoh j up evnvenuon proceeded lo frame a constitution for kansas aad finally ad 1 l 1 e x i 1 1 1 j vmi uru t h uifr ihi uiljr ul uoieiuocr dul 111 tle difficulty occurred in the convention except on the sulnect of slavery the truth is that the general provisions of our nccnt state con bisiiitions are so similar and 1 may add so excellent that the difftrenee between them is not essential under the earlier practice of the government no constitution framed bv the convention of a territory preparatory to its admis sion into me l nion ns a state had been submitted to the people i trust however the example set by the inst comrress reoiiirinsr that the constitution of minnesota should be subject to tbe approval aad ratinoation of the people of the proposed state may be followed on luture oc casions 1 took it for granted that tho convention of kansas would act in accordance with this example founded as it is on correct principles and hence my instructions to toy walker in favor of submitting the constitution to the people were expressed in general and unqualified terms in the kansas nebraska act however this re quirement as applicable in the whole constitu tion had not been inserted and the convention were not bound by its terms to submitany other portion of the instrument to an election except that which relates to tho domestic institution of slavery this will be rendered clear by a simple reference to its language it was not to legislate slavery into any territory or state nor to exclude it therefrom but to leave the people thereof perfectly free to form aad remilate thr domestic instifutionaia their owa way according to the plain constitution of tha sentence tbe words domestic institutions havs a dime as they have an appropriate rtnnr tn i t domestis institutions are limited to the fluid ly the relation between mail ar and slave and a few others are dornntic institutions aad ai aisunowrom institutions of a political character beaidesfthcrt was no question than before cob p noniadeed has there since been any serious question before the people of kansas or the country except that which relates to the do nestic institutions of slavery tbs convention after aa j debate finally determined by a majority of only two to submit the question of slavery to the people though at the last 43 of the 50 delegates present affixed their signatures to the constitution a large majority of the convention were in fnvor of establishing slavery ia kansas they accordingly inserted aa article ia the constitution for this purpose similar in form to those which had been adopted oy thiirr irmionai conventions in the schedule however providing for the transition from a territorial to a state government the question has been fiurly and explicitly referred to the people whether they will have a constitution with or withoat slavery j t declares that before the constitu tion adopted oy ue convention shall do sen to congress for admission into the union aa a state 7 aa election shall be held to decide this question at which all the white male inhabi tants of the territory above the age ot zi are entitled to vote they are to vote by ballot and the ballots cast at said e left ion shall be en dorsed constitution with slavery and constitution with no slavery if there be a majority in favor of the eonstitutioa with slavery then t is to be transmitted to congress by tbe president of the convention in its original form if on the eonttary there shall be a majority ia favor of the constitution with no slavery nba the article providing for slavery shall be stricken from the constitution by the r rcsident of t 4 convention and it is expressly declared that no slavery shall exist ia the btate nf kansasc except that the the right of property in slarrs now ia the territory shall ia no manner be interfered with aad in that event it is made bis duty to have the constitution ibus ratified transmitted in the congress of the us for the admission of the stote into the union at this election every citizen will have aa opportunity of expressing his opinion by his vote whether kansas shall be received into the union with or withoat slavery aad thus thin exciting question my be peacefully settled in the very mode required by the organic law the election will be held under legitimate authority and il any portion of the inhabitant shall refuse to vote a fair opportunity do so having been presented this will be their owa voluntary act and they alone will be responsible for the consequences w hether kansas shall be a free or a slave state must eventually under some authority be decided by an election and the questien iaa arret be more clearly or distinctly presented to the people than it is the present moment should this opportunity be rejected she may be involved for years in domestic discord and possibly in civil war before she can make np the eoe now so fortunately tendered and again reach the point she has already attained kansas has for some y ears occupied loo much of public attention it is high time this should be directed to far more important objects when once admitted iuto tbe union whether with or without slavery the excitement beyond her owa limits wiuspecdily pass away and she will then fur the first time be left as she ought to have been long since to manage her own affaire in her own way jf her constitution oa the subject of slavery or any other subject be displeasing to a majority of the people no human power can prevent them from changing it with m a brief period under these circumstances it may well be quesstioned whether the peace and quite of the whole couutry are not of greater importance than 4he mere temporary triumph of either of the political parties ia kansas enouiu me constitution wimoui slavery iw adopted by tbe votes of the majority the right of property in slaves now in the territory are reserved the number of these ia very small but if it were greater the provision would be equally jest and seasonable these slaves were brought into the territory under the constitution of the united states and are now the property of their master this point has at length been finally decided by the highest judicial tribunall of the country and this upon the plain principle that when a confederacy of sovereign states acquire a new territory at their joint expense both equality and justice demand that the citizens of one and all of them shall have the right to take into it whatever is recognized as property br the common constitution to have suminarilly confiscated the property in slaves already in the territory would have been aa act of gross injustice and contrary to the practice of the older states of the union which

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inaugural address fellow citizens i appear before you this day to take the solemn oath that i will faithfully execute the office of president of the united states and will to the best of my at of government ability preserve protect and defend the con of our side spread i stitution of the united states in entering upon tbis great omce i most numbly invoice toe god of our fathers for wisdom ana firmness to execute its high and responsible duties in such a manner as to restore narmony and tne ancient friendship among the people of the sev eral states and to preserve our free institution throughout many generations convinced that i owe my election to the inherent love for the constitution ami tue union wnicn sun ani mateb the hearts of the american people let ma earnestly ask their powerful support in sustaining all just measures calculated to perpetuate these the richest political blessings which heaven has ever bestowed upon any nation having determined not to become a candidate for re election i shall have no motives to in fluence my conduct in administering tne government except the desire ably and faithfully to serve my country and to live in the grateful memory of my countrymen we have recently passed through a presidential contest in which the nassions of our fellow citizens were exci ted to the highest degree by questions of deep and vital importance but when the people proclaimed their will the tempest at once subsided and all was calm tbe voice of the majority speaking in the manner prescribed by tbe constitution was heard and instant submission follows our own country could alone have exhibited so grand and striking a spectacle of the capacity of man for self government what a happy conception then was it for cougress to apply this simple rule that the will of the majority shall govern in the settlement of the question of domestic slavery in the territories congress is neither to legislate slavery into any territory or state nor to exclude it therefrom but to leave the people thereof perfectly free to form and regulate their domestic institutions in their own way subject only to the constitution of the united states as a natural consequei ee congress has also prescribed that when the territory of kansas i pi i v 1 1 l gliall be aumiltea as a state it nuau uc rc as their constitution may prescribe at he time i iu r gi men uuuiidiiuu a different opinion has arisen in regard to

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it is unnecessary to state in detail the alarming condition jf the territory of kansas at the time of my inauguration the opposing parties then stood in hostile array against each other and any accident might have relighted the flames of civil war besides at this critical moment kansas was left without a governor by the resignation of governor geary on the 19th of february previous the territorial legislature had passed a law providing for the election of delegates on the 3d monday of june to a convention to meet on the 1st monday of september for the purpose of framing a constitution preparatory to admission into the union this law was in the main fair and just and it is to be regretted that all the qualified electors had not registered themselves and voted under its provisions at the time of the election for delegate an ex tensive organization existed in the territory whose avowed object it was if need be to put down the lawful government by force and to establish a gov ernment of their own under tbe so called iopeaa constitution the persons attached to this revolutionary organization abstained from taking any part in the election the act of the territorial legislature had omit ted to proviue lor sudmuting to lua people tne constitution which might be framed by the conven tion and in the excited state of publio feeling throughout kansas an apprehension extensively prevailed that a design existed to force upon them a constitution in relation to slavery against their will in this emergency it became my duty as it was my unquestionable right having in view the union of all good citizens in support of the territorial laws to express an opinion on the true con struction of the provisions concerning slavery con tained in the organic act of congress of the 30th iay 1854 congress declared it to be the true intent and meaning of this act not to legislate slave ry into any territory or slate nor to exclude il therefrom but to leave the people thereof perfectly free to form and regulate tbeir domestic institutions in their own way under it kansas when admitted as a state was to be received into the union with or without slavery as their constitu tion may prescribe at the time of their admission did congress mean by this language that the delegates elected to frame a constitution should have authority finally to decide the question of slave ry or did they intend by leaving il to the people that the people of kinsas themselves should decide tho question by a direct vote on this subject confess i had never entertained a serious doubt and therefore in my instructions to gov walker of the bth march last i merely said that when a constitution shall be submitted to the people of the ter ritory they must be protected in the exercise of their right of voting for cr against that instrument and the fair expression of the popular will must not be interrupted by fraud or violence in expressing this opinion it was far from my in tention to intcreferewith the decision of the people of kansas either for or against slavery from this i have always carefully abstained intrusted with the duty of taking care that the laws be faithfully executed my only desire was that the people of kansas should furnish to congress the evidence re quired by the organio act whether for or against slavery and in this manner smooth their passage into the union in emerging from the condition of territorial uepenuence into that of a sovereign mate it was their duty in my opinion to make known their will by the votes ot the majority on the direct question whether this important domestio institu tion should or should not continue to exist indeed this was the only possible mode in which their will could be authentically ascertained the election of delegates to a convention must necessarily take place in seperate districts from this cause it may readily happen as has often been the case that a majority of the people of a slate or territory areon onesiue oia question whilstamajor ity of the representatives from the several districts into which it is divided may be upon the other side this arises from the fact that in some districts dele gates may be elected by small majorties whilst in others those of different sentiments may receive majorities sufficiently great not only to overcome the votes given for the lormer but to leave a large majority of the whole peop in direct opposition to a majority of the delegates besides our history proves that influences may be brought to bear on the representative sufficiently powerful to induce him to disregard the will of his constiteuents the truth is that no other authentic and satisfactory mode exists of ascertaining the will of a maioritv of the pople of any state or territsry oa an important aim cuiuuj 110 mat 01 slavery in jian bas except by leaving it to a direct v ti how wise then was il for cungress to pass over all subordinate and intermediate agencies and proceed directly to the tource of all legitimate power under our institutions r how vain woaid any other principle prove in practice this may be illustrated by the case of kansas anouid sne oa admitted into tbe union with a constitution either maintaining or abolish ing slavery against the seatimenl ot tbe people tbts couia nave nooiner eneciinsn to continue and to exasperate the exciting agitation daring the brief period required to make tbe constitution c n form to the irresistible will of the majority the friends and supporters of the nebraska and kansas act when struggling on a recent occasion to bustain its wise provisions before the great tribunal of the american people never d ff jred about i s true meaning on this sutject everywhere t iroughui the union tbey publicly pledged their filh and their honor that they would cheerfully submit tbe question o slavery to the decision ot the bona fido people of kinsas without any restriction or qualification whatever all were oor dially united upon the great doctrue of popular sovereignty which ia thu tal grincipla of our free instimtiosr bai it tlen rbeen tnsinmted from any quarter that it would b a somcient compliance witti tba rtqusiu restoring organic faw lor tne members of a convention thereafter to elected to withhold the question of slavery from the peo pie and to substitute th ir own will for that of a i it j ilj r ac r legally ariciiaiucu juej jiity vi iiiir constituents this would havo beea instantly r jectod every wnei tney remained irue tothajesoluttondont ed on a celebrated occasoa recognizing the right of tho nebp e of all the territories inidadtrw kan xisand nebraska acttngihrough tbe legally arid ioiriy capresbcu win ui a majority oi actual resi dents and whenever the cutnbrtfeirinhab tants justifies it to form a constitution with or wit out efaverv and be admitted inrr th ttninn upon terms of perfect eqaajity with tbe other ataes the cbnerillon to frame a constitution for kansas met on the first monday of september last they were called together by virtue of an act of the territorialxegtslature whose lawful existence had bee a recognized by congress in different forms and by different enactments a large proportion of the citizens of kansas did not thinkproper to register their names and to vote at the election for delegates but an oportuaity itov do lhi3 bavinc been fairly afforded their refusal to avail themselves of theirright could in no manner affect the legality of the contention this convention proceededtcframe a constitution for kansas nd finally adjodrned on the 7th day of november but little diffieultv ocenrreii uinluc convention except on ihe subjec of slavery the truth is that the general provisions of our recent btate constitutions are so similar and 1 may add soexcellenl that the difference between them is not essential under the earlier practice of the government no constitution framed by tbe conven tion of a territory preparatory to us admission into the union as a slate had beep submitted to the peonle i trust however the example set by the last congress requiring that the constitution of minesota should be subject to the approval snd tatificatioh of the people of the proposep slate may be fellowcd on future occasions i took it for granted ehat the convention of kanzas would act in accordace with the example founded as it is on correct principles and hence my instruction to gov walker in fnvor of submitting the constitution to the people were expressed in general and unquali ned terms in the kansas nebraska act however thisre auirement as applicable to the whole constitution had not been inserted nnd the convention were not boundby its terms to submit any other portionof mo instrument to an election except mat wnicn relates to the domestic institution of slavery this will bo rendered clear by a simple reference to its language it was not to legislate slavery into any tenitory or slate nor to exclude it therefrom but to leave the people thereof perfectly free to form and rsgulate their domestic institutions in their ow 1 way according to the plain construc tion or the sentence the words domestic institutions have a direct as they have an appropriate reference to slavery domeitic institutions are limited to the family the relation between master and slave and a few others are domestic inslitu tions and are entirely distinct from institutions of a political character besides there was no question then before congress nor indeed has there since been any serious question before the people pf kanzas or tne country except that which relates to the domestic institution of slavery the convention after an angry and excited de bate finally determined by a majority of only two to submit the question of slavery to the people though at the lasr fbrty threo bf the fifty delegates present affixed their signatures to the constitution a majority of the convention were in favor of es tabhshing slavery in kansas they accordinel vin serted an article in the constitution for this purpose e 2 1 f similar ia lurm iu mose wnicn nau deen adopted dy othe territorial conventions in the schedule however providing for the transition from a territo rial to a state government tbe question has been fairly and explicitly referred to the people whether they will have a constitution with or without slavery it declares that before the constitution adopted by the convention shall beisent to congress for admission into the union as a state an election shall be held to decide this question at which all the white male inhabitants of the territory above the age of 21 are entitled to vole they are to vote by ballot and the ballots cast at said election shall be endorsed constitution with slavery and ccn stitution with no slavery if there be a majority in favor of the constitution with slavery then it is to be transmitted to congress by the president of the convention in its original form if on the contrary there shall be a majority in favor of the con btitution with no slavery then the article providing for slavery shall be stricken from the constitu tion by the president of ibis convention and it is expressly declared that no slavery shall exist in the state of kansas except that the right of pro perty in slaves now in the territory shall iu no manner be interfcrred with and in that event it is made his duty to have the constitution thus ratified transmitted to the congress of the unlled states for the admission of tbe btate into tbe union at this election every citizen will have an oppor tunity of expressing his opinion by bis vote wheth er kansas snau ne receiveu in tne union with or without slavery and thus this exciting question may be peacefully settled in the very mode required by tho organic law the election will be held under legitimate authority and if any portion of tho in habitants shall refuse to vote a fair opportunity to da so having been presented this will be their own voluntary act and they alone will be responsible lor tne consequences whether kansas shall be a free or a slave state must eventually under some authority be decided by an election and the question can never be more clearly or distinctly presented to tho people than it is at the present moment should this opportunity be rejected she may be involved for years in domestio discord and possibly in civil war before she can again make up the issue now so fortunately tendered and again reach the point she has already attained kansas has for some years occupied too much of the public attention it is high time this should be directed to far more important objects when once admitted into tho union whether with or without slavery the excitement beyond her own limits will speedily pass away and she will then for the first time be left as she ought to have been long since to manage her own affairs in her own way if the constitution on the subject of slavery or any other subject be displeasing to a majority of the people no human power can prevent them from changing it within a brief period under these circumstances it may well be questioned whether the peace and quiet of the whole country are not of greater importance man the mere temporary triumph of eitber of the political parties in kansas should the constitution without slavery be adopted by the votes of the majority the rights of pro pcrty in slaves now in the territory are reserved the number of these are very small but if it were greater the provision would be equally just and reasonable these slaves were brought into the territory under the constitution of the united states and are now the property of their masters this point has at length been finally decided by the highest judicial tribunal of the country and this upon the plain principle that when a confederacy of sovereign states acquire a new territory at their joint expense both equally and justly demand that the citizens of one and all of them shall have the right to take into it whatsoever is recognized as property by the common constitution to have summarily confiscated the property in slaves already in the tearitory would have been an act of gross injustice and contrary tq the practice of the older states of the union which

8679:5136:18458:8488:5042:872:3924:2547:21444

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thrri memorable murders recalled to my mind the strang rlrrun itai r of mm of rhr mo t svyateatam domrar i drama that aver taxed the ingenoity of man or required the flight of umo to velop thr localiiy of our story lira amid our of the wildest and me pirturreo ir regions of rhr old dominion where the head waters of the rappahsnnoek waah thr bear of the b ie ridge the prciis pnt cronland la a riblimr and beautiful tc ece wher two forrit ojowned ranges of crom each net at i a at the intersecting point of these ridgra n itl t a little hnrnict named from rt elevated position ahamont at thr period at which our story opeua the fo ir relates in the t r at of the irregular niouv aiu cloah wvfl j aa fol low a the eaatrm farm railed piedmont was the life property of madame aud riy a virginian lady of the old a tbr western and moat valuable estate was the inheritance of honors paule an orphan heir it grand daughter and ward of madame audrrly the northrru and mallrat one railed from being the d epest vale of the toar hswea hole was the property of old hugh ii a widow r of glo imy tamper per in iouious habits and al most fabulous wraith the eoi thrrn farm named from thr frxtravagant fo of the elegant mansion hon laborne out buildings and highly oruse mi ut j gronuds w hi it hnd abacrbrd the means of the late owner kajqiiina polly araa tha hes#ilyinortgaged patrimony of godfrey karqnier dulanie the grandaon ad hush haw au 1 now a young aspirant for legal honors at she lnivi raity of virginia but little b netit t the heir was be hoped from the inherit ance of hia fathrre burthi iied propi rty in the first place old hugh hswr had bought p in his owu niinr a the claims against the eatate of ferquina polly doubtless to pi acut forechieure and to seve the property for hje grandaou but unhappily godfrey had mortally offend d the je tk old an by declining aa tepseesrssra life ul rsi lli latha aban of a piofearion a course that had irsiiit d in his own disinherit sure to make thu punishment more bitter to his gnaudson the eld man hsd taken into favor hia nephew dr henry hawe whom bo had ratabltshco near itaas aj m aw ssassr psasji at this time taw disinherited heir ha# lug finished a term at the univerary bad cocne down te spend a part of his vacation in bis native place it wu upon the seturdayfrveiilng of his arrival that he fo dj the little hotel and indeed the wholr village of altaniout iu a grra atatrof em ifrioenf from tlie fart that tag celebrated i mii honor pank bad j ust stopped there and passed thro gh on her way home those who bad been ao happy a to catch a glimpse of her rar vied with each other jn praia of her many harms while those who had not liscned with eagen eea and looked forward te in demnifying theaisrlvee by seeing her at i hurch the neat morning the next day ooufrey dulanie attended hiir b where he saw and fell in love with the most beautiful and intellectual looking girl lehad ever hehrid prom the rhe pu e and simplicity of her attire he iuppo cd hi r to b tome pour depcudrut of madame au darlys in whose pew ahe cexlfrry was cumpletely capti vated and he re salved at once to woo and if possible wiu this lovsly being for hia wife poor girl though she waa he was lad she was pour because ahe could for that reason be more ea won but on sccompaayfng mr willoughby the clergyman and his brother in law ernest heine home after church what was his attoiii hmeut and dismay at bring introduced to the supposed poor girl whom hr found tube no other than tie mebratrd mis honors paule the greatest heiress xnd lle as well a lie best and unhlrat air in the state of virginia she gr et d him cordially and in a few minurea tha company were busily engaged in conversation the topic of capital punishment tuvu ixen staiti d fiodfrey tun ed to hciiora and said i take an i special personal luterct is having capita f luith mrnt abolished mi s iaule do you brhv ve in ulogy honors started fixed her eyes intently up u the question r and thes wilhilrawing them answered bir why did you ask me if i b betaj la astrology i because mlae paule i waa about torelareforyoniani se meet s prediction that waa made eonce niiis myself by ft at s a i of that mack art a prrdictii n exc

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Sunbury American and Shamokin journal. (Sunbury, Northumberland Co., Pa.) 1840-1848

lore twos the evening of a lovely day the last for the noble ill fated emmet a younir lady tood at the castle gate and desired admittance into the dungeon she was closely veiled ar the keeper could not imagine who she was nor why one ot such proud bearing should be a sup pliant at the prison door however he gran ted tho boon led her to the dungeon opened the massive door then closed it again and the lovers were alone he leaned against the pri son wull with a downcast head and his arms were folded upon his breast gently she rai sed the veil from her face and emmet turned to gaze upon all that earth contained for him the girl whose sunny brow in the days of boy hood had been his polar star the maiden who iad sometimes made him think the world was all sunshine the clanking of the heavy chains sounded like a death knell to her ear and she wept likea child emmet said but lit tle yet he pressed her warmly to his bosom and their feelings held a silent meeting such perchance as is held in heaven only there we part no more in a low voice he besought her not to forget him w hen the cold grave received hie inanimate body he spoke of by gone days the happy hours of childhood when his liojies w ere bright and glorious and lie concluded by r ipicsting her sometimes to visit the place and cones that were hallowed to his memory from the days of his infancy and should the world pronounce his name with scorn and contempt he prayed she would still cling to him with af fection and remember him when all others should forget hark the church bell sounded and he remembered the hour of execution the turnkey entered and after dashing the tears from his eyes lie separated them from their long embrace and led the lady from the dun geon at the entrance she turned and their eyes met they could not say farewell the door swung on its heavy hinges and they par ted forever no nut forever is there no heaven at sunree next morning he snfftred gloriously a martyr to his country and to liberty and one oer her the myrtle ahowers its leaves by sort winds fanned shp faded midst italian flowers that last of that fair band twas in the land of italy w hat a gorgeous time of sunset in italy what a magnificent scene a pale emaciated girl lay upon her bed of death oh it was hard for her to die far from home in this beautiful land where flowers bloom perennial and the balmy air comes freshly to the pining soul oh no her star has set the brightness of her dream had faded her heart was broken when ties have been formed on earth close burning ties what is more heart rending anj agouizing to the spirit than to find at last the beloved one is snatched away and all our bve is given to a passing flower enough she died the be trothed ot tiobert limine the lovely sarah cur ran italy contain her lust remains its flow ers breiiilie their fragrance over her grave and the lulling notes of the shepherds flute sound a requiem to her memory

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in cxpressiug this opiuion it was far from my intention to interfere with the decision of the peoplo of kansas either for or against slavery from this i littve nlwoys carefully abstained intrusted with tlio duty of taking cure that the laws be faithfully rernted my only desire was that the people of kansas should furnish to congress the evidence required by the orgnnic oct whether for or ngainst slavery j and in this manner smooth their pussage into the union in emerging from the condition of territorial dependence into that of a sovereign state it was their duty in my opinion to make known their will by the votes of tlio majority on thn direct question whethrr this important domestic institution bliould or should not continue to exist indeed this was the only possible mode in which their will could bo authentically ascertained the election of delegates to a convention most necessarily take place in separate districts from this cause it tuny readily happen as has often been tho cuse that a majority of the people of state or territory are on one side of a question whilst a majority of the representatives from the several districts into which it is divided may be upon the other side this arises from the fact that in omo districts delegates may be elected by small majorities whilst io others those of different sentiments may receive majorities sufficiently great not only to overcome the votes given lor tho former lint to leave n majority of the whole people in direct opposition to a inujoiily of tho delegates liesihes our history proves that influences may bo brought to bear on the representative sufli ciently powerful to imlnco him to disregard the will of his constituents the truth is that n other authentic nd satisfactory mode exists of ascertaining the will of n majority of the people of any state or territory on an important and exciting question liko thut of sluvery in kunas except by leaving it to n direct voto jlow wise then was it fer congress to pass over ut i subordinate and intermediate agencies and proceed directly to the source of all legitimate power tniuer our i restitutions i how vain wcr j any oilier principle prove i in practice this may bo illustrated by tho cuse ol kansas f jhouid she bo admit ted into the luion with u constitution either maintaining or abolishing slavery against tho entiment of thn people this could have no other i fleet thai to continue and to exasperate the exciting ngitaticn during the brief period required to nutko the constitution conform to tho irresistible will ol the majority the frie do arid supporters of the nebraska end kaucus ret when struggling on recent occp sion to sustain its wise provisions before the prcct tribunal cf the auiericun peoplo never iliftured about its true meaning on this subject everywhere throughout the union they publicly pledged their faith and their honor that they would cheerfully submit the quesion olslnvery to the decisiou of the liinajiilf people of kuiisa without any restriction or qualification whatever all were cordiully united upon the great doctrine of popular sovereignty which is the vital principle of our free institutions had it then been insinuated from any quarter that it would be a sufficient compliance with the requisitions for the organic law for the members of a convention thereafter to be elected to withhold the question of sluvery from th people and to substitute their own will for that of a legally ascertained majority of all their constituents this would have been instautly rejected everywhere they re mained true to the resolution adopted on a celebrated occasion recognising the right of the peopls or all the territories including kansas and nebraska acting through tho legally and fairly expressed will of a majority of actual residents uiid whenever the number of their inhabitants justifies it to form a constitution with or without slavery and be admitted into the luion upon terms of perfect equality with the other states the convention to frame a constitution for kansas met on tho frst monday of september last they were culled together by virtue of an act of the territorial legislature whoso lawful existence had been recoguized by congress in different forms and by different enactments a large proportion of the citizens of kansas thd not think proper to register their names and to

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http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/data/batches/batch_pst_deike_ver01/data/sn84026403/00280776038/1858011601

of ah evening ut km ma d e k south worth cualtkil i tub astnoi ookrs ritentctiom rending a few wel s since ono of do qninccys pnpers threo memorable murders recalled to my mind the strange circumstances of otie of the most mysterious do nirstic dramas that ever taxed tho ingenuity of man or required the flight of time to do vclupe tho locality of our story lies amid ono of the wildest nd most picturesque regions or the old dominion where the head waters of the kappuhnnnock wash the base of the blue kidco the precise spot crobfland is ft sublime and beautiful scene whore two forest crowned ranges of tnoutituins cross each other ut oblique angles at tho intersecting point of these ridges nestles a little hamlet named from its elevated position aluimoiit at tho period nt which our story opens the fi r estato in the four angles of the irregular mountuiu cross wero owned as follows tho eastern farm called tiodmont was the life property of viadamo adder n viipiniau lady of the old school the western and most valuable estate was tl inheritance of honora iaule an orphuu hoirefs grauddaughterond ward of madame aodi rly i the northern nnd smallest one cnlled fro n bring the deepest vale of the four llawes hole was the property of old hugh hawc a widower or gloomy temper parsimonious lmlits und nlmiiit fabulous wealth the southern farm named from the extravagant cost of the ikgnht mansion house elaborate out buildings and highly ornatneut ed grounds which had absorbed tho nicuus of the lain owner farquieru folly was tiia hvnvi y morti grd patrimony of godfrey fnrqniir llilume the grandson of hugh llawe and now a your nspirant for legal honors at the ituivtrsity of virginia lint litllo benefit to the heir was to be lir itd iliun tho inl riitance of his fathers bui uned property ji the first place old hugh jlawe had bougl np in his owu name all t he t hiiins ugitinct the estate of farquiors l llv doubtless to prevent n foreclosure und to save the property for his grandson hut unhappily godfrey had mortally offended tho despotic old man by decliuing an agricultural life and persisting in the study of a profession a course that had resulted in hid own disinheritauce to make this punishment more bitter to his grandson tho old man had talis u into favor his nephew r henry 1 1 awe whom he hud established near himself at farquieru folly at tl is lime the disinherited heir having finished a term ut the university had come down to spend a part of his vacation in his native place it was upon the saturday evening of his arrival that he found the little hotel and indeed the whole village of altamout ill a great t tute of excitement from tho fact that i the crlcbrated heiress miss honora paule i hud jlst flopped there aud passed through 1 on h r way home i those who had been so happy as to catch a i glitnpss of her face vied with each other in i praisu of hr many clmrins while those who inid not listened with eugf mess and looked furwutd to indemnifying themselves by seeing her at church the ne rt morning tho cn day godfrey dulanie attended church where he saw und fell in lovo with the mo beautiful and intellectual looking girl he had ever beheld from the cheapness und simplicity of her attire lit supposed her to ba sumo poor dependent of madame auderlys in whose pew sho eat godfrey was completely captivated ond he resolved ut oiue to woo nnd if possible win this lovely beitig for his wife poor girl though she was ho was glad sho was poor because she could for that reason be more easily won if ut on accompanying mr willouglby the clergyniu and ins bnther in law krnest luine 1io e aftur church what whs his as toaishuiei and dismay ut being introduced to the eunpof d poor i irl whom he found to beo olhar than tho celebrated miss iiouow juule tho greatest heiress and belle ns well as tho b

6048:4835:16641:23361:14953:2250:11808:16365:19931

http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/data/batches/batch_scu_carlacox_ver01/data/sn84026965/00294551244/1860082101

