DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEEING

GANDHI INSTITUTE FOR EDUCATION AND TECHNOLOGY,

BANIATANGI, BBSR

ODISHA - 752060

SUBJECT NAME:-BASIC CIVIL ENGINEERING

BASIC CIVIL ENGINEERING

MODULE-3

MODULE-4

MODULE-1

MODULE-2

SYLLABUS

MODULE-1

​

• INTRODUCTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

• SCOPE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

• IMPORTANCE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

• DEVLOPMENT OF VARIOUS MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION AND METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION

BUILDING MATERIAL & CONSTRUCTION

• BRICK
• CEMENT
• CONCRETE
• STONE
• MORTAR
• STONE MASONARY
• BRICK MASONARY
• ROF FLOORS
• BUILDING COMPNENTS & THEIR BASIC REQUIREMENTS

MODULE-2

​

SURVEYING:-

• CHAIN SURVEYING

• LINEAR MEASUREMENT BY CHAN SURVEY
• USE OF CHAINS
• DIFFERENT TYPES OF CHAINS
• DIFFERENT TYPES OF TAPES
• MESUREMENT OF CORRECT LENGTH OF LINES BY CHAIN & TAPES
• DIRECT & INDIRECT RANGING

• COMPASS SURVEYING

• USE OF COMPASS
• TYPES OF COMPASS
• BEARING OF A LINE
• LOCAL ATTRACTION
• INTRODUCTION OF MODERN SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS

MODULE-3

• FUNDAMENTAL OF SOIL &IT’S CLASSIFICATION

​

• TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS WITH NEAT SKETCHES

​

• FUNDAMENTALS OF IRRIGATION ENGINEERING

​

• INTRODUCTIONS OF HYDRAULLICS STRUCTURES

​

• CANALS
• SIPHONS
• WEIRS
• DAMS

MODULE-4

• INTRODUCTION OF TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

​

• PLANNING &DESIGN ASPECTS OF TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

​

• DIFFERENT MODES OF TRANSPORTATION

​

• HIGHWAY ENGINEERIN

​

• RAILWAY ENGINEERING

​

• AIRPORT ENGINEERING

​

• TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

​

• URBAN ENGINEERING

TEXT BOOKS:-

​

​

​

​

REFERENCE BOOK:-

​

• BASIC CIVIL ENGINEERING,S.GOPI,PEARSON

​

• BASIC CIVIL ENGINEERING, S.S. BHAVIKATTI

• ENGINEERING MATRIAL, S.C. RANGWALA

​

• BUILDING MATERIAL, S.K. DUGGAL

​

• SURVEYIN VOL-1 , DR. B.C. PUNMIA

​

• HIGHWAY ENGINEERING , S.K. KHANNA

​

Civil Engineering

• Definition:- “Civil Engineering is the art of directing the great sources of power in nature for the use and convenience of man”.- Royal Charter of Institute of Civil Engineers London.
• “ Civil Engineering is that field of engineering concerned with planning, design and construction for environmental Control, development of natural resources, buildings, transportation facilities and other structures required for health, welfare, safety, employment and pleasure of mankind”. Fredrick .S. Merit Hand book for Civil Engineers.

• The main scope of civil engineering or the task of civil engineering is planning, designing, estimating, supervising construction, managing construction, execution, and maintenance of structures like building, roads, bridges, dams, etc.
• One who designs and maintains works of public utility is known as civil engineer. Civil engineer should have qualities like scientific attitude, imaginative and intuitive approach.
• He should have good analysis and decision power. He should be able to solve engineering problems, by using mathematical modeling, scientific principles and laboratory techniques using computer and information technology.
• He should be able to use operation research techniques for solution of management problems.