The Anderson intelligencer. (Anderson Court House, S.C.) 1860-1914

love twas tho evening of a lovely day the last day of the noble and ill fated em met a 3oung girl stood at the castle gate and desired admittance into the dungeon she was closely veiled and tho keeper could not imagine who she was nor that any one of such proud bearing should bo an humble suppliant at the prison door llowcver he granted the boon led her to the dungeon opened the massive iron door then closed it again and the lovers were alone he was leaning against the wall with a downcast head and his arms were folded upon his breast gently sho raised the veil from her face and emmet turned to gaite upon all that earth con tained for him the girl whose sunny brow in tho days of boyhood had been his polar star the maiden who had some times made him think the world was all sunshine the clanking of the chains sounded like a death knell to her ears and she wept liko a child emmet said but little yet he pressed her warmly to his bosom and their feelings held a silent meeting such a meeting perchance as is held in heaven only when we part no more in a low voice ho besought her not to forget him when the cold grave rc ccived his inanimate body he spoke of bygone days the happy hours of child hood when iiis hopes were bright and glo rious and he concluded by requesting her her sometimes to visit the places and scenes that were hallowed to bis memory from the days of his childhood and though the world might pronounce his name with scorn and contempt ho prayed she should still cling to him with affection and re member him when all others should for get hark the church bell sounded and he remembered tho hour of execution the turnkey entered and after dashing the tears from his eyes he soparated them from their long embrace and led the la dy from the dungeon at the cntraneo she turned and their eyes met they could not say farewell the door swung upon its heavy hinges and they parted for ever no not forever is there r t ar heaven at sunrise next morning he suffered gloriously a martyr to his country and to liberty and one oer hc myrtle showers its leaves by sofi winds fanned she faded midst italian flowers the last of their fair land twas in the land of italy it was tho gorgeous time of sunset in italy what a magnificent scene a pale emaciated girl lay upon the bed of death oh it was hard for her to die far from home in this beautiful land where flowers bloom pcren ial and the balmy air comes freshly to the pining soul oh no her star had set the brightness of her dream had fa ded her heart was broken when ties have been formed on earth close burning ties what is more heart rending and ag onizing to the spirit than to find at last the beloved one is snatched away and all our love given to a passing floweret enough she died the betrothed of rob ert emmet the lovely sarah curran italy contains her last remains its flow ers breathe their fragrance over her grave and the lulling notes of the shep herds lute sound a requiem to her mem ory educating

8571:15957:11398:5159:22199:8353:18632:17208:21363

http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/data/batches/batch_tu_homer_ver01/data/sn84024443/00200293861/1857121801

it is unnecessary tn stato in detail the alarming condition of the territory of kansas nt the time of my inauguration the opposing parties then stood in hostile array against each other and any accident might have relighted the flames of civil war besides at tins critical moment kansas was left without a governor by the resignation of governor geary on the 19th of febonry previous tho territorial legislature had passed n law providing for the election of delegates ou the third monday of june to a convention to meet on the first monday of september for the purpose of framing a constitution preparatory to admission into the union this law was ill the main fnir and just and it is to be regretted that all the qualified electors had not registered themselves and voted under its provisions at the time of tho election for delegates an extensive organization existed in the territory whose avowed object it was if need be to put down he lawful government of their own under thu so called topekn constitution the persons attached to this revolutionary organization abstained from taking any part in the election the net of ihe territorial legislature had omitted to provide for submitting to the people the constitution winch might be framed by ihe convention and in the excited state of public feeling throughout kansas an apprehension extensively prevailed that a design existed to force upon ihcni a constitution tu relation tn slavery ugaiiist thtir wilt in this emergency it became my dutv as it was my unquestionable figlt having in view tho union of all good citizens in support of the territorial laws to express an opinion on tho true construction of tho provisions concerning slavery contained in the organic net of congress or ihe 30th may 1854 congress declared it to be ihe true intent and meaning of this net not to legislate slavery into any territory or state nor to exclude it therefrom but to leave the people thereof perfectly free to form and regulate their domestic institutions in their own way under it kansas when admitted as n state was to bo received into the union with or without siavery as their constitution may prescribe at the time of their admission did congress mean by this language that tho delegates elected lo frame a constitution should have nuthofity finally to decide the question of slavery or did they intend by leaving it to the people that the people of kansas themselves should decide this question by a direct vote on this subject i confess i had never entertained a serious doubt and therefore in my instructions to governor walker of the 38th march last i merely said that when a constitution shnll be submitted to the people of tlx territory they must be protected in the exercise of their right of voting for or against that instrument and the fair expression of the popular will must not be interrupted ly fraud or violence in expressing this opinion it was fur froin my intention to interfere with the decision of the people of kansas either for or aguinst slavery from this i have always carefully abstained entrusted with the duty of taking care that the laws bo faithfully executed uiy only desire was that the poople of kansas should furnisli to congress the evidence required by ihe organic act whether fur or against slavery and in this manner smooth their passage into the union in emerging from tho condition of territorial dependence into ihnt of a sovereign stale it was their duty in niyopininn to make known their will by lha votes of the majority on the direct question whether this important domestic institution should or not continue to exist indeed this waa the only possible mods in whielr their pihfopuld be authentically ascertained v th electioo of delegatoa to a convention must necessarily take place in separate districts from his cause it may readily happen as has often been tha ease that a majority of the people of a state or territory are on one aide of a question whilst a majority of the representative from the several districts into which it i divided may bo upon the other side this arises from the fuct that in some districts delegates may be elected by small majorities whilst in others thoae of different sentiment may receive majorities sufficiently great not only to overcome the votes given lor th former but to leave a large mojority of he whole people in direct opposition lo a majority of the delegates besides our history proves that influences may be brought lo bear on the representative sufficiently powerful lo induce him to disregard the will ot his constituents the truth is that no other authentic and satisfactory mode exists of ascertaining the will of a majority of the people of any state or territory on an important and exciting question like that of slavery in kansas except by loaving it to a direot vote how wise then waa it for congress to puss over nil subordinate and intermediate agencies snd proceed directly to the source of sll legitimate power under our institutions how vain would any other principle prove in practice this may ba illustrated by the ease of kan aas should she b admitted into th union wilh a constitution either maintaining or abolishing slavery against tho aenti rent of the people this could hav oo ether effect than to ooatinue and to exasperale the existing agitation during the brief period required to make the constitution conform to the irresistible will of tha majority the friend and supporters of the nebraska and kansas act wlieo struggling on re cent occasion io sustain its wis provision before th great tribunal of the american people never differed about ita true meaning on thia aubjeet every where throughout the union they publicly jiledged their faith and their honor that ihe would cheerfully submit the question of slavery lo tho decision of the ni pie people of kansas without any restriction or qualification whatever all were cordially united npon the great doctrine of popular sovereignty which is the vital principle of our free institutions had it then been insinuated from any quarter that it would be a sufficient compliance with the requisitions of the orgnnlc law for tho members of a convention thereafter to be elected to withhold th question of slavery from the people and to substitute their own will for that of s legally ascertained majority of all their constituents thia would have been ins stantly rejected every where they remained trne to ihe resolution adopted on a celebrated occasion recognizing the right of ihe peoplo of all ihe territories including kansas snd nebraska acting through tho legally and fairly expressed will of a majority of actual residents and whenever the number of their inhabitants justifies it to form a constitution with oi without shivery and be admitted into tho union upen terms of perfect equality with the other slates thej onvenlion to frame a constitution for kansas met on the first mondny of september inat they were called together by virtue of an act of the territorial legislature whose lawful existence had beea recognized by congress in different forms and by difler ent enactments a large proportion of the citizens of kansas did not think proper to register their nsmesjaibd lo vote at the election for delegates but an oppertunkw to jo this having been fairly afforded their refusal to avail themselves of their right could in no manner effect the legality of ihe convention this convention proceeded to frame a constitution for kansas and finally adjourned on the 7th day of november but little difficulty occurred in the convention except on the aubjeet of slavery the truth is that the general provisions of our recent state constitutions are so similar nnd i may add so exeellint thnt the difference between them is not essentinl under the earlier proctice of the government no constitution framed by the convention of a territory preparatory lo its admission into ihe union ns a state had been submitted to tha people i trust however the example sol by the

8679:5136:18458:8488:5042:872:3924:2547:21444

http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/data/batches/batch_ohi_borachio_ver02/data/sn85038158/00237286911/1858012801

The Highland weekly news. (Hillsborough [Hillsboro], Highland County, Ohio) 1853-1886

h liawc a whower of gloomy temper parsimonious hah its and almost fabulous wealth tho southern farm named from tho cxtravnjnnt co t of tho elegant mnriion hone i hihornte out buildings nnd highly ornamented grounds which liad absorbed the means of tho lato owner farouiers folly was the rio nvily niortp ae cd property of lodfycy farquier u aine tho grand son of hugh jiawo and now a younir nspi rnnt for intra i honors at tho diversity of virginia i ut lit 1 1 o benefit to the heir was to bo hoped from the inheritance of his fathers burthened property in tho first plaee old hugh llawe had bought wd in his own name all tho claims against the estate of farquiers folly doubtless to prevent a foreclosure and to save the property of his grand bon but unhappily godfrey had mortally offended the despotic old ninn by declining an agricultural life and per fisting in tho study of a profession a course that had resulted in hid own disinheritance to make this punishment nioro bitter to his grand son the old man had taken into favor his nephew ir henry ilawe whom he hnd established near himself at farquiers folly at this tinie tho disinherited heir having finished a term at the university had come down to spend a part of his vacation iu his nntivc place it was upon tho saturday evening of his arrival that he found the little hotel and indeed tho whole village of alta mont fn a great state of excitement from the fact that tho celebrated heiress miss ilonora paulo hail just stopped there nnd passed through on her way home those who had been so happy as to catch a glimpse of her face vied with each other in praise of her many charms while those who had not lis tened with eagerness and looked forward to indemnifying themselves by seeing her at church the next morning the next day godfrey dulaino attended church where he saw and fell in love with tho inot beautiful and intellectual looking girl ho had ever beheld from the cheapness and simplicity of her attire ho supposed her to he some poor dependent of mad amo auderlys in whose pew she sat godfrey was completely captivated and he resolved at once to woo and if possible win this lovely being for his w ife poor girl though she was he was glad she was poor becausa she could for that reason be more easily won hut on accompanying mr willoughby the clergyman and his brother in law ernest heine home after church what was his astonishment end dismay at being introduced to tho supposed poor pirl whom he found to be no other than the celebrated miss honora faule the trreutefit heiress and belle as well as the best as noblest cirl in the state of vir giuia i he greeted him cordially and in a few minutes the company were bus lly engaged in conversation j lie top io cf capital punishment having been lrted guufiey turned to ilonora and said i take an especial personal inter est in having capital punishment abol ished miss faule do you believe in astrology ilonora started fixed her eyes intent ly upon the questioner and then with drew them and answered kir why did you ask me if i believe in astrology because miss taulo i was about to relate for your amusement a prediction that was made concerning myself by a rolcssor ot tint black art a prediction exclaimed mrs avil loughby drawing near with eager in terest l es maoum replied ur juiaine fmiling a prediction which if i bo lieved would certainly dispose me to favor tho abolishment of cue death pen ahy three years since while i was sojourning for a short time in the city of richmond on my way to the lm ersity i chanced to hear of the egyp tian dervis achbad who wns at tha time creiiting nuite a sensation in that city his wonderful reputation was thc theme of every tongue idleness and curiosity combined lead m c to his rooms he required niiht to cast my horoscope he de manded and i gave him the day an hour of my birth and then i took leave viih the promise to return in the morn in the next day i went iltll questioned huuora earnes my horoscope was a iior aoa seopo iij t i it predicted for me a hhort an 1 fefuruiy hiv a id a arp and sudden d v 1 he tho hi n but the il uls sled four remui ilde of which lu already it n n i i i that was c iu s of i utlilcolilul hei l nipted 1 in mr y i v r iho e lnv r 1 his other rnd nt the room i mo iifht so when tho pro hecy fulfilled replied godfrey was iftly ati t ti o other three cvrntf n inquire 1 1 i r or i tho other three events if they fol low as predicted must happen within tho next two years or before i reach my twenty fifth anniversary tho first of theso is to he the unexpected inheritance of vast wenllh upon hearing this a bright smile played around the lip of ilonora and banished tho clouds from her brow sho wailed a few minute for him to proceed but finding that ho continued silent she paid well mr pulaine go on what was tho third predicted event bo you command mo to inform you no sir i beg you of your courtesy

8679:5136:18458:8488:5042:872:3924:2547:21444

http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/data/batches/batch_pst_borland_ver01/data/sn84026399/0023728172A/1858011401

of an elexikg bv emma d e n southwortii chaptell i the astrologer 6 prediction ttewing a iw b ufcv ml quinceys vv murders recalled to ray mind le e r ntnt i l rir few weokfl fciocc one o lie e nn nf tun mn it jr masibat ever tax cd the ingenuity of men or required the lai vav vw gu u uu c v r the locality ot our mory lies amiu one j imnri nn w of the wilue and cjor t plctureque re i au r e r0 tlio lfions of the old dominion where the head waters of the ltnpp nuock wah the base of the blue r d e j the preeirc p0 bhme aud beautiful fccue wht re two for est crowned ranges of mountains cros s t a 1 each otner at ounque engic s at the intcicctin2 point o ti j p ftuny arr at tbe intcicctin2 point of these ndg 1 j s nestles a little hamlet rented from its elevated po ition altmont the four cjftw in be four gl of the irregular mounuiu cross were oned as at the period at which our story opens 1 follow lumiurcu or the casern farm called piedmont i thc other turce ctents f tbcj follon was the life propeity of madame audcr as pdictep rat happen within the next y a virviuiau lady of the old school two crrs or befcre 1 rcaob mj twenty the weeru and most valuable estate bfth anniversary the first of these is to as the inheritance of honora pftule an bc unerpected inheritance of tast wealth orphan heiress grand daughter and ward up hearing this a bright smile of madame auderlv played around the lips of honora and the northern and smallest one called ted the clouds from her brow she from being the deepet t vale of the four waitcd a few for him to proceed tlawee hole was the property of old hugh hawe widower of gloo iy temper parsimonious habits end almost fabulous wealth the southern farm nsmed from the rtravngaut cost of the evgaut tuausion house elaborate out buildings und highly ornamented grounds nhicb had ab horbed the means of the late owner fr quiers folly was the heavily mortgaged patrimony of godfrey fnquier dulanie the grandson of hugh ha we aud bow a voung epirant for legal honors at the university of virginia but little benefit to the heir was to be hoped from the inheritance of his fathers burthened property in the sr t place old hugh hawe had bought up in his own name all the claims against the estate of farquires folly doubtlrns to prevent a foreclosure snd to save the property for his grand on but unhappily godfrey had mortally ofiended the despotic old man by declin ins an agricultural life aud persihtini in the study of a profession a course that bad resulted in his own disinheritance t make this punishment more bitter to bis grandson the old man had taken into favor his nephew dr henry hawe whom he had c tabliahcd near himself at furquire6 folly at this time the disinherited heir hav iug finished a term at the university had 1 come dowu to spend a part of his vaca tion in his native place it was upon the saturday evening of 1 lii arrival that he found the little hotel j nrfn rl tu irllo villa of alt a inont iu a great state of excitement from tho fact mint fhe celebrated he ress miss honora paule bad just stopped thcre and passed through on hor way home those who had been so happy as to j catcb a plimnse of her face vied with each other in praise of her many charms while those who had not listened with eagerness and looked forward to tndem nifying themselves by seeing her at church i the next morning the next day godfrey dulanie attend 1 rcb where he saw and fell in love c most bdautiful and intellectual cd church looking girl he had ever beheld fom the cheapness aud simplicity of her attire j i nl licsuppascd bcr to be some poor depend pcuq enisf madame audcrlys in whole pew nj o i iai or 5 enc fai youu y y j r yatcd rihd he resolved at once to vroo and mtf if possible win this lovely being for iisrifc pop girl though she was he vl j cl wa nnr wauso she could hisrwifc oosllnj elm woa nnr vliftnilsn s lf enllld for fflat re5oak more owity won but orfcyrng jr wi lof by the ciorgytuao nnu ins drotner in jaw est heinehome after ehuxeb what was bis astonishment and dismay at boiugin 1 troduccd to the supposed poor girl wj10q1 j c f0und to be do other than the celebrated miss honora paule the groat l n rp an j hc na we as the b

12159:4079:2603:1359:14904:17552:26784:7491:23164

http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/data/batches/batch_ohi_cobweb_ver01/data/sn85026192/00280775770/1857031201

s inaugural address it to go be of of of fellow citizess i appear before you this dav to take the solemn oaih that 1 win laitntuiiy execute the office of president of the unite states aud will 10 the best of my ability prcsene protect and defend the constitution of the uuitcd states in entering upon this great office i most hniubly invoke the uoa 01 our aiuers lor wisdom and firmness to execute its high and responsi ble duties in such a manner as to restore harmony and the ancient friendship among the people of the several states and to preserve our free institutions throughout many generations convinced mat 1 owe my election to the inherent love lor the constitution and tho union which still animates the heal ts of the american people let me earnestly ask then powerful support in sustaining all such measures calculated to perpetuate these tlie richest political blessings which heaven bas ever bestowed upon any nation having determined not to become a candidate for re election i shall have no motive to influence mv conduct in administering the government ex cept the desire ably and faithfully to serve my country aud to live in the grateful memory or my conntrymcn wc have recently passed through a presidential contest in which the passions of our fe low citizens were excued to the liurli st ileer by questions of deep and vital importance but when the people proclaimed their will the temp st at unce subudjd and all was calm the voice of the maioritv snjakiier iu the maun nr fcribt 1 by the cotijlituiiuo was heard and install sub ii uu fol lows our country could alone have exhibited so gran i an i striking a spectacle of tlie capacity of inati for self trovernnient what a happy conception then was it for congress to npplv this simple rule that the will of the majority shall govern ill the sjitlenient ot the question ot domestic slavery tu the terr tories congress is neither to legislate slavery into any teniiory or stute nor to ex la le it tiierelrom but to leave ilia ienple therein per loctly tree to form and rvgnlate their domestic institutions iu their own way subject only the constitution of the united suites asa natural consequence consrress lias also prescribed that when the territory of kan

6048:4835:16641:23361:14953:2250:11808:16365:19931

http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/data/batches/batch_ohi_cobweb_ver01/data/sn85026192/00280775770/1856121101

robert emmet and his love twns llkpvmiii nf n lovely div ih aat day of the noble nnd ill fnfil kin in t a young r stood at tin castle gate and desired ndmiiihticn into the dungeon she was closely veiled and the keeper could mt imngine who she was nor why one tf such proud bearing should be nn humbl suppliant to the primn door however he rnnicd the bhin led ii r to the diingon open d the mas ire iron door llin closed u flkin and hp lovers were alone ms was leaning against lhe prison wrill wilh h downcast ikhh anil his arms were folded upon his breast fitly she raised the veil from her fwce hnd emmet turned to gaze upon all that earth contained for htm the girl whose sunny brow in the days of boyhood had b en his polar star the muitlf n whti had tome times murle him think the world was nit sun shine the chinking of th heavy chains sounded tike a death knell to her ears and she wept like a child kin met said but little yet he pressed her warmly to bis bosom and their feelings h id a silent riveting such a meeting per rhine os rs held in heaven only where we part no more in a low voire he b soughl her not to forget him when the cold grave received his inanimate body he spoke nf bygone days the hnppy hours of childhood when his hopes were bright and glortous an he concluded by request ing her nometimea to visit the places and scenes that were hallowed to his memory from the days of hia childhood and though tlu world miht pronounce his name with scorn and contempt he prayed she should still cling to him with affection and remember him when all others should forget hark the church bell sounded and he remembers the hour of execution the turnkey entered and after dashing the tenrs from his eyes he separated them from their long embrace and led the lady from the dungeon at the entrance she turned and their eyes met they could not say farewell the door swung upon its heavy hinges and th y parted forever no not forever is there not a heaven at sunrise n xt morning he suit red gloriously a martyr lo hia country and to li jerty ami fine oer her the myrtle shower lin lenvchhy wftn inrii funned plie fadtd iniint itnliim flowers the lut of the iir huutl tvvns in the land of italy j it was the gorgeous iim nf sunset in italy what a magnificent i ene a ple emaciated girl lay upon her bed of death oh it was hard for her to die far from h r horn in this beautiful land where floivirs bloom perennul ond the balmy aircomps fr s i y to the pining soul oh no her star had set the brightness of her dream had faded her heart was broken when ties have been formed on earth close burning ties what is more hearl rvndiiu and banning to the spirit than to find at lest the beloved one is snatched away and all our love is given lo a pissing floweret enough she died the betrothed of robert einutt the lovely slrnh currin it ii y couta ns lerlist remains its flowe g breaihe iheir fragrance over h r grave and th e lulling notes ot t ie shepherds lut sounds a requiem to iht memory

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follows tho eaatem rrm called piedmont was hie life properly of madam auderly virginian lady of tlin old school tho wtietr rn and most valuable estate was the inheritance of llonora iviuu an orphan iieireti grsiid ilaiijjliier end ward of madame audeily the northern and smallest one called from being tho kcpe fl vale of the four hi wei hole waa the rip rty of ol i llofcli lliwc widower of gloomy temper paisiin jiiious liubits and almost fabulous wealth the aoutli rn furmiinniid from the r xlrava ganl cost of thu elegant mansion house elaborate out building and highly orunment d f round which liid nbsortmd the inaus of tho ate owner farquiera folly wns the heaviiy mortgaged patrimony of goilfn y furquiir dill ine the grniidmiu of hugh llnw mi l nuw a young aspirant for legal honors at the university of virginia jlul little benefit to tin heir was t bn hoped from the inhrritnnce of ilia fathers burihened nronritv in the first place old hugh hwe had bought up in his own mime nl1 thu claim ecninst the estate of farquicra folly doubtless to prevent a foreclosure and to sure tho proper j for his grandson hut unhappily godfrey had mortally offend ed tho despotic old man by declining an agri cultural lite and persisting in the study ol that lieu icsuiiuii in ms profession n course own disinheritance to irake this punishment more bitter to his grandson the old man hud taken into favor his nenltew dr henry i la we w hom he had cstab lish d near himself at farqnicrs folly at this time tho dikinhnrite il heir having finished a term at the university had coutu down to spend a part of his vacation ul his uu tive place ll was upon the saturday evening of his ar rival that he found the little hotel and indeed the whole rilluge of aim mount in a gieat state of excilriikiit from the liic tliat tlin eclebr tad heiress mias llonora pa tile li u l just stopped there and passed through on her way home tliosa who had bicu so hupp as to catch a glimpse of her faoa viewed with each other in praise of her many charms while those who had not listened with eagerness mi l looked forward to indemnifying themselves by seeing her at church the next morning the u xt day godfrey dulatiie atteudoil cnurch where he saw and fell in love with ill most beautiful and iult itccttut loouking girl li had ever i diuld from tlu cli o pnoas and a in plioity of her attire he anppimed her to be some poor dependent of mailmu auderlys in whose pew she sat godfrey was completely captivate and lie resolved at once to who ami if possible win this lovely being for hi wile poor girl though alia was he was glad him was poor bicauseshe could for lint mason hi more easily won uul on accompaih ing mr willoiighby the clcrivman and hid brother iu uw ernest ii tin home after ohiuch whnt was his astonish men l an i diiimy at being in roduced to the unnosad uoor itirl whom he found to be no older than the celebrated miss honor iaule the greatest heiress and belle as well us thu best

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dlnd a fow weeks since one of lie qulnccvt t perthreo memorable murders recalled to mvtnlnd the stranc circumstances of one of tliemot mysterious dramas thnt ever taxed the inrcnully of miin or required the lipht of time to tlovclop the locality of our dory lies amid one of the wildest and mot picturesque ifrions of the old dominion where the licad waters oftho huppnhuimock wash the baseoftheilluellldjtc 1 he precise spot ornsslsind is ft mibllme and beautiful scene where two forct crumicd ranges of mountains cross each other nt oblique mimics at the intersecting point of theo ridges nestles 11 little hamlet named from its elevated position alto raont at the nerlod at which our storv onens the four es tate in the four nnplcs of the irregular mountain cross were owned as follows the eastern farm railed piedmont was the life property of madame auderly a virginian holy of the old school the wetern nnd most valuable etnto was the inheritance of honora iuule nn orpliiu heiress grand daughter and ward of madame auderly the northern and smallest one cnlled from being the deepest vale of the four hawes uolc was the property of old much hawc n widower of gloomy temper parsimonious habits and almost fabulous wealth the southern farm named finm the extravagant cost of the elegant mansion house elaboralo out hulhl ings mid hlgldy ornamented gronndsj which had absorbed the means of the late owner l io qulr folly was the heavily mortgaged patrimony of godfrey fnrquler dulanie the grandson of hugh hawe nnd now a young aspirant for legal honors nt the university of vliginln ilut little benefit to the heir was to be hoped from the inheritance of his fathers bur liened property in the first place old hugh llawe had bought up in his own name all the claims against the estate of knrqulers folly doubtless to pros cut a foreclosure and to save the property of his grandson but unhappily oodfiey had mortally offended the despotic old man by declining nn agricultural life and eerslstlng in the study of n profession a course thnt ad resulted in his own disinheritance to make this punishment moro bitter to his grandson the old man had taken into favor his nephew dr henry hawe whom ho had established near himself at favqulers folly at this time the disinherited heir having finished n term at the university had come down to spend n part of his vacation in his native place it was upon the saturdaycvcningof his nrrlval that lie found the little hotel and indeed the whole village of altnmont in a great tato of excitement from the fact that the celebrated heiress miss honora panic had just stopped there nnd passed through on her way home those who hnd been so happy as to catch n glimpse of her face vied with each other in praise of her many charms while thoo who had not listened with eagerness and looked lorward to indemnifying themselves by seeing her at church the next morning the next iy lodfrey dulnnle attended church where he saw and fell in love with the most beautiful nnd intellectual looking gill ho had cer beheld from the cheapness nnd slmplicit r of her attire he supposed her to bo some poor dependent of madame auderlys in whoso pew she nat iodlrey was completely captivated and ho resolved nt once to woo and it possible win tliis lovely being for his wile poor girl though she was he wns glad sho was jwur becauso sue could for that reason be more easily won ilut on accompanying mr wllloughby the clergyman and his brother in law krnest heine home after church what was his astonishment und dismav at helivr lnim to tho supposed poor girl whom ho found to be no other than the celebrated miss 1 1 mora panic the greatest heiress and belle os well ns she best nnd noblest girl in the state of virginia she greeted him cordially and in n few minutes the company were busily engaged in conversation the topic of capital punishment having been started godfrey turned to llonora and said m i take nn especial personal interest in having capital punishment abolished mls paule do you belies c in astrology v honora started fixed her eves intently upon tho questioner nnd then withdrawing them answered sir why did you nsk mo if i believe in nstrology v ilecause miss paule i wasubout to relate for your amusement n prediction that was made concerning myself by a professor of that black art a prediction exclaimed mrs wllloughby drawing near with eager interest yc madam replied mr dulnnle smiling n prediction which if i believed would certainly dis jioso ino to fayor the abolishment of the deuth penalty three years since while i was sojourning for n short time in the city of iiichuiond on my way to tho university i chanced to hear of the fgyptlau dcrvis aclibad who was at that time creating quite n sensation in tho city his wonderful imputation was the tbemo of every tongue idleness and curiosity combined to lead me to his rooms he renuired n nhdit to cast mv horoscope he demanded anil i gave him the dnv and hour of my birth nnd then i took leave with tfio promise to return in the morning the next day i went well questioned honora earnestly mv horoscopo was a noiu nu cope indeed it predicted for me a short and stormy life and a slurp tuid sudden death liood heaven ilut the details it prophesied four remarkable events the first of which has already come to pass and that was 41 the loss of my patrimonial estate singular coincidence interrupted mr willougli by a he aroc nnd joined his wife and brother in law at the other end of tho room i thought so when tho prophecy was fulfilled replied godfrey and the other three events softly inquired honora the other three events if they follow ns predicted must happen within the next two years or before i reach my twenty fifth anniversary the first of thr c is to bo the unexpected inheritance of vast wealth upon hearing this a bright smile played around the lips of honora nnd banished tho cloudsvrom her brow slio waited a few minutes for him to proceed but finding that he continued silent she said well mr dulanie go on what was the third predicted event do you command mo to inform von no sir i beg you of vour courtesy to do so very well he said dropping his voice to a low undertone it wns to be my marriage with tho woman i should worship a deep vivid blush supplanted the brmit smilo that quiverod over houoras variable face there was n pause broken at length by her voice as sho gcntlv inquired and the fourth the answer came reluctantly and in tones so low ns to meet only her ear the fourh nnd last prediction was that before mu ticcntn fi fth birth thu i ahouldocrithonthc uaifm a low cry broke from the lips of honora ns her nanus now up ana corcrea her lace after a minute or two she dropped thorn and looking him steadily in the face said with quiet firmness you doubtless wonder at my emotion now hear me on the autumn following tho summer in which that prediction was made to you i was in llaltimorc with my g andmother and with mrs willonghby who was then miss heine curiosity took us to tho rooms of tho egyptian who was then practicingin thnt citv and after some such preparations as ho had used in j our case he cast my horoscope and read my future it was this that before my twentieth birthday i should ue u unur uiu iiy cr u wile lor 1 jill lite hiuii juvm j me ecitjpilil arose beticeen the nuptial btnttui tim aud tl bridal ihninber sucli were tho words of the nronh ecy she sko with solemnity that seemed to over suauow every outer iccung chapter ii this sybils clltc lt the next day honora informed her grandmother madnmo auderly of godfreys presence in the neighborhood nnd tho old lady s