Branches of Civil Engineering

• Civil Engineering is a wide field and includes many types of structures such as residential buildings, public buildings, industrial buildings, roads, bridges, tunnels, railways, dams, canal and canal structures, airports, harbours, and ports, water treatment plants, waste water treatment plant, water supply networks, and drainage networks.
• According to the type of structures and activities carried out, main branches of civil engineering are classified as follows:

Branches of Civil Engineering

• Surveying & leveling
• Building, Planning and construction
• Advanced Construction
• Structural Engineering
• Geotechnical Engineering
• Water Resources Engineering
• Transportation Engineering
• Environmental Engineering
• Town Planning

Surveying & leveling

• Surveying includes measurements of distances and angles in horizontal and vertical planes.
• while leveling is the measurement of heights in vertical plane.
• Chain, compass, level and theodolite are the instruments used for surveying.
• Surveying fixes the relative positions of different points on the basis of surface of earth.

• It also includes measurements of areas and volumes.
• Basic aim of surveying is to prepare a map of the area to some scale.
• Surveying is carried out to fix the alignment of road, railway, canal.
• It is also useful in selecting the site for the construction of structures.
• Modern surveying instruments like Electronic total station and Geographical Positioning System(GPS) are the modern electronic digital instruments for survey works.

Surveying & leveling

Building Planning & Construction

• Civil engineers are concerned with many types of structures of which buildings are of prime importance.
• Buildings are planned according to the fundamental principles of planning & bylaws of local municipal bodies.

​

Structural Engineering

• This is the branch of engineering which deals with structural analysis and design of structures.
• Structural analysis is done to calculate stresses in structural components, on the basis of loads, acting on structures.
• Sections of structural elements like beams, columns, slabs, etc. are designed.
• Structural analysis requires much calculation, hence advanced computing software's are used to carry out structural analysis and design.
• It includes design of reinforced cement concrete ( RCC) and steel structures. Design of Multistoried buildings, towers, retaining walls, water tanks, bridges requires skills and knowledge of structural engineering.

​

Structural Engineering

Geotechnical Engineering

• Geotechnical engineering is that field of civil engineering which deals with soil investigation and design of proper foundations of structures.
• Soil investigation includes collection and testing of soil samples.
• Geotechnical engineering includes measurement of soil parameters and safe bearing capacity.
• It also includes construction and design of simple foundations, pile foundations, well foundations, caissons, coffer dams, construction of foundation of dams, construction of tunnels, sub base of road, earthen dams, earth related constructions. Sound knowledge of geology and geotechnical engineering is necessary for construction of earth related structures.

Geotechnical Engineering

Water resource Engineering

• Water resource engineering means measurements, utilization and development of water resources for agriculture, municipal and power generation purpose.
• It mainly includes irrigation engineering, design of hydraulic structures like dams, canals, etc. Water resource engineering deals with planning designing and developing water resources by constructing several hydraulic structures like dams, barrages, hydropower stations, canal and pipe networks etc.
• It also includes watershed planning, water harvesting techniques, soil conservation and soil reclamation. Hydrology is also a part of water resource engineering. Hydrology includes study of sources of water, measurement of rainfall, study of rainfall, runoff, flood control.

Water resource Engineering

Transportation Engineering

• Transportation means movement of passengers and goods by means of vehicles on land, ship on water and aircrafts in air.
• Transportation Engineering is that branch of Civil engineering which deals with planning, designing and construction of roads, bridges, railways, tunnels, harbours, ports, docks, runways, and airports.
• As for development of any nation good transportation network is of prime importance. Study of various construction materials used in construction of roads, traffic engineering are also considered under transportation Engineering.

Transportation Engineering

Environmental Engineering

• Environmental Engineering deals with pollution control and public health engineering.
• Different types of pollutions are water, air, noise and other pollution. Due to large scale industrialization, population growth, rapid urbanization and several other human activities like construction, mining, transportation, environment gets polluted.
• Environmental engineering deals with technologies & facilities which are engaged in reducing pollution.
• Environmental engineering includes design, construction and maintenance of water treatment plant, waste water treatment plant, water distribution network and sewerage system, it also deals with solid waste management in towns and cities. Public health engineering includes water treatment, water distribution network, & solid waste management.