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fellow citizkss i appear before you this day to take the solemn oath that i wil faithfully execute the offiie of president of the united stales and will to the best of my ability preserve protect and defend the constitution of the uuited stalls in entering upon this great off ice i most humbly tovuke the g 1 of our fathers for wisdom and firmness to execute its high and responsible duties in such a manner as to restore harmony and the ancient fii rauhip amon the people of the several aes and to preserve our free institutions throughout many generations conviiced that i owe my election to the inherent love for the constitution an 1 the union which still animates the hearts of the american people let me earnestly ask their powerful support iu sustaining all ijst measures calculated o perpetuate tnese the richest political blessings which heaven has ever bestow ed upon any nation having determined not to become candidite for reflection i shall have no motive to infi jence my conduct in ajrain istering the government except the desire ably and faithfully to serve my countrymen we have recently passed through a x residential contest in which the passions of our fellow ciliiins were ex cited to the highest degree by qieslions of deep and vital importance but when the people proclaimed their will the tempest at once subsided and all was calm the voice of the majority speaking in iltj manner prescribed by the constitution was heard and insuut submission follows our country could alone have exhibited so grand and striking a spectacle of the capacity of man for self government what a happy conception then was it for congress to apply this simple rule that the will of the maj irity shall govern in the settlement of the question of domestic slavery in the territories congress is neither to legislate slavery into any territory or state nor to exclude it therefrom but to leave the people thereof perfectly free to fora and regulate their domestic institutions in their own way subject only to the constitution of the united states as a natural consequence congress has also prescribed that when the ierri tori of kansas shall be admitted as a slate il shall be received into the union with or without slavery as their constitution may prescribe at the time of their admission a different opinion has arisen in regard to the lime when the people of a territory shall decide this question for themselves this is happily a matter but little practical importance and besides it is a judicial question which legitimately bsfonges to the sopreme cvurt the united states before whom it is now pending and will it is understood be speedily and finally settled to this decision in common with all good cm zens i shall cheerfully submit whatever ibis may be though it has been my indi vidual opinion that under the nebraska kansas act the appropriate period will

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http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/data/batches/batch_ohi_ariel_ver02/data/sn84028385/00237286893/1857092301

d robert emmet and his love it was the evening of a lovely day the last of the noble and ill fated emmet a young girl stood at the castle gate and desired admittance into the dungeon she was closely veiled and the keeper could not imagine who she was nor that any one of such proud bearing should be an humble applicant lo the prison door however he granted her boon ed her to the dungeon cpened the massive iron door then closed it again and the lovers were alone iij was leaning against the prison wall w ith downcast head and bis arms were folded upon his breast gently she raised the veil from her face and emmet turned to gaze upon all that earth contained for him the girl whose sunny brow in the days of his boyhood had been his polar star the maiden who had sometimes made him thick the world was all sunshine the clanking of chains sounded i ke a death knell to her ears and she wept like a child emmet saij but little ye the pres ed her warmly to his bosom and their feeling had a silent meeting pci chance as is held in heaven when we part no more tn a low vn ca ia hpsr nrr it i or in fir get him when the cold grave had receiv ed ins inanimate nouy ne spose 01 bygone days the happy hours of child hood and though the world myht pro nounce his name with scorn and con tempt he prayed she would still cling to him with auection and remember him when all others should forget hark the church bell sounded and he remembered the hour cf extcution the turnkey entered and after dashing the tears from his eyes he separated tliem from their long embrace and led the lady from the dungecn at the entrance she turned and their eyes mat they could not iy farewell the door svr ng on its neavy hinges and they parted for ever no not forever is there no heaven at sunrise the next morning he suf fered gloriously a martyr lo his coun try and to liberty ana one o re iier the myrtle showers its loaves y ft wiuds fanned she faded mills t itiilian flowers the last of tlie f iir land twai in the land of italy it was the gorgeous time of sunset what a magnifi cent scene a pale emaciated girl lay upon the bed of death oh it was hard for her to die far from home in ihis beautiful land where flowers bloom perennial and the balmy aie comes freshly to the pining soul oh no her star had set ber heart was broken when ties have been formed on earth close turning ties what is more heartrending and agonizing to the spirit than to find the beloved one is snatched away and all our love given to a passing flow ret enough she died the betrothed of robert emmet the lovely sarah curran italy contains her last remains its flowers breathe their fragrpnee over her grave and the notes of the shepherds lute sounds a requiem o ber memory

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it is unnecessary lo state in detail the alarming condition of he territory of kansas al the lime of my inauguration the opposing parties ihen stood in hostile array against each other and any ac cident might bave relighted the flimes of ti rm aa amiuib mrw mont tvanaa wa 1 ft witlsnnt tavern vu b or bj the reshrnnlion of governor ge ry ihe territorial legislature bad passed si on the third monday of june to a con vention to meet on the 1st monday of september tor the purpose of framing a constitution preparatory to admission in in lla rt tt in vhta la m wa in tkl mail fair and just and il is to be regretted that all the qualiged electors had not registered themselves and voted under its provisions at the time of the election for dele gates an ex ensive organization existed io ihe territory whose avowed object it was if need be to put down the lawful nnvo mnl ki ira am a mlhlifl a s 1 j government of iheir own under the o called topeka constitution the persons attached lo this revolutions organization abstained from taking any part in the election tbe aet of the territorial legislature had omitted to provide for submitting to the people the constituti n which might be framed by the convention and in iba excited stae of public feeling throughout kansas an apprehension extensively prevailed that a design existed to lorce upon them a constitution in relation lo slaverr j gainst their will io this emergency it became my duty as it was my unquestionable right having in view the union of all good citizens in support of the territorial laws to express an opinion on the true construction of the provisions concerning slavery contained in the or ganic act of congress declared it to be the true intent and meaning of this act not to legislate slavery into any territory or state nor to exclude it tberefroa bul to leave the people thereof perfectly free to form and regulate their domestic institutions in tbeir own way under it kansas when admitted as a state is to oe received into ihe union with or without slavery as their constitution may prescribe at ihe time of their ad mis sion dirt nrrroe mpan kv tlita lanvnaira that the de elates elected to frame a r i ii i i f ii l i r i iu ueciue ine question oi slavery or qui tltft tanj kb iun n it in i i mj iiiicuu 11 i iu mo ywym lhat the people of kansas themselves siium ueciue mis iruesiion uj a uirecs 9 n ii i t ar t i i iwu vii bllia ouuj7vl a suuicn uull nev tr cnteitained a serious doubt and therefore in my instructions to governor walker of ihe 23th of mvch last i merely said that when a coasiituioa shall be submitted to the people of ihe territory mey must oe protected in 111 or against the instrument and the fair expression of lite popular will must not be interrupted by fraud or violence i la expressing this opiniou it was far t from my intention to interfere with the decision of the people of kansas either for or against slavery from this i have always cnrefully abstained entrusted with the duty ol taking care that the laws be faithfully executed my only de sire was that the people of kansas should furnish to congress the evidence requir ed by the organic act whether for or against slavery and in this manner smooth tbeir passage into the union in emerging from the condition of territori al dependence into bat of a sovereign stale it was their duty in my epiuioa ti to make known their will by the votes of the m ijjrity on the direct question whether this importamt domestic instita t tion should or should not continue to ex ist indeed this was the only possible j mode in which their will could ba a then tically ascertained tne election of delegates to a eonveni lion must necessarily take place in sept rate disricts from this cause it may m readily happen as has often been than ease that the majority of the people of state or territory are one side of a quea v lion whilst a majority of tbe representa lives from the several districts into whicv is divided may be upon the other side this arises from the fact that in eorae districs delegates may be elected by 1 small majorities whilst in others those different sentiments may receive major ities sufficiently great not lo overcome tbe t votes given for the former but to leave large majority of ibe whole people in direct opposition to a majority of the delegates besides our history proves that influence may be brought to bear on the representative sufficiently powerful to induce bim to disregard the will of bis eon stituenls the truth is that no other an then tic and satisf ictory mode exists of ascertaining the will of a majority of lh peop eoiany atate or territory on an important aud exciting question like lhat slavery in kansas except by leaving to a direct vote how wise then was it for congress to pass over all subordi date and intermediate agencies and pro directly to tbe source of all legitimate power under our institutions how vain would auy odier principle prove in practice this may be illustrated by the ease of kansas should she be admitted iulo the union with a coo stitutioa either maintaining or abolishing slavery against the sentiment of tbe peo this could have no oilier effect than continue and to exasperate the existing agitation during the brief period required make the constitution conform u ihe irresistible will of tbe majority ne meaas ana supporters of the ne l i t iiiia vi liw v braska and kansas act when strugglioj on a recent occasion to sustain its wise provisions wore the great tribunal the american people never differed about its true meaning ba this subject everywhere throughout the union publicly pledged their faith and their lhat they woad cheerfully submit ihe question of slavery jo lbs decision of the bona fide people of kansas without ny restnctioa or qualification whatever all were cordially united upon the great doctrine of popular sovereignty wliichi the vital principle of our free institutions had it then been insinuated from aoy quarter it would be a sufficient compliance a iu the requuitioas ot the organic law for the meraoers of a convention thereafter to be elected to withhold the question of slavery from ilie people and to substitute their own will for thai of a legally ascertained inijofity of nil their constituents this would have been instantly rejected everywhere tiiey remained true to the rcsoluiiuns ajopcd on celebrated occasion recognizing the right sf thcpesjile of ail territories including kansas and xebr ika acting llirough the legally pod fairly exprt s cd will of a innjority of actual residents and whenever the number of their inhabitants justifies l lo form a constitution wiih or without alaverr ana be admitted into the union upon terms of perfect eqmli ity with the oilier stales the convention to frame a cmsiitu lion for kansas met on the first monday of september last they wrreei led together by virtue of an act of the territorial legislature whose lawful existence had been recognized by cjngress in different forms and different enactments a large proportion of the citizens of kansas did not think proper to regutcr their rases and to vote it the elcoior for delegates but an opportunity to do this having been fairly afforded their refusal to avail themselves of their right could in no manner affect the legility of the convention the settlers then proceeded to frame a constitution for kansas and finally adjourned on the 7il day of november but little difficulty occurred in the convention rxcepl on the subject of slavery the truth is that the general provisions of ur recent state consiiiu iout are so similar r and i may add so excellent thai ike difference between tlieni is uot essential under the earlier practice of the government no constitution framed by tke onventija of a territory preparatory to sis admission ioloihe uuioo as a state had been submitted to the p ople i trust however the ximplo set by the 4ast congress requiring thai the constitu tion of minnesota should be subject to the approval and raligcation of the people of the proposed s atv m y be followed on future occisions l took it for granted that the convention ot msas w uij act in accordance with this example founded as it is on correct principles and hence my instructions to governor walk r in favor of submitting the constitution lo the people were expressed in general and unqualified terms in the kansas and ncbrakt mil however thi requirement as applictble to the whole constitution bad not been inserted and the convention was not bound by its terms to submit aiiy portion of the instrument to an election except that which relates to llie domestic institution v of si very this will be rendered clear oy a simple reiereace to its language it wis not iegisliic slavery into any sew territory tr slate nor to ex elude it herefrom but to leave the people thereof perfectly free to form and regulrte their domestic institutions in their own way according to the plain construction of the sentence the words domestic institutions have a direct as ther hare n appropriate reference lo slavery domestic institutions are limited to the family the relit ion be xween master and slave and a few others are domestic institutions end are in tirely distinct from institutions of a pulu eal character besides tisere was no question then be fare congress nor indeed has there since betn ny serious question before the people of kansas or the country except thai which refers to the domestic institution of slavery the convention after au angry and exeked debate fiually determined by a majority of only two to submit the question of slavery to ilie people thougi t the last forty three of the fifty delegates present affixed iheir signatures lo the constitution a large majority of the convention were id favor of establishing slavery in kansas they accordingly inserted an article in the constitution lor this purpose similar io form to those which had been adopted by other ternloiial conventions in the schedule however providing for the transition from a territorial to a ts ate government the question has been fairly and explicitly referred to the people whether they w 1 1 have a constitution wilh or without slavery it declares that before the constiuition adopted by by the convention shall be sent 10 con trrr for admission ialo tlie union as a i a of if there be a s atr an election shall beheld to decide this question at which all the white male inhabitants of the territory above the age of twenty one are entitled lo vole they are to vole by ballot and the ballot cast alsakl election shall be endorsed constitution ith slavery and consti tution st itii vo slavery mafority ju favor ot the constitution willi slavery then it is to be tranrrot ted to congress by the president of the j convention i its oiiginal form if on i the contrary them shall be a majorily in favor of the constitution with no oiare f ry then the article providing forslave ry iball be stricken from the c asti ion by the president of the coovenjon and it is expressly declared that no sa very shall ejtist id kansas except lhat th hht of property in slaves now in the territory fball in no manner be interfered w ti and n tvat event it is made his duty ii bave the constitution thus ratified transmitted ic the congress of the uni i ed sjtt s for tlie admission of the state into the union r i al this election every ciliz d will have no opportunity of expies sin his opinion of tfcy his ote whether ktnsas all be j received into the union with or without

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http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/data/batches/batch_vtu_hortonia_ver01/data/sn84023649/00280777778/1845111801

gainsi the ptison wall with downcast hcad and hir arma were fblded upon hie bteast gently she raiscd the vail fiom hcr face nnd emmci turncd to caze uuon all the carth conlaitibd for him thcgirl whese sunny brow io tbe dnvsofbovbood had bccn hia colarstar tln maiden who had sometiineb made him think thn world wtis all snnshine tbe clankintr of tho heavy cbains sounded liko adenth kncll to ncr cars anu anc wept like a cmld h ni met said but little yet ho prcsted hcr tvarm ly to his bosom and their feerings hcld 1 silcnt meetins such a mcelinp pcrchanec aa is hcld in hcaven only therc wc part no more in a low toicc he ncsougnl ncr not tn forcct him when thc cold grave reccived his inanimatcdbedy ilespoke sfhy gonc days the happy houraof chimbood whcn his hopes were ungiunnu gioriuus unu coiiciuocii uy requesting hcr sometiroes to visit thc placei nnd sccnca that were hallowcd to ms tneroo ry from tho days ofhi3 infancy and should the world proncunce his name with scorn nnd conlcmpt he prnycd she would still clinir lo bim wiih uffeclion nnd rcmcmber him when others should forircl ilarlc 1i1 church bcll eouiuicd nnd hc rcmetnhcred thc hour ol crccution the turn kcy cnteroci and after dashing the tcars from his cycs he scperatcd them irom their long cmurare and lcd the lady from the dungeon at thc enterance shc turncd and thcir cyes met they could not say furew cll the doorswung on its hmscs and thev uartcd forcvcr ro tiotforevcr isthcrenoheavcn atsunrise next rnorning he suflcrcd glo riously a marlyrtahis countryand to hbcr and one ocr the tnyrtlc bowcrs its leavcs by sofi winds fanneili shc fadcd midst italian flowcrs the last of that fair band twas tn thc latid of ilalv what a ma nisccat scenc a tialc cmaciatcd girl lay upon hcr bed ofdeath oh it was liard for ber to dic far from home in a beautiful land where flowers bloom pcrennial and the balmy air comca freely lo thc pining aoul oh no the etarwassct lhobnght ncsi of hcr dream had fddcd hcr hearl was brokcn whcn tics have heen formcd on carth close burning lies what is more neart rending and agoptzing 10 tiic spirn ihan to find nt last the bcloved onc snntclicd away and all our iove is given to a passing flower euough she dicd ihe betrothed ol uobcrt mmoa ilic lovclv snrah cnrran iliuy contains hcr last rcmains 11s uowcrs brealhc thcir fmirrancc ovcr hcr crnvc t thc lulling tones of nshcpuerds lutc sound a rc quicm to hcr mcmory

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mr lvjoy said tho houso had boon engaged ia giving the death blow te polygamy by the philadelphia platform the republican party stand pledged as far as the federal government has the power to extricate that other turin relic of barbarism slavery in the tenitorios he wanted to see them both strangled and go down together mr lovejoy warming up with his subject passed from his seat to the area in front of the clerks desk in full view of all the mmibers and spoke in a lond tone wiih emphasis and earnest gesticulation agiinst the ground on which it was sought to justify slavery because the creatures are poor and the strong have the power to oppress the weak the rich oppress the poor the spirit of slavo holding being the spirit of the devil c mr pryor said the gentlemen from illinois had bad oo right to shako his cot at the gentlemen on his side it was bad enough to stand in his own plaoe thera and talk his treason and insolence mr bartsdale let him keep on his own side of the house the cont usion soon became general and the members began to press into the area mr cox said the gentleman from illinois ought to speak from bis seat mr prior let him stand there and talk he vi m m a on this ride of the hall mr barksdale was seen shaking his cans in the wildest of the confusion was heard to say rusoal us applied to mr lovejoy mr adrian as if to quiet the tumult said the gentleman could speak from his seat tho chairman mr washburn of me in vain vnnr ait in i afitnra order w a lr n in con iliatorv tine sunnosed no body wanted to intimidate the gentleman m prior no one wanted intimidate tho j iiim mr lov joy nobody can intimidate me many republicans now crowded around mr lovejoy who exolaimed to them oh im safe enough mr burnott elevating bis voine above the din said tho rules require the gentleman to speak from his seat he must and eball do it he shall not shake his fist to gentlemen on this side in a menacing manner the chairman called loudly for the sergcant at arms as if to attend to mr burnett who suid you may call the sergeaot at arms tut the members shall not do it the glitttering macs of the scrgeant at arros did not quiet the disorder mr kellogg of iii came to tho support of his eulleaeuo saving he should not commit a breach of tho rules but that he should have bis rights a general fight at one time seemed iniuiiaent nud tbe wildest excitement everywhere prevailed the speaker was called in to resume bis seat when the chairman reported that the committee rose owing t the disorder finally comparative quiet was restored mr sherman said we are ia good order bow this was succeeded by a burst of laughter 1 the iiouss then again went into committee of the whole mr lovejoy took the stand at the clerks dosk and resumed bis remarks lie spoke about nor thern christian women who went to the south to prevent the people theio from returning to ur j barieai mr sitipleton said that he would not allow suoh insinuations on southern women to pass if the member persisted ia that course of remark he would hold hiia personally responsible mr lot said that the 000 000 slave here was not oue legal husband father wife or child and spoke about a presbyterian elder down south hing tbe gospel whipped into him with the broadside of a hand saw and of a young girl ia this city being whipped until the blood eitue out of her nostrils and sent to the garret to die ii had sworn to support tho constitution because he loved it but be did not interpret it in tbe same way as southern men did mr benham you violate it mr aahwore and peri ure vourself and are a degro thief into the i hold no parley with a perjur mr siogletoo bargain t mr barksdale d negro i mr luvejoy said when daniel webster spoko of tbe imposition of austria on hungary ho remarked that tbe earthquake and tornado have powers and the thunder has power but greater than these was the power of publio opinion and before this he proposed to arraign austria he lovejoy proposed to hold up to the retributioo uf publio sentiment slaveholding ia all its atrocity and hidoouenesj jmt as gentlemen had hare po j lygamy iubl o sentiment will burn and scour slavery the proper way in by the action of the slate states themeelvoi he had endorsed the helper book becauso ho wanted to do it he did to without asking tho poiitloman from miss ouri or anybody else you shod the blood of j my brother twenty years ngo and i nra here free to speak my mind tho republican party would j spring up in kentucky and gentlemen now here would find themselves displaced by more moder nd if it were not offensive he would ndd j moro senmble men lie wanted to say in charles crats ton what he cmild here mr lienliaui you had letter try it mr lovejoy i can go to england and there discuss the question of church and state or any her british institution but if i go into the slave smtes nd talk against slavery where is my pro taction mr miller can you go to england and incite he laboring classes to assissinato tho queen i mr lovpjoy i dont mean to do that 1 olaim he right to discuss slavery everywhere under the srs and stripes i claim it i demand it mf beuham we want you to assert it mr lovejoy when you call us binall farmors nd apply other epithets against tho working peo damaged p uf tho north we dont harm you if a riio was jchanio from pennajlvania woro to go south and ioak about the superiority of white labor he d bo hold morally responsible you wjuld sp ar cournge him by the hand of a slave a 1 perhaps tar nnd leather dim mr barksdale ihe meanest negro in too meanest negro south is your superior cries of order from the republican side mr lovejoy in speaking of john brown said he would not curse him he woull pour no execrations upon old john brown ho oondemned what be brown did ha disapproved of his acts he bclioed however that bis purpose was a good one and his motives honest and truthful john brown stood hoad and shoulders above any man here until he was strangled any law to enslavo man was as an arrangement among pirates to distribute the spoils by what right do you of tho south got together aud enact laws that i or my children should be your elaves every slave has a light to run away in spite of your laws and to fight himself awny wore he lovejoy n slave and were it necesary to achieve his freedom he would not hesitate to fill up the chasm and bridge it with tho slain lie loved the souh a voice wo dont love yotf mr lovejoy so it was with the saviour they didnt live him laughter gentlemen who talked of dissolving the union could not do it any moro than thoy could stop the shining of tbe sun virginia instead of clothing herself in sheeps gray should cloth herself in sack cloth and ashes on account of slavery aud ought to drink tbe waters of bitterness mr martin of va if you will come into virginia wo will hang you highor than we did john brown mr lovejoy no doubt of it the committee rose and then the hous ad journed

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speech delivored in the senate of tho united states on tbe 7th of march 1850 the sub joined weighty reflections and patriotic admoni tions i should much profor to have heard from every member on this floor declarations of opiu ion tbat tbis union could never be dissolved than tbe declaration of opinion by anybody tbat in any case under the pressure of any circumstances suoh a dissolution was possible i bear with dis tress and anguish the word decession especial ly when it falls from the lips of those who are patriotic and known to the country and known all over the world for their political sorvices secession 1 peaceable secession 1 sir your eyes and mine are never destined to see hat miraolo tho dismemberment of tbis vast country without convulsion tho breaking up of tho fountains of the great deep without ruffling the surface who is bo foolish i beg everybodys pardon as to expect suoh a thing sir bo who sees these status now revolving in harmony round a common cen ter nnd expects to see them quit their places and fly off without convulsion may look tbe next hour to eoe tho heavenly bodies rush from their spheres and jostle against each other iu tbe roalms of spaco without causing the wreck of the universe there can be no such thing as peace able secession peaceablo secession is an utter impossibility is tbe great constitution undor which we livo covering this whole countiy is it to be thuwed and melted away by secession as the snows on the mountain melt under the influence of vornal sun disappear almot t unobserved and run off no sir no fcirl i will not state what might produce the disruption of tho uuion 1 but sir i tee as plainly as i sea the sun in heaven what disruption itself must produce i see that must produce war and such a war as i will not describe in its two fold character peacoable secession peaceable secession the concurrent ogreemcnt of all the members this great republic to separate a voluntary separation with alimony on tbe one side end on tbe other why what would be tbe result whore is the line to be drawn what states are eecedo what is to remain of america what i to be an american no longer am i to beoome a sectional man a local mao a aeparatist with no country in common with the gentlemen who ait around me bere or wbo fill tbe other house of congress heaven forbid where is flig of the ropublio to remain where is tbe agle still to tower or is he to cower and shrink and full to the ground why sir our ancestors ur fathers and our grandfathers those of tbem that are jot living atnongnt us with prolonged ves would rebfke and reproach u 1 and our hildien ond our grandchildren would ory out bame upon n if we of this generation should hnnnop iiioha anuirrnft nf tlta r n r yi puner u 1 lug uov ernment aud tbe bsrmony of tbe union whlob is every day folt among ua with so much iov and gratitude

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the worsted stocking a true story father will havo done the great chimney to night wont he mother t said littlo tom howard as he stood waiting for his fathers breakfast which he carried to mm at his work every morn ing llo said he hoped all the scaffolding would be down to night answered hie mother and thatll be a fine sight for i never like the ending of those great chimneys its so risky thy fathers to be the last up kb then but ill go nnd see him and help em to give a snout alure lie comes down said loui and then continued ins mother it all goes niriit we nre to navo a irono to morrow aim ito we nre to havo a trolio to morrow into the country and take our dinners uau spend i t nil day amongst tne woous ii ti itt hiirnh i cried tom as he ran off to his fath ers place of work w ith a can of milk in one hand and some bre id in the other his mother stood at the door watching him as he went merrily whistling down the street and then she thought of the dear father he wa going to nnd tiie dangerous work he wns nigaged in and then her heart sought its sure refuge nnd she prayed to uou to protect nnd bless her treasures tom with a light heart pursued hie way to his father and leaving hiui at his breakfast went to his own work which was at some distance in the evening on hie way home he went loond to see how his father aud a number of other workmen had been building one of these lofty chimneys which in our great manufacturing towns almost supply the place of other architectural beauty this vhimuy was one of the highest nnd must tapering ttiut bus been erected and us tom shading his eyes from tho slanting rays of the setting sun looked up to the top in search of his father his heart almost sank within him at the appalling heighth the scaffolding wai alinovt all down the men at the bottom were removing the lust beams nnd polls toms father stood alone uu the top he looked all nround to fee thnt everything right nnd then waving his hnt in the nir the men below nnswered him with n long loud cheer little tom shouted as heartily ns nny of them as i incir voices died nwny however tliey henrd n very i nhovol the rope i the rope i the men look nl round nn nil ii itmntih iv ll ornm i i i i r i n 1 1 i i ii which before the scnflidding was removed should have been fastened to the chimney for toms father to come down by t tho scaffolding had been taken down without their rcmemboring to take the rope up there wns a dead silence they all know it wns impossible to throw the rope up liich enough to reach the top of tho chimney or if lie cuuld it would have hnrdly been safo they stood in silence nnd dismay unable to givo any help or think of nny means nf safety and toms father ho walked round nnd round the little circle tho ui zy heighth s cnunsr every moment to grow moro feaitiil and tho solid earth further and further from him in tho sudjen panic he had lost hi presenco of mind nnd his 1 t i 1 1 senses almost failed him ho shut his eyes he ns if the next moment he must bo dashed to i i i itlr v9 oo lou gruoim ipliuh j he day una passcu ns inuusiriousij anu swiuiy ns usual with lours mother at home blie wns always busily employed for her husband and children in soino way or other nnd to day sho had been harder nt work than usial getting ready for the holiday to morrow she had just finished nil her preparations nnd her thoughts wero bilcntly thanking oon for her hnnpy home and for all the blessings of life when tom ran in hi face wns ns white ns ashes nnd he could hnrdly get his words out mother i mother i llo ennua get uown who nd f thy father nske the mother theyvo forgotten to leave him the rope answered tom still scarcely ahlo to speak his mother started up horror struck nnd stood for a moment as if paralyzed j thon pressing her hands over her face as if to shut out tho terrible picture and breathing a prayer to god for help she rushed out of the house when she reached the placo where her husband was nt work a croud had collected round tho foot of tho chimney nnd stood there unite holplcs gnz ing up with a face of sorrow lie says hell throw uiiuselt down exclaimed they ns mrs howard came up ho is going to throw himself down thco rnunnn do thnt lad i cried tho wife with clear hopeful voice thoo inunna do thnt mnit a bit tnk off thy stocking hid nnd unravel it and lot down tho thread with a bit of mortar dost hear me jem the man made a sign of assent for it seemed ns if he could not speak nnd taking off his stocking unravelled tho worsted thread row after row the people stood round in breathless silence nnd suspense wondering what toms mother could be thinking of and why she sent him in such haste lor the carpenters ball of twine let down one end of the thread with a bit stone nnd keep fast hold of tho other cried she to her husband tho littlo thread came waving down tho tail chimney blown hither r nd thither by the wind but nt last it roachod the outstretch ed hands that were waiting for it tom held the ball of string while his mother tied one end of it to tlio worsted thread vow pull it up slowly cried she to her husband nnd sho gradually tin nound the string ns the worsted drew it up it stopped the string hail reached lier iiuslmnd now hold the string fast nnd pull it up cried she nnd the string grew heavy and hard to puil for tom nnd his mother had fastened the thick rope to it i hey watched it gradually nnd slowly uncoiling from the ground as tho string wns drawn j there was but one coil left it had reached the top thank gun 1 thank gnul cxchiined the j wife she had hid her face in her hands in silent prayer and tremblingly rejoiced the rope was up i 1 lie iron to which it should lie lastencd was mere all right but would her husband be ablo to make use of them would nit the tenor of the past hour have so unnerved him ns to prevent him j from taking the necessary measures for his safety did not know tho magic influence which her few words hnd exercised over him sho did pot know the strength that the sound of her voice ealm nnd steadfast had filled him with ns if the little thread that carried him the hope of lifo once more had conveyed to him some portion of that faith in gun which nothing ever destroyed or shook iu her true heart she did not know that 1 a he waited there tho words came over hiiu why nrt thou cast down o my soul and whyi art thou disriuictcd within inc hope thou in gou she lifted up her heart to gon for hopo and strength she could do nothing more for her husband and her heart turned to god nnd rested on him ns on a rock there was n grcnt shout hes safe mother hes safe cried little tom thoust saved me mary said her husband folding her in his arms but what nils thee thou seemst more sorry than clad about it b t mary could not speak and if the strong arm of her husband had not held her up sho would havo fallen to tlio ground the sudden joy after such great fear had overcomo her tom said his father let thy mothcr lean on thy shoulder nnd wo will tako her home they poured forth their thanks to gon for ii is great goodness and their happy life together felt dear er nnd holier for the peril it had been in nnd for the nearness that the dntifor routrht thein unto fjod and tho holiday next day was it not in i i i i i o i i t i r deed a thanksgiving day eiujlish us maya from th

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leavenworth not 21 tbe state of affairs in lion and bourbon counties kansas cause much talk and speculation here many rumors are afloat in regard to montgomerys movements various reports say that he has tbree or four bun dred men fully armed and is threatening tbe lives and properly of pro slavery men in tbat vicinity lbe citizen or tort scott are reported expeo 104 anttoi an i were removing their good and chattels nothing bad transpired up to three 0 clock on monday morning warsaw mo nov 21 a messenger reached bere this morning bringing tbe following dis patch which baa been forwarded to the adminis ration at washington cmnton mo nov 21 tbe abolitionist with arms newly imported from boston or the east nnder tbe command of capt montgomery numbering irom jul to 5uu and increasing numbers have attacked fort scott kansas bro ken up the court compelling myself and tbe offi cers of ibe united slates district court to fly for our lives they have taken the towns on the mis souri lines tbe fort scot land office do tbey intend 10 invaae juissoun signed j williams u s judge of tbe 3i jjdiciul district of kansas territory a military company will be organized in this city to morrow to aid in tse suppression of this outbreak at a meeting of tbe citizens of clinton henry county mo it was resolved to raise a volunteer company to defend their homes and if nec essary tbe western borders of tbe state and committee was appointed to wail 00 tbe governor of missouri and lay the facts before bim and re quest a supply of arms tbe following letter bis been addressed to gov stuart clinton mo nov 21 18c0 sis 1 i am bere to inform tbe citizens of this plaoa of tbe follow ing fasts and i have been requested to present them to you as qorornor 0 the state 1 the abo litionists tnder tbe command of montgomery and doctor jennison to tbe number of 300 to 500 armed with sbarpee rifles dragoon sabrea navy revolver and bowie kaivci have suddenly eom roenced a war of extreme ferocity on law abiding itiicoe of souther kansas ia tbe countiet of on n to ol is linn and uouibon those arms arrived by tho wngnn lmj t or nenr mound cily about one month since in boxes marked donations for thr kansas suflvrcrs they are all new montgome tf has been in boston during part of the summer and returned wih plenty of money to enlist re cruits many of bis men are newly imported lie hue taken possession of fort scott and othei towns on the border near the missouri line he bag murdered mr moore a grand juror mr harrison mr samuel scott mr hinds and obli ged all of lie united states oflicors inoluding myself to fly for our lives ilia own expressed design ia a publio speech as be said without ooncealmont is to keep possession of fort scott and other places near tbe mis souri line to prevent a fire in tho rear while be cleaned out southwest mirsouri of slaves so far be has carried out literally his declared pro gramme the citison of missouri on the osage and mer niahon rivers in bates and vernon counties are flying from their house into the interior he boasts that he has money and arm to sustain and equip one thousand men my court was broken np by them tbe united states court for tbe southern district and i sus pect that they have seised tbe records and also tbe records of the land office a he publicly de dared he would do so yours ac j williams u s district judge of the 3d judicial district of kanaas territory kansas cut nov 21 u s marshal p t colby and party of kansas territory arrived here tbia evening they left fort scott on monday last and bring tbe following particulars relative to the operation of montgomery and his men u s judge william and tbe officers of tbe court were obliged to flee to missouri fearing an attaok samuel soott of linn county was taken from bis house on the morning of the 18th ioet and bung many prominent citizens have been arres ted but lhe r fato is yet unknown reynolds co of fort scott crawford co of chatoaus trading post and other men bants of tbe territory are removing their gooda to missouri tbe road are lined with team leaving tbe territory mr huffnagle postmaster at mapleton was ar rested aad threatened with hanging but suoceeded in making his escape kansas cut nov 21 p si rumor are in circulation bere of the burning of fort scott but they are not generally credited

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d mr lovejoy of iii took the floor and said the house had been engaged m giving the death blow to polygamy by the philadelphia platform tbo republican party stand pledged as far as the federal government has the power to extricate that other twin relic of the barbarian slavery in tho territories he wanted to s e them both strangled and go down together mr lovejoy warming up with his subject pnssed from hisscat to the area in front of the clerks desk in full view of all the members and spoke iu a loud tone with emphasis and earnest gesticulation airainst the ground on which it was sought justify slavery because the creatures are poor and the strong havo a power to oppress the weak the rich oppress the poor the spirit of slavcholding being the spirit of the devil c mr pryor said the gentleman from illinois hud no right to shake his fist at gentlemen on his side it was bad cnonarh to stand in his own place there and talk his treason and insolonce mr barksdule let him keen on his own side of the house the confusion soon became general and the members began to press in the area mr cox said the gentleman from illinois ought to speak from his seat mr rryor let him stand there nnd talk be stian t come on tins side or the hall mr arksdale was seen shaking his cane and in the wildest of the confusion was heard to say rascal as applied to mr lovejoy mr adrian ns if to qniet the tumult said the gentleman could speak from his seat the chairman mr washburn of me vain rapped to restore order mr adrian in a conciliatory tone sun posed nobody wanted to intimidate the gentleman mr pryor no one wanted to intimidate him mr lovejoy nobody can intimidate me many republicans now crowded around mr lovejoy who exclaimed to them oh im safe enough i mr burnett elevating bis voice above the dm said the rules require the gentle man to speak from bis seut he must and shall do it i he shall not shake his fist to gentlemen on this side in a menacing man ner the chairman called loudly for the ser geant at arras as if to attend to mr bur nett who said you may call the sergeant arms but the members shall not do it 1 he glittering mace of the seargeant at arms did not quiet tho disorder mr kellogg of iii came to the support or lus colleague saying he should not commit a breach of the rules but that he should have bis rights a general light at one time seemed im minent and the wildest excitement prevailed the speaker was called in to resume bis seat when the chairman reported that the committee rose owing to the disorder finally comparative qniet was restored mr sherman said we aro iu good order now this was succeeded by a burst of laughter the house then again went iuto the committee of the whole mr lovejoy took tho stand at the clerks desk and resumed his remarks he spoke about northern christian women who went the south to prevent the people there from returning to barbarism mr singleton said that he would not allow such insinuations on southern women pass if the members persisted in that course of remarks lie would hold him personally responsible mr lovejoy said that in tho 4 000 000 slaves there was not one legal husband father wife or child and spoke about a presbyterian elder down south having the gospel whipped into him with a broadside of band saw and of a girl in this city being whipped until the blood curuo out of her nostrils and sent to the garret to die he had sworn to support the constitution because he loved it but he did not interpret in the way southern men did mr benham you violate it mr ashraore aud perjure yourself j mr singleton and are a negro thief into the bargain mr barksdale i hold no parley with a perjured negro mr lovejoy said when daniel webster spoke of the imposition of austria on hungary he remarked that the earthquake and tornado have powers aod the thunder has power but greater than these was the power of public opinion and before this he proposed to arraign austria he lovejoy proposed to bold up to the retribution of public sentiment slavcholding in all its atrocity and bideousness just as gentlemen had here polygamy public sentiment will burn and scour out slavery the proper way is by the action of the slave states themselves he bad endorsed the helper book because he wanted to do it lie did so without asking the gentleman from missouri or anybody else you shed the blood of my brother twenty years ago and am here tree to speak my mind the republican party would spring np in kentucky and gentlemen now here would find themselves displaced by mere moderate and if it were not offensive be would add more sensible men he wanted to say in charleston what he could here mr benham you had better try it mr lovejoy i can go to england and there discuss the question of church and state or any other british institution but i go into the slave slates and talk against slavery where is my protection mr miller tan yon go to england and incite the laboring classes to assassinate the queen f mr lovejoy 1 dont mean to do that claim the right to discuss slavery everywhere under the stars aod stripes i claim i demand ft mr bwibam we want joa to assert it mr lovejoy whsn yoa call us small farmers aod apply other epithets against the working i people of the j ortb we dont harm yoa if a mechanic from peoosylva l wore to go sootb ad fpeak about ths kwnerica superiority of white labor ho wonld bo held morally vesponsible yoa would strip him and scourge him by the hand of a slave and perhaps tar and feather him mr barksdale the meanest negro in the south is your superior cries of order from the republican side mr lovejoy in speaking of john brown said he wouuld not curso him he would pour no execrations upon old john brown ir v ji i v lie conucmnca wuat ne i nrowni did lie disapproved of his acts he bclieved bow ever that bis purpose was a good one and his motives honest and truthful john brown stood bead and shoulders above any man here until he was strangled any law to enslave man was as an estrangement among pirates to distribute the spoils by what right do yon of the sonth get together and enact laws that i or my child red should be yonr slaves every slave has a right to run away in spite of yonr laws and to fight himself away were be love joy a slave and were it necessary to achieve his freedom be wonld not hesitate to fill op the chasm and brl lee it with the slain he loved the sonth a voice we dont love yon mr lovejoys so it was with the saviour they dint love him flanzbter gentlemen who talked of dissolving the union conld not do it any more than they could stop the shining of the sun virginia instead of sheeps gray should clothe herself in sackcloth and hes on account of slavery and ought to drink the waters of bitterness mr martin of va if yoo will come into virginia we will bang you higher than we did john brown mr lovejoy no doubt of it the committee rose and then the koafb adjourned s

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governors message fellow citizens of the senate j1 m llovre of jlrjirttfntnlkcii at the cnmmen rivr nt of your rvgalar sos on a yexr go 1 transmitted to yon in obedience lo the constitution a full exposition of the general condition of the statu toother with such recommendation tn repert lo legislation as the public pood seemed to me to rcquirw in thit communication i endeavored to oi in a clear lijrht iho uif ri ul progress tlio material resourrcs and the financial strength of tior gnat commonwealth it ecm not liuip liroiiriaie now before proceeding to more spe cial etutcmetils and particular suggestions to submit lo you some general views of our sociul condition as cfivitcd by oilier elements thau those to which i then invited your attention seventy one year sgo what is now ohio was tmbrokcu wilderness seventy years ngo the work of american civilization wilhin her limits was just br gnn by the settlements at marietta and cincinnati fifty four years ago she became a state of tho american union llcrsnb cquciit sociul progress has been a sublime triumph tu duy a powerful commonwcullh numbering nearly two millions and a half of people exists upon ncr soil with unsurpassed energies rcrrmrccs nger cies of devclopement and means of happiness from the emiuence already reached we survey with confident reliance upon the favor of divine providence and the inspiration of frco institutions the loftier heights yet to be obtained rromident among the elements which determine sociul condition is tho nuincrcial advance or decline of population the rate and character of this movement in the absence of a cen rias most be gathered from the number of marriages of births of deaths of imniiprtnts of emigrants and of new inhabitants for ascertaining the number of these with reasonable certainty sufficient means are applied by state and federal legislation according to the estimate of the commissioner of statistics tho marriages io ohio during i808 were 21 000 tho deaths 45 000 the births 80 000 the natumli ntions 5 000 the acw structures 10 000 the inerrnse by births according to thin estimate is 35 000 annually and the yearly immigration from foreign countries and other states is esti mated to exceed tho yearly emnngration by 20 coo giving ad aggregate increase of 53 000 an dlv or 440 000 in eieht years the new structures allowing six persous for each indi cate nearly tho same rate progress i lie popu lation of ohio in 1850 wus 1 080 329 aud is now if the estimate just referred to be correct 2 420 329 tho foremost concern of an intelligent and rtrcrerous dcodis is public instruction the mind of every community is the motive power of its advancement sad the measure of its ed catioo is practically the measure of production and of all substantial progress la unio ine constitution wisely requires the general assembly to secure a thorough aud efficient system of common schools throughout the state the honor of the bret act in fulfillment of the duty thus enjoined belongs to the legislature ol 1852 3 that legislature re organized common school educntiou iu ohio ildoes not at all delruct from the honor justly joe lo if to say that much has been done by previous legislation and by the intelligent and zcaluus labors of the first state superintendent and the state teachers association to prepare the way for the comprehensive and beuescent measure then adopted under which the common schools ol ohio have attained their present stats of excellence and uaululuesa a brief comparison between hie condition of trr common schools the year before this enactment and at the present time will illustrate iu fenma tltirrpa its nannv effects the number of common schools in 1853 was 984 iu 1858 12 500 the number of youths over five years or agtf and under twentv oue enameraterf in 1853 was 806 782 iu 1858 643 640 the youths enrolled as attending school in 1853 were 358 4l7f io 1858 609 343 the average number tdtty attendance in 1853 was 271 196 in 1658 3o5 8c3 the number of teacher employed in 1s53 was 13 564 in 1858 19 873 the amount paid to teachers in 1853 was 800 1jsi1a t 1ueu ctl o t1 nn f school houses in 1853 was 6 850 in 1858 10 497 the value of school houses in 1853 was es timated at 82 000 000 in 1858 at 3 846 420 these figures exhibit a gratifying progre su bat they by no means fnrnhsb a complete view f our educational condition there has bees a constant and rapid progress which figures eannot measure the character and condition of our school houses and school rooms has been greatly bettered the stnudurd of qualification for teachers advanced the methods of teachiug improved the rauge and scope of instruction enlarged and the results iu acquisition and capacity largely angmented a great educational work is prosecuted also outside of the common schools the colleges and female seminaries iu the state send forth yearly numerous young men and women to take op a carry forward in its various departments the work of moral sociul and political improvement during the past year i attended the commencements of as many of the colleges as was practicable a was gratified to observe the snarked ability and proficiency displayed by the graduates itwto be regretted that the requirements for admission and the coarse of instruction vary so greatly iu these colleges and seminaries and i would suggest the expediency of establishing by law some classification of these institutions and some educational standards to which universities colleges and seminaries shall be required respectively to conform in the admission instruction and graduation of students as conditions at incoryoratioo iksateff rhese colleges and seminaries there are many schools corresponding in general character with our cemmou schools but sustained by denominational or private resources in which large number of youths receive in stntcfion i regret that i have bo means of ascertaining the number of these various educational institutions the number of their teachers students or pupils or their schemes of instruction or their results and i respectfully suggest the expediency of such legislation as will secare the collection of this information so essential to a fiitl understanding of the condition of our population iu this important respect it will not escape your observation that while the actual pro ress and coudition of our common schools may well gratify and encourage the friends of popular education there yet remains a work to be accomplished which im poses crave responsibilities and must needs ex cite earnest solitude the whole number of youlu of the school age as las been already slated is fc43 540 while the number enrolled is 609 343 making the namber not enrolled 234 4 7 the disparity between the whole number and the oarobor 9 55 863 tn daily attendance is more striking the difference is 435 977 making every allowance for the number taught in private or denominational schools there mast till remain a considerable number who do not attend any school at all white ol utoso who do not absent themselves altogether a very large properties attend so irregularly r cur sen brief i i i t f it perious mai itmy aariru uutre ucircai mm next to this absenteeism he most serions liiodrance to the rroeoerity of the common schools

8592:8845:22223:22049:26088:20934:3510:4409

http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/data/batches/batch_ohi_guildenstern_ver01/data/sn83035216/00280775150/1860081101

i bm not aware that the snpporters of mr breckenridge attempt any concealment to his designs in case of bis success if they should desire to resort to prevarication they lave placed it entirely without their power by the frankness and boldness and had almost said the recklessness of their declarations he has been brought forth prominently alike in speech and plutform the achilles of the armies of the sonth and as the determined foe of free soil free free speech and free men he stands upon no single democratic sentiment unless indeed what were regarded by all statesmen within the last fifteen years as the pretentious heresies of john c cnlhonn be regarded he so reads the teachings of the sages of the past and tbeir primary law as to make it fruitless to attempt an exclusion of bis peculiar and favorite institution from the organized territories and so as to make it indispensable thut congress courts and presidents should exercise all their ingenuity and all their powers to fortify and sustain it there legislative action is to be invoked judicial decrees had txcecutive fiats pronounced navies equipped and armies marshaled to exclude forever settler therefrom who will bow down before the black god of his idolutrous worship i appeal to you freemen to know whether this is the democracy of jefferson mudison monroe and jackson i appeal to you to know whether you have ever found anything ia the annals of parties so insulting to the under standing until within the lifetime of the youth who has not yet reached his majori i appeal to you to know w hether the honesty intelligence and unmixed blood of offspring of northern mothers can ever accept an excuse tor those who would en deavor to fasten such a ruler upon us lut may congratulate ourselves that even official zeal cun perceive no chance for mr breckeuride 8 election if there lias ever been any the recent stump speech of mr buchanan wpuld lmve effectually disposed it no amount of popularity would be able to stand against the encbuiums of such advocate jlis midnight appeal can only be accounted for by supposing the old public functionary was unable to obliterate his animosities towards the young gentleman of kentucky and that his welj known craft suggested a speech as the reodiest and least offensive means of destruction such suggestions are tbe more reasonable as it is not to be imagined that aged tenant of the white house should a moment believe after the investigations which have been had and the exposures which have been made such testimony as tie volunteered could be otherwise than ruinous to any ouso the daring evinced by him on the occasion was only equalled by his lack of self respect and his utter disregard of the circumstances by which be was surroucded and which should have restrained bim whatever conclusions may be drawn of my estimate of mr breckenridges character os a politician i can only say that my efteeni for him is profound when brought into comparison with that which entertain for his democratic competitor there are few if any living men concern ing whom more has been said and less really kuown than stephen a douglas illinois thore aio thousands by fur too many thousands now sustaining him under the mistfktju ana uulnsiv idea that is directing his efforts to counteract the diana of the southern democracy tbi a frightful bnllucinbtion bot the natural one when we take into consideration aao humiliating fact that all that devotion could do has been done by those surrounding his person to distort a true record and staror a counterfeit character for him tbo public mind viewing hira at one the most unsafe and treacherous of lend era you will pardon mo pertaiu statcmeuts which it now seems necessary shouhl be made end the correctness of which pre sume will not be impugned i have not vet forsotten when in the winter of 855 6 during the first session of tbo thir congress the residents of kan it a las assevoraung mat tne caruinai principle of the kansas nebraska act bad been wantonly aod wickedly nullified that fraud and violence concocteti in me uiue ioages missouri had ipvaded their tomes and imposed a foreign rulq upon then for ht purpose of forcing upon them institutions which they abhorred aod invoking the in urpooltlo of codgresi 1 their behalf the to in if he in to of sh eps it iu prided father of untrammelled populai sovereignty lnrned his back upon his vio lated child and closed his ears as in death to complaints of outrage almost without aparallcll in the civilization of the conn try lheso despoiled pioneer bo had taken np their abodes in the territory under the most solemn guarantees of self government only asked to prove their accusation and to be relieved from repres sion iu ouier words they lectured they hnd never been able to enjoy self government that they were ruled by invndors and demanded the sovereignty conferred bv law opon them mr douglas should have been the first man to fly to their relief and if he hod been as completely acaicaiea to mo principles or his bill some would make os believe he would have nrged investigation and carried it so far from having done so he put himself in the lead cf those senators most hostile to an exposition and become the mere mouthpiece advocate and apologist of thoso engaged iu the work of forcing shiver upon nn unwilling people he enjoyed ut that time the full confidence of the south and his democracy was orthodox because he was loyal to his task masters willing to do buttle for their most extravagant demands ho was then chairman of the committee on territories and i call at teat ion to his report as such made march 12 1856 as conclusive upon the noint i have stated in that paper he could find nothing to say against foreign conspiracies invnde the soil of kansas and control elections but he hud much to offer in con demnation of eastern associations to encourage removal thither he could discover irregularities in the return of mr whit beld the pro slavery delegate to the house representatives but he clearly discerned that the territorial legislature ws a legally elected body with perfect authority enact the rnost cruel and arbitrary slave codes and that the complaints of fraud and force were gotten up merely to atimn lato and excite northern emigration at the time of which i speak there was no one congress or out of congress iu office or out of office who exerted himself more un tiringly to perpetuate that reign of terror inaugurated to insure the admission of kansas into the union as a slave state i fear there arc many now bearing up the banner inscribed with the name of this senator who have never understood or who havn forgotten this tarnished page of his history there has eve been a more determined foe to the growth or freedom iu kansas to the principles of the nebraska kan bill than stephen a douglas lie has atjle to keep himself very much under cover it is gratifying however to make a single remark in his favor it is this that seems as willing as the most ardent of his friends to divert attention from this period in his career i am not aware that cither essay or address he lias ventured recur to it j but on the contrary he seems disposed to treat it as a blank in his life whilst these proceedings where progress ing iu tbe senate the other branch of congress carried resolutions of investigation under close division of parties and sent a se lect committee to the territory the conse quence was such nn exposure as satisfied the country not only ot t lie trtun or everything charged but of existing conspiracies beyound anything that hail beeu imagined the published evidence effectually revealed tho intentions of the fcoutn anu mnae a deep impression upon the north it was then established thnt neither law nor proprieties were to be allowed to stand in the way of slavery extension ana we are almost driven to the conclusion that tho re peal of the missouri restriction was but a part of the general and well matured ptau operations at the head of which stood the selr crowned cluer ot popular territorial government mr douglas term of office was now approaching its close it is not unlikelv that a desire for re election and a knowledge of the conviction forced upon bis state by the examination alluded to induced him to look with different eyes upon kansas and created anxiety on his part to take up tho cause of her robbed nod wretched people i cannot certainly say how this may have been 1 only state a suuaen nna miruculous change came over him for n while beseemed to glory in the naino of rebel he opposed the admission of kansas under the lecompton constition with seeming seriousuess and then announ ced his determination to vole for the greater liauitv the english bdl it was then tho honored nud heroic harris who now in death shed tears of anguish and give utterance to ins uespair over tins a a sell s ll again the vail has been cnretuny nnucioseiy drawn by the guardians of mr donglus fume his admirers have acted wisely as has prevented doubtless many unpleasant surmises and suggestions to that boldest nd truest and greatest of all tho warriors the battle for the right david c broder ick is mr douglas indebted fjr his rescue from a whirlpool which would certainly hare cngulphed him from a stain which would have obliterated his heroism in connection with the cause to which he had so ostentatiously professed to devote himself i withhold t be words in which the scathing rebuke was clothed and yet this noblest and most sclf sttcrifioing of men mr douglai protector the martyr to truth wherin the fuluess of bis heart and on his dying conchr exclaimed they have killed me they have murderd me because i was opposed to the extension of slavery and a corrupt administration upon his retarn home and in the hour of his sternest trial when fighting like spartacus upon hie bended knees against tbe peusioned hordes of the present dynasty and at e time when be hadja right to expect all possible aid from tbe man whose iuterest he had made bis own fouud all the sympathies of mr douglas exteudod to his opponents and himself treated as an enemy aud an offcast if we would respect the memory of broderlck we can never support douglas it would be a mark of baseness and servility if ever there was a troe son of the north luhumaiily broken in apint and who had reason to exclaim save roe from my friends that man waa david c broderick owpnen a vou kma out ftisohno ed the duty be sacredly owed him be would have gained a victory for freedom in pfillfornia a would to day in my win irtn hfiiivlufr inthej land and acknowledg ed m 6nef the foremoti men in 1 tbe te i lu of i it so to i i ptiolic he laid dwo his life to attest his sincerity many who professed to idve him win in wild revel and reckless exultation ntter the name of him who bonld not find t mo or opportnnityjo apeak word in eulogy over tho grave of ihe depnrted votary inscribe the name cf broderick in fiery characters 0on your banners ho wn your champion and yon at least can i fiord te do him justice lie rests in peace on the height of the proud city of the pacifif where no ingratitude can longer wound him relieved from tho warfare between heart less factions and where his nshes will remain an eternal memento of bis faith and his confidence in the ultimate triumph of a down troden humanity these references have been made for a single purpose to satisfy if doubts exist thnt in the great struggle between iho sooth and the north to secure tho long lost equality of the latter mr donglus is against us should more recent evidences be demnnded then let nn examination be made nf the covgreisimal glite containing the ballots for speaker nnd clerk during the last session of the house of repre sentatives ascertain what the actions of ihe illinois wisconsin and northwestern democracy was during the protracted con test for on organization every vote that mr douglas could influence was invariably cast for such candidate as thri south nre sented including those of tho most extreme and revolutionary character he could afford no assistance to any one not recog nized by the propagandists as orthodox npon questions which concerned them and very well remember when the name of col forney was mentioned in connection with the office he now occupies and late was to be decided how diligently the great advocate of popular sovereign ty labored for bis defeat every devotee mr douglas voting against him with ono exception mr morris of illinois in whom i have very great confidence declined to vote at all col forney who never hesitated to advance the fortunes of mr douglas when he could propeily do so was elected in spile cf mr douglas col forney i presume was not endorsed by the democracy who swear by the peculiar institution others may choose to forget all this and i will not criminate them for doing so but i promise never to forget it am for my friends and against thoso who oppo o my friends if i am wrong in this let charity be extended to me 1 cuunot help it i havo laid all i desiro to sny of the representatives of tho two democracies there is a preference 1 between them tbe one is out spoken and evident the other is concealed and tricky of the two i much prefer mr breckinridge and yet i cannot imagine the circumstances under which i could be induced to support him he asserts the supreme court has decided thnt slavery is an existing constitutional institution in all onr territories and thut it is the duty of the government to sustain it where thus legally exists mr douglas contends the courts have not yet so decided but if they shall do so it will then become the duty of all good citizens to respect tho decision and of every branch of the federal government to enforce it with promptness rnd fidelity this is his plutform if federal court has not already given a decision in accordance with the notions of mr breckinridge no one doubts it will do us soon ns the questiou shall be brought distinctly beforo it so at best the only point of disagreement between these rivul candidates is that of time only if ia the language of the resolution adopted by the convention placing mr douglas in nomination and just partly quoted it becomes tho duty of all good citizens to respect nnd of every branch of the federal government enforce a judicial decision determining constitutional existence of slavery in onr territories what becomes of that other theory of mr duiiglas that no matter what the supremo court may decide slavery may be excluded from a territory by unfriendly legislation r those advocating the claims of mr bell would please everybody by promising nothing they compose the purty of extreme faith they stand npon a constitution withont interpretation and npon an endangered union without announcing tho means by which it cun be saved let ns not be deceived there nre but two doctrines between which we can choose when we come to deposit our ballots one is that the constitution favors slavery fully as freedom that neither has advau tage over the other that they must travel together and exist together under equal protection until the territory shall be clothed with state sovereignty nnd that both alike arc natitraal hie other is that the constitution treats slavery as a local municipal institution docs not give to it a single attribute of nationality that it has not an equal status with freedom and that its extension is lo be discourage how shall we act between these opposing views answer the iniquity our lalforing classes deserve all the encouragement and protec tion wo can give them southern stotes men regard them as white slaves let us not surrender them to such mercies as the owner of chattel labor would extend to them out farmers and manufacturers have long been cut off from all the bounties of legislation by tho force of southern prejudice we shnfl enlist on their side our country has suffered moch in the estimation of mankind from our maniiesieu attachment to a system notoriously in contradiction the piiriciples npon which our government was founded considerations of morality expediency and consistency should incline us to do alt that we lawfully may do suve ourselves from lurther imputations slavery within the states stands behind impregnable defences but it holds no char ter to truvel without restraint it has long labored for but has not yet reached a ptv bitton ot absolutism it grasps for empire as it is the only means by which tyranny can ever save itself oiir danger is iuimi nent but we can yet overcome it if we allow renson rather than prejudice to hape our efforts democracy as now interpreted by those loudest in the profession of it and almost inouopollzing its name no longer means tho wilt ftf the mnjoriiy it contt mns the masses holds no association wall labor n i fr no word of encouragement to the poor its brbfessl nd must soonfuj to bfessious arq nnposiurer fleeeire it has ue ome wor e than the ally of ifavery it is it pliant end prostituted tool wisdom nnd propriety must alike repudiate it unless speedily regenerated onr true policy ts tlmt of resistance to the extravagant and nnronstitntiona mauds of the sooth we can only make ii effectual in one way by the support of iur iiicoifi ne is jioiiest and capable and attached to the principles of the constitution and his election will assign limit to sectional oligarchy and moke labor honorable and remunerative the question in its true aspect is not as to which candidate should be elected by the people it i this shall mr lincoln be elected the one hundred and twenty electoral votes of the south will bo divided mainly if not exclusively between mr bell and mr breckinridge and their support will be almost if not entirely confin d ta t imt section such effective force as mr douglas may possess is in the north but his most mngnine friends admit not only that his electin is impossible bnt that he cannot carry over two or three states the body of tholnorthern vote will be given to mr lincoln mr douglas supporters can do nothing for him the only significant re sult they can possibly produce will be to withdraw enough strength from mr lincoln to throw the election into the house this done nnd lane would certainly be cnosen iy the rjenate toe condition of parties in the nonse being such as to prevent a majority of the states arrreeine to cither of the candidates resting on these admissions tor they are accepted universally we discover thatevery vote given to mr douglas must tend to the elevation of lane who possessing neither educatien experience nor executiveabiliiy has been selected tq enable the south to make tha roost out of nu accident ju case it shall occur to dut lane lane is npostacy to the iorth rihdfn jrjrouching fawning subserriency to thesoath need riof be attempted by the most ambitions iir that tine not even by a federal ooiee liolder even til could believe that the leopard could change his spots and mr douglas dvi tbe north justice i would not sustain unit under the circum stances which surround us and amid tbe perils which now envirou us r

13498:11178:23307:7760:7677:12376:6577:21231

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on thie floor declara iona ef opinion that tbe ualon ceald ever be dissolved than the dealarelioa of opui un by anybody that ia any case ender the prtsiure of any cireumatancee each a dissolution was pvsdible i bear olik distress snd sngiiwh the wwrd seceseiosi especially when i falis frim thy lip ef thoe who era palriutie and knuwn to the eouowy sad kiwao s i over the world for itieir potilioal aervxe si cession pd cesble eeeeeeionf sir y lur eyes and mine are ne et destlaedl t i see that miracle tae diameaabaeeieai of this vast country without eoafulson the breaking up of the fountaiae ef the great deep without ruffling the surface who is so fun iaj i beg everybodys par don se to exp el to see any such thing sir he who sees these ststee aow revolving in hsnnuny round e eommiia center and ixpecta to see hum quit ibeir piste and a off wiihou eonvu eiou my loskthe next hour in see the beaveuiy bodice rush irom their spheres snd jostle agaiuet eaesj other iu the realma of space wiihouteaaaiag the wreck of th unlvarae there eea be no such thin as a peaceable eeceeaioa pesceable secession is an alter impossibility is the great constitution under wbioh we live covering in s whole country isle be thawed and melted away by secession a lbs snows un the mountain melt under the influence of a veri al run disappear aimoai unobserved and run off no air nu sir i will not siat what might produce the disruption of tbe union but sir i see s a plainly as i se the sua ia heaves what thai disruption itself must prodtsee i see thai il ma t pruduoe war aad socu a war as i will nut describe ia ita twofold character peaceable seceasion peaceable eeoaw sion tb concurrent agreement ed all she member of this great republic to separated a voluntary orparalion with alimony en tha one side and on the other wby what would be ihe result where ia tbe line fo as drawn what statss are to secede i what is to remain in america what am i lo be an american nu longerl am i lo become a sectional man a local man a eeparaitet with no cuantry in common with tbe gentle niau wbo sit around me here or who fi tha other house of dairies heaven forbid i where is tbe flag it ti e republic lo reeaial where is the eagle still to lower or ie he to sower anal ehetnk aad all lov ibe ground wby air ourancearors oar fathere and our gjsndfathere tbose of then that sre ret living amongat ua with prolonged livee wuuldj rebuke and reproach us ea our children and our grand childraa would cry out shsme upua ue if we of tbia generation should dishonor these esslgns af the power of the government and ihe harmony of that union which ie every day felt among us will so much joy and gratitude five