Environmental Engineering

Environmental Engineering

Town planning

• Town planning means planned & controlled growth of town by dividing town in to different land use zones and regulating building construction to provide better environment for the people of the town.
• In the town planning areas of town are divided into residential, commercial, recreational and industrial zones, which is called zoning. Floor space index, and other byelaws are fixed to guide and regulate the building construction.
• For towns and cities master plan for town planning schemes are prepared to accommodate future growth of town in better way. Planning of very large area covering several towns and villages is known as regional planning.

Town planning

Functions of Civil Engineering

• Civil engineering functions performed can broadly be classified in three categories.
• Before construction
• During construction
• After Construction

Before Construction

• Feasibility study
• Surveying
• Site investigation
• Planning
• Design and drawing
• Estimating
• Planning & Scheduling

Before Construction

• In the beginning technical feasibility, environmental impact assessment and economical viability of the project are studied.
• Surveying includes preparing site plan, contour map and measurement of field dimensions and levels. Soil investigation includes collecting data regarding soil and bearing capacity of soil.
• Soil investigations is done for the purpose of foundation design. On the basis of the data collected planning, designing, are carried out and drawings are prepared.
• Estimates are prepared to know the probable cost of completion of work and detailed planning and scheduling are prepared to carry out different activities in time without any delay.

During Construction

• Dealing with clients, Consulting engineer and contractors
• Execution and supervision
• Quality control
• Costing

During Construction

• Owner, engineer and contractor are the three constituents of a construction team in engineering profession, hence continuous liaison among themselves is a very essential for the speedy progress of the work.
• Execution of work is actual construction carried out on the site with materials and equipment's, by the skilled and unskilled work force, under the technical guidance and supervision of engineer in charge.
• During the construction engineer has to supervise the work carried out as per the specifications for quality control. Costing is the accounts procedure of arriving at the actual cost of construction.

After Construction

• Maintenance and repairs
• Valuation
• After the construction regular maintenance of structures is to be carried out. Valuation is carried out for the purpose of sale, purchase and many others purposes.

Role of Civil Engineers

• Civil engineer is the one who designs and maintains the work of public utilities. Following are the main roles or duties of civil engineers.
• Civil engineers main role is in surveying, planning, designing, estimation and execution of structures like buildings, roads, bridges, railways, ports, airports, dams, canals, water and waste water treatment plants, water distribution network and sewerage system.
• To use scientific and engineering principles for solutions of different engineering problems
• To solve different engineering problems with the help of field experience, laboratory techniques, mathematical models, using computer and information technology.
• To implement management techniques for better management of man, material, machines and money.

CEMENT

• INTRODUCTION
• MANUFACTURING OF CEMENT
• CONSTITUENTS OF CEMENT & THEIR ROLE
• CLINKER COMPOSITION
• HYDRATION OF CEMENT
• TESTS ON CEMENT
• TYPES OF CEMENT
• USES OF CEMENT

INTRODUCTION

• JOSEPH ASPDIN: INVENTED PORTLAND CEMENT IN U.K. IN 1824.
• HE USED A MIXTURE OF LIMESTONE, CLAY & WATER.
• THIS MIXTURE WAS HEATED AT HIGH TEMPERATURES.
• ON 21^ST OCT, 1824 WAS GRANTED A PATENT.

+

₊ WATER =CEMENT

INTRODUCTION

PORTLAND STONE

INTRODUCTION

• BEFORE CEMENT, PORTLAND STONE WAS USED IN CONSTRUCTION.

St. Pauls Cathedral Church

Cepotah in London White Hall

INTRODUCTION

TYPES OF MATERIALS

• Basic constituents of all the materials on and inside earth’s surface are:-
• LIME,
• SILICA,
• ALUMINA,
• IRON OXIDE,
• MAGNESIA, ETC.