19808:5274:23847:18720:22075:1269:20144:22422

http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/data/batches/batch_ohi_feste_ver01/data/sn85026241/00280775381/1859011301

commeneegienf ofjpur regular es k year agoitlransmitiei to o 4n obedience w q6 constitutiab a foil tjpo it itiooof tks etie londitioirof the st hi togetbe with aucljfecommendations jare pect to legislation as the public good wtmmawwmuieiisni 4 1 1 ttatob njunicaaon endeavored fc clmrhghtthe indiruria progresa ebitertafre8owcesi ndftievioiqctal iwrer fta mf omr reat commonvraajth it aems not inappropriate now 1 before pro v eecding to more cpecial stfttementt a ad par ticularsugg ions to submit to you some pssjeral view of our social condition as tfeeted by other elements thai those to 7t3cst tbtttbiviied yonrmttieaiiioa ijevenryone years ago what is now ohio j was nabrokta wiulerees st vecfy years ag tbe work 6f amercao civilirtron tth ber limits was just degnsj ay the ettle four years gazabo beeaate a state el the americanvntun fiersubsequent social progmm lias urea a subliiue triumpb to day a powerful coniaivnwealih numbering iwarly two miilions and a half of people exists upon jier eoil ub unsurpassed ener r gies reaestsce agencies oi aeveiopmeni sod means ft hapoiaees from tbe pmi bence already reached we turvey with con eden t reliance jupoa tbe favor of divine providence and the inspiration of fre tn elitutions the loftier heights yet to be at tatbeswj tt it u prominent among the elements which drterasiim social condition ia the numerical advance or decline of populatmn the rate and character of this movement in the ab t aeoce of census must be gathered from the bomber of tnarriage of births of deaths of immigiants of emigrants and of new jiabitatitoos tor jiscerliiuing the number h n j j tr auppued by state and fcderalj r letfi slat fun according to hn estimates 6f the cvamnisaioher f istalistic the mari h ages in ohio during 1858 were 34 000 the deauik 45 000 the births 80 000 the naturalizations 000 tbe iit w s ruclures 10 000 jiie increnn f y birth according to this ealimato w 35 000 abiiuolly aud tbe yearly immigration ir iin tpreign countries and othef 8 tn m entimau d to exceed the yearly emigration by 20 000 giving an aggre gatelnerease of 55 009 aoirtially or 440 000 ia ight years the new structures allowing six persons for each indicate nearly the same rate of progress the population of ohio in j850 1 980 329 aud is howr if he estimate just referred to be eorrecwa 4iijt339 r v v s r r r r r r t t iip muuu wt every caniiuuuiiy mina iwdwi power off tat advancement and te measortt eoucaion is pracurany me measure bl prfldilctiort and of all substantial progress ohio the constitution wisely requires i the venera assembly to eecnte a thorough arid efficient system of common schools tbrotighcfii the state the honor of the first act in fulfillment of the duty thus ee joined aelong to tbe legia ature ot 1853 3 tha slegiv rrbitei j school education in ohio it does not at all detract from t p honor jwtly due to it io say that much bat been done by previous legislation by the ilitelligent and zealous labors pf ibe first state superintendent and the btste teachert association to prepare the wy f f the comprehensive and bene ficieot measure then adopted under which tbe common schoos of ohio have attained theirjiresent 8ta e if excellence and use iuiness v vt a brief compsrison wtween thv condi tioa of our common school thwyear before tbi enactment and at the present tims will ilustrate in some degree its happy effe cts the number of cjojmo i schools in 1ss was 984 a 1858fi00 the number youths over five yean of age and under iwentyroi vmiraerated lr 1853 was 806 782f irr t858 843 840 he youth enrolled as attending school in 1853 were 358 417 in 1858 609 343 tbe average number in d iily attendance 1s53 wn j 271 l96y tn 1858 365 36l the owilmrof tenehers employed in 1853 was 13 564 in 1858 19 873 the amount oaid teachers in 1853 was 8800 145 00 in 1858 5l 975 832 the num ber of school houses in 1833 wss 6 850 in 1858 10 497 the value of school houses in 1853 was estimated at 2 000 000 in 1858 at 3 846 420 j v these figures exhibit a gratifying progress but tbey by no means furnish a compleu view of our educational condition 7 there has been s constant and rapid pro gress whih figures cannot ineiisuj e the character and condition of otir school houses and sebool roomshas been greatly beftered the standard of qualification tor teachers advanced in methods of teaching imprwed the rangana scope ol instruction enlarged and the rraatu in acquisition and capaeiry largely augmented a great htfcatioaal work is prosecuted also ojitside aftlie comnsoa schouja the college ind female semiflariebjn the state jsead forth yearly numerous yeung lnenartdwofien to take up and carry forward in its various departments the wuik of moral social and political iinprovtment duritig jha past yeur i atiended lhe com men aetna iff as maoy of the colleges as was practicable and was gratified to observe the marked ability and proficiency displayed by the graduates i j it is tobe regretted that the requirements for admission and ibe course of instruction j vary so greatly in these colleges and armi nariesupd would suggest the expediency of establishing by law some class fiiati n of these iisituklons and some educational standards fo which universities colleges pnd seoiibariea ahall bs reqoirad respestively toeoatbrmjin the sdmisswv instruction and graduation of studentsves conditio ps of incorporation 5 fc t t fcl besides ibesa colleges and seniiaariea there are many schools corresponding in general character witb our common schools but sustained by denominational or private resources in which a large number of youth receive instruction i regret that i bava no means of ascer taming tne numoer oi toese various eduea tional institution lbs number x their eachen student or pupils or their schemes

26826:1664:26898:9351:16244:1111:13509:19992

http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/data/batches/batch_ohi_feste_ver01/data/sn85026241/0028077537A/1855032201

that earh of the urvi ving coininiionc nd non cotnniissionej of j cettti mnilclcni and privates whether of regulsrs uluntsers rangers or mililis who were regularly mustered into the service of lh coiled mates ind every effi er csinmis aiond and non caininiiiioned sesinan ordinary aeaman inanue clerk and landsman in the navy in cny 4sf the wa in which this country lias been engaged since 171 0 ind each of the survivors of the militia or volunteer or state troops of any state or territory called into military ervic and regularly tnuitered therein nd whose set vices have been paid ly th united states shall he entitled to receive c cerlificite or warrant frcm lh depertment of the interior for one hundred and sixty acres of land ind where any of those who hate been io mustered into service ind paid shall hav received certificate or warrant b hall be entitled to certificate or warrant for auch quantity of land ii will muke in the whole with wlut he mey have hcrctufure received one hundred md ixty icrei tc each such person having serv 1 ed ce cfsreicid provided the person so having been in service hall not receive aaid lind warrant if it shall a pp m by the muater roll of his regiment or corps that he deserted ur was diehonurably discharged from aervice provided further that the bc defiu oflhi i section shall bo held to extend to wagon j matter and teamslera who may have bun i j employed under the di cclion of competent lulhority in the timeaf war iu the transpor uiion of military atere and supplie sec 3 and be it further enacted that iu cv of the death ofany pel sun who if living would be entitled to a ceitiflcato or warrant i iforrnid under this set leaving a widow or if no widow a minor child or children such widow or if no widow such minor child or children shall be entitled to receive i a eerti icat or warrant lor th same quantity of land that such deceaaed pen m would be entitled to receive under the provisions of thi oct if now living provided that a ubiequent marriage shall not impair the right of any such widow to sttcr warratit it ahe be widow at the time of making the ip plication and provided further thit thoie ahall be considered minors who are ao at the i time this act shall take effect i sec 3 and be it further cuaetod that i in no se shall any such certificate or war j i rant be issued for any aervice less than four teuu days except where the pcran shall cc in illy have been engaged in the buttle and unleas the party claiming sik h certificat ur warrant shall eitablih his ur her right j hereto by recorded evidence of said service i sec 4 and be it further enacted that said certificate or warrant may be ansignod tranaferrrd and located by the warrantees iln ir assignees or their heirs at uw accord i ing to the provisions of existing itws regu j latingtho assignment transfer and location ol bounty land warrsnts sec 5 and be it further ncted that 1 n warrant issued under the provisions of this net ahall be located on any public lands except sueli as shall ai the lime be subject to ale at either lh minimum or lower graduated price 1 jsecj 6 and be it further enacted that the registers und receivers ol the several j j land otlicea be aeveru ly authorized to charge and receive for their eervicon in locating all warrants under the provisions of this act ithe same c pen oil ion or percentage lo which they no entitled by law for sales of the pub i lie lands lor cosh al lh rate of one dollar and twenty five cente per icrc the laid com j pcnsalion to b paid by the assignees or holders ol such warrants i sec 7 and ba il further enacted that the provisions of this act and ail the bounty land laws heretofore passed by cl0grm shall be extended to indian iu the same manner and lc the same extent aa if the said indians had been white men six 8 and be it further enscted that i the ullirers snd soldiers ol the itevelul ionory i i war or their widow or minor children shall bf entitled o ihe benefit of this act six 9 and be it further enacted that i the bsnetita of this act shall be applied to and 1 embrace tho who served a volunteer at the invasion ef plulteburg in septsmber eighteen hundred and fourteen also at the belli of king mountain in the revolutionary war and the bottle of nickojack igiinit the confederated lavigc of the south sec 10 and be it lurlher enacted that j the piovisions ol this set shill apply to the i chspliini who served wilh the army in the several wars of country sec 1 1 and be it lurlher enacted thit the provisions of this ict be ipplicd to flotilla u and lo those who served as volunlear at the attack on lewittown in deliwue by the british fleet in tho war of eighteen hundred end twelve fifteen the

3033:18890:21930:4383:8920:17856:865:5595

http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/data/batches/batch_ohi_feste_ver01/data/sn85026241/00280775381/1858060301

the childs the perils of the border while reading recently an account of the frightful massacre of several white families by the blackfoot indians we were reminded of a thrilling event which occurred in the wild wr st a short time subsequent to the revolution in which a highly accom plished young lady the daughter of a distin guished officer of the americanarmy played an important part the story being of a most thrilling nature and exhibiting in t striking manner the perils of the border we have concluded to give an extract from it as originally published as follcws jj l be angle on me ngnt bank ot the urea t kanawha formed by its junction with the unto is caned roint neasaot m is a place of historical xote hereiftav hete r irtottrkrd of octdber 1 44 during what is known as lord dunmored war wasjfought ne of the fiercest add msst desperate battles that ever took place between the virginians and their forest foes after tbe battle in question in which the indians were defeated with great loss a fort was here erected by tbe victors which be came a post of great importance throughout tbe sanguinary scenes of strife which al most immediately followed and which in this section of the country were continued for many years after that establishment of peace which acknowledged the unified colonies of america a free and independent nation at the landing of the fort on the day our story opens was fastened a flat boat of the kind used by the early navigates of the western rivers upon the deck ot this boat at lbe mo ment we present the scene to tie reader stood five individuals alike engaged in watching a group of persons nostly fe males who were slowly approaching the landing of these five one was a stout sleek negro in partial livery anl evidently a house or body servant three were boat men and borderers as indicated bv theii rough bronzed visages and coarse attire but tbe fifth was a young manr so ne two ana twenty years ot age ot a nne com manding person and a clear open intelli gent countenance and in the lofty carriage of his head in the gleam of bjs large bright hazel eye there was something that denoted one of superior mind but as we shall have occasion in the course rf our nar rative to fully set forth who and abat eu gene fairfax was we will leave lira for the present and turn to the approachinggroup whom he seemed to be regarding with lively interest of this group composed of a middle aged man and four females with a black female servant following some five or six paces in ual eye would have singled out im rested upon with pleasure the lady io question was apparently about twenty years of age of a slender and graceful rgure and of that peculiar cast of feature which besides be ing beautiful in every lineament rarely fails to affect tbe beholder with something like a charm her traveling costume a fine brown hab it high in tbe neck buttoned closely over the bosom and coming down to ber small pretty feet without trailing on the ground was both neat and becoming and with ber riding cap and its waving ostrich plume set gaily above her flowing curls her appearance contrasted forcibly with the rcugh unpolished looks of thosn of her sex beside her with their linsey bed gowna scarlet dannel petticoats and bleaihed liien caps oh blanche said one of the tiore ven erable of ber female companions pursuing a conversation which had been mtmtained since quitting tbe open fort behind them 1 cannot bear to let you go for it just seems to me as if something were going to happen to you and when 1 feel that way something generally does happen well aunt returned blanche with a light laugh i do not doubt in tbe least that something will happen for i expect one of thee days to reach my dear father and blessed mother and give them such an embrace as is due from a dutiful daughter to her parents and that will be something that has not happened for tvto long years at bast bull dont mean that blanche return ed the ether somewhat petulantly and you just laugh like a gay and thoughtless girl when you ought to be seripns be cause you bave come safe thus far through a partially settled country you think per haps your own pretty face will wa d off danger in the more perilous wilderness but i warn you that a fearful journey e before you scarcely a boat descends the lokia lui a xm t imh mora le peril from the savages that prowl along either shore and some of them tha1 go down freighted with human life are hiard of no more and none ever return to tol the tale but why repeat this to me dear mnt returned blanche with a more scriou air when you know it is my destiny ithcr good or bad to attempt the voyage ey parents have sent for me to join them ii their new home and it is my duty to go to them be the peril what it may you never did know whnt it was t lear pursued the good woman rather proiilv no she repeated turning to the oticrs banche bertrand never did know vhal it was to fear i believe just like ber lather joined in be husband of the matron the brother of bincbcs mother the commander of the statist and the middle aged gentleman men lined as one of the party a true daughter f a true soldier 11 or father colonel lhiip bertrand god bless him for a true hcrt never did seem to know whut it was t tear slid blanche is just like him iy this time the parties had reaped lie boat and the young mill already a senbed iiugoiie lairfax the sccreary of blanches father nt once stepped vrward and in a polite and doferenliul iim ner offered his baiiu to the dilfi roiit femles to assist them on boarjthe bund uiuiuncbe was the lubt to touch bis and ticn but slightly as she sprung quickly and lightly to the deck but a close observe might have delected the slight flush whbh mantled his noble expressive features us his eye for the suiglo uistnnt met hot she mibl liersolf haro seen it perhas she did but there was no corrci pondiiigglow on a her own bright pretty face as she inquired in the calm dignified tone of one having the right to put the question and vho might also have been aware of the inequality of position between herself and him whom she addressed eugene is everything prepared for our departure it will not do for our boat to spring a leak again as it did coming down the kanawha for it will not be safe for us i am told to touch either share between the different forts and trading posts on our route this side of our destination the falls of the ohio no indeed rejoined her aunt quickly it will be as much as your lives are worth to venture a foot from the main current of tbe ohio for news reached us only the other day that many boats had been attacked this spring and several lost with all on ao one feels more concerned about lue safe passage of miss bertrand than myself replied eugene in a deferential tone and sin e our arrival here i have left nothing undone that i thought might possibly add to her security and comfort that is true to my personal knowledge joined in tbe uncle of blanche and i thank you mr fairfax in behalf of my fair kinswoman there will perhaps he pursued be no great danger so long is you keep in the current but your watch must not be neglected for a single moment either night or day and do not i most solemnly charge and warn you under any circumstances or on any pretence whatsoever suffer yourselves to be decoyed to either shore i hope we understand our duty better col

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http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/data/batches/batch_ohi_feste_ver01/data/sn85026241/00280775381/1857070901

the great secret for taming horses the borae castor ia a wart or excrescence which grows on every horses fore legs and generally en the hind legs it haa a pecu liar ranknusty eaell and easily polled off the ammoniac effluvia of the horse seems peculiarly jo concentrate in thia part and jaj very strong odor has a great attraction for all animals especially canine and the horse himself for the oil of cunin the horae has an in atinctive passion both are original natives ot arabia and when the horse scents the odor he is instinctively drawn toward it the oil of rhodium poetesses peculiar propertiea all animals seem to cherish a fondness for it and it exercises kind ol subduing influence over tbem the directions given fur taming horses are aa follows procure some horse castor and grate it fine also get some oil ot rhodium and oil efcumiiu and zrep the three separate in rir tigbt bottles rub a little oil of cumin upon your band and approacn the horse in the field on the xindward tide so that be csn smell the cu tnin the horse will let you come up to him then without any trouble immediately rub yoor hand gently on the nores a nose getting a little of the oil on it toucan then lead bim anywhere give him a little of the castor on a piece of loaf sugar app e or potato put 8 drops of the oil of rhodium into a ladys silver thimble take the thimble be tween the thumb and middle finger of your ngni nana wan me lorenuger stopping the moutb of the tbimbie to prevent the oil from running out whilst you are opening the mouin oi tcedorse as soon as you have opened the horses sroitth tip the thimble over upon his tongue aed he is your sen ant re will folia you like a pet dog ride fearless and promptly with your knee pressed to the side of the horse and yeurtoee turned in and heels out then you will aiwaya oe on me alert for a shy or sheer ma tne norse and be can never throw you then if you want to teach him to lie flown atand on hia nigb or left side have a couple of leather siraps about six feet ion string op hia left leg with one of them round bis neck atrap the other end of it over hia aboulders bold it in your hand and when yog are ready tell him to iie down at the earn time gently firmly and steadily pulling entue strap touching him lightiy with switch the horse will immediately lie down uo this a few times and you can snake him lie down without the straps he is now your ptj il and iridic you can teach him anything only be kind to bim be gentle love him and he will love you feed him before you do yourself shelter him well groom him yourself keep him clean and at night always give bim a good bed little wanderers in the w

8592:8845:22223:22049:26088:20934:3510:4409

http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/data/batches/batch_ohi_feste_ver01/data/sn85026241/00280775393/1860083001

wiutout their power by traaknea end boldeearand i had almost aid the reckleeanesa f tbalr dccurstions lie baabeea pat kanb nrominantly like speech aad platform a the achilla of armiara ec the 8ouui and aa the determined foe of ire aoil irea aeacq and ire man he atand upon ao ii gl dempcaue aentl aint antes ladaed what were regarded ell etateaaxji witwa ha last fifteen year lb pretontyau braie pf john calhoun an d o regard h ao read instc log of th aage of tb paat and aheir primary law aa to make it fruitless to qt temnt nxolulon of bi peculiar and oriu instilutloa from tb original trritona and ao is te make it lqdispsnsbl i f ri a a 16 y a the by aa lav congresses court and president honld exercise all their ingenuity and ill their power lofonlfy and lostsin it there legislative iction is to be invoked judicial decreed had executive flat pronounced oa vie equipped and armies nrahied to exclude forsver rvury aettler therefiom who will now bow down befor the black god el his fdulatroai worship i appeal to yon freemen to know nether this is the demo erscy of jell r son midieoo monroe aad jackson i appesl to you to know whether oo have ever found anytliiii in the annals of partie ao intuiting to tba understanding until within the lifetime of the youth who ba not yet reached hi majority i appeal to you to know whether th honesty intelligence od unmixed blood of the off spring ol northern mother can ever accept an ex bus roy those who would endeavor to fasten such i ruler upon a but we miy congratulate ourselves that even official nal can percelvd net ehanee or mr breckinridge election if there had ever been any ihe teeent stump speech ot mr buchanan would have effectually disposed af it no amount of popularity would be able to atand against the encomium of euch an advocate hie midnight appeal can only be accounted for by auppcaing the old public functionary was unable to obliterate bia animosities to wsrds the young gentleman of kentucky and that hia wall known cralt uggeted a speech aa the readiest and least offensive neana of deatruction such auggeatlona are the more reasonable a it i not to be imagined that tha gaved tenant ef the w hit house abould for a moment believe after the investigation which have been had and the exposure which bsve been made euch tee imony he volunteered could be otherwise thsn ruinous to sny eour the daring evinred by bitn on the occasion waa only equaled by bia lack of aelf reapect and hia utter diarrgard of the eircomstancea by which he wa surrounded and which ahould have restrained him whstever tonclusiona may be drawn aa to my eatlmale of mr breckinridges charac ter as a politician 1 can only say mat my esteem for him is profound when brought into comparison with that which i enter lain for hia democratic competitor there few if any hung men concerning whom more has been said and less really koewn than stephen douglas of llli noia there are thousands by ar loo many thousands now auataining him under the mialaken and delusive idea that he i direct ing hi effort to coenter tct the plan of ihe southern democracy tt ia ia a irightful hallucination but a natural one when we take into consideration the humiliating fact that a i that devotion could do haa been dona br those aurrounding bia parson to diatorl a true record and to atamp a coun terfeit character for mm him on the public mind viewing lilra a one of the most un safe and treacberoua of leader you win pardon me certsin statement which it aow p mi neeeasarv ahould be made and the correctness of which i presume will not be impugned i have not yet forgotten when in the winter of 1855 6 during the first aeasion ol the thirty fourth congress the residents of kansas asservating that cardinal principle ollhe nebratkt kaneaa act had been wantonly and wickedly nullified that frsud and violence concocted in the blue ldgesof missouri hsd invaded their homes and impoaed a foreign rule upon them for the purpose of forcing upon them invtitutions which they abhorred and invoking tha interposition of congress in their behalf the prided father of untram meled popular sovereignty turned his back upon his violated child and closed hia ears sa in death to compliinta of outrage almost without a parallel in til a titiliuiion of the country these despoiled pioneers who had taken up their abode iu a teni torv under the most solemn guaranteea of self government only asked to prove their ilnn and to be relieved from op presaion in other words they declared they had never been adie to enjoy stn t ooi nent thst thev wore ruled by invaders and manded ihe sovereignty conferred by law uoon them mr d u jas should have been ihe drat ni l fly to their relief aud if he had been as completely dedicated to me principle ol hi bill as some would make us believe he would have uriied tnveitigaiiun aad carried il so lar irom having done ao hetut himself in th lead of those sens tori moat boatile te an exposition and became the mere mouthpiece advocate and apologist of those engaged la the woiz of forcing slavery upon an unwilling people lie eirjwjredwt that time ihe lull confidence of th south aad hia democracy waa orthodox because he ws loyal to his taak willing lo do battle for thair most eitrisaant demsnds he waa then chairman of tba committee on territoriea nd i call attention to his report aa such nada march 13 1856 a concluaive upon lb point i bat stated in that paper be could find nothing to say against foreign eonsoiracie to invade the aoil of ksn as snd control elections but he had much to offer ja condemnation of eastern association to encourage femoval thither he could discover oo irregularities in the re turn of mr whitfield the pro slavery dele aat to the house of representative but he clearly discerned mat tne lerntoriai legislature wa a legally elected body with uarfaot aulbority to enact the most cruel and arbitrary slave codes and that the com alaiats of fraud snd lurce were gotten up r t jl merely to slioiuia an excite nsnncrn emigration ai too u ot which pw there waa ao on in coogreaa or out congres in office or out of office who xrted binuolf mor untiringly to perpet ual that rign pf irror inaugurated to iu sur tb admission of kansas into th un ion ss a slav stat i fear there ar many now hearing up th banner inscribed with the dime of this senator who never bare fully underatood or who bsve forgotton tsrqiahed page in ma ntsiorr it mere that i w been mora determined growth ef freedom in kansa t mor determined to to or to th of this nas the principle oflhe ffebrakt kanss bill haa stephen a dooglas he haa bean able to keep hiraeeli very entieh under cover it i gratifying however to make a single re maik in bi favor it ia thia that he seems a willing a the moat ardent of hi friends to divert attention from this period of hi career i am not wsr that o either eisay or addreaa be he ventured to recur lo i but oa th contrary he seems disposed lo treat it a blink in his life whilst theis proceeding were orores ing lu the senile the othor nranch of con gree csrried resolution of invest gstion under a close division of partie id sent a elect committee to the territory th eonsequence ws such an exposure a eatii fied the country not only ol the truth of everything cbsrged but of exitiug con piraciea beyond anything that

11289:952:11821:13667:9661:9708:10909:26618

http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/data/batches/batch_mohi_henri_ver01/data/sn83016957/0020029242A/1841061201

nitc and house of ii prcsenlatives of the tnitcd states fum ow citizens you have been ns foinbifid in your respective halls of legislation mi lor a proclamation bearing tho sig n tin i of the illustrious citizen who was si lately called bv the direct suffrages of the pvp c to the discharge of the important functions of their chief executive of fi e upon the expiration of a single month from his installation he has paid the great debt of nature leaving behind him a name associated with the recollection of nu rnerou benefits conferred upon the country during a long life of patriotic devotion with this public bereavement are connected other considerations which will not escape the attention of congress the preparations necessary for his removal to the seat of government in view of a residence of four years must have devolved upon the lite rivsidcnt heavy expenditures which it permitted to burthen the limited re sources of his private fortune may tend to the serious embarrassment of his survi ving family and it is therefore respectfully submitted to congress whether the ordinary principc3 of justice would not dictate the propriety ot its legislative interposition by the provisions of the fundamental law tho powers and duties of the high station to which he was elected have devolved iimn me and in the dispositions of the riproscntativca of the states and of the pnpie till ba found to a great extent a solution ot the problem to wnicn our insti tutions arc for tho first time subjected in entering upon the duties of this office i did not feel that it would be becoming in mo todisturb what had been ordered by my lamented predecessor whatever there fore may have been my opinion originally as to the propriety of convening congress at so early a day from that of its late adjournment i found a new and controlling inducement not to interfere with the patriotic desires of the late president in the novelty of tho situation in which i was so unexpectedly placed my first wish under such circumstances would necessarily have been to have called to my aid in the administration of public affairs the combined wisdom of the two houses of congress in order to take their counsel and advice as to the best mode of extricating the government and the country from the embarrassments weighing heavily on both i am then most nappy in finding myself 60 soon after my accession to the presidency surrounded by the immediate representatives of the states and people no important changes have taken place in our foreign relations since the last session of congress it is not deemed necessary on this occasion to go into a detailed statement in regard to them 1 am happy to say that i see nothing to destroy the hope of being able to preserve peace tho ratification of the treaty with portugal has been duly exchanged between the two governments this government has not been inattentive to the interests of those of our citizens who have claims on the government of spain founded on express treaty stipulations and a hope is indulged that the representations which have been made to that government on this subject may lead ere long to beneficial results a correspondence has taken place between the secretary of state and the minister of her britanic majesty accredited to this government on the subject of alexander mclcods indictment and imprisonment copies of which arc herewith communicated to congress in addition to what appears from these papers it may be proper

16788:16176:16762:7555:14622:17196:4629:8152

http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/data/batches/batch_mohi_henri_ver01/data/sn83016957/00200292431/1844122101

presidents message to the senate and house of representatives of the united slates we have continued cause for eipressing our gratitude to the supreme ruler of the universe for the benefits and blessings which our country under his kind providence has enjoyed during the past year notwithstanding the exciting scenes through which we have passed nothing has occurred to disturb the general peace or to derange the harmony of our political system the gteat moral spectacle has been exhibited of a nation approximating in number to 20 000 000 of people having performed the high and import ant function of electing their chief magistral for the term of four years without the commis aton of any acta of violence or the manifestation of a spirit of insubordination to the laws the great and inestimable right or suffrage haa been exercised by all who were invested with it un der the laws of the different slates in spirit dictated aloi by a desire in the selection of the the agent to advance the interests of he country and to place beyond jeopardy the institutions under which it is our happiness to live that the deepest interest has been manifested by all our countrymen in the result of the election is not less true than highly creditable to them vast multitude have aaemhled from time to time at various places for the purpose of canvassing the merits end pretensions of those who were presented for their suffrages hut no armed soldiery haa been necessary to restrain within proper limits the popular zesl or to pre vent violent outbreaks a principle much more controlling was found in the love of order and obedience to the laws which with mere individ ual exceptions every where possesses the american mind end controls with an influence far more powerful than hosts of armed men we cannot dwell upon this picture without recognizing in it that deep and devoted attachment on the part of the people to the institutions under which we live which proclaims their perpetuity the great objection which has always prevailed against the elections by the people of their chief executive officer has been the apprehension of tumults end disorders which might involve in ruin the entire uoverntnent a security against this is found not only in the fact before alluded to but in the additional fact that we live under a confederacy embracing al ready twenty six states no one of whirh has power to control the election the popular vote in each state is taken at the time appointed by the laws and such vote is announced by the elec toral college without reference to the decision of the other stales the right of suffrave and the mode of conducting the election is regulated by the lawaof each state and the election is dis tinctly federative in all its prominent features thus it is that unlike what might be the results under a consolidated system riotous proceedings should they prevail could only affect the elections in single states without disturbing to any dangerous extent the tranquility of others the great experiment of a political confederacy each member of which is supreme as to all mat ters appertaining to its local interests and its in ternal peace and happiness while by a volurta ry compact with others it confides to the united power of all the protection of its citizens in matters not domestic has been so far crowned with complete success the world has witnessed its rapid growth in wealth and population and under the guide and rectton of a superintending f roviuence the de elopments of the past may be regarded but as the shadowing forth of the mighty future in the bright prospects of that future we shall find patriots and philanthropists the highest in ucements to cultivate and cherish a love of union and to irown down every measure or el fort which may be made to alienate the states or the people of the states in sentiment and feeling from each other a rigid and close adherence to the terms of our political compact and above ii a sacred observance ol ihe guaranties ol the constitution will preserve the union on a foundation which cannot be shaken while personal liberty is placed beyond hazard or jeopardy ihe guaranty of religious freedom ol the free dom of the press of the liberty of speech of the rial by jury of the habeas corpus and ol the domestic institutions of each of the states leav ing the private citizen in the full exercise of the high and ennobling attributes of his nature and to each slate the privilege which can only be judiciously exerted by itself of consulting the means best calculated to advance us own happt ness these are the great and important guaran ties of the constuui on which the lovers of lib erty must cherish and the advocates ol union must ever cultivate preserving these and avoid ne all interpolations by forced construction un der the guise of an imagined expediency upon the constitution the influence of our political system s destined to be as actively ami as beneficially fell on the distant shores of the pacific as it is now on those of the atlantic ocean the only formidable impediments in the way of its success ful expansion fine and space are so far in the progress of modification by the improvements of the age as to render no longer speculative the ability of representatives from that remote region to come up to the capitol so mat their con stituenta shall participate in all the benefit of federal legislation thus it is that in the progress ol time the in estimable principles of civil liberty will been inyed by millions yet unborn and the great bene fits ol our system ol uuvernmeni oe extenaea to now distant and uninhabited regions in view of the vast wilderness yet to be reclaimed we may well inviie the lover of freedom of every land to take up his abode among us and assist us in the woik of advancing the standard ol civ ilizition and giving a wider spread to the arts and refinements of cultivated life our prayers should evermore be offered np to the r ather o the universe for his wisdom to direct us in the path of our duty so as to enable ua to consum mate these high purposes one of the strongest reasons which has been urged against confederacies by wtilers on gov ernment is the liability of the members to be tampered with by foreign governments or the people of foreign statea either in their local affairs or in such a affected the peace ol others or en daneered the safety of the whole confederacy we cannot hope to be entirely exempt from such attempt on our peace and salety i he united state are becoming loo important in population and resources not to attract the observation other nation it therefore may in the progress of time occur that opinions entirely abstract tn th stairs in which thy prevail and in no c gree affecting their domeatie institutions may be artfully but secretly encouraged with a view to undermine the union such opinions may become the foundation of political parti is until at last the conflict of opinion producing an alienation of friendly feeling among the people of the different states may involve in one general destruction the happy institutions under which we live it should ever be borne in mind that what ia true in regard to individuals is equally so in regard to states an interference of one in the efftirs of another is the fruitful source of fsmily dissensions and neighborhood disputes and the same cause affects the peace happiness and prosperity of states it may be most de voutly hoped that the good sense of the american people will ever be ready to repel all such st tempts should they em be made theie hss been no material change in

11289:952:11821:13667:9661:9708:10909:26618

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message to the hcnalc and jloitsc tf rrprcstntatirts of the united males fellow gm re i you have been assembled in your respective halls of legislation under ti proclamation bearing the signature of the illustrious cili cn who was lately called by tho direct saurages of the people to tho discharge of the important functions of their chief executive oilice upon the expiration of a single month fiom the day of his installation ho lias paid the great debt of natiuo leaving behind him a name associated with the recollection of numerous benefits confen cd upon tho country dining a long life of patriotic devotion willi this public bereavement are connected other cunsidcrilions whiih will not escape attention of congress the preparations necessary for lib icinoval to the oat of ioveriiiuent in icw if a residence of four years must have devolved upon iho late picsident heavy expenditures which if permitted to burden llielimiti ei lesourcesof his private fortune nriy lend seiiously to the embarrassment of his surviving family j audit is therefore respectfully submitted to congress whether the ordinary pritu f ple of justice would not dictate iho piopriety of its legisaiivo interposition lly the provisions of the fundamental law the powers and duties of the high station to which lie was elected have devolved upon hie audiu iho disposition of the leprisrntalivcs of the states and of the people will bo found to a gnat xlcnt a solution of the problem to which our institutions aro for the first time subjected lit entering upon tho duties ot this office i did not feci that it would be becoming iu ine to disturb what had been ordered by my lamented predeces for whatever therefore may have been my opinion originally as to the propriety of convening congress at sotarly aday from that of its late adjournment i found a new and controlling inducement not to interfere with the patriotic desires of the lain lie sidcnl in the novelty of tho situation in which i was so unexpectedly placed my first wish unili r such circiiuu tanccs would nctcs arily have been to have called to my iiid in tho administration of pul lie alluir the combined wisdom of the two housesof collins ill order to tako their counsel and adviceas to the best mode of extricating the governmnit and the country fiom the embarrassment weighing ik avily on both i am the n most happy in finding myself to soon nfier my accession to tho presidency surrounded by the immediate representatives of thcbtatcs and people ftp important changes having taken place in our foreign relations since the last session f congress it n not deemed necessary on this occasion to go into a detailed statement iu regard lo them i nm hnrmv in say that i see notliiii to destroy the hope of beuig able itj im ei u ie n e tho ratification of the ticaty wilh portugal has wn duly cxchanvedi between the two governments this guvcrntucnt has not been inatleiilivo to the interests of those of our citizens win have rl iiiiu 11 the government of spain founded on express treaty rttpulations and a hope is indulged that tho re precii uiwi iue u it no or ii iiiiiuu lo uiai loverumcnt on th tuny lead lic lung to beneficial results i roiiespou ciice has taken place in lurcti lliu se cretary ol state ami tho minister of iter llrilannie alan ty necrrditc i in ibis government on thu sub jer i ot a sauder mcleod indictment and imprison in c pies of which are herewith communicated to x on in addition to what appears from il j jiiui mj linn ucxniincr viclaoa lias oeci iieaui ny inofupremo court or iho stale of xew oik on his modon to bcdischii cd from lninrison iiiliit and that tho deei iou of that court has not as yet been pronounced the seeretarv of relate has mid rrccrxl inionn upon two subjects interesting lu me coinuicieo of ihc iiu iu v iie ii win reenvo my con nli ration and wioeii i ivu ino minor to communicate to congrcs ho far as it depends on the cuurso or this govern men our reliiioiiioror willnndfri nilshin will be soelu ouslvciillivutcd wit nil uimiu ii i rican policy will ic found to consist in tbecxereisof ii spirit ot just ccto boinanife teil in the disehar

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peackabie secession with many the idea seems to prevail that a state may peaceably secede from the union may withdraw from it without causing violence or disturbance to the nation on this point daniel avebster spoko in his last great speech in the senate on the 7th of march 1850 hear him mr president i should much prefer to have heard from every member on this floor declarations of opinion that this union could never be dissolved than the declaration of opinion by an ybodj that in any case under the pressure of any circumstances fuch a dissolution was jiossible i hear with distress aud anguifch the word secession especially when it falls from the lips of those who are patriotic and known to tho country and known all over the world for their political services secession peaceable fcecession sir your eyes and mine are never destined to see that miracle the dismemberment of this vast country without convulsion the breaking up of the fountains ol the great deep without ruffling the tur face who is so foolish i beg everybodys rdon as to expect to see any such thing r he who ees these states now revolving in barmany around a common centre and l ccte to 6e theai quit their places and fly houl nvulmas may look the next wwthe wvenl rush from 2tt each other in lt nf l r t causing the wreck of the uiver there can f j ie ucii a d5 m tble secession peacaablo recession is an uttpr km l j the great t ive covermg his whole puiryis it to ta thawed and melted away dy secession as the snow on the mountain melts under the in aence of a vernal sun disappear almon un rved and run off no sir so tir i will not state what might produce the dil raption of the union but sir i eee as plainly as i see the sun in heaven what that iisruption itself must produce i see that it must produce war and such a war as i will rot describe in its two fold character peaceable ecessioa i eaceablo soceasion tho coiicurrcntagrecincntof all the mcinbars i ibis great uepublic to separate a voluntary reparation with alimonv on the ono i ide and on the other why what would be ti e result where is the line to be drawn hat states are to secede what is to remain american avhat am i to be an american no longer am i to become a sectional man a local man a separatist with no country ia common with tho gentlemen who sit around mo here or who fill the other house of congress heaven forbid where is tho flag of the kepublic to remain where is tho eagle still to tower or is he to cower and shrink and fall tfothe ground why sir our ancestors our fathers and our ftrand fnthers thoso of them who aro yet firing imont us with prolonged lives ii nnrl rptiroar us and our children and our grand children would cry i i nnnn us if wa of this veneration out bhuiuu i i r i ii jichnnnr thnsa ensigns ol the nower 01 bliuuiu o i tho government and the harmony of that union which is every uay lelt among us mm so much joy and gratitude

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presidents message to the swile and house nf llepresenta iies j the united states we have continued cause fur expressing our gratitude to the supremo kuler of the uinvort e lor the bonelis and hlesiugs which our country under hi kind providence has enjoyed dur mi the past year notwitlistaiiding llio evcit ing srenes through which we have passed nothing has occurred to disturb the general peace or lo derange the harmony iiloui political system the great moral spectacle has been exhibited of a nation appnixiiiiating in immlior to utmlut 101 of people having performed the high and important luuclion nl electing tneir i met vug istrae for ihe term of four years without the cominissinn of any acts nf violence or tin manifestation of a spirit of insubordination tn the laws thogre it and inestimable right of suffrage has been exercised by all who were invested with it underlhe laws of the different states in a spirit dictated alone by a desire in the selection of the agent to advance tho interests of the country and to place beyond jeopardy the institutions under which il is our happiness to live that ihe deepest interest has been manifested by all nur countrymen in the result of the clcc lion is not less true than highly creditable to litem vast multitudes have assembled from time to time at various places for the purpose nf canvassing die merits and pretensions nf those who were presented for their suffrages but no armed soldiery has been nccesary to retrain within proper limit the mpular zeal nr lo pro vent violent outbreaks a principle much mure ciuitroll tig was fouiiil in the love of order and obedience lo the laws which with iniioindi vidual exceptions every where possesses l lie american mind a ml controls with an influence far inure powerful i ban busts uf armed men we cannot dwell upon ibis picture without ro cognising in it that deep and devoted auacliui iil on ihe part of the people to ilia institutions miller which wo bye which proclaims iheir per petuity i hegresl objection which has always pievailru against uio election liy llm ieuple ol their chief executive ulli er bis been the up prehoiisionof tumults and disorders which might involve in ruth llm entire government a security aaainst ties is found not only in tho fact before alluded to but m tho additional fact that we live under a confederacy embracing already twenty six stales no one of which bib poiver to control the election tho popular vote in each slate is taken at ihe lime appointed by the laws and such voto is announced hy the electoral college without reference to tlm do o sionsnf the other slates the right of suf frage ami be mode nf conducting tho election is regulated by the laws of each s alo j and tin election ia distinctly federative in all ita pnnni nent features thus it is that unlike wha oii ht be the resuls under a consolidated svs tern riotous proceedings shnuld they prevail could only aflect the election in single states ivithout diiturbiiig to any dangerous nxteul the tranquillity of others the gieal exiicriineii nf a nohticrl confederacy each member id which is supreme as toall matters appertain ing lo its local interests nonet jdiuimv i xq pi3jvtd3tp ssdjsuo ipiavv ill tlie prntectlon of iln citizens in matters not domestic has been so far crowned with c tn philo ruc cfls tho world lias wiluns icd its rapid urmvlh in wealth anil population and miller the guide and directum if a nuprriiitom ttig proviilonrc the devclopmeitls of tlm pint may bo regarded but a tho rduilmving fnrlli ol hie mighty future in thfi bright pnupectj of that future wo shall lind an patriots atij philanthropist tho highest itiiluceuthnif to colli vale ami cherish a luve cf union and to fiown duwn every incisure or fcflvi which tnnv be uiuli lo alienate the state nr the people ol hip slates hi sentiment an

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puhsidknts mssaub filtow citizens of the senate and of the house of representatives ileitis in j icny cillcil in thu midst uf tlicl ul i viou ofljoiiirrois by a painful dispensation of divitiu providence to the responsible station which i now liulil 1 contented myself with such cuniuijiilcatiiiiis to the legislature as llio exigency ol the moment a cmc to loriu re tho country was shrot lr l in mourning for the loss of its venerated hiiof magistrate ami nil hearts w iro penetrated ti sripl neither the lime nor tlio oecisiou appear to require or in justify mi my part any ironor tl expression of poliiie il opinions on any announcement uf the principles which would govern ma iii tho dlsci irgc l the duties to thj perfnrmanfo ot which i had been so unci pectdly eailc 1 trust ttierelore tli it it mavnot bj deemj l inappropriate if i mail my self if this oainrluiiuy of the rc nsecuibliug of conijrcss io mike known my sentiment in u genetal manner in rj ard to toe policy which ought to he pontic 1 by the go eminent both iu its intercourse wiih foreign na ions anil in its management and ad mur tr ilion of internal ull tirs nations like individuals in a stnte of natuto are cnuil and indciiendeiit possein certain rights and owing certa n iluies to each other a rising from their necessary and unavoidable relations which rights and ditiies iliero is no common humm aiithority to protect and enforce still they are rights nml duties binding in mor als in conscionc nuilin honor nuhoiijt li there is no tribunal to which an injured parly can appeal ooi mc uisn ii reskcu jllllgmotll ul 111 llklllll nuj ultimately the iiibitrnineiit of the twerd among the acknowledged tights of nations is that wliish each possesses of establish ig that lonrt oj government winch it may deem mti conducive to tliu happiness and tu ovpentv ot its nun rilizens of chanting tli il fi cs circumt inci may qinrc ami ol nianaiiia its lntrrti il ail it s according lo its own mil tlif pe of tin 1 niled t ites c aim this light i r ihenisclves in i they readily concede it to utlien heme it he c imes an tmpo ativc duty not to intcileic in the government ot internal policy of other nntiouvinil ullhnugh we may sympathize niththc unf irtuimto or ihe oppressed ovu y where in their struggle for freedom our principles lorbid us for tilting nny pan in inn foreign contests wo niaku no wars topromoto or to prevent inc cessions to thrones to main ain any theory ol a balance of power or to suppress the ai tnif gov eminent vhirhany country chooses u establish for itself vteinstigale no reoluti jn nor suiter nny hostile military expeditions to bo fllteil out in the united stales to invade tho territory or provinces of a friendly nation tho great la of inoraiuy ougtii to i ave a national us well as a personal and iritlu illicit application nvo should act towards other nations as we wish il em to net towards us and justice anil cjiivcicncc should form iho rule of coudiict between governments instead of mere power s ii interest or the desire of aggrandizement to maintain a siiict nuutrnltty in foreign irs to cultivate friendly relations to reciprocate every noble nml jtcnerous act and to perlorm pnnetujlly and scrupulously ev ry treaty obllgitio tleie aro thr iluius vhich w owe 1 1 oilier slates and by the perfo mancv of which we bist cntitloourselves to iilte titwfneut from hum or if that in my rasp hi r lni i ve cm mf irrc our own rights with jus ic and n clear conscience in our domo3 ic poppy tla poustit uio iriil be my guide and in on stions of d i iht i hill look fur its irt r rel itiot to itie pilic il d cisitois of that tribunal whi h is p t imishe 1 to pp onu i it and to the usage of the gotirniituit saiutourd by tho acquiescence ofihe country 1 r nrl all im provisions as equally binding to all its p trls il is tho m ill of tho people expressed in the most solemn form nml tho constituted authorities a e but agent to carry that will int p li ct livrry powcr which it h is granted to he exercie l for the public good that up preten n of utility no hou si conviction even of what might be

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kot loss than 150 00i men have becu engaged in it and of thess not less than 3i 000 dead or disabled lie on this bright starry night upon the bloody field the battle commenced at a littlo before 5 oclock in the morning not far from sunrise just back of castiglione rises a high range of hills which projects a mile or thereabouts into the plain and then breaks off towards tho left into a wine ex nansc of smaller hills and go into the rolling sur face which makes that portion of fie plain the austrians had taken position npon these hilla planting cannon upon thoso nearest to castiglione which they could approach as the prcnch army was in full force in and around that little village and stationed their immense array all over the surrounding plain as nearly as we can now learn the emperor frani is joseph had collected here not less than 2 5 i00 troops and commmded them in person his evident purpose as to make a stand here and rik the fortunes of the war upon the hazards of the dny napoleon promptly accepted the challenge an i commence 1 the attack as soon as it was light in the mornin by placing cannon upon the hills still nearer to catilione than those held by the autiisns and opening a fire upon teem on the heights beyond he took hn own stand upon the highest of these a steep sharp backed ridge whiih commands a magnificent view of the entire circuit of tho pliin and from thst point directed the entire movements of ins army curing the early portions of the day the french very soon drove the enemy out of tho p sts they hold nearest the town and followed them into tho small villages of the plain below the first of these waf solferino where they had a sharn and protraoted engagement t o austrians disputed every inch of the ground an lou ht here as they did throughout the day tu the utmost desperation itiey weremtr ti vi driven out of the town before they would it nt the people of the villago moreover ti k put against the french upon whom they fired f mi their windows and the french were com pelled in self defence to burn the town when they foun 1 it impossible to hold their ground any longer they fell back slowly and steadily until they reached the village of volta which as you will see by the min lion directly si utboast from castiglinnc and is only about a mile from the river mincio from which however it is separated by a range of hills lpin these hills in the rear of the town and overlooking it completely on the south and southeast sides the austrians bad planted very formidable batteries and when i arrived upon the field and went at ence to the height where the emperor had stood at the opening of the kgetuent but bich l had left an hour before to follow his victorious troope these batteries were blazing away upon the french who were tationed on tne plain below x was tf o far on ti observe with any accna y the successive tep ot tho aetion but 1 eontd distinctly seethe troops stationed towards the frcnv wnerewaj1 as their services were required but as soon as they reached this point they were speedily envel oped in the smoke of the cannon and disappeared from observation cut the general result was soon made evident by the slackening f the aus trian fire and by the falling back of their smoke and a

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the last congress ho it enacted by the senate and house of keprcsentatives of tho united states of america in congress assembled that each of the surviving commissioned and non commissioned officers musicians and privates whether of regulars volunteers rangers or militia who was regularly mustered into tho service of tin united states and evcrv officer commissioned and non commissioned seaman ordinary seaman marine clerk and landsman in the navy in any of the wars in which tins country lias been engaged 6inco 1 yll andeachof tho survivors of the militia or state troops of any slate or territory called into military service and regularly mustered therein and whoso services have been paid by the united states bhall be entitled to receive a certificate or warrant from the department of the inteiior lor ono hundred and sixty acres of land and where any of those who have been so mustered into service and shall have received a certificate or warrant ho bi ii bo entitled to a certificate or warrant for such qi r iand a5 make in the wholo with what he may nave heretofore received one hundred and sixty acres to each such person having served is aforesaid provided tho person so having leen in service shall not reecho said land wanant if it shall appear by the muster roll of his regiment or corps that he deserted or was dishonorably discharged from senico provided further that tho benefit of this section shall bo held to extend to wagon masters and teamsters who may havo been employed under the direction of competent authority in time of war in the transporta tion of military stores and supplies j sec 2 and be it further enacted that in case ol the death of any person who ll living would bo entitled to acertilicato or warrant i as aforesaid under this act leaving a widow or if no widow a minor child or children such widow minor child or children f luill lin intit led tfi reepivn a i ertlheatn nr warrant for tho same quantity of land that such deceased person would bo entitled to i ii ri receive under the provisions of this act if now living provided that a subsequent marriage shall not impair the right of any such widow to such warrant if she ho a widow at tho timo of making her application und that thoso bhall bo considered minors who arc so at tho time this act shall tako effect stc 3 and bo it further enacted that in no case shall any bucii ccrtiticato or warrant be issued for any bervico less than fourteen days except the person shall actually havo been engaged in battle unless the party claiming such certificate or warrant shall establish ins or her right thereto in recorded evidence of said service stc 4 and be it further enacted that said certificates or warrants may be assigned transferred and located by tho warrantees their assignees or their heirs at law accord inn to tho provisions of existing laws regula ting the assignment transfer and location of bounty lann warrants sec 5 and bo it further enacted that no warrant issued under the provisions of this net shall bo looted on any public lands except such as shall at thu timo be subject to bale at either the minimum or lower graduated prices stc g and bo it fui tltcr enacted thut the registers and receivers of the several land olliees shall be severally authorized to charge and receive for their services in locating all warrants under the provisions of this act the minio compensation or per centngc to which they aro entitled by law for sales of the pub lic minis lor cash at tho rate ol one uoiiar and twelity livo rents per acre the mid compensation to be paid by the assignees or holders of such warrants sec 7 and be it further enacted that the nrnv islons nf ibis net and all tbn hountv land laws heretofore passed by congress shall be extended to indians in tho samo man ner and to the extent as il the b i j indians had been white men sec is and bo it further enacted that the officers and soldiers of the revolutionary war or their widows or minor children kmj j cti e l to the benefits ol this act stc j and be it further enacted that the bem fits of this act shall be applied to and embrace thusc who served as volunteers at the invasion of plattsburg in september eighteen hundred and fourteen also at tho battle ol king s mountain in tho revolutionary war and tho battle of nickojack against tho confederated snvagts of the south sic 10 and bo it further enacted that tho provisions of this act shall apply to the chaplains who served with tho army in the several wars of tho couutry slc 11 and bo it further enacted that thu provisions of this act shall bo apidicd to llotillaiuen and to thoso who solved as volunteers at tho attack on lewistou in delaware by tho ltrilish fleet in tho war of eighteen hundred and twelve and fifteen

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re a fpw days since a medical man named phlllippe died in a village near paris where le had resided many years md had acquired a k ai1 reputation for skill and probity lie ever demanded any remuneration except from those who where iu cireuni tatices to bo able to py him and during the last visit of the cho i he was indefatigable in ins mention to millor ng poor lu t year an englishman travelln g in that part of tho country was taken p0 suddenly ill that he was obliged to stop at an inn in th commune and 1 phillippe was sent fur scared however hid he arrived at the bed side ol the patient when the latter be came violently agitated and his countenance changed exceedingly trie doctor appeared alst to be agitated and at once ordered every one out of tiie room when that was done the dour was locked on the insid the landlady being curious lo know what was going oil listened at the door but the conversation was carr ed on in a language which su did not understand she however heard the patient exclaim in french assassin usa sin after which a violent altercation ensued the en gli hinan appeared to threaten and the doctor to supplicate him the latter allerwards lelt the loom and went into the kitchen where he pr pared some medicine winch he ordered to ba given to the patient several times during the i ight on tiie following day the stranger was much worse and feeling his end approicning he made a sign for pen ink and paper and wrote a lew words iu english which llio landlady gave to the miyor ot the commune wlp not understanding tho lunguige threw it aside into a drawer where it was forgotten the stronger died the same evening a few days since the miyor when called on to re gi ter the death of the doctor who in lu turn had paid the debt of humanity thought of this piper and on ins showing it to his nephew who understood the language it was found that dr philippe was no other than the famous pat eson a noted robber of the lniti d states all trace of whom had been long lost the englishman had recognized linn as a man w ho had i 0 years before attempted to murder bun while traveling in the state ol vermont in america the mayor immediately proceeded lo the house of dr philippe to institute an inquiry ho found that he had during tin illness refused lobe undressed and had made ihe pei fions who attended him pionise that he should be buried in the clothes which ho then wore the mayor however ordered tho body to lo undressed when it was inund that the doctor was in reality a very spare man although he always appeared stout the bulk being caused by his wearing clothes wadded most thickly liis legs were bandaged up and one of his leet was fuund to be a very skilfully made artificial ono phe body was covered wilh marks of wounds in a dark closet there weie found several chests fastened with triple locks ami on tbcbe being forced open ihey were lound tu contain arms of various kinds walche gold coins of all nations and diam ud arid jewels to a considerable value particular o this discovery have been transmitted lo the government and a copy sent lo the authorities of ilia stato ol vermont

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douglas asij ii1s 2iothkr the hirtf rd evening press tells in tho following lively strain how stephen went to see his anxious old mother stephen was anxious to see bis mother his mother was anxious to see stephen the mtiful boy advertised it in tbe nublio prints that be was tn his way to see his uother he started from tbe city oi aew vork to visit his mother who n sides in the wetern section of n w york state lie naturally came to new llaven guilford and uartlord on hie way and at the latter plaje he was betrayed into a speech still bent m the maternal pilgrimage he goes towards biston attract d hy a relative of his wife it was a case of relative attraction on his ay at worcester some judas betrayed him into a speech at boston etrayed aain now however he started toward his mother at albany seeking to pass thro igi there i a private man as ton s ed it the magnificent demonstration the unexpected reception like the one a hartford he as lietrayed into a speech in which he eclared be was on his way to see his mother from here the pilgrim sjh reaches siraio a if re he lays aside pilitics thinks ol is long unseen mother whom he is about to visit and rinks into the genial pleasures ot i e dace prevails to thrf we ought to iiieiiti he whs itetmyed into a speech full of thoughts of his mother he tarts in i northeast direction aud lands at brandon tne home ol his youth owin to the wholly unexpected arrival in that place so oallowed he well is betrayed into a speech full of pent up aff ctiou he can no longer icetraiu hiuisell hut goes to burlington amid the liellowing of the populace uud the oh of stephen he is deceived deluded im hied on in fact betrayed into a speech lie 11 os to the east he lands at white uiver junction whut a junction what a con unction in point of fact stephen was betray d into a speech cutting his filial lick in a southeast direction he informs ns at conooid that he is visiting new england o look upon thegraveofa relative sad stephen how skiilluliy his anxiety to see his mother is disguised ttiis statement was made in the coursoofsnme extended r mark which in point ol fact oetrayed pious ieneae into a bpeech at thisvery place at manchester at nashua at providence still king the iiiaterna embrace that still receded he is still surprised and still betrayed but why repeat the sad details stephen stephen who seems uuablo t cut his bread and cheese even is next n at a clam bake at rocky jioint far far from mother relatives or graves on this strictly private tour to 8 e his mother stephen we say sinks the maternal for a season and allows one hundred and fifty bushels of baked clams and thirty thousand people to betray him into a speech a brief one of an hour ai a half lxtok at the map of new england where do you think stephen is now why way down on the rocky end of rhode island at newport kicking up his truant heels by the great ocean as much as to say that having travelled all over ne v england on the strength of her he now dont care a brass farthin for his maternal and yet by and by when he gets recu perated and wants to start on another tour we shall hear his low sweet voice mingling with the roar ol the surf down there on the sounding eea softly singing wake and call me early call me early mother dear

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in giving the death blow to polyga my by tne rmuvieipnia riatiorm me ite p u hi lean party stand pledged as fur as the federal government has the power to extirpate that other twin relic of barbarism slavery the territories he wanted to see them both etrarttrlrd and 60 down toiethcr hi remarks at one time canard crrcnt ex citement and bad blood among the southern and the house came near to a violent collision i ne inner pan oi nis speecnpus good humor mr loveiny warming up with his subject passed from his sent to the area in front of the clerks desk in full view of nil the members and spoke in a loud tone with emphasis and earnest gesticulation ap niust the ground on which it was sought to justify slavery oecause the creatures are poor nnd the strong have the power to oppress the weak the rich to oppress the poor the spirit of slaveholdi ng being the spirit of tne aevii sc tsevernl gentlemen cniiea nun to oraer mr prvor said the gentemnn from illinois had no rurht to shake his fist at gentlemen on his side it was had enough to stand in his own place nnd tnlk his treason and insolence mr hnrksdale let him keep on bis own side oi the house the confusion soon became general and members begnn to press into the area mr cox said the gentleman from illinois ought to speak from nis seat mr rryor let mm stand there ana talk he shnni come on this side of the hall mr hnrksdale was seen shaking his cane and in the midst of the confusion was heard to say rnscal as applied to mr lovejoy mr adrain as it to quiet tne tumult earn the gentlemnn could speak from his scat the chairman mr washburne of maine in vain rapped to restore order mr adrain in a conciliatory tone supposed that nobody wanted to intimidate the gen tleman mr pryor jo one wants to intimidate him mr lovejoy no body can intimidate many republicans now crowded around mr lovejoy who exclaimed to then oh im safe enough mr burnett elevating his voice above the din said the rules required the gentleman to speak from bis scat he must and shall do it he shall not shake his fist to gentlemen on this side in a menacing manner the chairman called loudly for the ser geant at arms as if to attend to mr burnett who said you may call the sergeant at arms but the members shall not do it the glittering mace of the sergeant at nrme did not nuict the disorder mr kellogg of 111 came to the support of his colleague saving he shall not commit a breach of the rules but shall have bis rights a general fight at one time seoined imminent and the wildest excitement every where prevailed the sneaker was called in to resume his sent aud finally comparative quiet was re stored mr sherman said we are in good order now this was succeeded by a burst of laughter mr lovejoy took the stand at the clerks desk nnd resumed his remarks he spoke about northern christian women who went to the south to prevent the people from returning to barbarism mr ningieton saia tnat ne wouia not anew such insinuations on southern women to pass if the member persisted in that course of remarks he would hold him personally responsible 4ir liovejoy sniu mat oi tne 4 uuo uw slaves there was not one legal husband t ila d tl 8 bou t p nel whipped into him with the broadside of i i l i t t uvierihil i iili uuwu uvutll ii i 1 ii u us viuit a handsaw and of a vuiinz eirf in this city being whipped till the blood uime out of her nostrils ana then sent to tue garret to uie he had sworn to support the constitution because he loved it but he did not interpret it in the way southern men aid mr hon nam i ou violate it mr ashmore and perjure yourself mr singleton and ate a negro thief into the bargain mr barksdale i hold no parley with a perjured negro mr lovejoy said when daniel webster spoke of the impositions of austria on hungary ho remarked that the earthquake and tornado have powers and the thunder has power but greater than these was the power of public opinion and before this he proposed to arraign austria he lovejoy proposed to hold up to the retribution of public sentiment elavcholding in all its atrocity and hideousness just aa gentlemen had here polygamy public sentiment will burn and scour out slavery the proper way is by the action of the slave states themselves he had indorsed the helper book because he wanted to do it he did so without asking the gentleman from missouri tclark or anybody else you shed the i r blood of my brother twenty ycars ago and 1 i to speak my mind the republican party would spring up in kentucky and gentlemen now here would nua themselves aispiacea oy more moderate e not offensive he would say more sensible men he wanted to say in i ftharlpatnn whnt he chnrleaton what he could sav here mr bonham you naa deuer try it mr loveioy i can go to england and there discuss the question of church and state or any other british institution hut if i go into the slave suites ana una against slavery where is my protection mr miles can you go to england and incite the laboring classes there to assassinate tne yueenr mr loveiov i dont desire to do that i claim the right to discuss slavery every where under the star and stripes i claim it demand it mr hon ham we want you to assert it mr lovejoy when you call us small farmers ana apply qtner ep tneis aga nsi tne working people of the north we aon t narm i yu i a mechanic from pennsylvania were to go south and speak about the superiority of white labor he would be held morally responsible you would strip him and scourge him by the band of a slave and perhaps tar and feather bim mr barksdale the meanest negro in the i south is your superior crios of order from the republican side mr loveiov in speaking of john brown said he would not curse him he wolild pour execrations on old john brown he con demned what he brown did he disapproved of his act he believed however that purpose was a good one and bis motives lnna and truthful john brown stood head and shoulders above anjr man we un til be was strangiea any law to enmuvg man was as an arrangement among pirates to distribute the spoils by what right do you of the south get luruthar and nau t laws that i or my cllll dr aiinnid ha vmr alaves everv slave ha a riwht tn run awuv in spite of yout laws and to fight bimseit away were loveiov a slave anu wero it ukij achieve his freedom be would not hesitate of to fill up the chasm and bridge it with slain lie loved the south a voice we dont iave you mr loveior bo it was with the savior they didnt lovo him laughter gcn i amen wnn mikexi oi u sbuitiu mo nuiu ainld not dn it any more than tber could top the shining of the un vlrgmia of clothing herself in sheep a grey should clothe herself in sackcloth aud oobv on account of slavery and ought to driuk 1 m nf mtln 11 mr martin of virginia if yoa will come 1 1 into virginia we will bang yea higher than we did john brown mr lovejoy no doubt or it the cemmlttee rose and th hoase ad jonrned de