MANUFACTURING OF CEMENT

RAW MATERIAL EXTRACTION & STORAGE

CORRECTION OF PROPORTIONS

PULVERIZE CLINKER & ADD

GYPSUM

PULVERIZATION (POWDERY FORM) IN BALL MILL

CALCINATION IN KILN

[HEATING]

FORMATION OF CLINKER &

ITS COOLING

STORAGE & PACKING

MANUFACTURING OF CEMENT

• CALCINATION:- HEATING OF SUBSTANCE UPTO HIGH TEMPERATURES BUT BELOW MELTING POINT.
• IT ENABLES THE SUBSTANCE TO FUSE (FUSION).
• IN THIS PROCESS GASES (CO₂) IS EVOLVED.
• TEMPERATURE IS KEPT AROUND 1300-1500^O C IN ROTARY KILN.

BALL OR TUBE MILLS

MANUFACTURING OF CEMENT

MANUFACTURING OF CEMENT DRY PROCESS

MANUFACTURING OF CEMENT WET PROCESS

CONSTITUENTS OF CEMENT & THEIR ROLE

CONSTITUENTS ^{FUNCTIONS AVERAGE COMPOSITION}

HYDRATION OF CEMENT

• Chemical Reaction of cement with water to produces C-S-H gel(Ettringite gel).
• These reaction are highly exothermic.
• Only C₃S & C₂S reacts with water to produce C₃S₂H₃(Calcium silicate hydrate) which is mainly responsible for strength & densifies as cement sets.
• Along with CSH gel Ca(OH)₂ is also formed as by product.
• Ca(OH)₂ is undesirable product because it causes sulphate attack.
• C₂S gives better cementing product than C₃S as it produces more gel & less Ca(OH)₂ in long term.
• Hydration of cement depends on:-
1. Ingredients
2. Fineness increase => Surface area increase => Rate of reaction increase
3. Temperature increase => Rate of reaction increase.

TESTS ON CEMENT

FIELD TEST

​

• COLOUR
• PRESENCE OF LUMPS
• STRENGTH
• DENSITY

CHEMICAL TEST

• LOSS ON IGNITION
• CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

LAB TESTING

PHYSICAL TEST

• FINENESS TEST
• CONSISTENCY TEST
• SETTING TIME TEST
• SOUNDNESS TEST
• STRENGTH
• H.O.H.
• SPECIFIC GRAVITY

• Tests are conducted to determine properties of cement & regulate various stages in manufacturing for quality.

FIELD TESTING

• Cement colour => Greenish grey
• If rubbed between fingers it should feel smooth not rough.
• If hand is inserted in bag on cement it should feel cool and not warm.
• If thrown in a bucket of water it should sink and not float on water
• A thin paste of cement should feel sticky between fingers
• It should be free from lumps (if present indicates absorption of moisture from atmosphere)
• Briquettes(75x25x12 mm) made with 1:6 (cement:sand) proportion shouldn’t break easily kept under water for 3 days.

PHYSICAL TESTS

1. FINENESS TEST

AIR PERMEABILITY APPARATUS

SIEVE TEST

WAGNER TURBIDIMETER

• NURSE & BLAINE’S APPARATUS
• HEAD LOSS 𝖺 S.S.A.

• A Tank filled kerosene & cement particles are allowed to fall.
• Turbidity is measured which gives idea about SSA.

PHYSICAL TESTS

2. CONSISTENCY TEST

• This test is use to find quantity of mixing water.
• Normal consistency(P) is that percentage of water required, viscosity will be such that vicat’s plunger penetrates upto a point 5-7 mm from bottom of the mould.
• It is useful in performing other tests.

PHYSICAL TESTS

INITIAL SETTING TIME

FINAL SETTING TIME

3. SETTING TIME TEST

• Square needle 1x1 mm is released and it penetrates only 5-7 mm from bottom of the mould.
• O.P.C. not less than 30 min.
• L.H.C= 1 hr
• Lime Pozzolana cement= 2 hr

• The time at which needle makes an impression but the annular collar fails to do so.
• F.S.T. not more than 10 hr.