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lsavbhwostb november 21 the state of affairs in linn and bourbon counties kansas causa much talk and speculation hire many rumors are afloat in regarl to montgomerys movements various reports say that he has 300 or 400 raeo fully armed and is threatening the lives and property of pro slavery men in that vicinity the citiiens of fort scott are reported as expecting an attack and were removing their goods and chattels nothing had transpired up to three oclock monday morn vahiaw mo november 21 a messenger reached here this morning bringing the following dispatch which was forwarded to the administration at washington clihtoh mo november 21 the abolitionists with arms newly imported from boston or tbe east nnder the command of capt montgomery numbering from 300 to 500 and increasing in numbers have attacked fort scott kansas broken up the court compelling myself and all the officers of tbe united states district court to fly for our lives they have taken the towns on tbe missouri line the fort scott land office c they intend to invade missouri signed j williams united states judge of the third judicial district of kansas territory a military company will be organized in this city to morrow to aid in the suppression of this outbreak at a meeting of the citizens of clinton henry county mo it was resolved to raise a volunteer company to defend their bonses and if necessary the western border of the state and a committee was appointed to wait on the governor of missouri lay the facts before him and request a supply of aims the following letter has been addressed to governor stewart cliston mo november 21 i860 sir i nra here to inform the citizens of this place of the following facts and i have been requested to present them to you as governor of the state the abolitionists under the command of montgomery and doctor pennison to the number of from 300 to 500 armed with sbarpes rifles dragoon sabers navy revolvers and bowie knives have suddenly commenced a war of extreme ferocity on the law abiding citizens of southern kansas in tbe counties of linn and bourbon these arms arrived by the wagon load at or new mound city about one month since in boxes marked as donations for kansas sufferers tbey are all new montgomery has been in boston during part of the summer and returned with plenty of money to enlist recruits many of bis men are newly imported he has taken possession of foit scott and other towns on the border near tbe jlissouri line he bos murdered mr moore a grand juror mr harrison mr samuel srolt and mr hinds and obliged all of the united states officers including myself to fly for our lives his own expressed design in a public speech as be said without concealment is to keep possession of fort scott and other places near the missouri line to prevent a a fire inhe rear while he cleaned out southwest mouri of slaves so far he has carried out literally his declared progiamme tbe citizens of missouri on theosacre and mermabon rivers in bates and vernon counties are flying from their houses into tbe interior he boasts that he has money and arms to sustain ana equip 1 000 men my court was broken up by them tbe united states court for the southern district and i suspect that they have seized the recordsand also the records of tbe land office as he publicly declared be would do so yours c j williams united states district judge of the third judicial district of kansas territory kamsas city november 21 united states marshal p t colby and party of kansas territory arxived here this evening they left fort scott on monday last and bring be following particulars relative to tbe operations of montgomery and his men united states judge williams and the officers of the court were obliged to flee to missouri fearing an attack samuel scott of linn county was taken from his house on the morning of tbe 18th and hung many prominent citizens have been arrested but their fate h yet unknown reynolds co of fori scott crawford co of chouteaus trading post and other merchants of the territory are removing their goods to missouri the roads are lined with teams leaving the territory mr hoffnagle postmaster at mapleton was arretted and threatened with haugiug but succeeded in makiog his escape kansas citt november 21 p m rumors are in circulation here of the burning of fort scott but they are not generally credited

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peaceablo secession with many the idca scoins to prevail that a s m j ptaceal jf mcie from th cnloa may 1 i draw from it without caasing violence or dun banc lo th nation on this paint daniel webitur spoke in his lust great speech in the senate on tlx 7ih of march 1350 hear him ma prksidskt i should much prefer to bare heard fiom evory member on this floor declarations of opinion that this iuion novor could be di solved thai th declaration of opinion by anybody that in any case under the pressure of any circumstances such a dissolution was possible i hcr with anguish aud distress the word lsecosion t pecially when it fulls from the lips of those who r patriotic and known to ths country and kuovm oil over the world for their political servieos secession i peaceable teces ioo i sir your eyes an i mine are never destined to see that mlrnclo the dismemberment of this vast country without con vulsion 1 me breaking up or the fountains of tha great deep without millina ths mirlnco i who ta so foolish i beg every bo ly j pardon as to xpoct to see any such thing 1 sir he who sees these states now revolving iu harmony around a common centre and expects to tee them quit their places and fly off without convulsion may look the next hour to see the heavenly bodies rush irora their spheresand jostle against each other in tbe realms of space without causing th wreck of th universe i tbara can be no such thing as peaceablo secession peace able accession 1 aa utter impossibility is tho great constitution under which w live coverlhg the whole country i it to be thawed and melted away by secession as the mow on the mountain melt undsr the influence of the vernal sun disappear almost unobserved and run off no sir i no sirl i i will not state what might produce the disruption of tho union but sir i see plainly as i so the sun la heaven what that disruption itself mutt preduc i ice that it must produce war and sacb a war as i will not describe in its two fold character peaceablo accession i peaceable secession i th concurrent agreement of all the member of thta great republic to eparate i a voluntary separation with alimony on the ona sid and on the other i why what would be th result where i the line to bo drawn 7 what suite are to secede t what is to remain american what am i to be a a american no longer am i to become a sectional man a local man separatist with no country with tbe gentlemen who sit around me hero or who fill tho other house of congress heaven forbid i where is th flag of the republic to remain wbcre is tbe eagle still to tower or is ho to cower ami shrink and fall to tbe ground why sir our ancestors our fathers and our grand father those of them that are yet living amongst ns with prolonged lives would rebuke and reproach us and our children and our grand children would cry out shame upon us if we of this generation should dishonor these ensigns of th power of the govern ment ana tue narraony or tnat union which is every day felt among u with so much joy aud gratl tuue

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the perils of the border while reading recently an account of the frightful massacre of several white families by the black foot indians we wcro i reminded of a thrilling event which oc curred in the wild west a short time subsequent to the revolution in which a highly accomplished young lady the daughter of a distinguished officer of the american army plnyod an important part the story being of a most thrilling nature and exhibiting in a striking manner the perils of the border vre have concluded to give an an extract from it as originally published as follows tho angle on the right bank of the great kanawha formed by its junction with the ohio is called point pleasant and is a place of historical note here on the 10th of october 1774 during what is known as lord dumores wnr was fought one of the fiercest and most desperate battles that ever took place between the virginians and their forest foes after tho battle in quostion in which the indians wcre defeated with groat loss n fort was here erected by the victors which became a post of great importance throughout tho sanguinary scenes of strife which almost immediately followed and which iu this section of tho country were a 1 p iv 1 cunuuuuu lor many years aucr mat establishment of peace which acknowledged tho united colonies of america a free and independent nation at the landing of the fort on the day our story opens was fastened a flat boat of the kind used by tho early navigators of tho western rivers upon tho deck of this boat at the moment we prcscrrt the scene to the reader stood cvo individuals alike engaged iu watching a group of persons mostly females who were slowly approaching the lauding of tluso five one was a stout sleek negro in partial livery and evidently a house or body sorvent three wcro boatmen and borderers as indicated by their rough bronzed visages and coarso uttirc but the fifth was a young man sumo two and twenty years of age of a fino commanding person and a clear of en intelligent countenance and iu the loft carriage of his head in the gleam of his largo bright hazel eye thcro was something which denoted one of superior mind but as wo shall have occcasion in tho courso of our narrativoto fully set forth who and what eugono fairfax was we will leave him for tho present and turn to the approaching group whom he seemed to bo regarding with lively interest of this group composed of a middle aged man and four females with a black female servant following some five or six paces in tho rear there was one whom the most casual cyo would have singled out and rested upon with pleasure tho lady in question was apparently about twenty years of ago of a slender and graceful figure and of that peculiar cast of feature which besides being beautiful in every lineament rarely fails to affect tho beholder with something like a charm her traveling costume a fine brown habit high in tho neck buttoned closely over tho bosom and coming down to her hinall pretty foot without trailing on the ground was both neat and becoming and with her riding enp and its waving ostrich plume set gaily above her flowing curls her appcaranco contrasted forcibly with tho rough unpolished looks of those of her sex beside her with their linsey bed growns scarlet flannel petticoats and bleaehod linen caps oh blancho said one of tho more venerable of her femalo companions pursuing a conversation which had been maintained since quitting the opon fort behind them i canuot bear to let you go for it just seems to mo as if somethiug were going to happen to you and when i feel that way someting generally does happen well attnt returned blanche with a light laugh i do not doubt in tho least that something will happen for i expect ouo of those days to reach my dear fisher ad blessed mother and give tlcm such an embrace as is duo from a dutiful daughter to her ircuu and that will bo something that has not happened for two long hi st bsrt but i dont mean that blanche returned the other somewhat petulantly and you justlaughlikeagayand thoughtless girl when you ought to bo serious becauso you have come safo thus far through a partially settled country you think perhaps your own pretty face will ward off danger in the more perilous wilderness but i warn you that a fearful journey is before you 1 scarcely a boat descends the ohio that does not encounter more or less peril from the savages that prowl along either shore and some of them that go down freighted with human life are heard of no more and none ever return to tell tho tale but why repeat this to me dear aunt returned blanche with a more serious air when you know it is my destiny either good or bad to attempt the voyage my parents have sent for mo to join them iu their new home and it is my duty to go to them be the peril what it may you nover did know what it was to fear pursued tho good woman rather proudly no she repeated turning to the others blanche bertrand never did know what it was to fear i believe i just like her father joined in the husband of the matron the brother of blanches mother the commander of the station and the middle aged gentleman mentioned as one of the party a true daughter of a true soldier her father colonel philip bertand god bless bim for a true heart never did seem to know what it was to fear and blanche is just like him by this time parties had reached the boat and the young man aleady described eugene fairfax the secretary of blanchos fatherat once stepped forward bnd in a polite and deferential msnner offered his hand to the different females to assist them on board the hand of blancho was the last to touch his and then but slightly as she sprung quickly and lightly to the deck but a close observer might have detected the slight flush which mantled his noble expressive features as his eye for a single instant met hers she might herself have seen it perhaps she did but there was no corresponding glow on her own bright pretty face as sho inquired in tho calm dignified tone of one having the right to put the question and who might also have been aware of the inequality of position between herself and him sho addressed eugene is everything prepared for our departure it will not do for our boat to spring a leak again as it did coming down the kanawha for it will not be bafe for us i am told to touch cither shoro between the different forts and trading posts on our route this side of our destination tho fulls of tho ohio no indeed 1 rejoined her aunt quickly it will be as much as your lives are worth to venture a foot from tho main current of the ohio for news reached us only tho other day that many boas had been attacked this spring and several lost with all on board no one feels moro concerned about tbe safe passage of miss bertrand than my solf replied eugene in a deferential tone and sinco our arrival here i have left nothing undone that i thought might possibly add to her security and comfort that is true to my personal k nowledge joined in the undo of blanche ond i thank you mr fairfax in behalf of my fair kinswoman there will perhaps ho pursued be no great danger so long as you keep in the current but your watch must not bo neglected for a single moment cither night or day and do not i most solemnly charge and warn you under any circumstances or on any pretence whatsoever suffer yourselves to bo decoyed to either shoro i hope we understand our duty better colonel said one of tho men respectfully i doubt it not replied tho commander of the point i believe you are faithful and true men or you would not have been selected by tho agent of colonel bertrand for taking down more precious freight than you ever carried before but still the wisest and tho best of men have lost their lives by giving oar to tho most earnest appeals of humanity you understand what i mean whito men apparently in the greatest distress will hail your boat represent themselves as having just escaped from tho indians and bog of you for the lovo of god in tho most piteous tones to come to their relief but turn a deaf car to them to each and all of them even should you know the pleaders to be your owu kin for in such a case your own brother might deceive you not wilfully aud voluntarily perhaps but because of being goaded on by the savages themselves concealed yes such things have been known as ouo friend being thus used to lure another lo his destruction and so be cautious vigilunl bravo aud true and may the good god keep you all from harm t as he finished speaking blanch prn cccdcd to tako an aftectiouate leave of all vcoivin luinv a tender in vo for her parents from those who held them in love and veneration and the boat swung out and began to float down with the current now fairly entered upon the most dangerous portion of a long and perilous journey the father of blanche colonel philip bertrand was a native of virginia and a descendant of one of the huguenot refuoos who fled from their native land after the revocation of the edict of nnata in 1665 he had been an officer of some note during the revolutiona warm political and personal friend of the auther of the dee laration of independence and a gentle man who had always stood hiu in the esteem of his associates and cotcmporaries though at one time a man of wealth colonal bertrand had lost much and suf fered much through british invasion and wnen snortly alter the close of tho war ho had met with a few more serious re verses he had been fain to accept a grant ot land near the falls of the ohio now louisville tendered him by virginia which then held jurisdiction over the entire territory now constituting the state of kentucky the grant had decided the cololel upon seeking his new possessions and building up a new home in the then far west and as his wife had insisted upon accommpany ing him on his first tour he had assented to her desire on condition that blanche should be left among her friends till such timo as a place could be prepared which might in some degree be considered a fit abode for one so carefully and tenderly reared blanche would gladly have gone with her parents but on this point her father had been inexorable declaring that she would have to remain at the east till he should see proper to send for her and

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warsaw mo nov 11 a mosrcngef arrived hero to day brlimrire the following despatch which has been forwarded to tlio administration at wasliinetoa clinto ko nov 21 the abolitionists with arms newly imported from lloston or the ast us der command of captain montgomery numbering from three to five hundred are increasing in num bers and have attacked fort scott kansas broke district court to flv fir our lives they have ta ken the towns on the missouri line the fort scott land office ko siprned j williams v 8 judjre of the eighth judicial district k t a military company win be organised this city to aid in the suppression of this outbreak at a meeting ef the citiwns of clinton henry county mo to day it was resolved to raise a volunteer company to defend their houses if necessary and the western border of tlie tna a committee was appointed to wail on the governor of missouri to lay the tacts before biro and request a snpply of arms the following letter has been addressed to gov ernor stuart ctisto mo ner 21 sik i am here to inform the citizens of this place of the following facts and have been request ed to present them to yon as governor of the state the abolitionists under the command of mont gomery and dr pennisort to number of from 330 to 500 arrived with buarpes nnes dragoon sabres revolvers and rowie knives and have suddenly commf aced a war of extreme ferocity on the law abiding citizens of southnra kansas ia the conntiee of linn and boortion these arms arrived by the wagon lend at or near mound city about one month since in boxes marked as donations for kansas sndcrers they are all new montgomery has boa in boston during part ef the summer and retnrned with plenty of money to enlist recruits many of his men are newly imported he has taken possession of fort scott and other towns on the border near the missouri line he bis mur dered mr moore a grusd juror mr harrhon mr samuel scott and mr hinds and obliged all the united states omeers including myself to fly for our lives his own expressed design in a public pecch as he said without concealment was to keep possession of fcrt scott and other places near the missouri line to prevent a fire ia the rear while he cleared out southwestern missouri of slaves so far he has carried out literally his declared programme the citizens of missouri on the osngo and mer matoa rivers in bates and vernon counties are flying from their homos into the interior he boasts that he has money and arms to equip and sustain 1 000 men my court was broken up by then also the united states court lor the southern district and i suspect that they lukve seized the records and also the records of the land office as montgomery publicly declared he would do so lours c j illia mh u s jodgo of 3d jud dis

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congress first session washinoton april 5 house mr sherman from the committee of wava and means reported the post orlho appropria lion bill the house resumed the consideration of the anti pol gamy bill mr lnelson resumed his remarks in its su p poi t expressing the hope that its passage would approach as near as possible lo unanimity he saw a manifest distinction between interfering with the right of property and that to declare criminal an act declared bv the law of uod the existence of the institution of polyoamv in utah is an i suit to the moral feelings of the whole population an insult to tbe wives and daughters of the gentlemen heie and their conatitutents it was a reflection on the na tional character that it should exist under tbe protection of american law mr hooper said that at tbe proper time which would soon come and when he could be heard without prejudice he would defend the people of utah oin the calumnies which had been heaped npon them iu the meantime he appealed to the dispassionate and unbiased judgment of the house to think better of the 1u0 uuo of their lellow creatures than they had been represented by their enemies it was not his intention to discuss the peculiar features of the bill but he reepectluii ts rd the gentlemen if they were prepared t im t the conse queue e of its passage were we not now emerging irom dilliculties with tin j eople at whom the bill was leveled lie w a rued the gentlemen that the feelings of utah will be easily aroused the suspicion of hostility against them has been allayed and he was glad to know that there was better feeling now than formerly but if this bill b parse j if ila pro visions bo carried those angry passions will revive aad wither at the core the fires which blezed so fiercely while the fuel of perctxutit n waa heaped upon tnem had died out and he appealed to th representatives not of one but uf all parties to say whether they were prepared to rekindle tbe name as a delecate of all t e citizens of utah he had to remember that he could not allude to the division of sentiment among lliom on the subject of polygamy or any other mr clark of mo asked to what extent polygamy exists in utah what number he more than one wife and whether the regula tion of siioh marriages ia binding on the pe v pe air hooper replied that be was not practical ly a polygaiuis from his observation of te j ears residence in utah he could say not over one half tbe population recognize polygamy and probably nut more than one half of these have more than one wile each tie knew of no church regulation which compelled a man lo become a polygamiat and of no church reg ulation which compelled a woman te marry a man except voluntarily lie was encouraged to know that there were several gentlemen ou the floor who had been acquainted with him for the last 20 years and long pnor to his id dtiti cation with the citizens of utah they would ssy he was not capable of deceit or dissimula tion tie declared on ins honor that tbe pass see of this bill will not be unexceptionable to the extreme advocate of polygamy in utah and it will unite all people in common cause against th nnjust pretensions of tbe general govern ment to put down polygamy by force tbe house voted and rejected mr branch s substitute by 47 sgainst 151 ibe house next voted on air mcciernand s substitute to repeal the law organizing utah and divining tne territory deiween jerierson and nevada for which he proposed a temporary government rejected 38 ag jinit 13 ihe house tadied the preamble to tbe bill which was passed with verbal amendments 149 sgainst 60 mr sickles submitted his response to mr williamsons memorial in hii contested case snd it was read and after some debate referred to the committee on elections the house went into crromittee of the who on he state of the union mr sherman moved to take np the tariff and loan bill mr branch was aoainst any alteration of the tariif the present bill yields sufficient reve nue to meet the wants of tbe government mr sherman said he would net ask a vote on it for three weeks on his mot on tbe various bills on the calender were laid aside till the tariff ai d loan ibill was reached mr lovejny said the iioue had been engaged in giving the death blow to polygamy by the philadelphia platform th republican party stand pledged as far as tbe federal government has the power to extricate that other tnrin relic of larbarian slavery in the territo ries he wanted to see them both strangled and go down together mr loveiov warming up with his subject passed from lis seat to tlie area in front ot the clerk s desk in lull view ol ail the members and spoke in a loud tone with emphasis aud earnest gesticulation against the ground on which it was sought to justify slavery because thecrca lures are poor and the strong have the power to oppress the weak iho neb oppress the poor the spirit of alaveholding being the spirit oi th acvii ae mr pry or said tbe gentleman from ulinoi had no right to shake bis fist at gentlemen on hi side it wes bed enough to stand in his own plsc there and talk his treason and insolence mr barksdale let him keep on his own side of the house ths codfusion soon became general and the members began to press into the area mr cox said the gentleman from illinois ought to speak fiom his seat mr 1rjor let him stand there and talk be sbant coaie on this side of the hall mr barksdtle waa seen shaking his care and in the wildest of the confusion was heard to say rascal aa applied to mr lovejoy mr adrian as if to quiet the tumult said th gentleman could speak from his seat the chairmen mr washburn of me io vain rapped to restore order mr adrian in a conciliatory tone supposed nobody wanted to intimijate the gentleman mr pryor no one wanted intimidate the him mr lovejoy nobody can intimijate me many republicans now crowded around mr lovejoy wbo exclaimed to them oh im safe enough mr burnett elevating his voic sbovs ths din said tb rule require the oentleman to speak from ins seat he must and shall do it he shall n t shake bis fist to gentleman on this aide in a menacing manner the chairman called loudly fur the sergeant at arm aa if to attend to mr burnett who said you may call th serg eat at arms but the merub r shall not do it th glittering mac of the sergeant at arms did not quiet the disorder mr kellogg of 111 raroe to the support of his colleague saying he should not commit a breach of the rules but that be should have his rights a general fight at one time seemed imminent and the wildcat excitement everywhere pi evaded the speaker was called in to resume his seat when the chairman reported that the committee rose owing to the disorder finally comparative quiet was restored mr sherman sa d we ar in good orjer now this was succeeded by a burst of laughter tbe house then aeain went into committee of the whole mr lovejoy took the stand at tha clerks desk snd resumed his remarks he spoke about northern christian worn who went to the south to prevent the people there from returning to barbarism air smletan said that be would not allow such insinuations on southern women to pass if the members persisted in that eours of remarks he would hole him personally re sponsibe mr lovejoy said that in the 4 000 000 slaves there was not ons legal husband father wife or child and spog about a presbyterian elder down south bavin the gospel whii ded into him with the broadside of a hand saw and of a young girl in this city being whipped until the blood came out of her nostrils and aent to the garret to die he had sworn to support tbe constitution because he loved it but he did not interpret it in the same way southern men did mr benhara you violate it mr ashmore and perjure yourself mr sinirleton and are a negro thief into the barjiai i mr barkesdale i hold no parley with a perjured negro sir lovejoy said when daniel webster spoke of the imposition of austria on hunga ry he remarked that the earthquake and tornado have powers and the thunder has power but greater than these was the power of publio opinion snd before this h proposed to arraign austria he lovejoy pioposed to hold up to llio retribution ol public sentiment alaveholding in all its atrocity and hideousness jus as gentlemen had here polygamy public senti ment will bum and scour out slavery ihe proper way is by the action of the slave states themselves he had endorsed th helper book because he wanted to do it he did so ithout asking th gentleman from missouri or anvbodv else you shed the blood of my brother twenty rears ego and i am here free to speak my mind the lupublican party would pring up in kentucky and gentlemen now here would find themselves displaced by more moderatf snd if it were not oilensive h would add more sensible men he wanted to ssy in charleston what he could here mr benham you had better try it mr lovejoy i can go to england and there discuss the question of church and state or any other british institution but if i go into the slave states and talk against slavery wher is my protection mr miller can you go to england an 1 incite the laboring classes to assassinate tlie queen 1 mr lovejoy i dont mean to do that i claim the riaht to discuss slavery everywhere under the stars and stripes i claim it i demand it mr benham we want you o assert it mr lovejoy when you call ns small frm era and apply other epithets sgainst the work ing people of the north we dont harm you it a mechanic ir l cnnsylvama were to go south and speak about the superiority of white labor he would be held morally responsi ble lou would strip bun and tcourge bim by the hand of a slave and perhaps tar and feather him mr barksdale the meanest negro in the south is your superior cries of oruer lrom the lepublican side llr lovejoy in fpeaiing of john brown said lio would not enrse him be would pour no execrations upon old john brown he con demned what he brown did lie disapproved of his acts he believed however that his pur pose was a good one and his motives honest and truthful john brown stood head and shoulders above any man here until he was strangled any law to enslave man was as an estrangement among pirates to distribute tbe spoils by what rijjlit do you of the sonth get together and enact laws that i or my children should bo your slaves every slave his a right to run away in spite otyour laws snd to light himself away were he lovejoy a slave and were it necessary to achieve his freedom h would not hesitate to fill up tlie chasm and bridge it with the slam he loved the south a voice we dont love you mr lovejoy so it was with the saviour they didnt love him laughter gentle men who talked of dissolving the union could not do it any more than they could stop ths shining of tae sun virginia instead tf clotbn g herself in sheep s gray should clothe herself in sack cloth and ashes on account ol slavery and ought to drink the watets of bitterness mr martin of ya if you wilt come into virginia we will bang you higher lhan w did john brown m r lovejoy no doubt of it tlie comniitee rose and then the house adjourned

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peaceable secession the southern tujrp still hitrp on ptm t bla hcenion and with other tbe idea leemi to prevail that a state may peaceably eoede from the union j may withjeaw from it without causing violence or disturbance to the nation on this point daniel webster spoke in his last great speech in the senate on the 7th of march 1650 hear him mr president i should much prefer to have heard from every member on this floor declarations of opinion that this union could never be dissolved than tha declaration of opinion by anybody that in any case under the pressure ol any circumstance such a dissolution was possible i bear with distress and anguish the word secession especially when it falls from the lips of those who are patriotic and known to the country and known all over the world for their political services secession peaceable secession i sir your eyes and mine are never destined to see that miracle the dismemberment of this vast country without convulsion i the breaking up of the fountains of ihe groat deep without ruffling the surfacel who is so foolish i beg everybodys piirdon as to expect to see any such thing sir he who seca these states now revolving iu harmony around a common centre and expects to see them quit their places and 8y off without convulsions may look the next hour to bee the heavenly bodies rush trout their spheres and jostle against each other in the realms of space without causing the wreck of the universe there can be uo such thing as peaceable secession peaceable pectweitm is an utter impossibility is the great constitution under which we live cojeriug this whole country is it to be thawed and melted away by secession as the snow on the mountain melts under the influence of a vernal sun disappear almost unobserved and run oft no birl no sir i will not state what might produce the disruption of the union but sir i see as plainly as i see the sun in heaves what that disrupion itself must produce i see that it must produce war and such a war as i will not describe in its twofold character peaceable secession i peaceable secession i the concurrent agreement of all the members of this great republic to separate i a voluntary separation with alimony on the one side and on ths other why what would be the result where is the line to be drawn what states arc to secede what is to remain american what am i to be an american no longer and 1 to become a sectional man a local man a separatist with no country in common with the gentlemen who sit around me here or who fill the other house of congress heaven forbid i w here is the flag of tbe bepublsctoremain where is the eagle still to tower or is he to cower and shrink and fall to the ground why sir our ancestors our fathers and our grandfathers those of them that are yet living amongst us with prolonged lives would rebuke and reproach us and our children and our grandchildren would cry out shame upon us if we of this generation should dishonor these ensigns of the power of the government and the harmony of that union which is every day felt among us with so much joy and gratitude

19808:5274:23847:18720:22075:1269:20144:22422

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governors message fellow citizens of the senate and the house of representatives at the commencement of jour regular sea ion a aear ogo i transmitted to you in obe we to thi innrtitution a full exposition of v general condition of the btate together with vn rjarminrntlttirn in respect to legislation as the public good seemed to me to require in that communication i endeavored to set in a clear light the industrial progress the mate rial resources and the financial strength of our eat commonwealth it seems not lnappro iate now before proceeding to more special ratemenu and particular suggestions to sub to you some general views oi our social itiou as affected by other elements than s to which i then invited your attention jventy one years ago what is now ohio unbroken wilderness seventy years ago work of american civilization within her aits was jast begun by the settlements at marietta and cincinnati fifty four years ago he became a state of the american union jv subsequent social progress has been a sub ic triumph today a powerful common w numbering nearly two millions and a li people exists upon her soil with unsur pas a energies resources agencies of devel o and means of happiness from the i j alreajy reached we survey with con i nce upon the favor of divine provi the inspiration of free institutions i heights yet to be attained jf ent among the elements whicfrdeter ial condition is the numerical advance line of population the rate and cliar r of this movement in the absence of a su3 must be gathered from the nuu ber of narnaies et births oj ueatns oi inimierants migrants and of new habitations for saining the number of these with rcasona ertainty sufficient means are supplied by and federal legislation according to th atcs of the commissioner of stai tics oarriagm in ohio during 1853 were 24 000 aths45 000 the births 80 000 the natu ns 5 000 the new structures 10 000 j ease by births according to this esti 35 000 annually and the yearly iuiuii from foreign countries and other stales f bl jatcd to exceed the yearly emigiati n y 20 000 giving an segregate increase ol 55 t t naally or 440 000 in eight years the u tictures allowing six persons for each nek nearly the same rate of progress t ulation ol ohio in 1830 was 1 9s0 329 t a if the estimate just referred to be m1 329 st concern of an iucl i rnt and j v people is public instruction tlie iv very community is the motive power t advancement and the measure of its cd a ion is practically the measure of production i i all of substantial progress in ohio the titution wisely requires the general assein ui secure a thorough and efficient system of r imon schools throuffhout the state the f uorofthe first act in fulfilment of the duty thus enjoined belongs to the legislature ot 352 3 that legislature re organized common 1 education in ohio it does not at all dc from the honor justly due to it to say that had bo pidone lflrevious legislation and i 1 i i i r t lneitttcni aim trniuti iovuib oi kite urak superintendent and r state teachers ution to prepare the way for the eompre 2t ve and beneficent measure then adopted td which the common schools of ohio have ftta d their present state of excellence and fi jess j icf comparison between the condition of or jmmon schools the year before this enactment and at the present time will illustrate in jne decree its happy effects o number of common schools in 1853 was ol in 1858 12 500 the number of youths er five years of age and under twenty one numerated in 1853 was 806 782 in 1858 843 10 tbe rouih enrolled as attending school in t 5o were 358 417 in 1858 609 343 the average nber in daily attendance in 1853 was 271 in 1r5s 355 863 the number of teachers loyed in 1853 was 13 464 in 1858 19 863 tmount paid teachers in 1853 was 800 in 1853 si 975 832 the number of 1 ouses in 1853 was 6 850 in 1858 10 value of school houses in 1s53 was es iib c ouu uuu in low co oio it figures exhibit a gratifying progress i by no means furnish a complete view ideational condition has been a constant and rapid progress jjitmjsxurra cannot measure the character v sitionof our school houses and school lvve been greatly bettered the standard ficatiun lor eih i advanced the of teaching improved the ranbc anu instruction enlarged and the results if n inil eanaeitv lareelv augmented at educational work is prosecuted also uvside of the common schools the colleges in 1 m kt iti rend torln h l tema otuniiu v numerous young men and women to tace rojir in its various depart the ork of moral social and political jh during tbe past year i attended smenu of as many of the colleges j p 5able and was gratified to observe arked ability and proficiency displayed by to be regretted that the requirements for i and the course ol instruction vary so i aaiiamo rtna cl ml 1 tl fi t ps and i lurac tw t suggest the expediency ot establishing i imi classuicauon oi mese urauuiuuu educational standards to which uni illeges oud seminaries shall be ro rli ve i v wj vouiuiiu in ruction and graduation of students as of incoriwrauon r i nti kml and seminaries there many schools corresuonding in general character with our common scbools but sus 41 h denominational or private resources cn a large number of youth receive in lion wret that i have no means of ascertaining ihur of these various educational institu l c fa kam alndp ntfi ot a nuniitpr in iucii kbvuv it or their schemes of instruction or their and 1 respecuuny raggw l v i i nn n will secure the collec 1 sucu icioi ur i nrrmnti in 00 essential to a lull e 1 l arni nnnlafinn landing oi uiicoiwiu vu mi imnnpint rpsnecx h nnt pvam vour observation that j the actual progress and condition of our mon schools may wen grainy nuu v feie friends of popular education there yet aiirsi work to be accomplished which impo grave responsibilities and must needs excite av solicitude tbe whole number of youth hool age as has already been stated v ktu th nnmlvr enrolled is 609 343 4e number not enrolled 234 497 the voty ietween the whole number and the diber 355 863 in daily attendance is more ng the difference is 485 977 making ery allowance for tbe number taught in pri drnnniinmi rml schools there must still iin a considerable nuisber who attend moi at all while of those who do jjnt themselves ugether a very large nnnrtion attend so uiularly or for snch riet periods that they derw little benefit 9 it in nu awnteeism the most serioo bin mee to the prosperity of the common schools v nr f fh nt number of well qual d teachers not a few indeed of our teach spssess eminent qualifications lor their iihie office to such we owe not only many v ent district schools but also the high a which adorn many of our cities v he and afford opportunities for education x jsmi wonld have been sought in vain a is ago in most of our academies and col 1 a very large number however are deficient both in knowledge and in ohity to teach which mere xnowieuge never pive the correction of these evils so far ay be practicable is vour duty and will be 1st your pleasure and your honorable dietinc n the best means in my judgment of securing adequate number of good teachers are th establishment of kormal schools and encouragement of teachers institutes i tured to suggest last year the organization of innal deoartment in one or both our fnivrrsities more immediate and perhaps r jiliinlil mutts would probably be tained from tbe establishment of three or 4 schools in different districts of rrivinn n reference within each l the ritv ort iwn which would provide tne best buildings for tbe purpose without to the state provision has already been hy law for the encouragement of teachers but it is uncertain and inadequate vnmmpiiil th ilirftct nnnrnnriation of an tte sum to be paid on compliance ncr conditions upon the certificate of commissioner the indispensable necessity of securing

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the new york tvmej publishes a letter from the battle field of selferiuo giving most r cii rnto details the battle eoiiiuienited at a little before f oclock in the morning not far from sunrise just back of ciistiirlioiio rises a high range of hills which project n mile or thereabouts into the plain and then breaks till towards the left into a wide expanse of smaller hills so into the rolling surface which makes that portion nf the plain the aiislnuns hail taken posituin upon these hills planting cannon upon the nearest to castigliono which they could approach as the french nriny was in full force nnd around that little village and had stationed their immense array all over tho surrounding plaiu as nenrly n i we can now learn the emperor francis joseph had collected here not less ihiin two hundred and twenty five thousand roups nnd commanded thcui in person ilia evident purpose was to make a stand here and risk the fortunes ut the war upon the hazards of the day napoleon promptly accepted the challenge and commenced the attack ns sunn as it was ieht in the morning by placing cannon on tho hills still nesrev to cuhtiglir lie than those held by tho auslnans and upening tiro upon them uu the heights beyond he took his own stand upon the highest of these a steep sharp backed ridge which commands a mng niticeul view ul the entire circuit ot the plain and from that point directed the entire movements of the army during the early portion of the day ibe rreuch very soon drove the enemy out of the posts tliev hold nearest to the town and followed them into the small villages of tno piain neiow alio nrst ol these was solfcrino where they had a sharp and protracted engagement the a iistriiius disputed every inch of the ground nnd fought here us they did throughout the day with the utmost desperation they wore three times driven out of hie town before they would stay out tho peoplo of the villago moreover look part against tho french upon whom they tired from their windows uud the french wero compelled in self defence to burn the towu when they found it impossible to hold their ground any longer they fell back slowly and steadily until they reached the village of volla directly south east from castigliono and is only nliout aiuilo from the river mincio from which however it is separated liy a range of hills upon ibeso hills in the reir of the town and overlooking it completely on the south uud south cast sides tho austrian had planted very formidable but teries and when 1 arrived upon thu field i went nl once to the height where the emperor had stood at the commencement of thu en gagemcnt hut which ho had left at noon to follow his victorious troops these batteries wore blazing away upon the french who wero stationed in the plain below the general result was soon made evident by the blackening of the austrian fire by the falling buck of their smoke and a corresk iidiiig advance of that which rose from tho french artillery the cannon ading at that point lasted for over un hour but iu precisely what direction tho austrian retreated it was impossible from the position 1 occupied to see part of the austrian force probably cross ed the mincio river which flows southward from the lower end of uko uuardo and empties into the po but the battle contin ued to rugo all over the region northwest uf s line connecting i be towns uf castigliono solferino and vului at a point a sharp cannonading would arise and continue for half or ihreu quarters ot nil hour and after each successive engnguienl uf this kind the result becuine apparent in ihe ret real of the austrians and the advance uf the french forces during the early part of the day ihe sky had been clear and weather hot but clouds began to gather about noon and at f oclock while ihe cannonade was at its height a tre mendous thunder storm rolled up from the northwest the storm lasted for uhout an hour nud the ounnuiiiiding as far as we could distinguish was suspended 1 hen the ruin ceased the clouds blew away ihe sun shone out iignili nud i bo air was cool uud perfectly delightful though the cannon had ceased fur a hum to tuku purl in it the light hail ineanl iiiiu gone on and when lagain resinned my post of observation from which the sliirin hud expelled me the cannonading commenced quite on ihu extreme lcltor the entire field ou the very borders of the luke northeast ut asl iglioue jand west of pes ehirii the piudiiioiitese troops under the king who commands them in person had been posted there and received the austrians ns they came around from about seven oclock until alter nightfall an incessant and most terrible combat was here kept up the

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whatever conclusion may he drawn as to my estimate of mr breckenridges character a nolitician 1 can ouiv o uu v fm for him is profound when brought into mnriaon with that which i entertain of his democratic competitor umo j fri m rw if any living men concerning whom more k wn said and less really known than stephen a douglas of illinois there are knnnri i hv lor too many iuuuiiiu v sustaining him under the mistaken and delusive idea that he is directing his efforts to counteract the plans of the southern democracy this is a frightful hallucination but natural one when we uute mu couju ation the humiliating fact that au that devo tion could do has been done by those surround ing his person to distort a true record and to at jim n a counterfeit character for him on the public mind viewing him as oneof the most nnsateand treacnerous leauera jou win don me certain statements which it now opemfl necessary should be made and tne cor rectness of which 1 presume wui not oe iin pugned i have not yet forgotten wnen in the winter of 1855 6 during the first session of the thirty fourth congress the residents of kansas asseverating that the cardi nal principle of the aebraska h ansas act nau been wantonly and wickedly nullified that fraud and violence concocted in the blue lodge of missouri had invaded tiieir nomes and imposed a foreign rule upon them for the purpose of forcing upon them institutions which they aohorrea ana invoaiug mo malposition of congress in their behalf the prided father of untrammelcd popular sovereignty turned his back upon the violated child and closed his ear as in death to com plaints of outrage almost wuuuul pmonti in the civilization of the century these despoiled pioneers who had taken up their hnde in the territory under the most solemn guarantee of self government only askea prove their accusation and to be relieved from oppression in other words they declared they had never been able to enjoy self government that they were ruled by in vaderr and demanded the sovereignty con ferred by law noon them mr douglas should have been the first man to fly to their relief and if he had teen as completely dedicated to ths prinnipua of his bill as so would have us believe be would have urged investigation and carried it ja havingdoneso putletoranexpo aluapbtiigiirof those engaged in the work of forcing slavery upon an unwilling people he enjoyed at the some time the full confidence of the south and his democracy was orthodox because be was loyal to his task masters willing to do battle for their most extravagant demands he was then chair man of the committee on territories and call attention to his report as such made march 12th 1856 as conclusive upon point i have stated in that paper he could find nothing to say against foreign couspira cies to invade the soil of kansas and control elections but he hod much to offer in con demnation of eastern associations to encourage removal thither he could discover irregularities in the return of mr whitfield the pro slavery delegate to the house representatives but he clearly discerned that the territorial legislature was a legally elec ted body with perfect authority to enact most cruel and arbitary slave codes and that the complaints of fraud and force were got up merely to stimulate and exalt northern emigration at the time of which i speak there was no one in congress or out of con gress in office or out of office who exerted himself more untiringly to perpetuate that reign of terror inaugurated to insure the admission of kansas into the union as a slave state i fear there are many now bearing the banner inscribed with the name of this senator who never have fully understood who have forgotten this tarnished page in history if there has ever been a more de termined foe to the growth of freedom in kan sas or to the principles of the kansas nebraska bill than stephen a douglas he has been able to keep himself very much under cover it is gratifying however to make single remark in his favor it is this that be seems as willing as the most ardent of his friends to divert attention from this period in his career i am not aware that in either essay or address he has ventured to recur t but on the contrary he seems disposed it eat it as a blank in his life whilst these proceedings were progressing in the senate the other branch ot congress carried resolutions of investigation nnder close division of parties and sent a select committee to the territory the consequence was such an exposure as satisfied the country not only of the truth of everything charged but of existing conspiracies beyond anything that had been imagined the published evi dence effectually revealed the intentions the south and made a deep impression upon the aorth it was then established that neither law nor proprieties were to be allowed to stand in the way of slavery extension and we are almost driven to the conclusion that the repeal of the missouri restriction was but a part of a general and well matured plan of operations at the head of which stood the self crowned chief of popular territorial government mr douglas term of office waa now approaching its close it is not unlikely that a desire for a re election and a knowledge of the conviction forced upon his state by the examination alluded to induced him to look with different eyes upon kansas and created an anxiety on bis part to take up the cause of bcr robbed and wretched people cannot certainly say how this may have been i only state a sudden and miraculous change came over him and for a while be seemed to glory in the name of rebel he opposed the admission of kansas under the lecompton constitution with seeming seriousness and then announced bis intention to vote for the greater iniquity the english bill was then the honored and heroic harris who now sleeps in death shed tears of cnguisb and gave utterance to his despair over this again the veil has been carefully and closely drawn by the guardians of mr douglas fame his admirers have acted wisely as it has prevented doubtless many unpleasant surmises and suggestions to that boldest and truest and greatest of all the warriors for b right david c broderick is mr douglas indebted for his rescue from a whirhpopl which would certainly have enrulphed him from a stain which would hfcve obliterated his heroism iq connection with the cause to which be has to ostentatiously professed to devote himself i withhold the words in which the scathing rebuke was clothed and yet this noblest and most self aacrificing of men mr douglas protector the martyr to troth who in the fullness of bis heart and m fcis dxinf to me the no of the up or his a to to a of i couch exclaimed tbey have killed me they have murdered me because i was opposed to the extension of slavery and a corrupt administration upon his return home and in the hour of hiii earnest trial when fighting like spartacus upon his bended knees against the pensioned hordes of the present dynasty and at a time when he had a right to expect all possible aid from the man whose interest he had made his own found all the symi thies of mr douglas extended to his oppo nent and himself treated as an enemy and an offcast if we would respect the memory of broderick we can never support douglas it would be a mark of baseness and servility if ever there was a true son of the north inhumanly broken in spirit and who had reason to exclaim save me from my friends that tnan was david 0 broderick had ste phen a douglas but discharged the duty he sacredly owed him he would have gained a victory for freedom in california and would to day in my opinion be living in the land and acknowledged as one of the foremost men in the republic he laid down his lite to attest bis sincerity many who professed to love him will in wild revel and reckless exultation utter the name of him who could not flnd time or opportunity to speak a word ip eulogy over the grave of the departed votary inscribe the name of brodericlt in hery char acters upon your banners he was your champion and you at least can afford to do him justice he rests in peace on the heights of the proud city of the pacific where no ingratitude can longer wound him relieved from the warfare between heartless actions and where his ashes will remain an eternal memento of his faith and his confidence in the ultimate triumph of a down trodden hu manity these references have been made for single purpose to satisfy if doubts exist that in the great struggle between the csoutn ana the north to secure the long lost equality of the latter mr douglas is against us should more recent evidences be demanded tnen let an examination be made of the congressional globe containing the ballots for speaker and clerk during the last session of the house of representatives ascertain what tne action of the illinois western and north western democracy was during the protracted contest for an organization every rote that mr douglas could influeuce was invariably cost for such candidates as the fcoutn presenteu including those of the most extreme and rev olutionary character he could afford no assistance to any one not recognized by the propagandists as orthodox upon all questions which concerned them and i very well remember when the name of col forney was mentioned in connection with the omce he now occupies and his fate was to be decided how diliirentlv the great advocate of ipopu lar sovereignty labored for his defeat every devotee of mr douglas voting against him with one exception mr morris of illinois in whom i have very great confidence de clinod to vote at all col forney who never hesitated to advance the fortunes ot 31 douglas when he could properly do so was hi wtivi m bdiie oi air iajukihu vwi 1 1 r i i i nev i tiresume was not indorsed dy me who swear by the peculiar institu tion uthers may choose to forget all this and i will not criminate them for doing so bnt i promise never to forget it 1 am my friends and against those who oppose my friends if i am wrong in this let charity be extended to me i cannot help it i have said all i desire to say of the representatives of the two democracies there is a preference between them the one out spoken and evident the other is con cealed and tncky ui tne two i mucu prefer mr breckenridge and yet i cannot imagine the circumstances under which could be induced to support him he asserts the supreme court has decided that slavery is an existing constitutional institution in all our territories and that it is the duty of the government to sustain it where it thus legally exists mr dduglas contends the courts have not vt no decided but if they shall do so it will then become the duty of all citizens to respect the decision and of every branch of the fod i nrnmpnt to enforce it with prompt 0 nn finlitv this is his platform ncx vrsua ercv eu lm 4i mr breckenridge no one doubts it will so as soon as the question shall be brought distinctly before it so at best the only point of disagreement between these rival candidates is that of time only ifj in the language of the resolution adopted by the convention placing mr douglas in nomination and just partly quoted it becomes the duty of all good citizens to respect and of every branch of the federal government to enforce a judicial decision determining the constitutional existence of slavery in our territories what becomes of that other theory of mr douglas that no matter what the supreme court may decide slavery may be excluded from a territory by unfriendly legislation

8913:22601:12233:23816:11178:21879:6712:12484

http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/data/batches/batch_ohi_desdemona_ver01/data/sn83035143/00280775666/1860112201

tion at whlnetnn tmnto mo nv ai th arhtnttnnms with irmi newlv mivrthl frm btnn nr tb ksst under enmmnd f aot monteomrv mimtwint 0 tn vyiatwl inrreatn hava attakd fert heott kansas kn nr the urt rmtmufii tr vaeif and all th oflwnt of th c h plstrlrt vnrt to fir fnr onr livm thy hav tnken th town ad th fort rott land offlre and intend t inv le mlmiri j williams u s judge 3d judicial dist k t a military xmranv will b nnrantsed in this city trv mnrrow to aid in the suppression of this out break at a meetlna of th citiwn or nintn henry mlsniirl to day i wa rnaolvm to ml a volunteer vtmranr to defend th dr hnmi and if ne ess ry the western rmnlnr of the wtata a ro mitts was appointed to waft on the gyrnrn orof missouri and inv the facts lefore him aud request a mnpplv of arms th following utter has beta addressed to gov puwart clinton mo nov 21 1860 sir 1 am here to inform the citizens of this place of the following facta aud i have been re quested to present them to you as governor of the state the abolitionists under the command of montgomery and lr leuneson to the number of from three to four hundred armed with sharps rili dragoon sabers navy revolvers and bowie knives have suddenly commenced a war of extreme ferocity on the law abiding cltl leus of southern kansas in the counties oi linn and boubon these armes arrived hy the wagon load at or near mound city about a mouth since in boxes marked as donations for the kansas sufferers they are all new and have been shiped during the past summer aud autumn with plenty of money to enlist reeruits many of his men are newly imported he has taken possesion of fort srott and other towns on the borders of the missouri line ue has murder ed mr moore a grand juror mewni harrison soots hind and ohliged all the l 8 otliocrs iu eluding myself to fly lor our lives his own expressed dc dgiis a he said in a pub lie speech is to keep po exsioii of fort scott aud other places near the missouri line to prevent a tire in the rear while he cleaned out southwest missouri of the slaves and so far he has literally carried out his declared programme i he citizens of misouri on the osage and mir maton rivers iu bates and vernon are hying from their homes into the interior he boasts that he has money and arms enough to sustain a looo men my court was broken up by them and also the l s court for the south era district and i suspect that they have seized the court and land omce records us he publicly declared he would so yours etc s williams u s district judge of sd judicial dis

9170:7382:22277:26169:9196:6969:4490:24744

http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/data/batches/batch_ohi_desdemona_ver01/data/sn83035143/00280775678/1860081301

the hartford evening press stephen and his anxious mother stephen was anxious to bee bis mother his mother waa anxious to see stephen the dutiful boy advertised it in the public prints that he was on his way to see his mother he started from the city of new york to visit his mother who resided in the western sec tion of new york btate he naturally came to new haven guilford and hartford on his way and at the latter place he was betraved into a speech still bent on the maternal pilgrimage he goes towards boston attracted by a relative of his wife it was a case of relative attraction on his way at worces ter some judas betrayea him into a speech av lios ton betrayed again how however he started toward his mother at albany seeking to pass toreugn tuere as a private man astonished at the magnificent demon stration the unexpected reception like the one at hartford he was betrayea into a speech in which he declared he was oa his way to see his mother from here the pit grim son reacnes saratoga here he lays aside politics thinks of his long unseen mother whom he is about to visit and sinks into the genial pleasures of the place pre vious to this we ought to mention he was betrayed into a speech full of thoughts of his mother he starts in a northeast direction and lands at rutland the home of his youth uwing to the wholly unexpected ar rival in that place so hallowed ic b well is betrayea into a speech full of pent up affection he can no longer restrain himself bnt goes to bellows falls amid the bellowing of the populace and the sobs of stephen he is deceived deluded imposed on in fact betrayed into a speech he flies to the north he lands at white river junction hat a junction what a mn junction in point of fact was there i ste phen was betrayed into a speech cutting his filial stick in a southeast direction he informs us at concord that he is visiting new england to look upon the grave of a relative oaa etepnen now skillfullv his anxiety to see his mother is disguised this statement was made in the course of some ex tended remarks which in point of fact be trayed pious jeneas into a speech at this u xt l in jm ai luaiicuwiier ai hassan at providence still seeking the maternal em brace that still receded he is still surprised and still betrayed z bnt why repeat the sad details 2 stephen stephen who seems unable to cut his bread and eheesa even is next seen at a dam bake at rocky point r far from mother relatives or graves on this btrictly private tour to see his mother steohen we sv sinks the maternal for a season and allows one hundred and fifty bushels of baked clams and thirty thousand people to betray him into a speech brief one of an hour and a half vr look at the map of new england where do you think stephen is now why way down on the rocky end of rhode island at i 1 l 11 l b7 tde great ocean as much as to say that having traveled all over jiew eogiaad on the etreogtli b f ga gjmfc air of her he now dont care a brass farthin for hia nirtiiinl and yet by and by when he gets recuperated and wants to start on another tour we shall hear hi low sweet voice mingling with the roar of the surf down there by the sounding sea softly singing wake ami call me early call me early mother dear

7815:17741:1791:17351:4727:23650:4688:16695

http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/data/batches/batch_pst_carnegie_ver01/data/sn85025181/00237287939/1857060601

Columbia Democrat and Bloomsburg general advertiser. (Bloomsburg, Pa.) 1850-1866

lor tho oil of cumin tho horse has an numbor3 immediately assembled in fro 1 1 she w s lying in bed attho time and instinctivo passion both aro oricical na 1 nf iioinil hot tin nm m warn irnntlw when the officers came thev found her properties all animas seem to cherish a fondness for it and it exorcises a kind ui suuuuiug iuuucucu uvur litem the directions given for taming horses aro as follows procure somo horso castor grate it onco also get somo oil ot lluodium and oil of cumin and keep the three sepcrate j in airtight bottles hub a littlo oil of cumin upon your hand and approach the horso in the field on the windward side so that ho can smell tho cumin the horso will let you come up to him then without any trouble immcdiitely rub your hand gently on tho horses nose getting a little of the oil on it you can lead him anywhere give him a littlo of the castor on a piece of loaf sugar apple or potatoo put eight drops of the oil of khodium into a ladys silver trimble take the thimble between the thumb and middle finger of your right hand with tho forefinger stopping tho mouth of the thimble to prevent the oil from running out whilst you are opening the mouth of the horse as soon as you havo opened tho horses mouth empty the thimblo over upon his tongue and ho is your servant you can then teach him to waltz make a bow climb stairs lie down for you to mount him como at any signal you may wish throw his rider at the turn of tho whip stand without hitching you may ride or drive him wi houl a bridle and iu short you can learn him to perform all that is possiblo for his form t do hide fo irless and promptly with your knees pressed to tho sido of the horse and your toes turned in and heels out then you will always be on tho ilcrt for a shy or sheer fr un the horse and he can never throw you then if you want to teach him to lie down stand on his nigh or left side havo a couple of leather straps about sis feet long string his left leg with ono of them around his neck strap tho other end over his shoulders hold it in your hand and when you aro ready toll him to lie down at the samo lime gently firmly and steadily pulling on tho strap touching him lightly on tho kuco wi h a switch the horfo will immediately lie down do this a luw u0 auu uu u uulku u r i 1 t i he is now your pupil and your friend you oan teach him anything only be kind to him be gentle love him and he love you

21812:14443:18298:20778:17588:12750:4398:5410

http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/data/batches/batch_mohi_jerome_ver01/data/sn89066057/00200292121/1850121601

u 1 i i 1 ium from i presidents message jstwciteen of to serurfe end hauncf rtpruentativa 1 beirut suddenly called m be midst of tbclaat ession of congress by a painful dispewationof j divine providence to the vetpoasible station i sew nolo i contented myself with such communications to the legislature as the exigency of the moment teemed to require ine country was shrouded in mounting for the lose of iti venera i n r m i a i ted chief magistrate andafl hearts were rated wi h grif neither the time nor occasion appeared te require or justify on my part wry gcucrai expression i political opinions vi wi announcement of he principles which would govern me in the discharge of the duties to the nerfortaiince of which i have been so unexpeci edly called 1 trust therefore that it may notba i am happy in being able to say that no unredeemed inappropriate if i avail myelf of this orable change in cur foreign relations has opportunity oi me re assemonag oi vongress u mm piace since me message m uir opening ui make known my sentiments in a general manner the last session of congress we are at pesce in regard to the policy whiohought to be pursued jwith all nations and we enjoy in an eminent de brine government both in its intet course with gree the blessings of that pence in a prosperous foreign nations and its management and admin land utration or internal afiairs nations rk mdi tiduafs in a state of nature are squat and inde pendent possessine certain rkruts and owing btr laisi duties taeach other arising from their nec the wary and unavoidable relations wmch rights kaiiroed acres ineistiimus oi leniianiepec iin and duties there is no mommon hitman authority jder grants of the mexican government to a citi to prat ret and enforce still there are rights sen of that republic it is understood tm a and duties binding in morals in onscinee snd survey of the cost of the communication is in honor although there is no tribunal to which an ptep ration and there is every reason to expect injured perty can appeal but the disinterested that it will be prosecuted with characteristic en judgment of mankind and ultimately the arbi ergy especially when that government shall treaettt of the sword have consented to such stipulations with the among the acknowledged rights of nations is that which each possesses of establishing that fbra ol government which it may deem mojt con 4ocjve to the happiness and prosperity of its citizens changing that form as circumstances msy require and of managing its internal sfiairs according to its will hie people of the united states chum this right for themselves and tbsyjtsgea which that country cannot fail to derive readily concede it to others hence it becomes from the work and learns that the government an imperative dutv not to interfere in the gov ernmant or internal policy of other nations and although we may sympathize with the anfortun ate or oppressed every where in their straggles fur freedom our principles forbid us from taking any part in such foreign contests but we make no wart to promote or prevent succession to thrones to maintain any theory of a balance of power or to suppress tne actual uovernment wtoob wry country chooses to establish lor usell weiosturate no revolutions nor suffer any hos tile military expeditions to be fitted out in the united states to invade the territory or provinces of a friendly nation the great law of morality ought to have a national as well as a general and individual application we should act toward other nations as we wish them to act to ward as and justice and conscience should form the rale ef conduct between governments instead of mere power self interest or the desire or aggrandizement to maintain a strict neutral itv in foreiirn wars te cultivate friendlv rela tione to reciprocate every e4le and generons act and to perform punctually and scrupulously every treaty obligation these are the duties which we owe to other states and by the per torsmqce of which we best entitle ourselves to like treatment from them or if that m any case be refused we can enforce our own rights with jostioe and a clear conscience in our domestic policy i be constitution will be my guide and in questions of doubt i shall look for its interpretation to the judicial decisions of the tribunal which was established to expound it mi to the usages of the government ssnc tioned by lone acomeseence i retard alt its previsions as equally bindinr in all parts it is the will of the people expressed in the most sol ean form and the constituted authorities are but aseots te carry that will into effect every now or which it has ranted is to be exercised for the ojblie good but no honest conviction even of j what might be expedient can justify the assumption of any power not granted the powers con ferred upon the government and their distribution to the several departments are as clearly ex pressed in that instrument as the imperfections of nomas language will allow and i deem it my first 4oty net to qnestten its wisdom add to its provisions evade its requirements or nullify its commands upau yea my fellow citizens as the represen ted ves or the jbtates and the people is wisely derolred theieeislative power 1 shall comply with my duty in layiag before yon from time to time any information calculated to enable you to discharge yenr high and responsible trust for the a cue it of our common constituents mv ooin ions will be frankly expressed upon the leading sumeots of legislation and if what i do not an tieipate any act should pass the two houses of ingress whion should not appear to me eonsti taltcnal or an encroachment upon the just powers ettii other departments or with provisions hastily adopted and likely to induce eensequen oes injurious and unforeseen i shall out shrink from the duty of returning it to you with my reasons for your further consideration beyond the da v of a performance of these constitutional nitration both mv resnect for the legislature and my sense of propriety will restrain me from any attempt to control or influence your proceeu inn 1 with von is the power the honor and re spsnsibility of the legislation of the country the government of the united states is a limited gotsrnmenl it is confined to the exercise of do wars expressly rrantad and such others as msy he necessary for carrying those powers into jeot mid it is at all times an especial duty to guard erai nst any infringement on the just rights f the states over these objects ana subjects the legislative authority of congress is supreme bat btre that authority ceases and every citizen v who trhly lores the constitution and desires the occnoanoe of ha existence and its blessings will reset otsly and firmly resist any interference in those domsstio afitirs which the constitution has dearly and neanireeallv left to the exclusive su thsrkyof the ststes and very such oitizen will s iepreoato useless rritatioa among the overt memhes of the union pad ail reproach and sjriarinaiwn undine to alienate on portion of the eooatrr from another thai beauty o onr aya v teas of government consists and its afety and rutyinoetoonlst navoififtg nmtual eol lisieas and encroachments and in the regular separate actios of all whju each is isvolving in rs own iuiigot orbit i j7 the