Sample = 300 gm + 0.85P

PHYSICAL TESTS

PHYSICAL TESTS

4. SOUNDNESS TEST

(Change in volume of cement after setting)

LE-CHATELIER’S APPARATUS

AUTOCLAVE TEST

• It measures unsoundness due to free lime only.
• Unsoundness of cement should be limited to 10 mm.

• It measures unsoundness due to

both free lime & magnesia only.

• Expansion of cement should not be more than 0.8%.

Sample=100gm cement + 0.78P

PHYSICAL TESTS

5. STRENGTH TEST

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

TENSILE STRENGTH

• Sample= Cement + sand (1:3) +(P/4 +3)%water.
• 3 cubes of size 70.6 mm are prepared & gradual compressive load is applied.
• Average strength of 3 cubes is compressive

strength.

• Sample= Cement+sand(1:3) +(P/5 +2.5)% water.
• 6 briquettes are prepared & gradual load is applied.
• Average strength of 6 briquettes is tensile

strength.

TYPES OF CEMENT

1. ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT

• The common 3 grades are:- OPC 33, OPC 43, OPC 53.
• 3 day strength= 50%(1/2) of 28 day strength.
• 7 day strength= 67%(2/3) of 28 day strength.
• Fineness= 2250 cm²/gm.
• I.S.T. >=30 min & F.S.T. <=10hr(600 min)

2. RAPID HARDENING CEMENT (RHC)

• C3S is increased, C2S is decreased + finer grinding.
• Fineness= 3250 cm²/gm.
• I.S.T. =30 min & F.S.T. =10hr(600 min)
• Uses- Road repairs, in cold countries, for fast removal of shutter.
• 1 day strength=16 N/mm²

TYPES OF CEMENT

3. EXTRA RAPID HARDENING CEMENT (ERHC)

• R.H.C. + 2% CaCl₂
• Uses- Road repairs, in cold countries, for fast removal of shutter.
• Mixing + Transporting + Placing of concrete should be within 10 min.
• Accelerator = Calcium Chloride.

4. HIGH ALUMINA CEMENT

• Bauxite + limestone + iron oxide + increase fineness + high temperature.
• It is similar to RHC but C3A is absent.
• Uses- Road repairs, in cold countries, for fast removal of shutter, refractory cement (heat resistant), high chemical resistance.

TYPES OF CEMENT

5. SULPHATE RESISTING CEMENT

• It is similar to OPC but C3A is decreased + finer grinding.
• Uses- Lining of sewers, canals, in coastal areas, in sea waters.

6. PORTLAND SLAG CEMENT

• Portland cement clinker + granulated blast furnace slag + gypsum.
• High chemical resistance(sulphate resistance), low H.O.H.
• Uses:- Marine works.

TYPES OF CEMENT

7. LOW HEAT CEMENT (LHC)

• Low contents of C3A & C3S & more contents of C2S.
• I.S.T. = 1 hr (60 min) & F.S.T. =10hr(600 min)
• Slow rate of hardening, slow strength development, prevent shrinkage & cracking decrease.
• Uses:- Mass concreting works, high temperature places.

8. PORTLAND POZZOLANA CEMENT

• Portland cement + pozzolanic materials + finer grinding.
• Pozzolana(siliceous material) + Ca(OH)₂ =Pozzolana-lime compound (cementitious)
• Low rate of strength development, decrease in early strength, low HOH.
• Uses:- Mass concreting works, marine works.

TYPES OF CEMENT

9. WATER REPELLANT CEMENT (HYDROPHOBIC CEMENT)

• OPC Clinker + 0.1% oleic acid or stearic acid.
• Uses:- In basements, water tight structure.

10. WHITE & COLOURED CEMENT

• From pure white chalk + clay (free from iron oxide)= white cement.
• Coloured cement = White cement+ 5-10% coloured pigment.

11. QUICK SETTING CEMENT

• This cement is finer than OPC & Gypsum is not used.
• I.S.T. =5 min & F.S.T. = 30 min.
• Uses:- In running water or under water.